Economie Impact Analysis of Sports Facilities and Events
体育产业的经济学分析及研究
体育产业的经济学分析及研究Economic Analysis and Research of the Sports IndustryThe sports industry has become an important part of the global economy, with a wide range of activities that generate significant revenue. The industry includes professional sports leagues, sports equipment manufacturers, sports media, and many other related businesses. In this article, we will analyze the economic aspects of the sports industry and discuss the challenges and opportunities that it faces.One of the key economic drivers of the sports industry is the revenue generated by professional sports leagues. These leagues generate significant revenue from ticket sales, broadcasting rights, merchandise sales, and sponsorships. For example, the National Football League (NFL) in the United States generates over 15 billion in revenue annually. This revenue is distributed among the teams and players, creating a significant economic impact in the communities where these teams are based.Another important aspect of the sports industry is themanufacturing and sales of sports equipment. This includes everything from athletic shoes to sports apparel to high-tech sports equipment. The global market for sports equipment is estimated to be worth over 100 billion, with major players such as Nike, Adidas, and Under Armour dominating the market.Sports media is another significant contributor to the sports industry. This includes television networks that broadcast live sports events, as well as online media outlets that provide sports news and analysis. The revenue generated by sports media comes from advertising, subscription fees, and licensing agreements.While the sports industry has many opportunities for growth and profitability, it also faces several challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the high cost of operating professional sports teams and leagues. This includes the cost of player salaries, stadium construction, and other expenses. In addition, the sports industry is highly competitive, with many businesses vying for a share of the market.Another challenge facing the sports industry is the impactof technology on sports consumption. With the rise of online streaming services and social media, traditional sports media outlets are facing increased competition. This has led to a decline in television ratings for some sports events, and a shift in consumer behavior.Despite these challenges, the sports industry continues to grow and evolve. New technologies, such as virtual reality and wearable technology, are being developed to enhance the fan experience and improve athlete performance. In addition, there is a growing focus on the importance of sports in promoting health and wellness, which has led to increased investment in grassroots sports programs.In conclusion, the sports industry is a complex and dynamic sector of the global economy. It generates significant revenue and provides employment opportunities for millions of people around the world. While it faces many challenges, there are also many opportunities for growth and innovation in the years to come.体育产业的经济学分析及研究体育产业已成为全球经济的重要组成部分，涵盖了广泛的活动，产生了可观的收入。
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROSS-LISTING DECISIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON EARNINGS QUALITY
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quality. Cross-listing firms will either increase or decrease their level of earnings management, but firms remaining in the home country will generally decrease their level of earnings management after other firms have made cross-listing decisions. This result is driven by the information conveyed to capital market participants by the cross-listing decision. Economic incentives for earnings management result from contracts written in terms of accounting numbers and from expected capital market reactions to financial reporting. Empirically, earnings management appears to be driven more often by capital market considerations than by contractual arrangements (Graham, Harvey, and Rajgopal (2005); Dechow and Skinner (2000)). Consistent with these findings, in this paper I analyze earnings management in a capital market context. I follow an approach similar to that of Fischer and Verrecchia (2000), Ewert and Wagenhofer (2005), and Guttman et al. (2006). I complement their work by explicitly considering an international context in which an entrepreneur has the possibility to cross-list to another country and to voluntarily subject herself to its stricter financial reporting regime. My paper’s purpose is twofold. To derive insights into the economics of cross-listing decisions, I combine a model of earnings management with elements of a standard signalling model. I assume that accounting manipulation is more costly when enforcement is stricter, and I derive preferences for one financial reporting regulatory system over another within this setting. From the business perspective, I apply the idea of cross-listing as a bonding device. I examine its implications for international earnings quality by deriving propositions about the effects of cross-listing on the level of earnings management both of the cross-listing firms and of the firms that choose not to cross-list. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the literature on cross-listing and on earnings management. In Section 3 I present the general model of earnings management and derive comparative statics of entrepreneurs’ expected utility under different levels of financial reporting enforcement. In Section 4 I build on these insights and extend the general model by allowing firms to influence the regulatory system they are subject to via cross-listing. Section 5 concludes. 2 R ELATED L ITERATURE The accounting literature generally assumes that the reasons for earnings management lie in contractual relationships and expected capital market reactions to financial reporting. Limitations on compensation and debt contracting may induce earnings manipulation (Arya, Glover, and Sunder (1998)). Healy (1985) shows that accrual policies of managers are related to incentives stemming from their bonus contracts. Guidry, Leone, and Rock (1999) find similar results using business unit-level data. Earnings management may also be used in order to avoid violating debt covenants. Beatty and Weber (2003) show that the provisions of a firm’s debt contract affect its accounting choices and that the accounting method choices of firms with such contracts are more likely to be income-increasing. Sweeney (1994) finds that firms approaching debt-covenant default respond with incomeincreasing accounting changes.
国内外大型体育赛事经济影响评估方法的研究述评
国内外大型体育赛事经济影响评估方法的研究述评作者：吴立川来源：《当代体育科技》2017年第24期摘要：本文以国内外大型体育赛事经济影响的评估方法为研究对象，运用逻辑分析和文献资料等方法；在查阅大量国内外资料后，最后得出以下结论：国内外体育赛事经济影响评估具有十分重要的理论和现实意义；国内体育赛事经济影响评估的方法大多借鉴于西方国家；体育赛事经济的影响评估是一项非常复杂的过程。
关键词：体育赛事经济影响评估中图分类号：G80-32 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-2813（2017）08（c）-0244-02进入新世纪以来，我国成功举办了一系列大型体育赛事，随着2022年北京—张家口冬奥会的申办成功，如何利用丰富的办赛经验，获取更大的经济等各方面效益显得十分紧迫。
这就需要进一步评估体育赛事的经济影响，以便为政府的投资决策提供建议。
西方国家对体育赛事影响的评估研究开展的比较早，但以上海体育学院赛事中心为代表的一些专家学者，近年来在此方面做了大量研究，为国内体育赛事的经济影响评估提供了基本的框架。
基于此，本文利用中国期刊网、EBASC等学术资源，在查阅大量国内外相关文献的前提下，对国内外体育赛事经济影响评估方法进行了梳理和总结，力求可以为相关体育行政部门制定相关决策提供理论参考。
1 体育赛事经济影响评估相关界定1.1 体育赛事《运动竞赛学》中把运动竞赛定义为：“在裁判员主持下，按统一的规则要求，组织与实施的运动员个体或运动队之间的竞技较量。
[1]” 而随着时代的不断发展，体育赛事有了更为深刻的内涵，还包括：“提供竞赛产品和相关服务产品；其外延具有项目管理特征、组织文化背景和市场潜力。
[2]”国外认识体育赛事的角度大部分是把体育赛事看成特殊事件。
Getz[3]对特殊事件的内涵进行了界定。
他们都强调特殊事件是一次有主题、目的和目标，并具有一定的社会、文化、休闲意义的活动。
综上所述，目前国内外有关体育赛事的定义还没有达成统一的共识。
商业化对体育完整性的影响英语作文
商业化对体育完整性的影响英语作文The Impact of Commercialization on the Integrity of Sports。
In recent years, commercialization has become an integral part of the sports industry. While it has brought significant financial benefits to sports organizations and athletes, there are concerns about its impact on the integrity of sports. This essay will discuss the influence of commercialization on the integrity of sports, including the potential for corruption, the focus on profit over fair competition, and the erosion of traditional values.Firstly, commercialization in sports has created an environment where corruption can thrive. The influx of money into the industry has attracted individuals and organizations with ulterior motives. Match-fixing, bribery, and doping scandals have become more prevalent, tarnishing the reputation of sports. The pursuit of financial gain has led some athletes and officials to compromise their ethics, undermining the fairness and honesty that should be at the core of sports.Furthermore, commercialization has shifted the focus from fair competition to profit-making. Sports organizations are increasingly driven by financial considerations rather than the spirit of sportsmanship. The emphasis on generating revenue has led to the prioritization of high-profile events and star athletes, while smaller sports and grassroots development suffer. This imbalance not only undermines the diversity and inclusivity of sports but also diminishes the opportunities for aspiring athletes to showcase their talents on a global stage.Moreover, the commercialization of sports has eroded traditional values that were once cherished. Sports used to be about passion, teamwork, and the pursuit of excellence. However, the relentless pursuit of profit has led to the commodification of athletes and the exploitation of their talents. Athletes are now seen as products to be marketed and sold, with their performance and image carefully crafted to appeal to sponsors and consumers. This focus on commercial success has overshadowed the values of fair play, sportsmanship, and camaraderie that were once the pillars of sports.In addition to these negative impacts, commercialization has also brought some positive changes to the sports industry. The influx of money has enabled the development of state-of-the-art facilities, improved training programs, and increased exposure for athletes. Sponsorship deals and broadcasting rights have provided financial stability for sports organizations, allowing them to invest in the growth and promotion of their respective sports. These advancements have undoubtedly contributed to the overall development of sports, but they should not come at the expense of the integrity and values that underpin them.In conclusion, while commercialization has brought financial benefits to the sports industry, it has also had a significant impact on the integrity of sports. The potential for corruption, the focus on profit over fair competition, and the erosion of traditional values are all consequences of the commercialization process. It is crucial for sports organizations, athletes, and fans to recognize and address these issues to ensure that the integrity of sports is preserved. Only by striking a balance between commercial interests and the values of fairness, honesty, and sportsmanship can we maintain the true essence of sports.。
体育经济影响研究综述
体育经济影响研究综述一、体育经济影响研究兴起的原因经济影响分析的增加是因为税收资金的稀缺性促使对其使用审查更加严格的背景（DennisR.Howard&John.L.Crompton,1995）。
（美）李明等提出在体育产业中开展经济影响研究的理由有如下三种：1.经济影响的贡献者或者投资者用以检视是否有其价值；2.运用这些数据来影响或国外体育经济影响研究述评2008年北京奥运会圆满落幕，2010年广州亚运会成功举办，2011年上海即将举办国际泳联世界锦标赛……大型国际体育赛事纷至沓来。
很多民众心存疑问：我们花如此巨大的人力、物力和财力办体育，它究竟给我们城市带来了什么？这正是体育经济影响研究所要回答的问题。
经济影响既是一个古老的话题，也是一个新的争论焦点。
在一个区域内如何精确地测量一个事件或设施的经济影响大小，是经济学家们持续了两百多年所具体研究的问题（Yeh,1997）。
这一问题近20年来成为体育经济领域的辩论焦点。
因此，系统地对国外体育经济影响进行述评就显得非常迫切而必要。
二、体育经济影响概念界定体育对于经济的影响，意指“在某特定区域中的产出、收入及人力资源（因为体育赛事或设施）所带动的新货币流动”（李明，苏珊·霍华斯，丹·马宏尼，2005）。
Howard和Crompton将经济影响定义为由投入体育赛事和设施所导致的主办（城市或社区）经济的净改变（DennisR.Howard&John.L.Crompton,1995）。
体育经济影响是体育产业对区域经济总的冲击，要全面测算所相关联产业的效应。
另外，这些概念关注的重点是经济增长，其实体育对区域产业结构产生的影响或许更加具有长期性意义。
三、体育设施的经济影响研究将体育设施作为城市复兴计划的核心始于1970年代印第安纳波利斯宣称利用业余体育重建城市市区。
印第安纳波利斯成功运用了体育休闲设施重建了日渐衰落的城市市区，这引起了很多其他城市的关注，试图采用同样的方法来振兴城市(ZionaAustrianandMarkS.Rosentraub,2002)。
economic impact
Infrastructure development.
Tourism and the multiplier effect
The link between the tourism industry and other industries generates a flow of spending through the community. This is referred to as the ‘multiplier effect’.
When an area develops as a tourist destination, the local economy benefits because new jobs are created and visitors bring more business to local shops and restaurants.
The flow of spending through the community and it works in stages as the money is passed from one business to the next and on to the next as each supplies a different service or product to meet the initial demand from the tourist.
A small local restaurant is more likely to have a higher income multiplier effect, as it would use local staff and probably local suppliers.
外文文献追述2
Contents |总第九期 2010年04月号目 录●○体育经济○● Sports EconomicsThe Perceived Impacts of Sport Tourism: An Urban Host Community Perspective体育旅游的影响：城市主体社区的观点Employee Satisfaction in Sport: Development of a Multi-DimensionalModel in Coaching体育从业者满意度：开发多维教练模型Validation of the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument:An Application of the Korean Version验证组织文化评估工具：在韩国的应用Constraints and Motivators: A New Model to Explain Sport Consumer Behavior制约因素与激励因素：以新模型解释体育消费者行为Sport Stadium Atmosphere: Formative and Reflective Indicators forOperationalizing the Construct体育场馆气氛：为策划建设项目提供形成性和反馈性指标A New Approach to Measure Perceived Brand PersonalityAssociations Among Consumers测量消费者感知品牌个性关联的新方法Brand Personality in Sport: Dimension Analysis and General Scale Development体育运动中的品牌个性：维度分析与一般量表开发●○运动医学○●Human movement scienceInfluence of the Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundles of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament on External and Internal Tibiofemoral Rotation前十字交叉韧带前内侧束与后外侧束对胫骨内、外旋的影响Current concepts: scapular dyskinesis流行概念：肩胛动力障碍Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint拇指掌指关节之拇指间关节尺韧带损伤Training Effects on Skeletal Muscle Calcium Handling inHuman Chronic Heart Failure训练对慢性心衰患者骨骼肌钙治疗的影响Effects of Exercise Training on Heart-Rate-Variability Indices inIndividuals With Down Syndrome运动训练对唐氏综合症患者心率变异指数的作用Rehabilitation Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair关节镜下肩袖修复的康复●○学校体育○●School SportWelcoming the World's Best Athletes: An Olympic Challenge for Post-war Britain欢迎全世界最优秀运动员：对于战后英国奥林匹克运动的挑战The BBC, Austerity and Broadcasting the 1948 Olympic GamesBBC频道对于1948年奥林匹克运动会的广播An Event of “Two Heroes”: Poland and the 1948 London Olympic Games“两名英雄”的事件：波兰和1948年伦敦奥运会A Diplomatic Mission: Spain and the 1948 London Olympics一项外交使命：西班牙和1948年伦敦奥运会From a distance—How Norwegian parents experience their encounters with school来自于挪威的父母亲们与学校之间的距离Surveillance and conformity in competitive youth swimming对竞争激烈的青年游泳运动员的监督和整合Evidence for the social construction of ability in physical education体育教育中社会能力建构的依据●○运动心理学○●Sports psychologyEffects of Goal Orientation and Perceived Value of Toughness onAntisocial Behavior in Soccer: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement目标取向与韧性知觉水平在足球运动反社会行为中的作用：道德脱离的中介作用The Controlling Interpersonal Style in a Coaching Context: Development and Initial Validation of a Psychometric Scale教练控制行为量表——发展形成与初步验证Detaching Reasons From Aims: Fair Play and Well-Being in Soccer asa Function of Pursuing Performance-Approach Goals for Autonomous or Controlling Reasons从目标中分离出理性：公平、优待与运动表现目标、在追求目标下是自主理性还是控制理性的关系Assessing the Immediate and Maintained Effects of Hypnosison Self-Efficacy and Soccer Wall-Volley Performance催眠在自我效能与足球凌空腾射表现的即刻和持续作用评估Exercise Might Be Good for Me, But I Don’t Feel Good About It:Do Automatic Associations Predict Exercise Behavior?运动能利于我的身体健康，但我感觉不好：自动化过程是否能预测运动A Framework to Explore and Transform Client-Generated Metaphors inApplied Sport Psychology运动心理学领域探索与转换运动员隐喻的框架But Why Does What Works Work? A Response to Fifer, Henschen, Gould,and Ravizza, 2008为什么个作品很棒，对Fifer, Henschen, Gould, and Ravizza2008年作品的回应●○运动训练学○●Sports TrainingAffective Response to Physical Activity: Testing forMeasurement Invariance of the Physical Activity Affect Scale Across Active and Non-Active Individuals体育活动的情感反应：通过积极运动者和非积极运动者个体，检验体育活动情感量表的测试恒定性Reliability and Validity of a New Physical Activity Self-Report Measurefor Younger Children幼儿体育活动自查报告新式方法的信度与效度研究Sciences: Conceptual, Statistical, and Practical Issues体育科学中的多水平二元数据模式： 概念、数据与实际问题Cognitive Interviewing: A Qualitative Tool for Improving Questionnairesin Sport Science认知访谈：提高体育科学调查问卷质量的定性工具Additional Revised Push-Up Test Norms for College Students大学生俯卧撑测试规范的附加修订Pacing and Performance in Competitive Middle-Distance Speed Skating中距离速度滑冰竞赛中的步伐与表现●○体育经济○●Sports EconomicsThe Perceived I mpac ts of Spor t Tour ism: An Urban Host Community Perspective体育旅游的影响：城市主体社区的观点JSM, 24(2), March 2010, Copyright © 2010 Nancy M. Hritz, Craig Ross Vol. 24, Iss. 2原文：AbstractSport tourism is one of the fastest growing market segments in the tourism industry and is receiving increased attention for its social, environmental, and economic impacts upon destinations. Prior research in tourism impacts has tended to focus exclusively on tourism as a whole and does not differentiate among the different types of tourism that may be present in a destination. The purpose of this study was to examine how residents of Indianapolis, Indiana perceived the impacts sport tourism has upon their city. A total of 347 surveys were returned in a mailed questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four factor structure of social benefits, environmental benefits, economic benefits, and general negative impacts. Social and economic benefits were strong predictors for support for further sport tourism development revealing a strong identification with the advantages of sport tourism in their city such as an increased cultural identity and social interaction opportunities.译文：摘要：体育旅游业是旅游业中市场份额增长最快的一部分，由于其对目的地的社会、环境和经济上的影响，它也受到了日益增多的关注。
我国体育用品业的国际竞争力及其影响因素分析
我国体育用品业的国际竞争力及其影响因素分析作者：林波郑义来源：《山东体育科技》2015年第02期摘要：在分析我国体育用品国际贸易格局的基础上，从国际市场占有率、显示性比较优势指数、竞争优势指数等方面对我国体育用品的国际竞争力进行评价，并运用贸易引力模型对我国体育用品国际竞争力的主要影响因素进行了实证分析，结果表明：我国体育用品具有极强的竞争力，但繁荣中仍存在隐患；贸易自由化、文化距离对我国体育用品业国际竞争力具有显著影响，但空间距离不是我国体育用品出口的障碍。
关键词：体育用品；国际竞争力；影响因素中图分类号：G80-052文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-9840（2015）02-0012-06On the international competitiveness of China's sporting goods industry and its influencing factorsLIN Bo，ZHENG Yi（School of Physical Science， Fujian Normal University， Fuzhou 350002， Fujian，China）Abstract：Based on the analysis of trade patterns， some indicators such as international market share， comparative advantage index and competitiveness index are used to measure to international competitiveness of China's sporting goods industry. Meanwhile the paper uses a gravity model to empirically assess the main effects of the competition. The result shows that China's sporting goods industry has a strong competition； yet there are still some hidden troubles； trade liberalization and cultural distance has a significant impact on the competition of China's sporting goods industry， but the space distance is not an obstacle to the exports of our sports goods.Key words：sporting goods industry； international competitiveness； influencing factors收稿日期：2014-12-02基金项目：福建省社科课题“基于投入产出福建省体育产业与区域经济间关系的研究”（2011B188）。
做慈善的意义英语作文
做慈善的意义英语作文Charity is an act of goodwill that involves giving time money or resources to help others in need. It is a significant aspect of society that not only benefits the recipients but also the givers. Here is an essay on the significance of charityTitle The Significance of CharityCharity has been an integral part of human society for centuries. It is the act of giving without expecting anything in return a reflection of the compassion and empathy that define us as a species. The significance of charity extends beyond the immediate relief it provides to those in need it is a multifaceted concept that impacts individuals communities and the world at large.Personal Growth and SatisfactionEngaging in charitable activities can lead to personal growth and a sense of fulfillment. When individuals give to others they often experience a sense of purpose and joy that is difficult to achieve through material possessions or selfcentered pursuits. This act of giving can foster a deeper understanding of the world and a greater appreciation for what one has leading to a more content and wellrounded life.Building CommunitiesCharity plays a crucial role in building and strengthening communities. By supporting local initiatives donating to community projects or volunteering time individuals contribute to the collective wellbeing of their community. This not only helps those in need but also creates a sense of unity and shared responsibility among community members.Economic ImpactThe economic benefits of charity are substantial. Donations to nonprofit organizations and charities often fund essential services such as education healthcare and housing. These services improve the quality of life for many and can lead to a more stable and prosperous society. Furthermore charitable giving can stimulate economic activity by providing jobs and supporting businesses that serve the charitable sector.Social Change and AwarenessCharitable acts can raise awareness about social issues and inspire change. By donating to or volunteering for causes that address issues such as poverty education and environmental conservation individuals can help bring these concerns to the forefront of public consciousness. This increased awareness can lead to policy changes and a greater commitment to addressing these issues at a systemic level.Cultural and Spiritual SignificanceMany cultures and religions emphasize the importance of charity as a moral and spiritual duty. Acts of giving are seen as a way to express love kindness and humility. They contribute to personal spiritual growth and are often associated with virtues such as generosity and compassion.Global ImpactIn todays interconnected world charity has a global impact. International aid and development organizations rely on donations to provide essential services to those affected by natural disasters conflicts and poverty in developing countries. This global charity work not only alleviates suffering but also fosters international cooperation and understanding.ConclusionIn conclusion the significance of charity is profound and multidimensional. It is not just about alleviating immediate needs but also about fostering personal growth building communities stimulating economic activity raising awareness and promoting social change. By engaging in charitable acts we not only help others but also enrich our own lives and contribute to a better world for all.。
做慈善的意义英语作文
做慈善的意义英语作文Charity is an act of goodwill that involves giving time money or resources to help others in need. It is a significant aspect of society that not only benefits the recipients but also the givers. Here is an essay on the significance of charityTitle The Significance of CharityCharity has been an integral part of human society for centuries. It is the act of giving without expecting anything in return a reflection of the compassion and empathy that define us as a species. The significance of charity extends beyond the immediate relief it provides to those in need it is a multifaceted concept that impacts individuals communities and the world at large.Personal Growth and SatisfactionEngaging in charitable activities can lead to personal growth and a sense of fulfillment. When individuals give to others they often experience a sense of purpose and joy that is difficult to achieve through material possessions or selfcentered pursuits. This act of giving can foster a deeper understanding of the world and a greater appreciation for what one has leading to a more content and wellrounded life.Building CommunitiesCharity plays a crucial role in building and strengthening communities. By supporting local initiatives donating to community projects or volunteering time individuals contribute to the collective wellbeing of their community. This not only helps those in need but also creates a sense of unity and shared responsibility among community members.Economic ImpactThe economic benefits of charity are substantial. Donations to nonprofit organizations and charities often fund essential services such as education healthcare and housing. These services improve the quality of life for many and can lead to a more stable and prosperous society. Furthermore charitable giving can stimulate economic activity by providing jobs and supporting businesses that serve the charitable sector.Social Change and AwarenessCharitable acts can raise awareness about social issues and inspire change. By donating to or volunteering for causes that address issues such as poverty education and environmental conservation individuals can help bring these concerns to the forefront of public consciousness. This increased awareness can lead to policy changes and a greater commitment to addressing these issues at a systemic level.Cultural and Spiritual SignificanceMany cultures and religions emphasize the importance of charity as a moral and spiritual duty. Acts of giving are seen as a way to express love kindness and humility. They contribute to personal spiritual growth and are often associated with virtues such as generosity and compassion.Global ImpactIn todays interconnected world charity has a global impact. International aid and development organizations rely on donations to provide essential services to those affected by natural disasters conflicts and poverty in developing countries. This global charity work not only alleviates suffering but also fosters international cooperation and understanding.ConclusionIn conclusion the significance of charity is profound and multidimensional. It is not just about alleviating immediate needs but also about fostering personal growth building communities stimulating economic activity raising awareness and promoting social change. By engaging in charitable acts we not only help others but also enrich our own lives and contribute to a better world for all.。
体育赛事综合影响事前评估指标分析
体育赛事综合影响事前评估指标分析第一节体育赛事经济影响类事前评估指标在指标体系中，体育赛事经济影响类事前评估指标共包括6个二级指标和12个三级指标（见表5-1）。
其中，“对宏观经济指标的积极影响”“给举办地带来的新的消费”“对赛事相关产业的拉动”“提升城市知名度和城市形象”“赛事运作获得的会计收益”这5个二级指标属于正向指标；而“赛事运作的经济风险”指标属于逆向指标。
表5-1 体育赛事经济影响类事前评估指标一览就体育赛事的经济影响而言，目前存在两种解释。
第一种是广义概念，认为体育赛事的经济影响是指赛事对举办地经济方面的各种影响，包括：直接的和间接的、长期的和短期的。
凡是与举办地经济相关，均可以包含在内，如赛事的媒体价值、赛事对城市的营销作用，等等[1]。
国内学者方福前在对北京奥运会经济影响分析时就采用了广义的概念。
他认为，从经济层面上分析，奥运的经济影响包括对实物经济层面的影响和货币（或金融）经济层面的影响，或者包括对经济的实物系统的影响和货币系统的影响。
奥运对实物经济层面的影响主要通过一些实物指标来反映，如生产部门的结构、生产系统的集中程度、运输系统结构等；奥运对货币经济层面的影响主要通过一些金融指标和财政指标来反映，如消费价格指数、汇率、人均债务量、公债的负担率等。
从时效上分析，奥运对经济的影响在短期主要是影响总需求，包括来自国内外企业的投资需求（支出）、居民和团体的消费需求、政府投资和净出口的增加；在长期主要是影响生产技术、劳动力的素质、基础设施和经济体制，从而影响总供给或生产能力。
此外，他还认为，从广义概念的角度，奥运的经济影响包括对市场化水平、开放度、新型工业化进程以及可持续发展的影响（见图5-1）。
[2]图5-1 奥运会的经济影响指标一览第二种是狭义概念，认为体育赛事的经济影响是指由于赛事给举办地市场带来的新的投资和消费，而对举办地经济产生的整体拉动作用。
赛事的这种经济影响主要体现在三个方面：第一，赛事给举办地带来的新的投资和消费；第二，赛事对举办地宏观经济指标的影响，如GDP、就业指标，等等；第三，赛事对相关产业（如旅游业、餐饮业、交通业等）的拉动作用。
运动对经济的危害英语作文
运动对经济的危害英语作文The Harm of Sports to the Economy。
Sports are an important part of our culture and society, and they have a significant impact on our economy. While sports can bring in revenue and create jobs, they can also have negative effects on the economy. In this essay, I will discuss the various ways in which sports can harm the economy.One of the main ways in which sports can harm the economy is through the cost of building and maintaining sports facilities. Building stadiums and arenas can be extremely expensive, and these costs are often borne by taxpayers. In addition, once these facilities are built, they require ongoing maintenance and upkeep, which can be a drain on public resources. This money could be better spent on other public services and infrastructure projects that would benefit a larger portion of the population.Furthermore, sports can also have a negative impact on local businesses. While sports events can bring in revenue for hotels, restaurants, and other businesses in the area, they can also lead to increased competition and higher prices for consumers. In addition, the influx of sports fans can disrupt the normal flow of business for local residents, making it difficult for them to carry out their daily activities.Another way in which sports can harm the economy is through the cost of hosting major sporting events. While hosting events like the Olympics or the World Cup can bring in a significant amount of revenue, the costs of hosting these events can far outweigh the benefits. The host cityis often required to invest in infrastructure and security measures, and these costs can be difficult to recoup, especially if the event does not meet revenue expectations.In addition, sports can also have a negative impact on the economy by promoting unhealthy lifestyles. While participation in sports can be beneficial for individuals, the culture of spectator sports can lead to sedentarybehavior and contribute to the prevalence of obesity and other health issues. This can place a significant burden on the healthcare system and reduce overall productivity inthe workforce.Finally, sports can also have a negative impact on the economy by promoting a culture of excessive spending and consumerism. The sports industry is heavily driven by advertising and consumer spending, and this can lead to a culture of materialism and excess. This can lead tofinancial instability for individuals and families, as well as broader economic issues related to debt and overconsumption.In conclusion, while sports can bring many benefits to society, they can also have negative effects on the economy. From the cost of building and maintaining sports facilities to the impact on local businesses and the promotion of unhealthy lifestyles, sports can place a significant burden on the economy. It is important for policymakers and business leaders to carefully consider the economic impactof sports and to take steps to mitigate these negativeeffects. By doing so, we can ensure that sports continue to be a positive force in our society while also promoting a healthy and prosperous economy.。
经济对体育的影响英语作文
Growing up, Ive always been a sports enthusiast. From the early days of playing soccer in the backyard to watching the Olympics on television, sports have been a significant part of my life. However, as I matured and began to understand the world beyond the playing field, I realized that sports are not just about the athletes and the games they are deeply intertwined with the economy. This essay aims to explore the profound impact of economics on sports, drawing from my personal experiences and observations.The first and most evident way that economics influences sports is through funding. As a high school athlete, I remember the countless times our team had to fundraise to afford new equipment or to travel to competitions. Without financial support, many sports programs would struggle to provide the necessary resources for athletes to excel. On a larger scale, professional sports teams rely heavily on sponsorships, ticket sales, and broadcasting rights to generate revenue. The economic health of a nation or region can directly affect the level of investment in sports infrastructure and development programs.Another way economics shapes sports is through the business of sports. I recall watching a documentary about how sports franchises operate, and it was eyeopening to see the financial strategies employed to maximize profits. From player salaries to merchandise sales, the business side of sports is a complex interplay of supply and demand, market positioning, and consumer behavior. This economic aspect not only drives the growth of sports but also influences decisions about which sports are prioritized and how resources are allocated.Moreover, the economic impact of hosting largescale sporting events cannot be overlooked. When I watched the World Cup or the Olympics, I was not only captivated by the athletic performances but also fascinated by the economic boom these events bring to the host cities. The influx of tourists, the construction of new facilities, and the increased visibility of the host country all contribute to a temporary economic surge. However, this is not without its downsides, as the longterm sustainability of such investments is often debated.Economic disparities also play a role in shaping the landscape of sports. In some regions, where economic conditions are less favorable, sports may serve as a means of social mobility for talented individuals. Ive seen stories of athletes from underprivileged backgrounds who have used their sports prowess to secure scholarships and better life opportunities. Conversely, in more affluent areas, sports can become a luxury activity, with high costs associated with training and participation, potentially excluding those who cannot afford it.The global nature of sports also means that economic factors such as currency exchange rates and international trade policies can affect the sports industry. For instance, the import and export of sports equipment are subject to these economic factors, which can influence the affordability of gear for athletes and the overall accessibility of sports.Furthermore, the economic downturns and crises have a direct bearing on sports. I remember during the 2008 financial crisis, many sports teamsfaced budget cuts, and some smaller clubs even went bankrupt. This had a ripple effect on the athletes, coaches, and support staff who depended on the stability of these organizations for their livelihoods.Lastly, the rise of digital media and technology has created new economic opportunities within the sports industry. Streaming services, online betting, and social media have all become lucrative avenues for revenue generation. As a teenager who grew up with the internet, Ive seen firsthand how these platforms have transformed the way we engage with sports, offering new avenues for fan interaction and monetization.In conclusion, the relationship between economics and sports is multifaceted and complex. From funding and business operations to the global economy and technological advancements, economics plays a pivotal role in shaping the world of sports. As a high school athlete who has experienced the economic realities of sports firsthand, I am keenly aware of the challenges and opportunities that this relationship presents. The interplay between economics and sports is not just about the financial aspect it is about the broader implications for society, culture, and individual lives.。
体育产业的经济效应发展研究
1引言近年来，体育产业所带来的经济效应越来越明显，对社会经济的推动力度也越来越大，产业中心也相应地出现转移，国家的扶持力度不断增大，经济效应实现了最大限度的延伸。
我国也通过承办奥运会、世锦赛等重要体育赛事的方式，获得了经济积累和赛事积淀。
与此同时，人们对体育关注度的提升也是推动体育产业得以快速发展的另一重要因素。
本文通过对体育产业经济效应现状和所面临的问题进行深度分析，探寻未来体育产业发展的趋势和路径。
2体育产业经济效应内涵2.1理论概述体育产业的概念是：通过向人民群众提供与体育行业有关的产品和服务，刺激其衍生出一整套与之相关的产业，囊括各种体育赛事承办、体育场馆搭建及租赁、体育用品销售等方面，设计生产、销售等多个方面，内容十分丰富。
2.2动力机制2.2.1直接效应体育产业的发展可以为社会经济产生直接利益，具体表现如下：①承办各种体育赛事、活动以及体育旅游，通过销售门票、周边产品、赛事转播权的方式直接获取经济收益[1]。
随着体育产业的全面发展，这种直接利益体现得越发明显。
②与相关企业、单位开展深入合作，获得赞助和广告收入。
通过这些方式，可以拉动消费需求，加快产业投入、供给速度，获取更多的直接经济效益。
2.2.2间接、潜在效应体育产业的发展除了能为其自身带来经济效益，还能带动周边产业快速发展，生成间接、潜在效应，为社会经济的发展提供多方面助力。
举例来讲，当我国承办2008北京奥运会时，国内外游客数量激增，推动了北京以及周边地区的餐饮、住宿、交通各行业的发展，增强了第三产业的发展力度。
奥运会承办结束之后，鸟巢、水立方等场馆可以继续使用，后期举办赛事、开办演唱会都会用到，还会作为当地地标建筑供游客游玩观赏，带来经济持续增长点。
3体育产业经济效应现存问题3.1产业规模占比小我国作为人口大国，人口基数大，从近年来社会经济持续快速增长的现实状况出发，体育产业的发展速度与社会经济的整体发展速度并不匹配，短期内难以实现成为支柱产业的目标。
全球体育教育与培训行业的经济影响与社会效益评估
全球体育教育与培训行业的经济影响与社会效益评估English Answer:Global Sports Education and Training Industry: Economic Impact and Social Benefits Evaluation。
Sports education and training industry has been playing a significant role in the global economy and society. This industry has not only contributed to economic growth but also brought about various social benefits. In this essay, we will delve into the economic impact and social benefits of the global sports education and training industry.Firstly, let's discuss the economic impact of the industry. The sports education and training industry has created a multitude of job opportunities. From sports coaches to fitness trainers, there is a growing demand for skilled professionals in this field. This has not only reduced unemployment rates but also improved the overall standard of living for individuals involved in the industry. Additionally, the industry has also led to the establishment of various businesses such as sports equipment manufacturers, sports academies, and fitness centers, which have further stimulated economic growth.Moreover, the industry has also contributed to economic development through tourism. Sporting events and tournaments attract a large number of tourists from all over the world. These events not only generate revenue through ticket sales but also boost the hospitality and tourism industries. Local businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and souvenir shops benefit greatly from the influx of tourists, thereby stimulating the local economy.Apart from the economic impact, the global sports education and training industry also brings about significant social benefits. Firstly, it promotes physical and mental well-being. Regular participation in sports activities improves physical fitness, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and enhances mental health. Moreover, sports education instillsdiscipline, teamwork, and perseverance in individuals, which are invaluable life skills.The industry also provides a platform for individuals to showcase their talents and pursue their dreams, regardless of their background or social status.Furthermore, the industry fosters social cohesion and cultural exchange. Sports events and tournaments bring people from various backgrounds together, promoting understanding and tolerance among different cultures and communities. This not only strengthens social bonds but also contributes to the overall harmony and unity of societies. Additionally, sports education and training can also act as a tool for social integration, providing opportunities for marginalized groups to participate and excel in sporting activities.In conclusion, the global sports education and training industry has both economic and social significance. It drives economic growth through job creation, business development, and tourism. Moreover, it promotes physical and mental well-being, instills valuable life skills, and fosters social cohesion and cultural exchange. It is evident thatthe industry plays a crucial role in shaping the global economy and society, making it an important sector to invest in and support.中文回答：全球体育教育与培训行业的经济影响与社会效益评估。
托福句子简化题考察要点
托福句子简化题考察要点1. 托福句子简化题难道不就是在考验你能不能像孙悟空一样火眼金睛，一眼看穿句子的核心？比如说这个句子：“The library has a vast collection of books, including rare manuscripts and modern bestsellers, which attract scholars and casual readers alike.” 简化一下，你能迅速找出重点吗？2. 托福句子简化题难道不是在逼你像个精明的侦探，从复杂的线索中找出关键？就像这个：“The artist's latest exhibition showcases a diverse range of styles, from traditional to avant-garde, captivating the audiencewith its innovation.” 你能快速理清头绪吗？3. 托福句子简化题难道不是像走迷宫，看你能不能找到正确的出口？比如“The new policy has led to significant changes in the educational system, positively influencing students' learning experiences and future prospects.” 你能顺利走出来吗？4. 托福句子简化题难道不是像解一团乱麻，看你有没有本事理清楚？像“The company's expansion plans involve opening new branches in multiple cities and in vesting in advanced technology to stay competitive.” 你能搞定这团麻吗？5. 托福句子简化题难道不就像在大海里捞珍珠，看你能不能准确抓到那颗最亮的？比如“The scientific research project requires a team ofexperts from various fields, such as physics and chemistry, to collaborateand achieve breakthroughs.” 你能捞到吗？6. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在一堆拼图中找出关键的那几块？比如说“The historical monument has survived through centuries, bearing witness to numerous significant events and cultural shifts.” 你能找出来吗？7. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在黑暗中寻找光明的那一丝线索？就像“The musical performance was a breathtaking spec tacle, combining stunning visuals and soul-stirring melodies.” 你能找到吗？8. 托福句子简化题难道不像是在茂密的森林中找出那条正确的小路？比如“The athlete's training regime is rigorous and demanding, involving intense workouts and strict diet control.” 你能找对吗？9. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在繁星中认出最亮的那颗？像“The novel presents a complex web of characters and their interwoven stories, keeping readers engaged until the very end.” 你能认出来吗？10. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在花丛中找出最美的那一朵？比如“The city's cultural festivals attract people from all walks of life, offering a vibrant showcase of art, music, and dance.” 你能找到吗？11. 托福句子简化题难道不就像在众多音符中找出那个主旋律？比如说“The documentary provides an in-depth look at the endangered species and the efforts to protect them.” 你能找出来吗？12. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在一堆宝石中鉴别出最珍贵的那颗？就像“The fashion show featured cutting-edge designs and bold color combinations, setting new trends in the industry.” 你能鉴别出来吗？13. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在一片混乱的色彩中找出主色调？比如“The tourist destination is renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty and rich historical heritage.” 你能找出来吗？14. 托福句子简化题难道不像是在一场混乱的辩论中抓住核心观点？比如说“The educational program aims to enhance students' critical thinking skills and creativity through various interactive activities.” 你能抓住吗？15. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在一场暴风雨中找到那一丝宁静的方向？就像“The charity event raised a substantial amount of funds, makinga significant di fference in the lives of those in need.” 你能找到吗？16. 托福句子简化题难道不就像在满是迷雾的道路上寻找清晰的路标？比如“The technological innovation has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information.” 你能找到吗？17. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在汹涌的波涛中稳住自己的船舵？比如说“The art exhibition displayed works of emerging artists, showcasing their unique perspectives and talents.” 你能稳住吗？18. 托福句子简化题难道不像是在一片嘈杂的声音中听清那关键的话语？就像“The economic report presents a comprehensive analysis of market trends and potential challenges.” 你能听清吗？19. 托福句子简化题难道不是像在一片混沌中找到那点亮光？比如“Th e sports tournament attracted top athletes from around the world, generating intense excitement among fans.” 你能找到吗？20. 托福句子简化题难道不就像在一堆乱码中解读出真正的信息？比如说“The environmental campaign raised public awareness about the importance of conservation and sustainable p ractices.” 你能解读出来吗？。
喜欢购物的英语作文
Shopping is a popular pastime for many people around the world.Its not just about acquiring new items its an experience that can be both enjoyable and therapeutic.Here are some reasons why people love shopping and how it can be incorporated into an English essay.Introduction:Begin your essay by introducing the topic of shopping and its significance in modern society.You might mention how it has evolved from a necessity to a form of entertainment and social activity.The Pleasure of Shopping:Discuss the emotional aspect of shopping.Explain how the act of browsing through stores,trying on clothes,and selecting items can bring joy and satisfaction.You could mention the excitement of finding a perfect item or a great deal.Social Aspects:Explain how shopping can be a social activity.Its a common way for friends and family to spend time together,share opinions,and bond over the experience of finding something new.The Art of Window Shopping:Describe the concept of window shopping,where people enjoy looking at items in store displays without necessarily intending to buy.This can be a form of relaxation and a way to get inspiration for future purchases.Online vs.InStore Shopping:Compare the experiences of shopping online versus in physical stores.Discuss the convenience of online shopping,the ability to compare prices easily,and the instant gratification of having items delivered.On the other hand,highlight the tactile experience of instore shopping,the opportunity to try items before buying,and the personal interaction with sales staff.Economic Impact:Explain the economic benefits of shopping.It stimulates the economy,creates jobs,and contributes to the growth of businesses.However,also touch on the potential negative impacts,such as overconsumption and the environmental effects of increased waste.Personal Preferences and Trends:Discuss how personal preferences and trends influence shopping habits.Mention the rise of sustainable and ethical shopping,as well as the influence of social media andinfluencers on consumer choices.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points and reflecting on the importance of shopping in peoples lives.You might also suggest a balanced approach to shopping, emphasizing the need for mindful consumption and supporting local businesses. Sample Paragraph:Shopping is an activity that transcends the mere acquisition of goods.It is a multifaceted experience that intertwines the joy of discovery with the thrill of ownership.The tactile pleasure of holding a new book,the delight in the softness of a luxurious fabric,or the satisfaction of a perfectly fitting pair of shoes are all part of the shopping experience. Moreover,the process of shopping itself,whether it be the quiet contemplation of a solo shopper or the lively chatter of a group outing,serves as a social conduit,fostering connections and shared experiences.The advent of online shopping has expanded the horizons of what is accessible,offering a vast array of choices at the click of a button,yet it is the sensoryrich environment of a physical store that continues to hold a unique charm, allowing for an immediate and personal connection with the items one chooses to bring into their life.Remember to use descriptive language and vivid examples to bring your essay to life, making it engaging and relatable to readers who share the same passion for shopping.。
NBA赛事旅游经济效应研究
NBA赛事旅游经济效应研究旅游与酒店管理本科姓名：朱逸聪学号：17820102200860摘要体育赛事已经渗透到全社会的每一个角落，并且在潜意识里改变着人们的生活方式。
NBA作为全球知名的篮球界最高的职业联赛，开展NBA旅游赛事有着非常好的前景和经济效应。
第一部分为绪论,主要讲述选题思路及研究背景,国内外在体育赛事旅游方面的研究，然后通过体育赛事的研究引出NBA赛事旅游研究在明确理论及现实意义后,为本文提出研究方向。
第二部分为旅行社如何开展NBA赛事旅游线路及相关概念界定，旅游线路开发是根据游客的市场需求再结合旅游资源的实际情况来开展的，为旅游这设计一条包括正常旅游过程中的所有内容的路线。
然后分析NBA赛事旅游线路开发集中模式，专项型开发模式、组合型开发模式、附带型开发模式。
第三部分为旅行社开辟NBA赛事旅游条件，分别通过服务基础设施方面、旅游购物、饮食和交通等旅游必须考虑的条件进行了分析了和了解。
最后对NBA 赛事的经济属性做了简要的介绍。
第四部分为旅行社开展NBA赛事旅游发展的简易，分析了NBA赛事旅游开展的问题并给出了改进建议，主要是注重产业结构调整，人才培养问题，和市场推广，市场是NBA赛事旅游能不能得到推广的重中之重。
最后是本文结论关键词：NBA 旅游赛事经济效应ABSTRACTSporting events has penetrated into every corner of society as a whole , and in the subconscious change people's way of life. NBA basketball circles as the world's most famous professional league , to carry out tourism events have a very good NBA prospects and economic effects.The first part is an introduction, main ideas about the topic and research background, sports tourism at home and abroad , and led the NBA by studying sports events tourism research in a clear theoretical and practical significance , the research direction is proposed in this paper .The second part is how to carry NBA games travel tours and related concepts , the development of tourist routes are based on market demand combined with tourists tourism resources to carry out the actual situation , in order to design a tour which includes the normal course of travel for all content route. NBA matches and then analyze the development of tourist routes centralized model , a special type of development model , the combination of development model, with a development model .The third part is the travel agency to open NBA games travel conditions , respectively, through the services infrastructure , tourism, shopping , food and transport and other tourism must be considered conditions were analyzed and understood. Finally, the economic attributes of NBA games made a brief introduction.The fourth part is the NBA agencies to carry out simple events tourism development , analyzes the problems NBA games travel undertaken and gives suggestions for improvement , mainly focused on industrial restructuring, personnel training , and marketing, event tourism market is the NBA can not to promote their top priority.Finally, the paper concludesKewyords:NBATravel eventsEconomic effects目录1绪论.......................................................... - 1 - 1.1选题背景和意义.............................................. - 1 - 1.2相关内容了解................................................ - 2 -1.3 文章思路.................................................... - 3 -2、文献综述..................................................... - 4 - 2.1国外学术研究概况............................................ - 4 -2.2国内学术研究现状............................................ - 5 -3、旅行社如何开辟NBA赛事旅行路线............................... - 6 - 3.1旅游线路开发概念和意义...................................... - 6 -3.2 旅行社开展NBA赛事旅游线路.................................. - 7 -4、旅行社开辟NBA赛事旅游条件................................... - 9 - 4.1服务基础设施方面............................................ - 9 - 4.2购物........................................................ - 9 - 4.3饮食和交通................................................. - 10 -4.4、NBA赛事的经济属性........................................ - 10 -5、旅行社开辟NBA赛事旅游的建议................................ - 12 - 5.1制定相关政策,加强市场培育.................................. - 12 - 5.2注重人才培养,搞活用人机制.................................. - 13 -5.3优化产业结构,提高产品质量.................................. - 14 -6、结论........................................................ - 15 - 参看文献....................................................... - 16 - 致谢.......................................................... - 17 -1、绪论1、选题背景和意义旅游是人们生活中一直非常成熟和主流的生活方式了，在生活中遇到一点困难和问题的时候我们可以背上背包选择一条线路来一场说走就走的旅行释放以下自己，工作和生活闲暇的时候我们也可以制定一个出行计划好好的游山玩水一番。