CONTROL TECHNIQUES
艾默生 Commander SK 2~6型 交流变速驱动器 说明书
1 ڔཝቧᇦ ..................................................7
1.1 警告、小心及注意 .................................................7 1.2 电气安全 － 一般警告 ............................................7 1.3 系统设计及人身安全 ..............................................7 1.4 环境要求 ................................................................7 1.5 操作 .......................................................................7 1.6 防火保护 ................................................................7 1.7 遵守规定 ................................................................7 1.8 电机 .......................................................................7 1.9 调整参数 ................................................................7 1.10 电气安装 ................................................................7 1.11 机械安装 ................................................................8
Control Techniques SP Drive VFD故障诊断指南说明书
Knowledge BaseArticle Type: InstructionsVFD Trouble-shooting Tipsfor Control Technique“SP” DrivesWARNINGNever work on, clean or service this unit, control panel or any machine or open or remove any protective cover, guard, grate, door, or maintenance panel until the power or energy sources has been turned off, locked out / tagged out, and all moving parts have come to a complete stop and or blocked to prevent movement. Machinery is dangerous –avoid personal injury and or death by following manufacture, Local, and OHSA safety procedures. Contact Columbia Machine for safety decals, guards, horns and beacons.Description:Instructions on “How to” trouble-shoot variable Frequency Drive “VFD”, For Control Techniques “SP” Drives.VFD TROUBLE SHOOTING TIPSfor the Control Techniques SP DrivesWhen diagnosing a VFD problem one of the first things I try to find out is, is the incoming voltage correct. The second, what is the amp output to the vibrator motor under load (during compression). This is to try and determine if the problem is really with the VFD or is it the motor or vibrator shaft.A. If the vibrator fails to achieve the desired RPM and the amp output is above motornameplate Full Load Amps the VFD is OK and the problem is the motor or vibrator shaft.If the vibrator belt is disconnected and the amps remain high the motor is the problem, if not it’s the vibrator shaft.B. If the vibrator fails to achieve the desired RPM and the amp output is below motornameplate Full Load Amps the VFD is the problem. At this point verify the VFD is getting the speed reference for compression speed. This done by observing the VFD LEDdisplay. It should display the compression speed called for. If not check the potentiometer (or analog signal with CPM). If the correct speed is being displayed but not achievedreset the VFD parameters back to factory presets (load 1244 into address 0.00 thenpress reset button) and reprogram the VFD as shown on parameter sheet of machinewiring schematics.Listed below are most of the VFD problems I have encountered:(continued on next page)NOTES:After a VFD failure, it’s a good idea to have the motor insulation tested with a Megger Meter to make sure the VFD failure wasn’t caused by the motor, if there is any doubt as to the cause of the VFD failure.For additional trouble shooting info see the trip codes listed on the parameter sheet included with the wiring schematics or the VFD manual included with the VFD panel.If it is determined the VFD is defective and is still under warranty get the model # and serial # off the defective VFD. Include this information for use on the warranty request form.On installations with motor leads longer than 100’ Baldor recommends a load reactor to protect the motor.The Block Machine 3 phase system must have a good earth ground so line disturbances can’t follow the ground conductor to the VFD.。
Control Systems Engineering
Control Systems Engineering Research Report2002Control Systems EngineeringSection CROSS(Control,Risk,Optimization,Stochastics and Systems)Faculty of Information Technology and SystemsDelft University of TechnologyPostal address:Visiting addressP.O.Box5031Mekelweg42600GA Delft2628CD DelftThe Netherlands The NetherlandsPhone:+31-15-2785119Fax:+31-15-2786679Email:control@its.tudelft.nlc 2002Control Systems Engineering,rmation Technology and Systems,Delft University ofTechnologyAll rights reserved.No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print,photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher.Contents1Introduction11.1Overview (1)1.2Address and location (3)1.3Staffin2002 (4)2Intelligent modeling,control&decision making52.1Affordable digitalfly-by-wireflight control systems for small commercial aircraft52.2Intelligent adaptive control of bioreactors (6)2.3Fuzzy control of multivariable processes (7)2.4Neuro-fuzzy modeling in model-based fault detection,fault isolation and con-troller reconfiguration (7)2.5Intelligent molecular diagnostic systems (7)2.6Model based optimization of fed-batch bioprocesses (9)2.7Estimation of respiratory parameters via fuzzy clustering (10)2.8Fuzzy model based control with use of a priori knowledge (10)3Distributed and hybrid systems123.1Modeling and analysis of hybrid systems (12)3.2Model predictive control for discrete-event systems (13)3.3Model predictive control for piece-wise affine systems (13)3.4Model predictive control for hybrid systems (14)3.5Optimal traffic control (14)3.6Advanced control techniques for optimal adaptive traffic control (15)3.7Optimal transfer coordination for railway systems (16)3.8Real-time control of smart structures (17)4Fault-tolerant control194.1Model-based fault detection and controller reconfiguration for wind turbines.194.2Model-based fault detection and identification of sensor and actuator faults forsmall commercial aircraft (20)5Nonlinear analysis,control and identification215.1System identification of bio-technological processes (21)5.2Classification of buried objects based on ground penetrating radar signals..215.3Control of a jumbo container crane(JCC project) (22)5.4X-by-wire (23)5.5Analysis and design of nonlinear control systems for switching networks (24)5.6Bounding uncertainty in subspace identification (25)5.7New passivity properties for nonlinear electro-mechanical systems (26)5.8Relating Lagrangian and Hamiltonian descriptions of electrical circuits (27)5.9Discrete-time sliding mode control (27)5.10Nonlinear control systems analysis (28)5.11Model and controller reduction for nonlinear systems (28)5.12Robust and predictive control using neural networks (29)5.13The standard predictive control problem (30)5.14Predictive control of nonlinear systems in the process industry (30)5.15Identification of nonlinear state-space systems (31)5.16Development of computationally efficient and numerically robust system iden-tification software (32)1Introduction1.1OverviewThis report presents an overview of the ongoing research projects during2002at the Control Systems Engineering(CSE)group of the Faculty of Information Technology and Systems of Delft University of Technology.As revealed by the new logo of the group,a number of major changes have taken place. Three of these major events will be briefly discussed.First,the stronger emphasis on a systems oriented research approach has motivated a change of the name from Control Laboratory into Control Systems Engineering group.Second,in September2001Prof.dr.ir.M.Verhaegen was appointed as the new chairman of the CSE group.With his arrival an impulse was given to strengthen the development of new methods and techniques for identification and fault-tolerant control design.The primary focus of the programme development is to formulate new research initiatives and to initiate research alliances with established Dutch and European research-oriented laboratories and industry.New research proposals will be formulated within the four main themes:intelligent modeling,control and decision making;distributed and hybrid systems;fault-tolerant control; and analysis,control and identification of nonlinear systems—as depicted by the vertical columns in Figure1.The overall focus will remain on complex nonlinear systems,new application directions,however,may be included,such as adaptive optics which more and more rely on advanced control techniques.The CSE group is also taking part in new research programme definitions of the Faculty of Information Technology and Systems,such as the Intelligent Systems Consortium(iSc)chaired by Prof.P.Dewilde.Third,the CSE group strives to strengthen the research and teaching cooperation in the area of control systems engineering with other leading Systems and Control Engineering groups in Delft.To accomplish this goal,the CSE actively supports the creation of a joint Delft Center on Systems and Control Engineering.The research interests of the CSE group are focused on the following areas:•Intelligent modeling,control and decision making:black-box and gray-box modeling of dynamic systems with fuzzy logic and neural net-works,and design of controllers using fuzzy set techniques.•Distributed and hybrid systems:analysis and control methods,multi-agent control,hierarchical control,and model pre-dictive control of hybrid systems.•Fault-tolerant control:fault detection and isolation with system identification and extended Kalmanfiltering, probabilistic robust control.•Nonlinear analysis,control and identification:nonlinear predictive control,sliding mode control,iterative learning control,nonlinear dynamic model inversion,Lagrangian and Hamiltonian modeling and control frame-works(energy based),identification of a composite of numerical local linear state space models to approximate nonlinear dynamics.The goal of the CSE group is to develop innovative methodologies in thefields indicated above.An important motive in demonstrating their relevance is to cooperate with nationalFigure1:Overview of the research topics of the Control System Engineering group. and international research organizations and industry to validate the real-life potential of the new methodologies.The main applicationfields are:•Smart structures:X-by-wire,road traffic sensors,high performance control using smart materials,adaptive optics,laboratory-on-a-chip,micro robotics.•Power engineering:switching networks,power distribution and conversion,condition monitoring in off-shore wind turbines.•Telecommunication•Motion control:autonomous and intelligent mobile systems,mobile robots,container transport,aircraft and satellite control,traffic control.•Bioprocess technology:fermentation processes,waste-water treatment.The CSE group currently consists of27scientific and support staff:8permanent scientific staff,10PhD students,2postdoctoral researchers,and7support personnel.The research activities are for a large partfinanced from external sources including the Dutch National Science Foundation(STW),Delft University of Technology,the European Union,and indus-try.Additional information can be found at http://lcewww.et.tudelft.nl/.1.2Address and locationControl Systems EngineeringFaculty of Information Technology&SystemsDelft University of TechnologyPostal address:P.O.Box50312600GA DelftThe NetherlandsVisiting address:Mekelweg42628CD DelftThe NetherlandsPhone:+31-15-2785119Fax:+31-15-27866791.3Staffin2002Scientific staffProf.dr.ir.M.H.G.VerhaegenProf.dr.ir.J.HellendoornProf.dr.ir.R.Babuˇs kaDr.ir.T.J.J.van den BoomDr.ir.B.De SchutterDr.ir.J.B.KlaassensDr.ir.J.M.A.ScherpenDr.ir.V.VerdultPhD students&postdoctoral researchers Dr.J.Clemente GallardoIr.P.R.FraanjeIr.A.HegyiIr.K.J.G.HinnenIr.D.JeltsemaR.Lopez Lena,MScIr.S.Meˇs i´cIr.M.L.J.OosteromIr.G.PastoreNon-scientific staffC.J.M.DukkerIng.P.M.EmonsP.MakkesIng.W.J.M.van GeestD.NoteboomG.J.M.van der WindtIng.R.M.A.van PuffelenAdvisorsProf.ir.G.Honderd,em.Prof.ir.H.R.van Nauta Lemke,em. Prof.ir.H.B.Verbruggen,em.2Intelligent modeling,control&decision makingThis research theme focuses on the use of fuzzy logic,neural networks and evolutionary al-gorithms in the analysis and design of models and controllers for nonlinear dynamic systems. Fuzzy logic systems offer a suitable framework for combining knowledge of human experts with partly known mathematical models and data,while artificial neural networks are effec-tive black-box function approximators with learning and adaptation capabilities.Evolution-ary algorithms are randomized optimization techniques useful in searching high-dimensional spaces and tuning of parameters in fuzzy and neural systems.These techniques provide tools for solving complex design problems under uncertainty by providing the ability to learn from past experience,perform complex pattern recognition tasks and fuse information from various sources.Application domains include fault-tolerant control,nonlinear system identification, autonomous and adaptive control,among others.2.1Affordable digitalfly-by-wireflight control systems for small commer-cial aircraftProject members:M.L.J.Oosterom,R.Babuˇs ka,H.B.VerbruggenSponsored by:European Community GROWTH project ADFCS–IIThe objective of this project is to apply thefly-by-wire(FBW)technology inflight control systems of a smaller category of aircraft(see Figure2).In FBW digitalflight control systems, there is no direct link between the control stick and pedals,which are operated by the pilot, and the control surfaces.All measured signals,including the pilot inputs,are processed by the flight control computer that computes the desired control surface deflections.This scheme enables theflight control engineer to alter the dynamic characteristics of the bare aircraft through an appropriate design of theflight control laws.Moreover,important safety features can be included in the control system,such asflight envelope protection.This increases the safety level compared to aircraft with mechanical control systems.Our task in the project is to assess the benefits and to verify the validity of the soft-computing techniques in the FBW control system design and sensor management.These novel techniques are combined with standard,well-proven methods of the aircraft industry.Figure2:The Galaxy business jet(left)and validation of the control system through pilot-in-the-loop simulations at the Research Flight Simulator of the NLR(right).Figure3:The experimental laboratory setup(left)and the basic model-based adaptive control scheme(right).The research topics are the design of gain-scheduled control laws,fault detection,isolation and reconfiguration,and an expert system monitoring of the overall operational status of both the pilot and the aircraft.For control design,fault detection and identification system,fuzzy logic approaches are adopted in order to extend linear design techniques to nonlinear systems. Moreover,a neuro-fuzzy virtual sensor will be developed in close cooperation with Alenia to replace hardware sensors.For the pilot-aircraft status monitor a fuzzy expert system will be developed that has the functionality of a warning and advisory/decision aiding system.2.2Intelligent adaptive control of bioreactorsProject members:R.Babuˇs ka,M.Damen,S.Meˇs i´cSponsored by:SenterThe goal of this research is the development and implementation of a robust self-tuning con-troller for fermentation processes.To ensure an optimal operating conditions,the pH value, the temperature and the dissolved oxygen concentration in the fermenter must be controlled within tight bounds.Ideally,the same control unit should be able to ensure the required performance for a whole variety of fermentation processes(different microorganisms),differ-ent scales(volume of1liter to10000liters)and throughout the entire process run.Figure3 shows an experimental laboratory setup used in this project.The main control challenge is the fact that the dynamics of the system depend on the particular process type and scale and moreover are strongly time-varying,due to gradual changes in the process operating conditions.Controllers withfixed parameters cannot fulfill these requirements.Self-tuning(adaptive) control is applied to address the time-varying nature of the process.Among the different types of adaptive controllers(model-free,model-based,gain-scheduled,etc.),the model-based approach is pursued.The model is obtained through a carefully designed local identification experiment.Special attentions is paid to the robustness of the entire system in order to ensure safe and stable operation under all circumstances.The main contribution of this research is the development,implementation and experimental validation of a complete self-tuning control system.The robustness of the system is achieved by combining well-proven identification and control design methods with a supervisory fuzzy expert system.This research is being done a cooperation between Applikon Dependable Instruments B.V.,Schiedam,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Eindhoven University of Technology and Faculty of Information Technology and Systems and Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, both at Delft University of Technology.2.3Fuzzy control of multivariable processesProject members:R.Babuˇs ka,S.Mollov,H.B.VerbruggenFuzzy control provides effective solutions for nonlinear and partially unknown processes, mainly because of its ability to combine information form different sources,such as avail-able mathematical models,experience of operators,process measurements,etc.Extensive research has been devoted to single-input single-output fuzzy control systems,including mod-eling and control design aspects,analysis of stability and robustness,adaptive control.Mul-tivariable fuzzy control,however,have received considerably less attention,despite strong practical needs for multivariable control solutions,indicated among otherfields from process industry,(waste)water treatment,or aerospace engineering.Yet,theoretical foundations and methodological aspects of multivariable control are not well developed.This research project focuses on the use of fuzzy logic in model-based control of multiple-input,multiple-output(MIMO)systems.Recent developments include effective optimization techniques and robust stability constraints for nonlinear model predictive control.The devel-oped predictive control methods have been applied to the design of an Engine Management System for the gasoline direct injection engine benchmark,developed as a case study within the European research project FAMIMO(see Figure4).An extension of the Relative Gain Array approach has been proposed that facilitates the analysis of interactions in MIMO fuzzy models.2.4Neuro-fuzzy modeling in model-based fault detection,fault isolationand controller reconfigurationProject members:M.H.G.Verhaegen,J.Hellendoorn,R.Babuˇs ka,S.Kanev,A.Ichtev Sponsored by:STWMost fault tolerant control systems rely on two modules:(model-based)fault detection and isolation module and controller reconfiguration module.The two key elements in designing these two systems are the development of a mathematical model and a suitable decision mechanism to localize the failure and to select a new controller configuration.This project focuses on the development of a design framework in which the mathematical model and the corresponding observer are represented as a composition of local models,each describing the system in a particular operating regime or failure mode.The use of fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno models for residual generation has been investigated.On the basis of residuals soft fault detection and isolation and controller reconfiguration are performed.2.5Intelligent molecular diagnostic systemsProject members:L.Wessels,P.J.van der Veen,J.HellendoornAir BurngasesFigure4:Fuzzy predictive control of a gasoline directinjection engine. Sponsored by:DIOC-5:Intelligent Molecular Diagnostic SystemsIt is the goal of the DIOC-5(DIOC:Delft Interfaculty Research Center)program to produce an Intelligent Molecular Diagnostic System(IMDS).The IMDS will consist of two basic com-ponents:a measurement device and an information processing unit(IPU).The measurement device is a chemical sensor on a chip,which will be capable of rapidly performing vast num-bers of measurements simultaneously,consuming a minimal amount of chemical reagents and sample(see Figure5).Figure5:A prototype IMDS chip containing a matrix of25pico-liter wells.The IPU transforms the complex,raw measurements obtained from the sensor into output that can be employed as high-level decision support in various application domains.See[41]for a possible realization of the IPU.Members of the Control Systems Engineering group and the Information and Communica-tion Theory group are responsible for the realization of the Information Processing Unit.Un-raveling the metabolic processes and the associated regulatory mechanisms of yeast is a very interesting application area for the DIOC-5technology.We are focusing on problems associ-ated with gene and protein levels,and will integrate this information with existing knowledge about metabolic processes developed at the Kluyver Laboratory(One of the DIOC-5part-ners).More specifically,gene expression data and protein concentration measurements are employed to model the genetic networks,i.e.,to postulate possible‘genetic wiring diagrams’based on the expression data(See[40]for some preliminary results in this area.) It is envisaged that at the end of this project,genetic network information,protein func-tional knowledge and metabolic models can be integrated into a single hierarchical model, capable of providing metabolic engineers with greater insight into the yeast metabolism.For additional information see the IMDS Web page.12.6Model based optimization of fed-batch bioprocessesProject members:J.A.Roubos,P.Krabben,R.Babuˇs ka,J.J.Heijnen,H.B.Verbruggen Sponsored by:DIOC-6:Mastering the Molecules in Manufacturing,DSM Anti Infectives Many biotechnological production systems are based on batch and fed-batch processes.Op-timization of the product formation currently requires a very expensive and time consuming experimental program to determine the optima by trial and error.The aim of this project is to find a more efficient development path for fed-batch bioprocesses by an optimal combination of experiments and process models.The two main research topics of this project are:•Development of a user friendly modeling environment for fed-batch processes.The soft-ware tool must be able to use different types of knowledge coming from experts,experi-ments andfirst-principles,i.e.,conservation laws.New modeling methods such as fuzzy logic,neural networks and hybrid models will be used.•Iterative optimal experiment design.First some basic experiments can be done to esti-mate some preliminary parameters for the system.The idea is to make a rough model to design the next experiment.First,a stoichiometric model is made and thereafter a structured biochemical model that will be gradually improved according to the fermen-tation data.The main objective is to predict the right trends.The actual values are less important at the initial stages.Once the model is sufficient in terms of quantitative prediction of the production process for a variable external environment,it will be used to determine optimal feeding strategies for the reactor in order to improve product quality and/or quantity.These feeding strategies will be applied in an on-line process control environment.Recent developments and publications can be found at the project Web page2.1http://www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/Projects/DIOC/Progress.html2http://lcewww.et.tudelft.nl/˜roubos/02401020Time [s]p h a s e 1p h a s e 2p h a s e 3phase 4P r e s s u r e [h P a ]Figure 6:Partitioning of the respiratory cycle is obtained automatically by fuzzy clustering.Each segment represents a characteristic phase of the respiratory cycle.2.7Estimation of respiratory parameters via fuzzy clusteringProject members:R.Babuˇs ka,M.S.Lourens,A.F.M.Verbraak and J.Bogaard (University Hospital Rotterdam)The monitoring of respiratory parameters estimated from flow-pressure-volume measurements can be used to assess patients’pulmonary condition,to detect poor patient-ventilator interac-tion and consequently to optimize the ventilator settings.A new method has been investigated to obtain detailed information about respiratory parameters without interfering with the ven-tilation.By means of fuzzy clustering,the available data set is partitioned into fuzzy subsets that can be well approximated by linear regression models locally.Parameters of these models are then estimated by least-squares techniques.By analyzing the dependence of these local parameters on the location of the model in the flow-volume-pressure space,information on the patients’pulmonary condition can be gained.The effectiveness of the proposed approaches has been studied by analyzing the dependence of the expiratory time constant on the volume in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)and patients without COPD.2.8Fuzzy model based control with use of a priori knowledgeProject members:R.Babuˇs ka,J.Abonyi (University of Veszpr´e m,Hungary)Effective development of nonlinear dynamic process models is of great importance in the application of model-based control.Typically,one needs to blend information from different sources:experience of operators and designers,process data and first principle knowledge formulated by mathematical equations.To incorporate a priori knowledge into data-driven identification of dynamic fuzzy models of the Takagi-Sugeno type a constrained identification algorithm has been developed,where the constrains on the model parameters are based on the knowledge about the process stability,minimal or maximal gain,and the settling time.The algorithm has been successfully applied to off-line and on-line adaptation of fuzzy models.When no a priori knowledge about the local dynamic behavior of the process is available, information about the steady-state characteristic could be extremely useful.Because of the difficult analysis of the steady-state behavior of dynamic fuzzy models of the Takagi-Sugeno type,block-oriented fuzzy models have been developed.In the Fuzzy Hammerstein(FH) model,a static fuzzy model is connected in series with a linear dynamic model.The obtained FH model is incorporated in a model-based predictive control scheme.Results show that the proposed FH modeling approach is useful for modular parsimonious modeling and model-based control of nonlinear systems.3Distributed and hybrid systemsHybrid systems typically arise when a continuous-time system is coupled with a logic con-troller,or when we have a system in which external inputs or internal events may cause a sudden change in the dynamics of the system.So hybrid systems exhibit both continuous-variable and discrete-event behavior.Due to the intrinsic complexity of hybrid systems control design techniques for hybrid systems we could either focus on special subclasses of hybrid sys-tems,or use a distributed or hierarchical approach to decompose the controller design problem into smaller subproblems that are easier to solve.In our research we use both approaches.3.1Modeling and analysis of hybrid systemsProject members:B.De Schutter,W.M.P.H.Heemels(Eindhoven University of Technology), A.Bemporad(ETH Z¨u rich)Hybrid systems arise from the interaction between continuous-variable systems(i.e.,systems that can be described by a system of difference or differential equations)and discrete-event systems(i.e.,asynchronous systems where the state transitions are initiated by events;in general the time instants at which these events occur are not equidistant).In general we could say that a hybrid system can be in one of several modes whereby in each mode the behavior of the system can be described by a system of difference or differential equations, and that the system switches from one mode to another due to the occurrence of an event (see Figure7).We have shown that several classes of hybrid systems:piecewise-affine systems,mixed logical dynamical systems,complementarity systems and max-min-plus-scaling systems are equivalent[6,7,24,25].Some of the equivalences are established under(rather mild)addi-tional assumptions.These results are of paramount importance for transferring theoreticalFigure7:Schematic representation of a hybrid system.properties and tools from one class to another,with the consequence that for the study of a particular hybrid system that belongs to any of these classes,one can choose the most convenient hybrid modeling framework.Related research is described under Project3.3.In addition,we have also shown an equivalence between two type of mathematical pro-gramming problems:the linear complementarity problem(LCP)and the extended linear complementarity problem(ELCP)[17].More specifically,we have shown that an ELCP with a bounded feasible set can be recast as an LCP.This result allows us to apply existing LCP algorithms to solve ELCPs[16].3.2Model predictive control for discrete-event systemsProject members:B.De Schutter,T.J.J.van den BoomModel predictive control(MPC)is a very popular controller design method in the process industry.An important advantage of MPC is that it allows the inclusion of constraints on the inputs and ually MPC uses linear discrete-time models.In this project we extend MPC to a class of discrete-event systems.Typical examples of discrete-event systems are:flexible manufacturing systems,telecommunication networks,traffic control systems, multiprocessor operating systems,and logistic systems.In general models that describe the behavior of a discrete-event system are nonlinear in conventional algebra.However,there is a class of discrete-event systems–the max-plus-linear discrete-event systems–that can be described by a model that is“linear”in the max-plus algebra.We have further developed our MPC framework for max-plus-linear discrete-event systems and included the influences of noise and disturbances[33,34,35,36,37].In addition,we have also extended our results to discrete-event systems that can be described by models in which the operations maximization,minimization,addition and scalar multiplication appear[22], and to discrete-event systems with both hard and soft synchronization constraints[19](see also Project3.7).3.3Model predictive control for piece-wise affine systemsProject members:B.De Schutter,T.J.J.van den BoomWe have extended our results on model predictive control(MPC)for discrete event systems (see Project3.2)to a class of hybrid systems that can be described by a continuous piecewise-affine state space model.More specifically,we have considered systems of the formx(k)=P x(x(k−1),u(k))y(k)=P y(x(k),u(k)),where x,u and y are respectively,the state,the input and the output vector of the system,and where the components of P x and P y are continuous piecewise-affine(PWA)scalar functions,i.e.,functions that satisfy the following conditions:1.The domain space of f is divided into afinite number of polyhedral regions;2.In each region f can be expressed as an affine function;3.f is continuous on any boundary between two regions.。
4 Simples Techniques to Controll Your Diet
4 Simples Techniques to Controll Your Diet（4招教你控制自己的饮食）It doesn’t matter whether you are watching your weight or making a lifestyle change to a more healthy and balanced diet;overeating is the biggest enemy. We know how much we should eat and what it takes to keep us going, but still we cannot seem to help ourselves sometimes. Having eaten too much, we can either just accept the fact or try to make up for it by eating less later or exercising more. This works to some extent, but wouldn’t it be better to keep from overeating altogether? Of course it would, and by adding a few simple self-control mechanisms, you can increase your odds quite a bit.The problem with overeating is not, as some people claim, just bad character or lack of motivation. The truth is that we are fighting our own brains, which are trying to protect us from starvation. It doesn’t matter how intelligent you are, your mind does not comprehend that there is more food coming—here and now is what matters to your brain when it comes to food. When food was scarce and food supplies varied a lot, overeating was sensible. Nowadays it’s not. Even though you will feel full after a while when you eat, there is a delay between when you’ve had enough, to the time your brain realizes that. During this ti me you will keep eating, and you’ll end up feeling stuffed, knowing you’ve had too much.I hinted earlier that it has to do with control. All the tips below help to ensure that you slow down or lower your calorie intake a little bit while eating. When your food intake becomes a bit slower, your brain has time to catch up with the signals from your body. No more overeating.1.Start with vegetables.By starting with your vegetables before moving on to the meat, pasta, rice or potatoes you get multiple benefits. First, you make sure that you get all the nutrition from the vegetables on your plate, and secondly, you start filling up with low calorie, healthy food so that you can feel satisfied earlier. Finally, you give your stomach a little head- up before the heavier stuff arrives.2.Chew, chew, chew, chew.By chewing every bite for longer, you automatically slow down your digestion which is what you want to happen. You also make sure that the digestive enzymes in your saliva get mixed with the food before moving on to the stomach. Digesting the food starts already here and it is an important step.3.Take breaks.This is a pretty obvious tip, but one that many people seem to forget constantly. After eating a few mouthfuls, put down your knife and fork and just t ake a break. Talk to the people you’re eating with, and let your body and mind catch up with your food intake.There is a difference between being full and being satisfied. Being satisfied is when you have eaten enough; you are no longer hungry but still not full. This is the perfect amount—feeling full basically means that you have maxed out. Learn to feel the difference and act on it.4.Take ControlBy applying any combination of the tips(preferably all of them) you take control of your eating habits, and when you take control, great things happen. Eating healthy or maintaining a diet requires self-control, and now you have 4 simple techniques to help you on your way. What is your preferred method of maintaining control?n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧∙calorie['kæləri]videon. 卡路里（热量单位）∙enzyme['enzaim]videon. [生化] 酶∙overeat[,əuvə'ri:t]videovt. 使吃过量vi. 吃得过多∙nutrition[nju:'triʃən]videon. 营养，营养学；营养品∙extent[ik'stent]videon. 程度；范围；长度∙lifestyle['laifstail]videon. 生活方式∙digestion[di:dʒestʃən, dai-]videon. 消化；领悟∙motivation[,məuti'veiʃən]videon. 动机；积极性；推动∙comprehend[,kɔmpri'hend]videovt. 理解；包含；由…组成推荐学习。
PPAP文件5-控制计划
Control
Prototype 样件 Pre-launch 试生产 Production 生产 Ctrl. Plan No.控制计划编号 Part No./Rev. 零件号/更改级别: Supplier Part No.供应商零件号： Part Name/Description 零件名称 Supplier/Plant 供应商 Supplier Code 供应商代号
Evalua. /Meas. Technique 评价/测量技术
Page 2 ate(Orig.) 编制日期 Date(rev.) 修改日期 Customer Engineering Approval /Date (If Req’d) 顾客工程批准/日期（如需要） Customer Quality Approval/Date (If Req’d) 顾客质量批准/日期（如需要） Other Approval/Date (If Req’d) 其它批准/日期 （如需要）
工序 号
Operation Description
工序名称
Machine, Jig Tools for Mfg.
Characteristics 特性
No 编 号
Product 产品
Process 工艺
生产设备
Product/Process Specification/Tolerance 产品/工艺规范/公差
Characteristics 特性 Product 产品 Process 工艺
生产设备
Special C&C 特殊 特性
Methods 方法
Product/Process Specification/Tolerance 产品/工艺规范/公差 Evalua. /Meas. Technique 评价/测量技术
Emerson Control Techniques产品总介绍
艾默生Control Techniques产品总介绍艾默生CT驱动器无需踌躇睿智之选再简单不过的选择尽在艾默生CT交直流驱动器、伺服及驱动系统。
全系列产品的宽电压等级和灵活性，使得艾默生CT产品满足更广泛的应用需求。
Unidrive SP 模块式大功率交流驱动器45kW–1.9MW 200V / 400V / 575V / 690VUnidrive SP 独立机柜式大功率交流驱动器90kW - 1.6MW 380V-690VDigitax ST智能、紧凑、动态的伺服驱动器系列0.72Nm - 19.3Nm(57.7Nm 峰值) 200V / 400VCommander SK通用型交流变频器0.25kW –132kW (0.33hp - 200hp) 100V / 200V / 400V / 575V / 690VEV5000通用矢量控制变频器2.2kW - 220kW 380V - 440VUnidrive M制造自动化行业专用伺服及交流驱动器0.25 kW - 1.2 MW 100 V - 690 VUnidrive SP 表面安装式高性能交流伺服驱动器0.37kW - 132kW 200V / 400V / 575V / 690VUnimotor hd适合苛刻应用场合的紧凑型伺服电机0.72Nm - 16Nm 48Nm 峰值Mentor MP高性能直流驱动器25A - 7400A 400V / 575V / 690VEV2100风机泵专用变频驱动器7.5kW - 280kW 380 - 440VEV1000 / EV2000通用型交流变频器0.4kW - 280kW 200V - 240V / 380V - 440VUnimotor fm高性能交流无刷伺服电机0.72Nm - 136Nm 408Nm 峰值Unidrive M0.25 kW - 1.2 MW 重载(0.33 hp - 1600 hp)100 V / 200 V / 400 V / 575 V / 690 V制造自动化领域客户需求的专业驱动器概述Unidrive M 是专为制造自动化应用而设计的，这是Control Techniques 的传统专业领域。
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
CONTROL TECHNIQUES调速器、CONTROL TECHNIQUES直流变频器、Control Techniques 驱动器、Control Techniques伺服电机
英国Control Tehniques (简称艾默生CT) 属于艾默生工业自动化，专注于直交流驱动器的设计及生产我公司所生产的驱动器可用于控制多种应用设备的电机，包括精密仪器、高性能电梯、起重机、风扇等。
UnidriveSP的灵活性可满足客户个性化要求，可为所有的传动客户重新制定标准，通过提高生产力的方式真正降低成本。
作为具有决定灵活性的解决方案平台，关键在于所有的传动客户能够自我发挥。
英国CONTROL TECHNIQUES国内一级商上海智川工贸有限公司常年低价供应英国Control Techniques调速器、Control Techniques直流变频器、Control Techniques驱动器、Control Techniques伺服电机。
Control Techniques EF 安装指南：UD70 MD29 第二处理器选项说明书
EFInstallation GuideUD70MD29Second Processor Optionsfor Unidrive and Mentor IIPart Number:0460-0098Issue Number:2Safety InformationThe option card and its associated drive are intended as components for professional incorporation into complete equipment or systems.If installed incorrectly the drive may present a safety hazard.The drive uses high voltages and currents,carries a high level of stored electrical energy,and is used to control mechanical equipment that can cause injury.Close attention is required to the electrical installation and the system design to avoid hazards either in normal operation or in the event of equipment malfunction.System design,installation,commissioning and maintenance must be carried out by personnel who have the necessary training and experience.They must read this safety information and this Installation Guide carefully.Careful consideration must be given to the functions of the drive and option card which might result in a hazard,either through their intended functions,e.g.auto-start,or through incorrect operation due to a fault or trip,e.g.stop/start,forward/reverse,maximum speed, loss of a communications link.In any application where a malfunction of the drive or option card could lead to damage, loss or injury,a risk analysis must be carried out,and where necessary,further measures taken to reduce the risk.To ensure mechanical safety,additional safety devices such as electro-mechanical interlocks may be required.The Drive must not be used in a safety-critical application without additional high-integrity protection against hazards arising from a malfunction.General InformationThe manufacturer accepts no liability for any consequences resulting from inappropriate, negligent or incorrect installation or adjustment of the optional operating parameters of the equipment or from mismatching the Drive with the motor.The contents of this User Guide are believed to be correct at the time of printing.In the interests of a commitment to a policy of continuous development and improvement,the manufacturer reserves the right to change the specification of the product or its performance,or the contents of the User Guide,without notice.All rights reserved.No part of this User Guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electrical or mechanical including photocopying,recording or by any information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher.Copyright©21/1/02Control Techniques Drives LtdIssue Code:2Hardware:UD70All Issues,MD29Issue3and laterFirmware:N/AContents1Mechanical Installation11.1Unidrive and UD7011.2Mentor II and MD29/MD29AN32Electrical Installation52.1UD7052.2MD2952.3MD29AN62.4RS232Port Connections62.5RS485Port Connections62.6I/O Box Port Connections(MD29Only)82.7Digital I/O Connections83RS485Port Configuration93.1Node Address93.2Data Rate103.3RS485Port Communications Modes103.4Storing configuration parameters12 UD70/MD29Installation GuideIssue Number:1UD70/MD29Installation GuideIssue Number:21Mechanical InstallationBefore attempting to installoption modules or cards,ensure that the Unidrive or Mentor II is switched off.AC Drives should be left for 5minutes to ensure that the DC link capacitors have completely discharged.1.1Unidrive and UD70•Slide the UD70module under the display panel of the Unidrive,and push the module in until the connector locates with the plug inside the Unidrive.•Apply firm pressure,and the module will click securely into place.•To remove the UD70,pull firmly on the black tab,and the module will disengage from the connector.3UD70/MD29Installation GuideIssue Number:21.2Mentor II and MD29/MD29ANThe MD29is fitted onto the 40-way pin header (PL1)on the MDA2B circuit board.The supplied mounting pillars should be attached to the MDA2B on the Mentor II.•Tilt the MD29at an angle and locate the first few pins into the MD29header.•Tilt the board to horizontal to engage the rest of the pins.Press firmly downwards to firmly fix the MD29to the header and4mounting pillars.Take care when locating the board onto this connector-do not force it on. Excessive force may bend and break the pins of the header.When removing an MD29,unsnap the MD29from the pillars before gently working the MD29off the header.Do not tilt the MD29excessively to one side,as this maybend and break the end groups of pins on the header.2Electrical Installation2.1UD70The UD70provides a dedicated RS232programming port(Connector C)and ageneral purpose RS485communications port(Connector D)..Connectors A and B provide the connectors for high speed fieldbus communicationoptions,if fitted.Refer to the appropriate fieldbus option User Guide for full fieldbusconnection details.2.2MD29The MD29provides a dedicated RS232programming port(Connector SK2)and ageneral purpose RS485communications port(Connector PL1).In addition,theMD29also has a dedicated RS485port(Connector TB1)for use with the ControlTechniques I/O Box.5UD70/MD29Installation Guide Issue Number:2UD70/MD29Installation Guide 6Issue Number:22.3MD29ANThe MD29AN provides a dedicated RS232programming port (Connector SK2)and a general purpose RS485communications port (Connector PL1).In addition,the MD29also has a dedicated CTNet port (PL2).2.4RS232Port ConnectionsThe pin connections for the RS232port are given in the table below.The RS232port can be connected to a 9way serial port using a 9-way one-to-one ribbon cable lead.2.5RS485Port ConnectionsThe pin connections for the RS485port are given in the table below 0VSC is completely isolated from the main Unidrive and Mentor II 0V.Pin Function Description 2TxD Transmit line 3RxD Receive line 50V0VPin Function Description10VSC 0VSC Isolated 0V for serial communications link.2TxA /Tx Inverted transmit line 3RxA /Rx Inverted transmit line 6TxB Tx Transmit line 7RxBRxReceive line7UD70/MD29Installation GuideIssue Number:22.5.14Wire RS485NetworkThe diagram below shows the connections required for a 4wire RS485network,using a master controller with an RS485port.The UD70and MD29can be configured to act as master controllers,but this requires DPL programming to control the network.An RS232-to-RS485converter is required to allow a standard PC serial port to communicate with a 4wire RS485network.2.5.22Wire RS485NetworkThe diagram below shows the connections required for a 2wire RS485network,using a master controller with an RS485port.The UD70and MD29can be configured to act as master controllers,but this requires DPL programming to control the network.An RS232-to-RS485converter with “intelligent transceiver switching”(also known as “magic”RS485converters)is required to allow a standard PC serial port to communicate with a 2wire RS485network.An example of a “magic”converter is the MA485F converter from Amplicon.A “magic”converter is not required is the master contoller has an RTS control output.This output is enabled when the master is transmitting,and disabled when the master is not transmitting.Control Techniques software packages (UniSoft,MentorSoft and SystemWise)do NOT switch the RTS line.2.6I/O Box Port Connections(MD29Only)The I/O Box port is marked“PL2”and is only available on the MD29.The terminalconnections are shown in the table below.Operation of this port is automatic,andno configuration is necessary.Pin Function Description10V0V0V2TxB Tx Transmit line3/TxA/Tx Inverted Transmit line4RxB Rx Receive line5/RxA/Rx Inverted Receive lineTo use the I/O Box with UD70or MD29AN,connect it to the RS485port,andselect Mode10communications.2.7Digital I/O ConnectionsThe RS485connector has2TTL digital inputs and1TTL digital output.They areused in conjunction with the Timer/Counter unit.(For further details,refer to theUser guide for the UD70or MD29.)The0VSC is isolated from the Unidrive or Mentor II0V,and should not be usedas the reference0V for the TTL digital inputs and output.If a digital input is open-circuit or connected to+5V,this will be read by#86.01(input0)or#86.02(input1)as logic0.These parameters will change to logic1when the inputs are connected to0V Digital on pin9.The digital output will give+5V when#86.03is set to logic0,and0V when set tologic1.The digital output is rated to a maximum of15mA.The maximum length ofcable that should be connected to these terminals is0.5metres,so buffering will berequired for longer lengths of cable,and for interfacing to different logic levels.The Digital inputs and output must be connected to0V Digital(pin9),NOTOVSC(pin1).The inputs and output will not work properly if connected toOVSC,as pin1is isolated from the Drive.Noise generated along the screenof the serial communications cable may cause spurious operation,anddamage to the UD70or MD29may result.3RS485Port ConfigurationThe RS485port can be used to communicate with the Drive using Control Techniques'standard software communications packages such as UniSoft,MentorSoft,CTFile and Systemwise.(Refer to the Help file in Unisoft,MentorSoft,etc.for connection details.)The ANSI protocol is the standard protocol used by the Control Techniques'software packages,but Modbus RTU and ASCII modes are also supported as slave nodes only.The RS485port is configured by setting certain user parameters on the Unidrive or Mentor II.These control individual features about the port.Any changes take effect when the configuration parameters are stored and the UD70or MD29is reset.The following parameters used to configure the RS485port.3.1Node AddressUnidrive:#17.05Mentor II:#14.01Range:11to 99,excluding 00to 09,10,20,30,40,etc for ANSI.1to 99for Modbus RTU and Modbus ASCIIDefault:11Every node on an ANSI or Modbus network MUST be assigned a unique serial address.Changes to the node address will not take effect until the parameters have been stored,and the UD70or MD29has been reset.The serial address ensures that only the intended node responds to commands issued by the network master controller.Each node should be assigned a unique address BEFORE it is connected to the RS485network.Function Unidrive (UD70)Mentor II (MD29/MD29AN)Node Address #17.05#14.01Data Rate#17.07#14.03Serial Comms Mode #17.06#14.02Pointer 1#17.08#11.09Pointer 2#17.09#11.10Scaling Factor #17.10#11.11Global Trip Enable #17.14#14.07RS485Trip Enable#17.15#14.083.2Data RateUnidrive:#17.07Mentor II:#14.03Range:300to 38400bits per second Default:4800Every node on an ANSI or Modbus network must be configured to operate at the same data rate.Set the appropraite value as shown in the table below to configure the RS485port data rate.3.3RS485Port Communications ModesUnidrive:#17.06Mentor II:#14.02The serial communications mode selector determines the mode of operation of the RS485serial port,and the protocol supported.Only slave modes are described here.(Modes 6to 9,11and 12require DPL code to control the RS485.)3.3.1Standard CT ANSI ProtocolMode 1-4Wire ANSI Slave Mode (Default)Mode 5-2Wire ANSI Slave ModeThe UD70and MD29will communicate using the Control Techniques'standard ANSI protocol with a 4-wire or 2-wire connection.This mode allows the Unidrive or Mentor II to communicate with standard CT software packages,such as UniSoft,MentorSoft,SystemWise,etc.Menu 0parameters are not accessible through a UD70or MD29.Refer to the User's Guide for MD29or UD70for a detailed description of the ANSI protocol.3.3.2Modbus RTUMode 13-4Wire Modbus RTU Slave Mode Mode 15-2Wire Modbus RTU Slave ModeThe UD70and MD29will communicate using the Modicon Modbus RTU protocol with a 4-wire or 2-wire connection.The data frame used for Modbus RTU is 1start bit,8data bits,no parity,2stop bits.(Even parity with 1stop bit is NOT currently supported.)The following MOdbus RTU commands are supported:FC3PRESET SINGLE REGISTER FC6PRESET MULTIPLE REGISTERS FC16READ MULTIPLE REGISTERSThe maximum number of registers that can be transferred on a single message is limited to 20,and the range of allowed node addresses is limited from 1to 99.Data Rate (bits/sec)Unidrive Mentor II30030036006006120012001224002400244800480048960096009619200192001923840038400383.3.3Modbus ASCIIMode14-4Wire Modbus ASCII Slave ModeMode16-2Wire Modbus ASCII Slave ModeThe UD70and MD29will communicate using the Modicon Modbus ASCII protocolwith a4-wire or2-wire connection.The data frame used for Modbus RTU is1startbit,7data bits,no parity,2stop bits.The following Modbus ASCII commands are supported:FC3PRESET SINGLE REGISTERFC6PRESET MULTIPLE REGISTERSFC16READ MULTIPLE REGISTERSThe maximum number of registers that can be transferred on a single message islimited to20,and the range of allowed node addresses is limited from1to99. 3.3.4Master/SlaveMode2-Master ModeMode3-Slave ModeIn Mode2,the node acts as a master,and continuously broadcasts a sourceparameter,as defined by the Pointer parameter,from the RS485port at a fixeddata rate of9600bits/sec.The value of the source parameter is scaled to±16000.In Mode3,the node acts as a slave to receive the continuous data streamtransmitted by a Mode2master.The incoming data is multiplied by the scalingparameter,and written to the destination parameter,as defined by the Pointerparameter.If the serial communications link is broken,the slave node can be made to trip.Thisis done by setting the Global Trip Enable and RS485Trip Enable parameters.3.3.5CascadeMode4-Cascade ModeMode4provides allows UD70and/or MD29RS485ports to be“cascaded”.Thismode is similar to the Master/Slave mode,except that each node can be a slave toan“upstream”node,AND a master to a“downstream”node.3.3.6I/O Box Mode(UD70and MD29AN only)Mode10-I/O Box ModeUnlike the MD29,the UD70and MD29AN do not have a dedicated port for use withthe I/O Box.The general purpose RS485port can be configured to communicatedirectly with an I/O Box by configuring the RS485port to use Mode10communications.3.4Storing configuration parametersIn all cases,the configuration parameters must be stored,and the UD70or MD29reset before changes will take effect.3.4.1Unidrive•To store changes in menu17parameters,set#MM.00to1000and press the red RESET button.•To reset the UD70,set#MM.00to1070and press the red RESET button.3.4.2Mentor II•Ensure that the Mentor II is disabed•To store changes in menu11and14parameters,set#MM.00to1and press RESET.This will also reset the MD29.。
艾默生Control Techniques公司介绍
艾默生Control Techniques Emerson Control Techniques 公司介绍Company Profile美国艾默生电气公司(以下简称Emerson，美国纽约证券交易所代码: EMR) 是技术与工程领域的全球领袖，在商业、工业和消费者市场中，为全世界的客户开发并提供创新的解决方案。
成立于1890年的Emerson，总部在美国密苏里州圣路易斯市。
Emerson通过网络能源、过程管理、工业自动化、环境优化技术、商住解决方案等业务为工业、商业及消费者市场客户提供创新性的解决方案。
五大业务平台：•过程管理•网络能源•工业自动化•环境优化技术•商住解决方案中国是Emerson在全球业务发展最快的地区之一。
自2002财年中国已成为Emerson仅次于美国的第二大市场。
七十年代末，Emerson通过首个技术转让项目在中国发展业务。
1992年在中国成立了第一家独资企业。
1993年10月，Emerson在上海成立了艾默生电气(中国)投资有限公司，这是第一家将投资性公司总部设在上海的美国公司。
从那时起，Emerson在中国的投资有了实质性的增长公司2012财年的销售额达244亿美元。
EMERSON艾默生Emerson公司总部美国密苏里州圣路易斯市艾默生工业自动化艾默生以科技融合工程技术锲而不舍、追求完美，在充满活力的世界范围为客户利益创造最佳解决方案。
艾默生品牌承诺艾默生工业自动化是Emerson 公司所属业务品牌，提供技术领先的生产解决方案，包括机械、电力及超声波等，为全球多种多样的行业提供最先进的工业自动化方案。
该业务品牌广泛的产品和系统应用于生产过程和设备，包括运动控制系统、物料连接、精密清洗、物料测试、液压控制阀、交流发电机、马达、机械动力传输驱动器和轴承等。
了解详细信息，请浏览CT (Control Techniques) 是艾默生工业自动化的下属公司。
我们的专项是驱动器的设计、生产和工程应用，并提供技术支持和售后服务。
四级补全句子经典短语例句
四级补全句子经典短语例句Talked to a stranger you meet by chance in the wood.对一个你在树林中偶然遇到的陌生人说话。
So it will have a free space to further develop, and be for certain of great significance of reality and society in the intelligence decision-making of commerce.因而具有更大的发展空间，必将在商业智能决策中产生巨大的现实意义和社会意义。
I wanted to be certain of my own wisdom by copying Solomon, who had knowledge of hyssop and of tree.我希望仿效通晓牛膝草和树木知识的所罗门王，确信自己的智慧。
Now he could focus his attention on examining the strange ring.现在他可以集中注意研究这枚戒指了。
However, people should be cautious of the excessive reliance on cell phones.但是，人们也要警惕对于手机的过度依赖。
In no case can we cheapen the quality of products.在任何情况下我们都不能降低产品质量。
What would happen to her in case I was ill, in case I died, or if we simply grew cold to one another?万一我病了，万一我死了，或者如果我们只是对彼此变得冷漠了，她将会怎么样呢？It should notify an administrator in case of a system error.在系统出错的情况下，它应该能够通知管理员。
尼得科 Control Techniques EVO-RC03远程控制盒用户手册说明书
用户手册版本号： 1.2出版日期：2017-11资料编码：31011099EVO-RC03远程控制盒EVO-RC03远程控制盒用户手册资料版本：V1.2归档时间：2017-11-8BOM编号：31011099本用户手册著作权归属于利莱森玛电机科技（福州）有限公司深圳光明分公司。
用户手册内容如有改动，恕不另行通知。
地址：深圳市南山区科技工业园科技路一号桑达科技大厦三楼邮编：518057公司网址：客户服务热线：400-887-9230目录1．概述 (1)2．技术参数 (2)3．接线 (3)3.1 环境条件 (3)3.2 接线 (3)3.3 设置跳线 (6)4．操作说明 (7)4.1 操作面板介绍 (7)4.2 远程控制盒自身功能码Fo (10)4.3 基本设定 (10)4.4 远程控制操作 (12)4.5 特殊显示状态处理 (17)5．故障处理 (19)1．概述EVO-RC03远程控制盒与尼得科Control Techniques生产的EV1000/EV2000/EV3100系列变频器配套使用，支持MODBUS协议（RTU格式），满足用户远程操作与参数的监视、查询与修改。
多台变频器组网使用时，单独的远程控制盒可以远程控制多台变频器，一般要求组网的变频器台数不要超过32台。
EVO-RC03远程控制盒作为尼得科Control TechniquesEV1000/EV2000/EV3100系列变频器的选配件，用户可以根据需求选用。
12．技术参数EVO-RC03远程控制盒采用RS485方式与变频器进行通讯，电磁兼容满足GB12668-90和IEC1000-4标准及企标的相关要求。
安全规范符合GB4943-1995的相关标准。
主要技术参数如下：1．通讯波特率：19200bps（默认）/9600bps2．工作电压：24Vdc3．最高输入电压：30Vdc4．平均功耗：小于4.5W5．MTBF：50000小时6．电源与信号线绝缘耐压：500Vdc，1分钟23．接线3.1 环境条件请在室内使用EVO-RC03远程控制盒，控制盒与变频器之间的连接电缆也应敷设于室内。
厨房专业用语
Foreignism and culinary word餐饮外来语与烹调用语AA La carte 按照零点菜单列表点菜al dente [aldɛnte.ti]（食物，尤指意大利面煮得）有嚼劲的（地）Anglaise[ɑ:ŋ'ɡleiz]煮后没有加调味料就上桌的antipasto [antɪpastəʊ]（意大利菜中的）餐前小吃；冷盘Au-gratin [əʊ 'grɑ:tn,]面包屑焦层的用芝士烘黄面astringent [ə´strindʒənt] 涩的Au tour de把汁酱淋在食物的周围而不是浇在顶上austere [ɔs′tiə] 涩的Au-beurre bə:]有黄油的Bbar-and-grill烤肉酒店,烤肉酒吧barding[bɑ:diŋ]裹以咸肉be done to a turn正好的bistro [bistrəu] 小酒馆,酒吧；小餐馆bitter ['bitə] 苦burned [b ə: nd] 烧焦的Bibimbap 韩国石锅饭Blanquette[blɔŋ'ket]肉汁烩的菜式boil [bɔil]1使)沸腾; 开2用开水煮, 在沸水中煮bologna[bə'ləunjə]一种大腊肠Bolognaise [bə'ləunais]肉酱Bombe [bəumb] 冰淇淋或奶油冻等做的)瓜形(或球形、杯形)甜点心bone [bəun] 剔骨braise [breiz] 焖breading mix (炸鱼肉前)滚上面包屑或面粉时的混合操作breadstuffs 面包原料;面包bridecake[braidkeik] 结婚蛋糕bake [beik]焗bread and scrape 黄油涂得很薄的面包barbecue [bɑ:bikju:] 烧烤broil [brɔi] 炙烤/焙的baked [beikt]烘的beat [bi:t]抽搅blanch [blæntʃ]漂白blend [blend] 搅匀bouquet香料束black coffee 黑咖啡.不加牛奶的咖啡bring to a boil 煮沸腾brochette [brəuʃet]烤肉叉,小串烤肉Brulee 火烧意大利蛋羹brazier[breizjə] 火盆,烧烤炉butlery [bʌtləri] 餐具室;配膳室Ccafeteria 自助餐厅cake mix制糕点用的现成混合配料, 蛋糕粉; 点心粉Canape'kænə'pei]夹鱼子或小鱼的烤面包。
control知识点总结
control知识点总结IntroductionControl is a key aspect of both engineering and management. It refers to the process of guiding or managing a system, process, or organization in order to achieve a desired outcome. There are many different types of control, ranging from simple home thermostat systems to complex industrial automation processes. In this summary, we will explore the key principles of control and the various applications and methods used in the field.Key Concepts in Control1. Feedback ControlFeedback control is the most common type of control system. It involves measuring the output of a system and comparing it to a reference or desired value. Any difference between the actual output and the desired output is used to adjust the input to the system in order to achieve the desired result. This process is known as closed-loop control, as it involves continuously monitoring the output and making adjustments as necessary.2. Feedforward ControlFeedforward control, on the other hand, involves taking action to prevent disturbances from affecting the output of a system. Instead of measuring the output and making adjustments based on the difference between the actual and desired values, feedforward control anticipates potential disturbances and takes action to minimize their impact. This type of control is often used in industrial processes to ensure that certain variables, such as temperature or pressure, remain within a desired range.3. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) ControlPID control is a type of feedback control that uses three components to adjust the input to a system in order to achieve a desired output. The proportional component provides a control action that is proportional to the error, the integral component accumulates the error over time and provides a control action based on the historical behavior of the error, and the derivative component provides a control action based on the rate of change of the error. PID control is widely used in industry and has been proven to be effective for a wide range of control applications.4. Open Loop ControlOpen loop control is a simple form of control in which the input to a system is set based on a predetermined schedule or program, without any measurement or feedback of the actual output. While this type of control is easy to implement, it is generally less accurate and less robust than closed-loop control systems.5. Nonlinear ControlNonlinear control systems are those in which the relationship between the input and output is not linear. These systems are often more complex and difficult to analyze than linear control systems, and may require more advanced methods and tools for design and implementation.Applications of Control1. Industrial AutomationOne of the most common applications of control is in industrial automation, where control systems are used to monitor and regulate a wide range of processes, including manufacturing, power generation, and chemical processing. In these applications, control systems are used to ensure that key variables such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate remain within specified limits, and that product quality and throughput are optimized.2. Aerospace and DefenseControl systems are also critical in the aerospace and defense industries, where they are used to stabilize and control aircraft, missiles, and other aerospace vehicles. In these applications, control systems must be highly reliable and able to operate in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, high speeds, and high altitudes.3. RoboticsIn robotics, control systems are used to guide the movement and operation of robotic arms, grippers, and other components. Control systems are also used to monitor and regulate the position and orientation of robot arms and end effectors, using feedback from sensors and actuators.4. Power SystemsControl systems are used in power generation and distribution to regulate the flow of electricity and maintain the stability and reliability of the power grid. In these applications, control systems are used to adjust the output of generators and transformers, monitor the voltage and frequency of the grid, and protect against faults and disturbances.5. Process ControlIn chemical processing, control systems are used to regulate variables such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate to ensure the safe and efficient operation of chemical reactors, distillation columns, and other equipment. Control systems are also used in other process industries, such as oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, and food and beverage production.Control Methods and Techniques1. Classical ControlClassical control methods, such as root locus analysis, frequency response analysis, and pole-zero cancellation, are based on the principles of linear control theory and are widely used in the design and analysis of control systems.2. Modern ControlModern control methods, such as state-space analysis, optimal control, and robust control, are based on more advanced mathematical techniques and are used to design and analyze complex control systems with non-linear behavior, uncertainty, and disturbances.3. Simulation and ModelingSimulation and modeling techniques, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software, virtual prototyping, and system identification, are used to design, test, and optimize control systems before they are implemented in the real world.4. Control Hardware and SoftwareControl hardware and software, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCS), and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, are used to implement control algorithms and communicate with sensors, actuators, and other devices.ConclusionIn conclusion, control is a fundamental aspect of engineering and management, and is essential for achieving desired outcomes in a wide range of applications. By understanding the key principles, applications, and methods of control, engineers and managers can design and implement effective control systems that contribute to the success and efficiency of their projects and organizations.。
control techniques手册
在控制技术领域，control techniques手册是非常重要的参考资料。
它涵盖了各种控制技术的原理、应用和实践经验，对于工程师和研究人员来说都具有重要价值。
在本文中，我们将全面评估control techniques手册，并深入探讨其在工程控制领域中的作用和意义。
1. 概述control techniques手册是一本全面介绍控制技术的参考书籍，它包含了从基础概念到前沿技术的全面内容。
对于控制工程师来说，这本手册是一本不可或缺的工具书，可以帮助他们更好地理解控制原理和方法。
2. 重要性在工程控制领域，控制技术是至关重要的。
通过控制技术，工程师可以实现对系统的精确控制，从而确保系统稳定运行并实现预期的功能。
而control techniques手册则为工程师提供了丰富的参考资料，帮助他们掌握各种控制技术的原理和应用。
3. 内容这本手册涵盖了诸多控制技术领域的知识，包括PID控制、自适应控制、模糊控制、神经网络控制等。
通过逐一分析这些内容，工程师可以系统地了解各种控制技术的特点和适用范围，从而在实际工程中选择合适的控制方法。
4. 个人观点作为一名控制工程师，我个人认为control techniques手册是一本非常宝贵的参考书。
它不仅帮助我在工程实践中解决问题，更重要的是，它让我对控制技术有了更深刻的理解。
通过不断学习和研究这本手册，我相信我可以成为一名更优秀的控制工程师。
5. 总结通过对control techniques手册的全面评估，我们可以得出结论：这本手册对于控制工程师来说具有非常重要的价值。
它全面介绍了各种控制技术的原理和应用，帮助工程师更好地掌握控制技术。
我强烈推荐这本手册给所有从事控制工程的同行，相信它会给你带来很多收获。
在本文中，我们对control techniques手册进行了全面评估，并共享了个人观点和理解。
希望这篇文章能帮助你更好地掌握控制技术的知识。
control techniques手册的重要性不仅在于它包含了丰富的知识内容，更在于它对工程控制领域的实际应用具有重要的指导作用。
commander se变频器说明书
General InformationThe manufacturer accepts no liability for any consequences resulting from inappro-priate,negligent or incorrect installation or adjustment of the optional operating pa-rameters of the equipment or from mismatching the variable speed drive(Drive)with the motor.The contents of this User Guide are believed to be correct at the time of printing.In the interests of a commitment to a policy of continuous development and improve-ment,the manufacturer reserves the right to change the specification of the product or its performance,or the contents of the User Guide,without notice.All rights reserved.No parts of this User Guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electrical or mechanical including photocopying,re-cording or by an information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writ-ing from the publisher.Drive software versionThis product is supplied with the latest version of user-interface and machine control software.If this product is to be used in a new or existing system with other Com-mander SE Drives,there may be some differences between their software and the software in this product.These differences may cause this product to function dif-ferently.This may also apply to Drives returned from a Control Techniques Service Centre.If there is any doubt,contact a Control Techniques Drive Centre.Copyright©December2001Control Techniques Drives LimitedIssue Code:8Software:V02.00.00onwardsCommander SE User Guide Issue Number8Contents1Safety Information1 1.1Warnings,Cautions and notes1 1.2Electrical safety-general warning1 1.3System design and safety of personnel1 1.4Environmental limits2 1.5Compliance with regulations2 1.6Motor2 1.7Adjusting parameters22Options33Technical Data4 3.1Power dependant rating data4 3.2General data12 3.3RFI Filters144Installing the drive16 4.1Safety information16 4.2Planning the installation16 4.3Mechanical installation17 4.4Electrical installation23 4.5Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)27 5Terminals34 5.1Power terminal connections34 5.2Control terminal connections35 5.3Serial communication connections36 5.4Control terminal specifications376Handling and Programming40 6.1Display and keypad40 6.2Display Messages41 6.3Selecting and changing parameters41 6.4Saving parameters42 6.5Security codes42 6.6Setting a security code42 6.7Unlocking a security code43 6.8Set security back to zero(0)-no security43 6.9Setting to default values43 6.10Level1and level2parameter descriptions43 7Getting Started-Bench Testing61 7.1Terminal control61 7.2Keypad control638Diagnostics and Protective Features65 8.1Trip codes65 8.2Alarm warnings67 8.3HF-Hardware fault trip codes679Parameter List6810Advanced Functions69 10.1Speed control69 10.2Ramps69 10.3Torque control69 10.4Stopping69 10.5Programmable I/O69 10.6Motor protection69 10.7Monitoring69 10.8Auxiliary functions69 10.9Second motor selection69 11UL Listing Information70 11.1Common UL information70 11.2Power dependant UL information70Commander SE User GuideIssue Number8Commander SE User Guide Issue Number 8Declaration of ConformityControl Techniques,The Gro,Newtown,Powys,UK.SY163BEThe AC variable speed drive products listed above,have been designed and manufactured in accordance with the following European harmonised,national and international standards:*Applies to Size 1units only.**SE11200025,SE11200037,SE11200055:input choke required.All other units where input current <16A:for professional use only.***Applies to the following models:SE11200025-SE11200075,SE2D200075,SE2D200110,SE23400075-SE23400220,SE23400300,SE23400400,SE33400550,SE33400750.These products comply with the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC,the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Directive 89/336/EEC and the CE Marking Directive 93/68/EEC.These electronic Drive products are intended to be used with appropriate motors,controllers,electrical protection components and other equipment to form complete end products or pliance with safety and EMC regulations depends upon installing and configuring Drives correctly,including using the specified input filters.The Drives must be installed only by professional assemblers who are familiar with requirements for safety and EMC.The assembler is responsible for ensuring that the end product or system complies with all the relevant laws in the country where it is to be used.Refer to this User Guide.A Commander SE EMC Data Sheet is also available giving detailed EMC information.SE11200025SE11200037SE11200055SE11200075SE2D200075SE2D200110SE2D200150SE2D200220SE23200400SE23400075SE23400110SE23400150SE23400220SE23400300SE23400400SE33200550SE33400550SE33200750SE33400750SE43401100SE43401500SE43401850SE53402200SE53403000SE53403700EN60249Base materials for printed circuitsIEC60326-1Printed boards:general information for the specification writerIEC60326-5Printed boards:specification for single-and double-sided printed boards with plated-through holesIEC60326-6Printed boards:specification for multilayer printed boardsIEC60664-1Insulation co-ordination for equipment within low-voltage systems:principles,requirements and testsEN60529Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)UL94Flammability rating of plastic materials UL508C Standard for power conversion equipment*EN50081-1Generic emission standard for the residential,commercial and light industrial environment EN50081-2Generic emission standard for the industrial environment EN50082-2Generic immunity standard for the industrial environmentEN61800-3Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems -Part 3:EMC product standard including specific test methods**EN61000-3-2Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).Limits.Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current <16A per phase)***EN61000-3-3Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).Limits.Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for equipment with rated current <16A W.DruryExecutive VP Technology Date:1November 2001。
美国电气制造商协会(NEMA)电机应用指导
© Copyright 2001 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.
NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document.
NEMA standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or seller’s products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety–related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of NTS
信息科学与电子工程专业英语
5. The sampling rate limit the frequency range of the audio file; to reproduce a given frequency, the sampling rate must be at least twice that frequency. For example, if the audio contains audible frequencies as high as 8,000 Hz, your need a sample rate of 16,000 samples per second to reproduce this audio accurately in digital form. This calculation comes from the Nyquist Theorem, and the highest frequency that can be reproduced by a given sample rate is known as the Nyquist Frequency. CDs have a sampling rate of 44,100 samples per second that allows samples up to 22,050 Hz, which is higher than the limit of human hearing, 20,000Hz.
分子等等,导致一波高压进入空气; 高压力波通过空气移动,他们身后留下低压区域。当这 些压力低点和高点——或波动——到达我们,他们在我们的耳朵振动接收,我们听到时发 出的震动声。
controlled-current techniques
Potential
B
action must occur at the surface of the working electrode in order to support the applied current. For example, if ferricyanide is present in the solution, then a reducing current will lead to the reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide at the working electrode (note that a balancing oxidation must also occur at the auxiliar y electrode). Common applications of the galvanostat include constant current stripping potentiometry and constant current electrolysis (including applications where a constant rate of electrolysis is important, such as electrodeposition and battery studies). One advantag e of all con stan t cu rrent techniques is that the ohmic drop due to solution resistance is also constant, as it is equal to the product of the current and the solution resistance. The ohmic distortion can therefore be simply corrected by a constant potential offset. In contrast, in potentiostatic experiments (e.g., cyclic voltammetry), the current, and
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CONTROL TECHNIQUES调速器、CONTROL TECHNIQUES直流变频器、Control Techniques 驱动器、Control Techniques伺服电机
英国CONTROL TECHNIQUES国内一级代理商上海智川工贸有限公司常年低价供应英国Control Techniques调速器、Control Techniques直流变频器、Control Techniques驱动器、Control Techniques伺服电机。
英国Control Tehniques (简称艾默生CT) 属于艾默生工业自动化，专注于直交流驱动器的设计及生产我公司所生产的驱动器可用于控制多种应用设备的电机、起重机、风扇等。
UnidriveSP的灵活性可满足客户个性化要求，可为所有的传动客户重新制定标准，通过提高生产力的方式真正降低成本。
作为具有决定灵活性的解决方案平台，关键在于所有的传动客户能够自我发挥。
Control Techniques主要型号：M75RGB14、M155GB14、M210RGB14、M350GB14、M420RGB14、FXM5、MP210A4(R)、FXMP25、SE33400750、SE23400400、UNI1404、UNI1405、UNI2401、UNI2402、UNI2403、115UME300CBCAA 、142SLB300CBCAA 、142SLC300CBCAA 、142SLD300CBCAA 、142SLE300CBCAA 、142UMA300CBCAA 、142UMB300CBCAA 、190SLC300CBC、190SLD300CBCAA 、190UMA300CBCAA 、190UMB300CBCAA 、190UMC300CBCAA 、190UMD300CBCAA、115DSA200TAFAA、142DSA200TAFA、 142DSB200CAAAA、142DSB201TAFAA、75DSA600CSAC、95DSB600CAAAA、115SLB300CADAA、142SLB300CADAA、142SLC200CBEAA、142UMB300CACHA、75MSA300TAAAA、115MSC300TAAA、95MSB300TAAAA、95MSC300TAAAA、75UMC300CACAA、142UMC301CACA、115UMC300CACAA、115UMC400CAMAB、142UMB300CACA、115UMC400CAMAB、190U2E201VBCAA、190U2E201VBCAA215320..。