dec_day2_am

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北京市十一学校高一上学期期末英语试卷

北京十一学校2022-2023学年第2学段高一学部英语Ⅰ教与学质量诊断（）命题人：高一英语组时长100分钟满分：120分一、根据中文和首字母提示填写单词，无需变形，请在答题卡上写全单词。

（每小题1分，共10分）1. To our surprise, her words had a magical e__________(影响) on us.2. His work has been criticized for being imitative and s__________ (肤浅的).3. Everything you do or say is a reflection of your p__________(性格，个性).4. The advertisements are intended to improve the company's i__________(形象).5. Last year I was chosen to r__________(代表) the company at the conference.6. We need male subjects between the ages of 18 and 25 for the e__________(实验).7. There are many optional courses. You can s__________(挑选) the one you like most.8. Shopping on the Internet has its disadvantages as the real g__________ (商品，货物) cannot be seen.9. He likes power very much and doesn't like anyone to challenge his a__________(权威).10. Even if you can't cook, you'll find these meals quick and c__________(方便的) to prepare.二、方框选词（每小题1分，共16分）Group 1 可能会有派生变化（即词性的变化）12. I was attracted to the house both by its size and its __________.13. Prices __________ according to the type of room you require.14. You need a password to get __________ to the computer system.15. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and __________.16. The scenery there is so fascinating that it is totally beyond __________.17. The years he spent in the countryside proved to be a(n) __________ experience.18. Father Christmas is just a(n) __________ figure and there is no such person in reality.Group 2可能会有语法变化（即名词变复数、动词的时态语态和非谓等变化）20. My aunt __________ to be out when I paid her a visit last weekend.21. Few people nowadays are able to __________ friendships into adulthood.22. China is playing an increasingly important role in international __________.23. So far, no one __________ breaking the window, which annoys him very much.24. Usually, an article __________ of 3 parts, an introduction, a body and a conclusion.25. When I was small, I __________ by love and kindness and I felt really happy.26. If you have booked a room in advance, please call me to __________ your reservation.三、根据中文提示完成句子。

Standards_play_a_key_role_in_developing_an_Alterna

Standards play a key role in developing an Alternative Fuel Infrastructure for EuropeFinding ways to use alternative fuels like electricity, biofuels, and hydrogen in transportation comes with its own set of hurdles. Imagine setting up charging stations for electric cars across Europe, ensuring airplanes use sustainable fuels, or making ships more environmentally friendly. Luckily, standards can help, as highlighted by the high-level workshop “Navigating the Transition: Standards Powering the Journey of Alternative Fuel Infrastructure”, organized by CEN and CENELEC on April 18.The full-day event was opened by Riccardo Lama, CENELEC President-Elect. Maja Bakran, Deputy Director-General of DG MOVE (EC), then delivered the keynote speech on “The Path to Sustainable Transport: The EU Vision of Alternative Fuels infrastructure (AFI)”. Ms. Bakran explained the vision supporting the legislative work connected to the AFIR, ReFuelEU Aviation and FuelEU Maritime.A high-level panel debate ensued, discussing the rationale behind the new AFI Regulation, the importance of integrating alternative fuels into a broader ecosystem vision, and the key challenges of the legislation.The event then split into breakout sessions focusing on specific modes of transport. These sessions brought together industry leaders, civil society representatives, standardization experts, and policymakers to discuss various aspects of the transition to alternative fuels.The event concluded with representatives from each session reporting on the main outcomes and takeaways. Marc-Antoine Carreira da Cruz, Project Manager Mobility at CEN and CENELEC, highlighted the crucial role of standardization in aligning with recent legislative acts and emphasized the need for an ecosystem perspective to foster cooperation between the different stakeholders.CEN and CENELEC are strongly committed to the twin green and digital transition and the move towards climate neutrality in Europe, as outlined in their joint Strategy 2030.(Source: CEN-CENELEC)592024 May / June CHINA STANDARDIZATION。

dec_day2_am

corner-face
edge-edge
Modes of contacts
edge-face
face-face
“Common plane” logic
2 1
Algorithm executed in parallel with mechanical calculation: “maximize the gap between the common plane (c-p) and the closest vertex”
UDEC/3DEC Basic Training Course
Day 2
Itasca Consulting China Ltd.
Wuhan, Hubei Province
June 21 – 23, 2007
Training Schedule
June 22, 2007 (morning)
09:00-10:15 Introduction to 3DEC - Examples of potential applications and capabilities in geoengineering analysis and design - New features in 3DEC Introduction to the 3DEC Graphical Interface - Menu-driven versus command-driven operation - Simple tutorial 10:15-10:30 10:30-12:00 Break 3DEC Theoretical Background - DEM in three dimensions Practical Exercise - Failure of a jointed rock slope

CDM 方法学全集

Meth Number Full View and HistoryRemarkAM0001Decomposition of fluoroform (HFC-23) waste streams --- Version 6.0.0large scale methodologies AM0007Analysis of the least-cost fuel option for seasonally-operating biomass cogeneration plants --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0009Recovery and utilization of gas from oil fields that would otherwise be flared or vented --- Version 7.0large scale methodologies AM0014Fossil fuel based cogeneration for identified recipient facility(ies) --- Version 5.0large scale methodologies AM0017Steam system efficiency improvements by replacing steam traps and returning condensate --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0018Baseline methodology for steam optimization systems --- Version 3.0.0large scale methodologies AM0019Renewable energy projects replacing part of the electricity production of one single fossil fuel fired power plant that stands alone or supplies to a grid, excluding biomass projects --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0020Baseline methodology for water pumping efficiency improvements --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0021Baseline Methodology for decomposition of N2O from existing adipic acid production plants --- Version 3.0large scale methodologies AM0023Leak detection and repair in gas production, processing, transmission, storage and distribution systems and in refinery facilities ---Version 400large scale methodologies AM0026Methodology for zero-emissions grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources in Chile or in countries with merit order based dispatch grid --- Version 3.0large scale methodologies AM0027Substitution of CO2 from fossil or mineral origin by CO2 from renewable sources in the production of inorganic compounds ---Version 21large scale methodologies AM0028N2O destruction in the tail gas of Caprolactam production plants --- Version 6.0large scale methodologies AM0029Baseline Methodology for Grid Connected Electricity Generation Plants using Natural Gas --- Version 3.0large scale methodologies AM0030PFC emission reductions from anode effect mitigation at primary aluminium smelting facilities --- Version 4.0.0large scale methodologies AM0031Bus rapid transit projects --- Version 5.0.0large scale methodologies AM0035SF6 emission reductions in electrical grids --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0036Fuel switch from fossil fuels to biomass residues in heat generation equipment --- Version 4.0.0large scale methodologies AM0037Flare (or vent) reduction and utilization of gas from oil wells as a feedstock --- Version 2.1large scale methodologies AM0038Methodology for improved electrical energy efficiency of an existing submerged electric arc furnace used for the production of silicon and ferro alloys --- Version 3.0.0large scale methodologies AM0042Grid-connected electricity generation using biomass from newly developed dedicated plantations --- Version 2.1large scale methodologies AM0043Leak reduction from a natural gas distribution grid by replacing old cast iron pipes or steel pipes without cathodic protection with polyethylene pipes --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0044Energy efficiency improvement projects - boiler rehabilitation or replacement in industrial and district heating sectors --- Version 200large scale methodologies AM0045Grid connection of isolated electricity systems --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0046Distribution of efficient light bulbs to households --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0048New cogeneration project activities supplying electricity and heat to multiple customers --- Version 4.0large scale methodologiesAM0049Methodology for gas based energy generation in an industrial facility --- Version 3.0large scale methodologies AM0050Feed switch in integrated Ammonia-urea manufacturing industry --- Version 3.0.0large scale methodologies AM0052Increased electricity generation from existing hydropower stations through Decision Support System optimization --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0053Biogenic methane injection to a natural gas distribution grid --- Version 4.0.0large scale methodologies AM0055Recovery and utilization of waste gas in refinery or gas plant --- Version 2.1.0large scale methodologies AM0056Efficiency improvement by boiler replacement or rehabilitation and optional fuel switch in fossil fuel-fired steam boiler systems ---Version 10large scale methodologies AM0057Avoided emissions from biomass wastes through use as feed stock in pulp and paper, cardboard, fibreboard or bio-oil production ---Version 301large scale methodologies AM0058Introduction of a new primary district heating system --- Version 3.1large scale methodologies AM0059Reduction in GHGs emission from primary aluminium smelters --- Version 1.1large scale methodologies AM0060Power saving through replacement by energy efficient chillers --- Version 1.1large scale methodologies AM0061Methodology for rehabilitation and/or energy efficiency improvement in existing power plants --- Version 2.1large scale methodologies AM0062Energy efficiency improvements of a power plant through retrofitting turbines --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0063Recovery of CO2 from tail gas in industrial facilities to substitute the use of fossil fuels for production of CO2 --- Version 1.2.0large scale methodologies AM0064Capture and utilisation or destruction of mine methane (excluding coal mines) or non mine methane --- Version 3.0.0large scale methodologies AM0065Replacement of SF6 with alternate cover gas in the magnesium industry --- Version 2.1large scale methodologies AM0066GHG emission reductions through waste heat utilisation for pre-heating of raw materials in sponge iron manufacturing process ---Version 20large scale methodologies AM0067Methodology for installation of energy efficient transformers in a power distribution grid --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0068Methodology for improved energy efficiency by modifying ferroalloy production facility --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0069Biogenic methane use as feedstock and fuel for town gas production --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0070Manufacturing of energy efficient domestic refrigerators --- Version 3.1.0large scale methodologies AM0071Manufacturing and servicing of domestic refrigeration appliances using a low GWP refrigerant --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0072Fossil Fuel Displacement by Geothermal Resources for Space Heating --- Version 3.0large scale methodologies AM0073GHG emission reductions through multi-site manure collection and treatment in a central plant --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0074Methodology for new grid connected power plants using permeate gas previously flared and/or vented --- Version 3.0.0large scale methodologies AM0075Methodology for collection, processing and supply of biogas to end-users for production of heat --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0076Methodology for implementation of fossil fuel trigeneration systems in existing industrial facilities --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0077Recovery of gas from oil wells that would otherwise be vented or flared and its delivery to specific end-users --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0078Point of Use Abatement Device to Reduce SF6 emissions in LCD Manufacturing Operations --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0079Recovery of SF6 from Gas insulated electrical equipment in testing facilities --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0080Mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions with treatment of wastewater in aerobic wastewater treatment plants --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0081Flare or vent reduction at coke plants through the conversion of their waste gas into dimethyl ether for use as a fuel --- Version 1.0large scale methodologiesAM0082Use of charcoal from planted renewable biomass in the iron ore reduction process through the establishment of a new iron orereduction system --- Version 1.0large scale methodologiesAM0083Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by in-situ aeration of landfills --- Version 1.0.1large scale methodologies AM0084Installation of cogeneration system supplying electricity and chilled water to new and existing consumers --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0086Distribution of zero energy water purification systems for safe drinking water --- Version 3.0large scale methodologies AM0087Construction of a new natural gas power plant supplying electricity to the grid or a single consumer --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0088Air separation using cryogenic energy recovered from the vaporization of LNG --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0089Production of diesel using a mixed feedstock of gasoil and vegetable oil --- Version 1.1.0large scale methodologies AM0090Modal shift in transportation of cargo from road transportation to water or rail transportation --- Version 1.1.0large scale methodologies AM0091Energy efficiency technologies and fuel switching in new and existing buildings --- Version 2.0large scale methodologies AM0092Substitution of PFC gases for cleaning Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) reactors in the semiconductor industry --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0093Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by passive aeration of landfills --- Version 1.0.1large scale methodologies AM0094Distribution of biomass based stove and/or heater for household or institutional use --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0095Waste gas based combined cycle power plant in a Greenfield iron and steel plant --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0096CF4 emission reduction from installation of an abatement system in a semiconductor manufacturing facility --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0097Installation of high voltage direct current power transmission line --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0098Utilization of ammonia-plant off gas for steam generation --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0099Installation of a new natural gas fired gas turbine to an existing CHP plant --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0100Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) projects --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0101High speed passenger rail systems --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologiesAM0102Greenfield cogeneration facility supplying electricity and steam to a Greenfield Industrial Consumer and exporting excesselectricity to a grid and/or project customer(s) --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologiesAM0103Renewable energy power generation in isolated grids --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0104Interconnection of electricity grids in countries with economic merit order dispatch --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0105Energy efficiency in data centres through dynamic power management --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0106Energy efficiency improvements of a lime production facility through installation of new kilns --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0107New natural gas based cogeneration plant --- Version 2.0.0large scale methodologies AM0108Interconnection between electricity systems for energy exchange --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0109Introduction of hot supply of Direct Reduced Iron in Electric Arc Furnaces --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0110Modal shift in transportation of liquid fuels --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0111Abatement of fluorinated greenhouse gases in semiconductor manufacturing --- Version 1.0.0large scale methodologies AM0112Less carbon intensive power generation through continuous reductive distillation of waste --- Version 1.0large scale methodologiesAM0113Distribution of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps to households --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0114Shift from electrolytic to catalytic process for recycling of chlorine from hydrogen chloride gas in isocyanate plants --- Version 1.0large scale methodologies AM0115Recovery and utilization of coke oven gas from coke plants for LNG production --- Version 1.0large scale methodologiesACM0001Flaring or use of landfill gas --- Version 15.0consolidated methodologies ACM0002Grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources --- Version 16.0consolidated methodologies ACM0003Partial substitution of fossil fuels in cement or quicklime manufacture --- Version 8.0consolidated methodologies ACM0005Increasing the blend in cement production --- Version 7.1.0consolidated methodologies ACM0006Consolidated methodology for electricity and heat generation from biomass --- Version 12.1.0consolidated methodologies ACM0007Conversion from single cycle to combined cycle power generation --- Version 6.1.0consolidated methodologies ACM0008Abatement of methane from coal mines --- Version 8.0consolidated methodologies ACM0009Fuel switching from coal or petroleum fuel to natural gas --- Version 5.0consolidated methodologies ACM0010GHG emission reductions from manure management systems --- Version 8.0consolidated methodologies ACM0011Fuel switching from coal and/or petroleum fuels to natural gas in existing power plants for electricity generation --- Version 3.0consolidated methodologies ACM0012Consolidated baseline methodology for GHG emission reductions from waste energy recovery projects --- Version 4.0.0consolidated methodologies ACM0013Construction and operation of new grid connected fossil fuel fired power plants using a less GHG intensive technology --- Version 500consolidated methodologies ACM0014Treatment of wastewater --- Version 6.0consolidated methodologies ACM0015Emission reductions from raw material switch in clinker production --- Version 4.0consolidated methodologies ACM0016Mass Rapid Transit Projects --- Version 3.0.0consolidated methodologies ACM0017Production of biodiesel for use as fuel --- Version 2.1.0consolidated methodologies ACM0018Electricity generation from biomass residues in power-only plants --- Version 3.0consolidated methodologies ACM0019N2O abatement from nitric acid production --- Version 2.0consolidated methodologies ACM0020Co-firing of biomass residues for heat generation and/or electricity generation in grid connected power plants --- Version 1.0.0consolidated methodologies ACM0021Reduction of emissions from charcoal production by improved kiln design and/or abatement of methane --- Version 1.0.0consolidated methodologies ACM0022Alternative waste treatment processes --- Version 2.0consolidated methodologies ACM0023Introduction of an efficiency improvement technology in a boiler --- Version 1.0consolidated methodologies ACM0024Natural gas substitution by biogenic methane produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste --- Version 1.0consolidated methodologiesAMS-I.A.Electricity generation by the user --- Version 16.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.B.Mechanical energy for the user with or without electrical energy --- Version 12.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.C.Thermal energy production with or without electricity --- Version 20.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.D.Grid connected renewable electricity generation --- Version 18.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.E.Switch from non-renewable biomass for thermal applications by the user --- Version 6.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.F.Renewable electricity generation for captive use and mini-grid --- Version 3.0small scale methodologiesAMS-I.G.Plant oil production and use for energy generation in stationary applications --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.H.Biodiesel production and use for energy generation in stationary applications --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.I.Biogas/biomass thermal applications for households/small users --- Version 4.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.J.Solar water heating systems (SWH) --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.K.Solar cookers for households --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-I.L.Electrification of rural communities using renewable energy --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.A.Supply side energy efficiency improvements – transmission and distribution --- Version 10.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.B.Supply side energy efficiency improvements – generation --- Version 9.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.C.Demand-side energy efficiency activities for specific technologies --- Version 14.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.D.Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for industrial facilities --- Version 13.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.E.Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for buildings --- Version 10.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.F.Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for agricultural facilities and activities --- Version 10.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.G.Energy efficiency measures in thermal applications of non-renewable biomass --- Version 6.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.H.Energy efficiency measures through centralization of utility provisions of an industrial facility --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.I.Efficient utilization of waste energy in industrial facilities --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.J.Demand-side activities for efficient lighting technologies --- Version 6.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.K.Installation of co-generation or tri-generation systems supplying energy to commercial building --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.L.Demand-side activities for efficient outdoor and street lighting technologies --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.M.Demand-side energy efficiency activities for installation of low-flow hot water savings devices --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.N.Demand-side energy efficiency activities for installation of energy efficient lighting and/or controls in buildings --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.O.Dissemination of energy efficient household appliances --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.P.Energy efficient pump-set for agriculture use --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.Q.Energy efficiency and/or energy supply projects in commercial buildings --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.R Energy efficiency space heating measures for residential buildings --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-II.S.Energy efficiency in motor systems --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.A.Offsetting of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers by inoculant application in legumes-grass rotations on acidic soils on existing cropland ---Version 30small scale methodologies AMS-III.B.Switching fossil fuels --- Version 17.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.C.Emission reductions by electric and hybrid vehicles --- Version 14.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.D.Methane recovery in animal manure management systems --- Version 19.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.E.Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical/thermal treatment --- Version 17.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.F.Avoidance of methane emissions through composting --- Version 11.0small scale methodologiesndfill methane recovery --- Version 9.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.H.Methane recovery in wastewater treatment --- Version 17.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.I.Avoidance of methane production in wastewater treatment through replacement of anaerobic systems by aerobic systems --- Version 80small scale methodologies AMS-III.J.Avoidance of fossil fuel combustion for carbon dioxide production to be used as raw material for industrial processes --- Version 30small scale methodologies AMS-III.K.Avoidance of methane release from charcoal production --- Version 5.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.L.Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled pyrolysis --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.M.Reduction in consumption of electricity by recovering soda from paper manufacturing process --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.N.Avoidance of HFC emissions in rigid Poly Urethane Foam (PUF) manufacturing --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.O.Hydrogen production using methane extracted from biogas --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.P.Recovery and utilization of waste gas in refinery facilities --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.Q.Waste energy recovery (gas/heat/pressure) projects --- Version 5.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.R.Methane recovery in agricultural activities at household/small farm level --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.S.Introduction of low-emission vehicles/technologies to commercial vehicle fleets --- Version 4.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.T.Plant oil production and use for transport applications --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.U.Cable Cars for Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.V.Decrease of coke consumption in blast furnace by installing dust/sludge recycling system in steel works --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.W.Methane capture and destruction in non-hydrocarbon mining activities --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.X.Energy Efficiency and HFC-134a Recovery in Residential Refrigerators --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.Y.Methane avoidance through separation of solids from wastewater or manure treatment systems --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.Z.Fuel Switch, process improvement and energy efficiency in brick manufacture --- Version 5.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AA.Transportation Energy Efficiency Activities using Retrofit Technologies --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AB.Avoidance of HFC emissions in Standalone Commercial Refrigeration Cabinets --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AC.Electricity and/or heat generation using fuel cell --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AD.Emission reductions in hydraulic lime production --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AE.Energy efficiency and renewable energy measures in new residential buildings --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AF.Avoidance of methane emissions through excavating and composting of partially decayed municipal solid waste (MSW) --- Version 10small scale methodologies AMS-III.AG.Switching from high carbon intensive grid electricity to low carbon intensive fossil fuel --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AH.Shift from high carbon intensive fuel mix ratio to low carbon intensive fuel mix ratio --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AI.Emission reductions through recovery of spent sulphuric acid --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AJ.Recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes --- Version 4.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AK.Biodiesel production and use for transport applications --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AL.Conversion from single cycle to combined cycle power generation --- Version 1.0small scale methodologiesAMS-III.AM.Fossil fuel switch in a cogeneration/trigeneration system --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AN.Fossil fuel switch in existing manufacturing industries --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AO.Methane recovery through controlled anaerobic digestion --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AP.Transport energy efficiency activities using post - fit Idling Stop device --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AQ.Introduction of Bio-CNG in transportation applications --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AR.Substituting fossil fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems --- Version 5.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AS.Switch from fossil fuel to biomass in existing manufacturing facilities for non-energy applications --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AT.Transportation energy efficiency activities installing digital tachograph systems to commercial freight transport fleets --- Version 20small scale methodologies AMS-III.AU.Methane emission reduction by adjusted water management practice in rice cultivation --- Version 4.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AV.Low greenhouse gas emitting safe drinking water production systems --- Version 4.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AW.Electrification of rural communities by grid extension --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AX.Methane oxidation layer (MOL) for solid waste disposal sites --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.AY.Introduction of LNG buses to existing and new bus routes --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BA.Recovery and recycling of materials from E-waste --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BB.Electrification of communities through grid extension or construction of new mini-grids --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BC.Emission reductions through improved efficiency of vehicle fleets --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BD.GHG emission reduction due to supply of molten metal instead of ingots for aluminium castings --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BE.Avoidance of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from sugarcane pre-harvest open burning through mulching --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BF.Reduction of N2O emissions from use of Nitrogen Use Efficient (NUE) seeds that require less fertilizer application --- Version 2.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BG.Emission reduction through sustainable charcoal production and consumption --- Version 3.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BH.Displacement of production of brick and cement by manufacture and installation of gypsum concrete wall panels --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BI.Flare gas recovery in gas treating facilities --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BJ.Destruction of hazardous waste using plasma technology including energy recovery --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AMS-III.BK Strategic feed supplementation in smallholder dairy sector to increase productivity --- Version 1.0small scale methodologies AR-AM0014Afforestation and reforestation of degraded mangrove habitats --- Version 3.0Large scale afforestationand reforestation methodologies AR-ACM0003Afforestation and reforestation of lands except wetlands --- Version 2.0consolidated methodologies AR-AMS0003Afforestation and reforestation project activities implemented on wetlands --- Version 3.0Small scale afforestation and reforestation methodologies AR-AMS0007Afforestation and reforestation project activities implemented on lands other than wetlands --- Version 3.0Small scale afforestation and reforestation methodologies。

浙江省杭州市2024年中考英语模拟试题(含答案)

浙江省杭州市2024年中考英语模拟试题(A、B、C和D)中选出最佳选项。

（共15小题，每小题2分，满分30阅读理解2-Day Essence of Hangzhou TourHangzhou is famous for its natural beauty and historical and cultural places. The ancient saying has it"There is a paradise in the heaven, and down on earth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou".B=Breakfast, L=Lunch, D-=DinnerClick here for more information1．What will tourists most probably do on the second day?A．Pick tea leaves.B．Climb mountains.C．Watch a silk show.D．Go swimming.2．How much will Mr. and Mrs. Black pay for a Four-Diamond tour with their 9-year-old daughter?A．$650.B．$775.C．$930.D．$950.3．Where is the text from?A．A web page.B．A magazine.C．A guide book.D．A novel.阅读理解①Smart transportation is leading to the birth of new apps for smart cities in China. In recent years, technology companies have worked hard to speed up the use of driverless robotaxis and Baidu is one of the pioneers.②In June 2019, Baidu started to test its driverless taxis in certain areas in Changsha. In 2020, its Apollo Go robotaxis, also known as "Luobo Kuaipao" in Chinese, officially began its service in certain areas in Changsha, Cangzhou and Beijing. In March 2022, Beijing allowed Baidu to test fully driverless robotaxis on certain roads, which meant a further step forward. In June 2023, Baidu carried out its driverless taxi service in Shenzhen across an area of 188 km2 from 7 am to 10 pm daily.③Booking a ride on Apollo Go is as simple as a few taps on your phone screen. Passengers just need to tell the app Apollo Go or Baidu Map where they are and where to go. Then, a car will appear. With sensors (传感器) and cameras all over the car, a computer takes full control of the drive. A screen on the back seat shows customers the information of the ride and how the robotaxi "looks" at the space around to see other cars, humans, and anything else that might get in its way.④"The robotaxi goes at about the same speed, providing a good riding experience," a user posted online. By September 2023, the number of orders has reached four million. The user satisfaction rating for the Apollo Go app has reached 4.9 out of 5 and 97.12% of the reviews are five-star ratings. So far, Apollo Go robotaxi service has covered 11 cities and by 2025, it plans to test its robotaxis in other 65 cities.⑤However, safety is the key in the development of driverless robotaxis. In the future, Apollo Go and the other companies should take more time to improve the system in order to provide comfortable and safe rides. 4．What did Baidu work on according to the passage?A．Driverless taxis.B．Robotaxi sensors.C．Safety apps.D．Robotaxi Maps.5．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A．The risk of Apollo Go.B．The future of Apollo Go.C．The advantages of Apollo Go.D．The development of Apollo Go.6．How dose the writer show the popularity of Apollo Go in Paragraph 4?A．By telling a story.B．By doing experiments.C．By listing numbers.D．By giving examples.7．What can we learn about Apollo Go robotaxis from the passage?A．The robotaxi has caused a lot of traffic problems since it was put into use.B．People in Shenzhen could take a ride even at midnight in June 2023.C．Baidu will test Apollo Go robotaxi service all over the country by 2025.D．Passengers sitting on the back seats can know about their rides from a screen.阅读理解A particular picture especially touched me while reading news article about a tornado (龙卷风) just happened in a village around Florida. In the picture, a young woman with a worried face stood in front of an entirely destroyed mobile home. A small girl, three or four years old, stood at her side, clutching (攥紧) at her skirt and stared into the camera with a pair of eyes full of fear. At the end of the article, a telephone number was offered.This would be a good chance to teach my kid to help those in need. I showed the picture to my six-year-old daughter, Meghan, explaining what happened in the picture. "We have so much. But these poor people now have nothing," I said. "Let's share what we have with them."I brought a large box and placed it on the living room floor. Meghan watched seriously as I filled the boxes with old clothes that we don't want any more. Then she left and soon came back with Lucy, her much-loved doll. She stopped in front of the box for a moment, gave the doll a final kiss, then put it gently on top of the clothes."Oh, Honey," I said. "You don't have to give away Lucy. You love her so much." Meghan nodded seriously, with held-back tears." ▲ ." Megan said.I stared at Meghan for a long moment and didn't know what to say. I suddenly realized that it's easy to give away things that we don't want, but harder to let go off things we value, isn't it? True generosity (慷慨) is a three-year-old girl offering her favorite dol to a little girl she doesn't know because she hopes it will bring this child as much pleasure as it brought her. The true spirit of giving is to give with your heart.I, who had wanted to teach, had been taught.8．What is the right order of the following events?a. My daughter gave away her doll.b. A tornado happened around Florida.c. I saw a picture on the newspaper.d. I filled the box with old clothes.e. I learned a lesson from my daughter.A．bcade B．cbade C．cbdae D．bcdae9．Which of the following can be put into the blank ____▲____?A．Lucy is my favorite doll. I don't want to give it to that girl.B．Lucy makes me happy. It can make that girl happy, too.C．I used to like Lucy, but I don't like it now because it's old.D．I have to give Lucy to her, because I have nothing else to give her.10．How does the mother probably feel about her daughter in the end?A．Worried.B．Excited.C．Sorry.D．Proud.11．What's the best title for the passage?A．A Kind Girl B．A Special DollC．A Valuable Lesson D．A Thankful Mother阅读理解①Most people know about endangered plants and animals. However, not everyone knows that many languages are in danger, too. Recently, there are almost 500 languages that are officially endangered. According to a study, 95% of the world's population only speak 6% of the existing 7,000 languages. This means that only 6% speak all the other languages. Some languages have fewer than a dozen speakers. There are several reasons why languages die out.②A key reason is the influence of the dominant (主导的) languages. Generally, these languages are connected with social background and education. People who move to cities are forced to learn them. In most cases, the children do not learn their native language. In addition, many communities far away from towns and cities give up their languages in order to become an accepted part of the main culture. For example, India has lost 220 of 780 languages in the last 50 years. Once Hindi was regarded as the official language of India, the number of Hindi speakers increased from 260 million to over 420 million.③Another reason is that the people who speak an endangered language may be in physical danger, such as from war or mas killing. Many languages of the native people in the Americas are either lost or endangered for this very reason. Natural disasters and disease can also wipe out all populations. When the village of Papua New Guinea was hit by an earthquake, all the people in it died. The language they spoke, Malol, also disappeared with them.④Languages are part of cultures and show differences. Losing a language means losing a way to pass on culture. The whole world suffers because of the disappearance of cultural and language diversity (多样性). Therefore, efforts need to be made to protect endangered languages before they disappear forever.12．Why does the writer use numbers in Paragraph 1?A．To show that many languages are in great danger.B．To support that there are many languages in the world.C．To prove that languages have changed in different places.D．To introduce how many languages are spoken in the world.13．What does the underlined phrase "wipe out" probably mean?A．Kill.B．Change.C．Hurt.D．Beat.14．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?A．B．C．D．15．What's your advice on protecting endangered languages? (请用不超过30词回答)5小题，每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面材料，从方框中所给的A一F六个选项中选择正确的选项（其中一项是多余选项）。

Guideline for Structural Health Monitoring F08b

SAMCO Final Report 2006 F08b Guideline for Structural Health Monitoring
CONTENTS
1 2 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.3 3.3.2.4 3.3.2.5 3.3.2.6 3.3.2.7 3.3.2.8 3.3.2.9 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.5.1 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.4.1 4.2.4.2 4.2.4.3 4.2.5 Introduction........................................................................................ 5 Objectives and outline of the guideline............................................ 6 Analysis of actions ............................................................................ 7 Classification of actions ........................................................................7 Type of actions .........................................................................................7 Static loads.........................................................................................7 Dynamic loads....................................................................................7 Character of actions .................................................................................8 Dead loads .........................................................................................8 Live loads ...........................................................................................8 Loads and load effects .............................................................................8 Objectives and approach to action analysis ........................................8 Determination of actions based on dimension, duration and local effect .......................................................................................................9 Measurands for characterisation of actions ..............................................9 Determination of actions.........................................................................10 Monitoring pattern ............................................................................10 Wind loads .......................................................................................11 Wave loads and swell loads .............................................................11 Traffic loads......................................................................................11 Loading by displacements ................................................................12 Weight loads ....................................................................................12 Impact and collision loads; vibrations ...............................................12 Temperature loads ...........................................................................13 Effects caused by physical - chemical processes .............................13 Load combinations .................................................................................13 Use and analysis of measurement data..................................................14 Load models...........................................................................................14 Calibration of load models ................................................................15 Diagnostic of structures.................................................................. 16 Preamble ...............................................................................................16 Structural Condition Analysis .............................................................16 Description of design and construction of the structure...........................16 Determination of threshold values for position stability, serviceability and load bearing capacity.......................................................................17 Structural identification ...........................................................................18 Application of NDT techniques ...............................................................19 Steel structures ................................................................................19 Reinforced and prestressed structures .............................................19 Masonry structures...........................................................................20 Field tests...............................................................................................20

Neutrino Mass Spectrum and Future Beta Decay Experiments

. Yu. Smirnov
c,d ‡
Scuola Internazionale superiore di Studi Avanzati via Beirut 4, I,34014 Trieste, Italy
b
Instituto de F´ ısica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP 13083-970 Campinas SP, Brazil The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, I-34100 Trieste,Italy
hep-ph/0105105 February 1, 2008
Neutrino Mass Spectrum and Future Beta Decay Experiments
arXiv:hep-ph/0105105v3 26 May 2001
Y. Farzan
a
a ∗
, O. L. G. Peres
spectrum, one can put an upper bound on the neutrino mass assuming, however, that there is no conspiracy which leads to cancellation of diﬀerent eﬀects [4]. Therefore independent measurements of the neutrino mass are needed and their results will be used in the analysis of the cosmological data as an input deduced from particle physics. Several methods have been proposed to determine neutrino masses by using the supernova neutrino data. One method is based on searches for the energy ordering of events which has, however, rather low sensitivity [5]. The limits on the mass can be also obtained from observations of sharp time structures in the signals. It was suggested to study the time distribution of detected neutrino events emitted from supernova which entails to black hole formation [6]. By this method Super-Kamiokande can measure values of the νe mass down to 1.8 eV and SNO can put an upper bound 20 eV on the νµ and ντ masses [6] . (Clearly this bound on the νµ and ντ masses is much weaker than bounds implied by combined analysis of the solar and atmospheric neutrino data and direct measurements of the νe mass.) In this case one can check the still non-excluded possibility in which the solar neutrino problem is solved by the oscillations to sterile neutrino and the masses of νµ and ντ are in 20 eV range. (Such neutrinos should be unstable in cosmological time.) The absolute values of the neutrino masses can be determined in the assumption that the cosmic rays with energies above the GZK cutoﬀ are produced in annihilation of the ultra-high energy neutrinos with the cosmological relic neutrinos [7, 8, 9]. The analysis of the observed energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 1020 eV gives the mass mν = (1.5 − 3.6) eV, if the power-like part of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays spectrum is produced in Galactic halo, and mν = (0.12 − 0.46) eV, if this part has the extragalactic origin [10]. Neutrinoless double beta decay (2β 0ν ) searches are sensitive to the Majorana mass of the electron neutrino. However, in the presence of mixing the situation can be rather complicated: The eﬀective Majorana mass of νe relevant for the 2β 0ν -decay, mee , is a combination of mass eigenvalues and mixing parameters given by mee =

使用频率最高的10000个英文单词

qualiﬁcations
currency
qualiﬁcations skirt underlying zero customs ofﬁcially inherited fathers beloved lamp formulas pole electron sherman ﬂame orientation claiming tract historians likewise stride expecting di heated salesmen shaped decisive useless southwest explanations alongside devised mailed proposition consumption grab revised foolish staying proceeds celebration heroes earth’s tightly reveals locate talks slowed motive whiskey editors pipe references
secondary e.g. upward examination prefer tight hunting gallery agricultural sand breaking ﬁlms coal probable matching wars furnish controversy cow context unhappy occupation jim dimensions municipal constitute mines stained registered eighth naval suits adult artery mayor bombs freely atoms bath academy anniversary conferences consisted loaded gulf faint cat physics melting concepts magnitude crossing habit 2

B2M2

默写单词（看英写汉） 1. addict n. 对药物上瘾的人，瘾君子 v. 使上瘾 addictive adj. 药物等上瘾的 addicted adj. 上瘾的，入迷的 addiction n. 沉溺，嗜好 2. danger 危险 dangerous 危险的 endanger 危害 endangered 濒危的 3. power 权利，电力 energy 精力，能源 force 暴力，自然界一切的力 strength 力气 , 优点 4. illegal 非法的 legal 合法的 5. reduce 减少 increase 增加 6. treat 治疗， cure 治愈 7. agree 同意 disagree 不同意 8. affect 影响 effect 效果，影响 effort 努力 influence 影响 9. ban v 禁止，取缔 n. 禁令 10. belong (v) 属于， belongings 随身携带的所有物，财物
1. commit a crime 犯罪 2. come into power 执政 3. power failure 断电 4. full of energy 精力充沛 5. agree with 同意某人…与…一致，适合 6. agree to/on 同意,对…达成一致 7. get one’s work recognised 使工作得到认可 8. even if/even though 即使，尽管 9. full of wonders 充满奇迹 10. as if/though 好像 11. if only 要是…就好了 12. only if 只要 13. what if 如果…怎么办？ 14. in case 万一 15. can not/never… enough/ too 越…越好，再…也不为过

Bs Mixing and decays at the Tevatron

a r X i v :0707.1007v 2 [h e p -e x ] 11 J u l 2007B 0s mixing and decays at the TevatronMossadek Talby (On behalf of the D0and CDF Collaborations)CPPM,IN2P3-CNRS,Universit ´e de la M´editerran ´ee,Marseille,France This short review reports on recent results from CDF and DØexperiments at the Tevatron collider on B 0smixing and the lifetimes of B 0s and Λb .1.IntroductionDue to the large b ¯b cross section at 1.96TeV p ¯p col-lisions,the Tevatron collider at Fermilalb is currentlythe largest source of b -hadrons and provides a very rich environment for the study of b -hadrons.It is also the unique place to study high mass b -hadrons suchas B 0s ,B c ,b -baryons and excited b -hadrons states.CDF and DØare both symmetric multipurpose de-tectors [1,2].They are essentially similar and consist of vertex detectors,high resolution tracking cham-bers in a magnetic ﬁeld,ﬁnely segmented hermitic calorimeters and muons momentum spectrometers,both providing a good lepton identiﬁcation.They have fast data acquisition systems with several levels of online triggers and ﬁlters and are able to trigger at the hardware level on large track impact parameters,enhancing the potential of their physics programs.2.B 0s mixingThe B 0-¯B0mixing is a well established phenomenon in particle physics.It proceeds via a ﬂavor changing weak interaction in which the ﬂavor eigenstates B 0and ¯B0are quantum superpositions of the two mass eigenstates B H and B L .The probability for a B 0me-son produced at time t =0to decay as B 0or ¯B0at proper time t >0is an oscillatory function with a frequency ∆m ,the diﬀerence in mass between B Hand B L .Oscillation in the B 0dsystem is well estab-lished experimentally with a precisely measured os-cillation frequency ∆m d .The world average value is∆m d =0.507±0.005ps −1[3].In the B 0s system,the expected oscillation frequency value within the standard model (SM)is approximately 35times faster than ∆m d .In the SM,the oscillation frequencies ∆m d and ∆m s are proportional to the fundamental CKM matrix elements |V td |and |V ts |respectively,and can be used to determine their values.This determina-tion,however,has large theoretical uncertainties,but the combination of the ∆m s measurement with the precisely measured ∆m d allows the determination of the ratio |V td |/|V ts |with a signiﬁcantly smaller theo-retical uncertainty.Both DØand CDF have performed B 0s -¯B 0s mixinganalysis using 1fb −1of data [4,5,6].The strategies used by the two experiments to measure ∆m s are very similar.They schematically proceed as follows:theB 0s decay is reconstructed in one side of the event and its ﬂavor at decay time is determined from its decayproducts.The B 0s proper decay time is measured fromthe the diﬀerence between the B 0s vertex and the pri-mary vertex of the event.The B 0s ﬂavor at production time is determined from information in the opposite and/or the same-side of the event.ﬁnally,∆m s is ex-tracted from an unbinned maximum likelihood ﬁt of mixed and unmixed events,which combines,among other information,the decay time,the decay time res-olution and b -hadron ﬂavor tagging.In the following only the latest CDF result is presented.2.1.B 0ssignal yields The CDF experiment has reconstructed B 0sevents in both semileptonic B 0s →D −(⋆)s ℓ+νℓX (ℓ=e orµ)and hadronic B 0s→D −s (π+π−)π+decays.In both cases the D −s is reconstructed in the channels D −s →φπ−,D −s →K ⋆0K −and D −s →π−π+π−with φ→K +K −and K ⋆0→K +π−.Additional par-tially reconstructed hadronic decays,B 0s →D ⋆−sπ+and B 0s →D −s ρ+with unreconstructed γand π0in D ⋆−s→D −s (φπ−)γ/π0and ρ+→π+π0decay modes,have also been used.The signal yields are 61,500semileptonic decays,5,600fully reconstructed and 3,100partially reconstructed hadronic decays.This correponds to an eﬀective statistical increase in the number of reconstructed events of 2.5compared to the ﬁrst CDF published analysis [5].This improve-ment was obtained mainly by using particle identiﬁ-cation in the event selection,by using the artiﬁcial neural network (ANN)selection for hadronic modes and by loosening the kinematical selection.Figure 1shows the distributions of the invariant masses of the D +s (φπ+)ℓ−pairs m D s ℓand of the ¯B 0s →D +s (φπ+)π−decays including the contributions from the partially reconstructed hadronic decays.2.2.B 0s proper decay time reconstructionThe proper decay time of the reconstructed B 0s events is determined from the transverse decay length L xy which corresponds to the distance between theprimary vertex and the reconstructed B 0s vertex pro-jected onto the transverse plane to the beam axis.Forfpcp07Figure1:The invariant mass distributions for the D+s(φπ+)ℓ−pairs(upper plot)and for the¯B0s→D+s(φπ+)π−decays(bottom plot)including the contri-butions from the partially reconstructed hadronic decays. the fully reconstructed B0s decay channels the proper decay time is well deﬁned and is given by:t=L xyM(B0s)P T(D sℓ(π))×K,K=P T(D sℓ(π))1Neutrino,π0andγ.fpcp07an eﬃciencyǫ,the fraction of signal candidates with aﬂavor tag,and a dilution D=1−2ω,whereωis the probablity of mistagging.The taggers used in the opposite-side of the event are the charge of the lepton(e andµ),the jet charge and the charge of identiﬁed kaons.The information from these taggers are combined in an ANN.The use of an ANN improves the combined opposite-side tag eﬀectiveness by20%(Q=1.8±0.1%)compared to the previous analysis[5].The dilution is measured in data using large samples of kinematically similar B0d and B+decays.The same-sideﬂavor tags rely on the identiﬁcation of the charge of the kaon produced from the left over ¯s in the process of B0s fragmentation.Any nearby charged particle to the reconstructed B0s,identiﬁed as a kaon,is expected to be correlated to the B0sﬂavor, with a K+correlated to a B0s and K−correlated to¯B s .An ANN is used to combine particle-identiﬁcationlikelihood based on information from the dE/dx and from the Time-of-Flight system,with kinematic quan-tities of the kaon candidate into a single variable.The dilution of the same side tag is estimated using Monte Carlo simulated data samples.The predicted eﬀec-tiveness of the same-sideﬂavor tag is Q=3.7%(4.8%) in the hadronic(semileptonic)decay sample.The use of ANN increased the Q value by10%compared to the previous analysis[5].If both a same-side tag and an opposite-side tag are present,the information from both tags are combined assuming they are independent.2.4.∆m s measurementAn unbinned maximum likelihoodﬁt is used to search for B0s oscillations in the reconstructed B0s de-cays samples.The likelihood combines masses,decay time,decay-time rsolution,andﬂavor tagging infor-mation for each reconstructed B0s candidate,and in-cludes terms for signal and each type of background. The technique used to extract∆m s from the un-binned maximum likelihoodﬁt,is the amplitude scan method[7]which consists of multiplying the oscilla-tion term of the signal probablity density function in the likelihood by an amplitude A,andﬁt its value for diﬀerent∆m s values.The oscillation amplitude is expected to be consistent with A=1when the probe value is the true oscillation frequency,and con-sitent with A=0when the probe value is far fromthe true oscillation frequency.Figure3shows theﬁt-ted value of the amplitude as function of the oscil-lation frequency for the combination of semileptonic and hadronic B0s candidates.The sensitivity is31.3ps−1for the combination2∆m d m B0s for the hadronic decays alone.fpcp07Figure4:The logarithm of the ratio of likelihoodsΛ≡log L A=0/L A=1(∆m s) ,versus the oscillation frequency. The horizontal line indicates the valueΛ=−15that cor-responds to a probability of5.7×10−7(5σ)in the case of randomly tagged data.3.b-hadrons lifetime measurements atthe Tevatron RunIILifetime measurements of b-hadrons provide impor-tant information on the interactions between heavy and light quarks.These interactions are responsible for lifetime hierarchy among b-hadrons observed ex-perimentally:τ(B+)≥τ(B0d)≃τ(B0s)>τ(Λb)≫τ(B c) Currently most of the theoretical calculations of the light quark eﬀects on b hadrons lifetimes are per-formed in the framework oftheHeavy QuarkEx-pansion(HQE)[10]in which the decay rate of heavy hadron to an inclusiveﬁnal state f is expressed as an expansion inΛQCD/m b.At leading order of the expansion,light quarks are considered as spectators and all b hadrons have the same lifetime.Diﬀer-ences between meson and baryon lifetimes arise at O(Λ2QCD/m2b)and splitting of the meson lifetimes ap-pears at O(Λ3QCD/m3b).Both CDF and DØhave performed a number of b-hadrons lifetimes measurements for all b-hadrons species.Most of these measurements are already included in the world averages and are summarised in[11].In this note focus will be on the latest results on B0s andΛb measurements from CDF and DØ. 3.1.B0s lifetime measurementsIn the standard model the light B L and the heavy B H mass eigenstates of the mixed B0s system are ex-pected to have a sizebale decay width diﬀerence of order∆Γs=ΓL−ΓH=0.096±0.039ps−1[12].If CP violation is neglected,the two B0s mass eigenstates are expected to be CP eigenstates,with B L being the CP even state and B H being the CP odd state.Various B0s decay channels have a diﬀerent propor-tion of B L and B H eigenstates:•Flavor speciﬁc decays,such as B0s→D+sℓ−¯νℓand B0s→D+sπ−have equal fractions of B L andB H at t=0.Theﬁt to the proper decay lengthdistributions of these decays with a single signalexponential lead to aﬂavor speciﬁc lifetime:τB s(fs)=12Γs 22Γs 2,Γs=ΓL+ΓH3123.1.2.B0s lifetime measurements in B0s→J/ψφDØexperiment has performed a new B0s mean life-time measurement in B0s→J/ψφdecay mode.The analysis uses a data set of1.1fb−1and extracts three parameters,the average B0s lifetime¯τ(B0s)=1/Γs, the width diﬀerence between the B0s mass eigenstates ∆Γs and the CP-violating phaseφs,through a study of time-dependent angular distribution of the decay products of the J/ψandφmesons.Figure6shows the distribution of the proper decay length andﬁts to the B0s candidates.From aﬁt to the CP-conserving time-dependent angular distributions of untagged de-cay B0s→J/ψφ,the measured values of the average lifetime of the B0s system and the width diﬀerence be-tween the two B0s mass eigenstates are[16]:τDØB s =1.52±0.08(stat)+0.01−0.03(sys)ps∆Γs=0.12+0.08−0.10(stat)±0.02(sys)ps−1 Allowing for CP-violation in B0s mixing,DØprovidesFigure6:The proper decay length,ct,of the B0s candi-dates in the signal mass region.The curves show:the signal contribution,dashed(red);the CP-even(dotted) and CP-odd(dashed-dotted)contributions of the signal, the background,light solid(green);and total,solid(blue).theﬁrst direct constraint on the CP-violating phase,φs=−0.79±0.56(stat)+0.14−0.01(sys),value compatiblewith the standard model expectations.3.2.Λb lifetime measurementsBoth CDF and DØhave measured theΛb lifetime in the golden decay modeΛb→J/ψΛ.Similar analysis procedure have been used by the two experiments,on respectively1and1.2fb−1of data..TheΛb lifetime was extracted from an unbinned simultaneous likeli-hoodﬁt to the mass and proper decay lenghts distribu-tions.To cross check the validity of the method simi-lar analysis were performed on the kinematically sim-ilar decay B0→J/ψK s.Figure7shows the proper decay time distributions of the J/ψΛpair samples from CDF and DØ.TheΛb lifetime values extracted from the maximum likelihoodﬁt to these distributions are[17,18]:τCDFΛb=1.580±0.077(stat)±0.012(sys)ps andτDØΛb=1.218+0.130−0.115(stat)±0.042(sys)ps.Figure7:Proper decay length distribution of theΛb candi-dates from CDF(upper plot)and DØ(bottom plot),with theﬁt result superimposed.The shaded regions represent the signal.The CDF measured value is the single most pre-cise measurement of theΛb lifetime but is 3.2σhigher than the current world average[3](τW.A.Λb= 1.230±0.074ps).The DØresult however is con-sistent with the world average value.The CDF and DØB0→J/ψK s measured lifetimes are:τCDFB0=1.551±0.019(stat)±0.011(sys)ps andτDØB0=1.501+0.078−0.074(stat)±0.05(sys)ps.Both are compatiblewith the world average value[11](τW.A.B0=1.527±0.008ps).One needs more experimental input to conclude about the diﬀerence between the CDF and the DØ/world averageΛb lifetime values.One of the Λb decay modes that can be exploited is the fullyfpcp07hadronicΛb→Λ+cπ−,withΛ+c→pK−π+.CDF has in this decay mode about3000reconstructed events which is5.6more than inΛb→J/ψΛ.Recently,the DØexperiment has performed a new measurement of theΛb lieftime in the semileptonic de-cay channelΛb→Λ+cµ−¯νµX,withΛ+c→K s p[19]. This measurement is based on1.2fb−1of data.As this is a partially reconstructed decay mode the proper decay time is corrected by a kinematical factor K= P T(Λ+cµ−)/P T(Λb),estimated from Monte Carlo sim-ulation.TheΛb lifetime is not determined from the usually performed unbinned maximum likelihoodﬁt, but is extracted from the number of K s pµ−events in bins of their visible proper decay length(VPDL). Figure8shows the distribution of the number of Λ+cµ−as function of the VPDL with the result of theﬁt superimposed.TheﬁttedΛb lifetime value is τ(Λb)=1.28±0.12(stat)±0.09(sys)ps.This results is compatible with the lifetime value fromΛb→J/ψΛand the world average.Figure8:Measured yields in the VPDL bins and the result of the lifetimeﬁt.The dashed line shows the c¯c contribu-tion.AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank the local organizer committee for the wonderful and very successful FPCP07confer-ence.References[1]R.Blair et al.(DØCollaboration),FERMILAB-PUB-96/390-E(1996).[2]V.M.Abazov et al.(DØCollaboration),Nucl.In-strum.Methods A565,243(2006).[3]W.-M.Yao el al.J.Phys.G33,1(2006)[4]V.M.Abazov et al.(DØCollaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett.97,021802(2006).[5]A.Abulancia et al.(CDF Collaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett.97,062003(2006).[6]A.Abulancia et al.(CDF Collaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett.97,242003(2006).[7]H.G.Moser and A.Roussarie,Nucl.Instrum.Methods Phys.Res.,Sect.A384,491(1997). [8]D.Acosta et al.(CDF Collaboration)Phys.Rev.Lett.96,202001(2006).[9]M.Okamoto,T2005(2005)013hep-lat/0510113].[[10]J.Chay,H.Georgi and B.Grinstein,Phys.Lett.B247,399(1990);C.Tarantino,hep-ph/0310241;E.Franco,V.Lubicz,F.Mescia,C.Trantino,Nucl.Phys.B633,212,hep-ph/0203089;F.Gabbiani, A.I.Onishchenko, A.A.Petrov,Phys.Rev.D70,094031,hep-ph/0407004;M.Beneke,G.Buchalla,C.Greub,A.Lenz,U.Nierste,Nucl.Phys.B639,389,hep-ph/0202106.[11]Heavy Flavor Averaging Group(HFAG),“Aver-ages of b-hadron Properties at the End of2006”, hep-ex/07043575(2007).[12]A.Lenz and U.Nierste,hep-ph/0612167,TTP06-31,December2006;M.Beneke et al.,Phys.Lett.B459,631(1999).[13]V.M.Abazov et al.(DØCollaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett.97,241801(2006).[14]CDF Collaboration,CDF note7757,13August2005.[15]CDF Collaboration,CDF note7386,23March2005.[16]V.M.Abazov et al.(DØCollaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett.98,121801(2007).[17]V.M.Abazov et al.(DØCollaboration),hep-ex/07043909,FERMILAB-PUB-07/094-E;Submitted to PRL.[18]CDF Collaboration,CDF note8524,30Novem-ber2006.[19]V.M.Abazov et al.(DØCollaboration),hep-ex/07062358,FERMILAB-PUB-07/196-E;Submitted to PRL.fpcp07。

九年级上册英语练习册答案

2017九年级上册英语练习册答案【Unit1】SectionA一、1.improve2.vocabulary3.flashcards4.pronunciation5.aloud6.gr ammar二、1.watching2.speaking3.listening4.tofinish5.seen6.frustratin g7.excited三、1.makingflashcards2.bymakingvocabularylists3.bypracticingco nversationswithhisfriends4.asktheteacherforhelp5.byworkingwithagroup 四、1.Howdoes;learn2.Whynot3.fiveyearsago4.doesn't;ask5.Has;had ;yet五、1.Sure/Certainly2.how3.asking4.yes5.practicing6.How7.long8. skills9.at10.welcomeSectionB一、1.pronounces2.slowly3.spoken4.mistake5.solution6.impressed7 .challenges二、1.slowly2.touse3.spoken4.pronunciation5.writing6.worried7.r ight三、1.Firstofallteronughat4.takelotsofgrammarnotes5.cou ldn'tpronounce6.alreadysung7.specialsuggestions8.wactching;borin g四、1.don't;either2.tostudy3.spent;on4.too;to5.Howdoes 五、1.best2.by3.watching4.voices5.keeping6.studied7.conversatio ns8.improves9.pronunciation10.dictionarySelfCheckandReading一、1~5CDCBD6~10BADCC二、1.wactching2.playing3.making4.singing5.developing6.wouldcom e7.read8.truly9.speaking10.(to)carry三、1.Wheretobuy2.pronunciationright3.Howoften4.Howlong5.instea dof6.Whatwas四、1.worryingabout2.regardtheirpetsas3.goesby4.tryourbestto5.w iththehelpof6.lookup7.makeup五、1~5ABCCD6~10ACBDC六、1~5BCADDⅦ.(Onepossibleversion)Asastudent,youmayknowtheimportanceofEnglish.Ibelievethatlea rningEnglishisjustlikelearningtoplaythepiano;bypracticingev eryday.WemustuseEnglisheveryday.Inotonlyanswertheteacher’s questionsinEnglish,butalsospeakEnglishasmuchasIcanafterclas s.Ioftenpracticeconversationswithmyfriends.Ithinkthatdoingl otsoflisteningpracticeisoneofthesecretsofbecomingagoodlangu agelearner.I’velearnedalotbyworkingwithagroup. WatchingEnglish-languageTVprogramscanhelpalot. ThemostimportantruleforlearningEnglishis“Don’tbeafraidofm akingmistakes,becauseeveryonemakesmistakes”.【Unit2】SectionA一、ed4.terrified5.outgoing二、1.friendly2.watching3.terrified4.speak5.being三、1.Didyouusetoplaythepiano2.Ididn'tusetolikeEnglish3.Youused tohavelonghair,didn’t’you4.Whatdidhisfatherusetolooklike 四、Whatdid;usetodo2.didn'tshe3.Whatdid;use;wear4.aminterestedi n5.byhimself五、ed3.was4.interested5.changedSectionB一、ics3.anymore4.chat5.candy二、1.watching2.haschangeded4.learning5.get6.todance7.like 三、1.allday2.chatwith3.taketo4.haschanged;pastfewyears5.playba sketball;on6.Are;afraid/terrifiedof;infrontof四、1.afraidof2.Did;use3.areableto4.Whatan5.with;open6.didn'tus e;likeSelfCheckandReading一、1~5ACABB6~9CBBD二、1.patient2.afford3.necessary4.himself5.attention三、1.death2.surprise3.decision4.patience5.proud四、1.aneight-year-old2.causedsometrouble3.anymore;tryto4.chewg um5.payattentionto;pronunciation6.affordtopayfor五、edtobe6.ison六、1~5DEBFC七、1~5BCAAC6~10BACCA11~15CABBB八、1~5FFTFFⅨ.(Onepossibleversion)Lilyismygoodfriend.Shehaschangedalotinthepastfewyears.Sheus edtoliketabletennis,watchTVandchat,butnowshelikesplyingthep iano,readingbooksandwalking.Sheusedtobeoutgoingandshemadema nyfriends,butnowsheisshyandquiet.Sheusedtobeshortandhavesho rthair,butnowsheistallandhaslonghair.【Unit3】SectionA一、1.instead2.allowed3.licence4.teenagers5.silly二、1.drive2.doing3.toswim4.tothink5.pierced6.wearing三、1.shouldbeasked2.shouldbeallowed3.shouldbefinished4.canbeused四、1.shouldbeallowed2.don'tthink;aren’t’tseriousenough3.seem edto4.allowmeto5.spendtimewithSectionB一、1.concentrate2.experience3.rules4.learn5.present二、1.volunteering2.noisy3.changed4.studying5.tokeep三、1.Itseems2.Howwould3.Whosehouse4.shouldbeallowed5.don't;is 四、1.isstrictwith2.isgoodfor3.concentratesmoreon4.atpresent5.t heotherday6.failedtheexam五、1~5CDAEB六、1~5BCDCC6~10DBACBSelfCheckandReading一、1.uniforms2.sleepy3.replied4.practice5.importance二、fortable2.much3.success4.decisions5.suggestions 三、1.tallenough2.achievingyourdream3.designourschooluniforms4. hadopportunitytostudy5.aren'tallowed;wearearrings四、1~5CBBCB6~10CADAD五、1~5DAECG六、1~5BCABD6~10BCDBA七、1.Get/Have;pierced2.dirtyanduntidyebadlanguage4.alotofn oise5.bestrictwithⅧ.(Onepossibleversion)DearMsLi,I’mverygladtowritetoyou.Ihavelotofhomeworktodoatschool.Ido n’thaveenoughtimetosleep.Inearlyhavenotimetodosports.Myfri endandIcanhardlyfindtimetotalk,orplaytogether.WhenIgetbackh omefromschool,I’mnotallowedtowatchTV,surftheInternetorlist entomyfavoritemusic.Ifeelworriedaboutthem.Idon’tknowwhatIs houlddo.CouldyoupleasegivemesomesuggestionsBestwishes.ZhangMeng【Unit4】SectionA一、lion2.charity3.tie4.medical5.nervous二、1.medical2.going3.friendly4.won5.towork三、1~5DFBGA四、1.had;wouldgo2.whattowrite3.Whatifsomeoneelse4.wouldgive;to charitySectionB一、1.circle2.herself3.bother4.annoy5.fairly6.plenty7.listener二、1~5BCDBA三、1.energetic2.nottorun3.speech4.listener5.wouldhave 四、1.Whatif2.doesn't;intheslightest3.ratherthan/insteadof4.tog etalong;with5.whattosay6.sothat五、1~5ACDEBSelfCheckandReading一、knowledge2.represent3.correct4.deep5.offered6.covers二、1~5CBDAD三、1.inpublic2.aresure3.bother4.getalongwith5.infrontofes top7.rightaway8.plentyof四、1.cutyourselfbyaccident2.makehercomfortableeupwith4.co meout5.stopworking五、1~5DFEAB六、1.were2.wouldtry3.wouldnotsay4.wouldallow5.were6.wouldgive7 .wouldset七、1.IfIbecamerich/hadlotsofmoney,Iwouldgiveyou1,000,000dollar s.2.Hefellseriouslyillandcouldn'taffordtogotohospital.3.肯鼓励他不要放弃希望。

Jψ→Σ0Σ 0衰变研究

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Direct and bulk-scattered forward-shock emissions sources of X-ray afterglow diversity

a r X i v :0802.1235v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 9 F eb 2008Direct and bulk-scattered forward-shock emissions:sources of X-ray afterglow diversityA.PanaitescuISR-1,Los Alamos National Laboratory,Los Alamos,NM 87545,USA Abstract.I describe the modiﬁcations to the standard forward-shock model required to account for the X-ray light-curve features discovered by Swift in the early afterglow emission and propose that a delayed,pair-enriched,and highly relativistic outﬂow,which bulk-scatters the forward-shock synchrotron emission,yields sometimes a brighter X-ray emission,producing short-lived X-ray ﬂares,X-ray light-curve plateaus ending with chromatic breaks,and fast post-plateau X-ray decays.The hundreds of X-ray afterglow light-curves measured by Swift/XRT during the last years display three phases of power-law decay F x ∝t −αx :a plateau (slow-decay),a normal decay,and a steep fall-off (e.g.[1]).Only rarely,the 0.3-10keV ﬂux exhibits an extremely rapid drop by 1-2decades at the end of the plateau.Normal decay .During the second phase,the X-ray decay index αx ∈(0.75,1.5)is similar to that measured for ∼40pre-Swift optical light-curves [2],a majority (70-90%)of X-ray decay indices being compatible [3]with the expectations of the standard FORWARD -SHOCK model (e.g.[4]),for the measured X-ray spectral slope βx (with F ν∝ν−βx ).In this model,the afterglow is identiﬁed with the synchrotron emission from ambient electrons accelerated to energies γm e c 2∼GeV energies (comoving frame)at the ultrarelativistic shock driven by the GRB ejecta into the circumburst medium.In its standard form,the forward-shock model assumes that (1)no energy is added to the blast-wave,(2)its kinetic energy is uniformly distributed with angle (dE k /d Ω=0),and (3)electrons and magnetic ﬁelds acquire fractions (εe and εB )of the post-shock energy that are constant.With these assumptions,the power-law deceleration of the blast-wave (Lorentz factor Γ∝t −g ,where g depends on the ambient medium radial stratiﬁcation)and the power-law distribution of shock-accelerated particles (dN /d γ∝γ−p )lead to a power-law decay of the synchrotron ﬂux at photon energies abovethe peak of the synchrotron spectrum,with αx =1.5βx +c .Compatibility of the αx and βx measured for Swift X-ray afterglows and the standard forward-shock model predictions is obtained if the X-ray domain is,for some afterglows,below the cooling frequency of the synchrotron spectrum (see [5]for deﬁnition)and above it for others.Steep fall-off .For this phase,αx ∈(1.75,2.75),which is compatible with the post-break decay indices measured for ∼15pre-Swift optical light-curves [2].Such a light-curve break was predicted to arise from the ﬁnite angular extent of the forward-shock [6]and was identiﬁed in about 3/4of pre-Swift optical afterglows well-monitored until after a few days.There has been a suggestion [7]that Swift X-ray afterglows do not display "jet-breaks"as often as pre-Swift optical light-curves.In a sample of about 100Swift X-ray afterglows with good temporal coverage,I ﬁnd roughly equal numbers of light-curves with good evidence for a jet-break and without a break until at least a few days,indicating that the fraction of X-ray light-curves with jet-breaks is around 1/2[8].Thediscrepancy between the fractions of X-ray and optical light-curves with jet-breaks may be due to the jet-breaks of Swift X-ray afterglows occurring somewhat later(0.3-10days)than for pre-Swift optical afterglows(0.3-3days)and,thus,requiring a longer monitoring to catch the break. Alternatively,that jet-breaks occur less frequent in Swift X-ray afterglows may be an indication of a departure from the standard forward-shock model and that,perhaps,the optical and X-ray emissions have different origins(as discussed below).Before that,one should checkﬁrst if the standard forward-shock model can account for the X-ray light-curve pre-and post-break decay indices and if the X-ray breaks are achromatic(i.e.if they occur in the optical as well).Sadly,such tests are not very conclusive:for those X-ray light-curves with potential jet-breaks,the pre-and post-break decay indices cannot be reconciled with the spectral slope within a single variant of the standard forward-shock model,but most(90%)can be accommodated if,e.g.,some jets expand laterally while others do not[8];simultaneous optical and X-ray coverage after1day has been acquired for only a few afterglows with potential X-ray light-curve"jet-breaks",the overall temporal coverage being,in general,insufﬁcient for a robust test of break achromaticity.Plateau.A stronger evidence that the standard forward-shock model does not provide a complete description of the afterglow emission comes from the plateau phase,as described below.Relaxing any of the above three assumptions of the standard forward-shock model can explain the slow-decay phase.For theﬁrst two,an increasing kinetic energy per solid angle over the ever-increasing area(of angular extentθ=Γ−1)"visible"to the observer can be acquired either by energy being injected into the forward shock(by means of some initially-slower ejecta catching-up later with the decelerating shock)or by a shock region of higher dE k/dΩbecoming visible to the observer ("structured outﬂow").The structured outﬂow scenario[9]seems disfavoured by that the correlations expected among the ﬂux,emergence epoch,and decay index are not manifested by Swift X-ray plateaus[3].The energy injection scenario encounters a difﬁculty in explaining the decoupling of the optical and X-ray light-curves observed for some Swift afterglows(Figure1),as the cessation of energy injection in the shock should lead to comparable incrementsδαof the optical and X-ray decay indices:analytically,one expects thatδαx−δαo∈(−0.75,0.25).In particular,chromatic X-ray breaks(i.e.which are not manifested in the optical)are most troubling for this scenario because cessation of energy injection(at the end of the X-ray slow decay phase)alters the forward-shock dynamics and should show an effect at all wavelengths.1That X-ray light-curve breaks are stronger than in the optical(in the extreme case even lacking in the optical)indicates that the remaining assumption of microphysical parametersεe andεB constancy must also be relaxed.Then,the least contrived forward-shock scenario for X-ray plateaus and their ends that can be construed is that where energy injection ceases to be dynamically important at the plateau end epoch and microphysical parameters have a steady evolution with the Lorentz factor across the break.This model has three degrees of freedom(for energy injection law and evolution of microphysical parameters)and four observational constraints(the pre-and post-break optical and X-ray decay indices).Interestingly,this overconstrained model can account for the four observables for a majority(80%)of the afterglows analyzed(a smaller set of6afterglows is discussed in[12])if101010time (h)−3−113 F 2e V (m J y ) F 1k e V (µJ y )101010time (h)101010time (h)FIGURE 1.Various degrees of coupling manifested by optical and X-ray afterglow light-curves:left panel shows an achromatic break for which the pre-and post-break optical and X-ray decay indices differ by <∼1/4(which is within the reach of the standard forward-shock model),mid panel shows an achromatic break for which the post-break decay indices differ substantially,right panel shows a chromatic X-ray break which is not seen in the optical (the breaks of the last two cases cannot be explained with only cessation of energy injection).If the slow decay phase before the break is identiﬁed with energy injection in the forward shock and the break with cessation of that process then the increasing degree (from left to right)of decoupling of optical and X-ray light-curves requires a stronger evolution of microphysical parameters.Numbers indicate the ﬂux power-law decay index αand its 1σuncertainty.the circumburst medium has a wind-like stratiﬁcation,as it should if the progenitors of long GRBs are massive stars.However,there are two puzzling/contrived properties of this model.One is that the resulting evolutions of the microphysical parameters lack universality.The second is that chromatic X-ray breaks are seen at the end of plateau quite often,in about 1/2of the ∼15afterglows that were also followed in the optical [13],which requires that the evolutions of microphysical parameters are often correlated in a way that "irons out"the optical light-curve break caused by the changing dynamics of the blast-wave when energy injection stops.On the positive side,there is a hint of universality of that correlation:(d ln εe /d ln Γ)+0.75(d ln εB /d ln Γ)=−2.6±0.8.Forward-shock model .To summarize,the most attractive feature of the standard forward-shock model is that it can explain naturally the power-law decaying afterglow ﬂuxes without further as-sumptions,based only on the blast-wave power-law deceleration and the power-law energy spectrum of the radiating electrons.Allowing for injection of energy,this model can explain the X-ray plateaus and the achromatic light-curve breaks for which δαx ≃δαo .The forward-shock model can also ac-commodate (1)achromatic breaks with different δαo and δαx and (2)chromatic breaks provided that microphysical parameters evolve.However,the latter type of breaks occurs too often,making this model too contrived.Other models .If energy injection into the blast-wave persists for long times,then the REVERSE -SHOCK energizing the incoming ejecta can also be long-lived and provide an alternate origin for the afterglow emission.In this model,the afterglow light-curve reﬂects the distribution of mass and Lorentz factor in the incoming ejecta.The reverse-shock has been shown to produce both coupled and decoupled optical and X-ray light-curves [14],although at the cost of a rather contrived feature:a small fraction (1%)of the ejecta electrons acquire a large fraction (50%)of the dissipated energy.When all ejecta electrons are accelerated,chromatic X-ray breaks can be obtained if the cooling frequency is between optical and X-ray,the decoupling of the light-curves being a consequence of the continuous injection of fresh ejecta electrons and their cooling[15].Although a very rare occurrence,the sharp drops withαx∈(3,10)seen at the end of a couple of X-ray plateaus pose a serious problem to both the reverse and forward-shock models because,for an afterglow source radius R≃Γ2ct,the geometrical curvature of the emitting surface introduces a delay in the arrival-time of photons such that the sharpest decay of the blast-wave light-curve is that of the"large-angle emission"arriving from anglesθ>Γ−1,for whichαx=βx+2∈(2.5,3.5)[16]. The short-timeﬂuctuations seen in many X-ray afterglows and the above-mentioned X-ray light-curve sharp drops bear similarity with the GRB variability and tail,respectively,which may suggest that the same mechanism(INTERNAL SHOCKS?)operates both during the prompt emission phase and the afterglow[17].In this model,the"central engine"produces aﬂuctuating relativistic outﬂow which radiates at radius that must be much smaller than that of the forward shock,to account for the short X-rayﬂares and sharp post-plateau decays.Because the afterglow light-curves depend on the variation in time of the mass and Lorentz factor of the ejected outﬂow,it is expected that the optical and X-ray light-curves from internal shocks are well coupled,thus this model appears unable to account for chromatic X-ray breaks.The different behaviours occasionally displayed by the optical and X-ray light-curves may also suggest that,in some cases,the afterglow emissions at these two frequencies have different origins. The next natural step is to speculate that the X-ray afterglow arises from scattering of the burst and/or afterglow emissions.To account for the much longer duration of the afterglow,scattering of the burst emission must introduce a time delay,as for DUST-SCATTERING in the host galaxy[18].Owing to theﬁnite radial extent of the dust screen,the dust-scattered model has the ability to produce X-ray plateaus,however this model also predicts a substantial softening of the X-ray spectrum(δβx=3.5) from plateau to the steep-decay phase and a strong dependence of the plateau duration on observing frequency(t plateau∝E−2),both of which are in clear contradiction with Swift observations[19]. Scattering of the afterglow emission could be local or not.Local,INVERSE-C OMPTON SCATTER-ING in the forward-shock has the same abilities/limitations in accounting for the decoupled opticaland X-ray light-curves as the synchrotron emission model,and requires both energy injection and evolving microphysical parameters[12].Bulk-scattering model.Scattering of the forward-shock emission by a relativistic outﬂow located behind it may overshine the direct synchrotron forward-shock emission in the X-rays but not in the optical,thus decoupling the X-ray and optical afterglows[20](Figure2).For this situation to occur, the Lorentz factor of the scattering outﬂow should be substantially larger than that of the forward shock(which can be just a natural consequence of that shock’s deceleration)and the scattering outﬂow should either be pair-enriched,to acquire a sufﬁciently high(though below unity)optical thickness to electron scattering,or be energized so that its electrons also inverse-Compton scatter the photons left behind by the forward-shock.Because of the higher Lorentz factor of the scattering outﬂow,the swept-up forward-shock emis-sion arrives at observer on a timescale much shorter than the observer-frame afterglow age,thus the scatteredﬂux received at time t depends on the density and Lorentz factor of the scattering outﬂow at distance ct behind the forward-shock at the onset of its deceleration.Consequently,in the scat-tering outﬂow model,the bright and shortﬂares observed in many X-ray afterglows at early times arise from sheets of higher density and/or higher Lorentz factor in the scattering outﬂow,plateaus are associated with the radially-extended part of the outﬂow,and X-ray light-curve breaks are identiﬁed with changes in the radial distribution of the scattering outﬂow’s mass or Lorentz factor.101010101010h ν (eV)10−610−410−2100102F νFS at 1s FS at 1ks SC at 1kso p t i c a l x −r a y 101010time (s)10−710−510−310−1101F νopticalX−ray plateau FSSC chromatic break fast post−plateauFIGURE 2.Left panel:light-curves of forward-shock (FS)and scattered (SC)emissions showing that the scattering outﬂow model can produce plateaus,chromatic X-ray breaks and fast post-plateau decays.Right panel:spectra of forward-shock and scattered emissions showing that the scattered emission can overshine the forward-shock’s at higher photon energies (X-ray).While this model can account for many of the novel X-ray light-curve features discovered by Swift,it has difﬁculty in explaining achromatic breaks,which would require that the optical emission is also scattering-dominated.Instead,achromatic plateau ends are more naturally attributed to cessation of energy injection in the forward shock.For these reasons,we suggest that the degree at which optical and X-ray afterglow light-curves are correlated results from the interplay between the bulk-scattered and direct forward-shock emissions:chromatic X-ray plateau ends are seen when the former is dominant while achromatic plateau ends with δαx ≃δαo occur when the latter is brighter.In this model,achromatic breaks with very different steepenings δαx and δαo (of which there is only one –GRB 050730)should be attributed to the forward-shock emission with non-constant microphysical parameters.There are two immediate tests for the above HYBRID forward-shock model.First,if only one X-ray emission mechanism is dominant at all times,then chromatic and achromatic breaks should not occur in same afterglow .So far,that seems to be the case.Second,because a chromatic X-ray break occurs only if the scattered emission is brighter than the forward shock’s,the X-ray to optical ﬂux ratio F x /F o should be,on average,larger for afterglows with chromatic X-ray breaks than for those with achromatic breaks .For a set of 15GRB afterglows with such breaks (7chromatic,7achromatic),we ﬁnd that test to be satisﬁed,the average ratio F x /F o at plateau end of afterglows with chromatic X-ray breaks being 3–4times that for afterglows with achromatic breaks.This would suggest that,when the scattered emission is dominant at X-rays,it is,on average,a few times brighter than that of the forward shock.For the same set of X-ray afterglows with breaks,we ﬁnd that the 7chromatic breaksare preceded by steeper decays (αx =0.1±0.6),that the achromatic breaks are stronger (<δα(chr )x >=0.7±0.2,<δα(achr )x >=1.1±0.7),but that both types of light-curve breaks occur at about the same time (3-30ks),which is somewhat surprising ifthey really have different origins.REFERENCES1. B.Zhang et al,ApJ,642,354(2006)2. A.Zeh,S.Klose,D.Kann,ApJ,637,889(2006)3. A.Panaitescu,MNRAS,379,331(2007)4.P.Mészáros and M.Rees,ApJ,476,232(1997)5.R.Sari,T.Piran and R.Narayan,ApJ,497,L17(1998)6.J.Rhoads,ApJ,525,737(1999)7. D.Burrows and J.Racusin,Nuovo Cimento B,121,1273(2007)8. A.Panaitescu,MNRAS,380,374(2007)9. D.Eichler and J.Granot,ApJ,641,L5(2006)10.J.Nousek et al,ApJ,642,389(2006)11.R.Willingale et al,ApJ,662,1093(2007)12.A.Panaitescu,MNRAS,369,2059(2006)13.E.Liang et al,ApJ,in press,/abs/0708.2942(2008)14.F.Genet,F.Daigne and R.Mochkovitch,MNRAS,381,732(2007)15.Z.Uhm and A.Beloborodov,ApJ,665,L93(2007)16.P.Kumar and A.Panaitescu,ApJ,541,L51(2000)17.G.Ghisellini et al,ApJ,658,L75(2007)18.L.Shao and Z.Dai,ApJ,660,1319(2007)19.R.Shen et al,in preparation(2008)20.A.Panaitescu,MNRAS,383,1143(2008)。

1998 Superoutburst of the Large-Amplitude SU UMa-Type Dwarf Nova WX Ceti

te]cite.war95Warner(1995) ([cite]cite.war95Warner(1995))]. oration of the inner disk. Modern views on these
Among SU UMa-type dwarf novae, there theorcite.mey98Meyer-
which are close binary systems consisting of a white et al.(1991) ([cite]cite.odo91O’Donoghue et al.(1991))].
dwarf and a red dwarf secondary transferring matter via te]cite.bai79Bailey(1979) ([cite]cite.bai79Bailey(1979))
see
also
te]cite.dow81Downes
and
Margon(1981)
([cite]cite.dow81Downes
and
Dwarf novae are a class of cataclysmic variables (CVs), Margon(1981))
and
te]cite.odo91O’Donoghue
468-3 Satoyamada, Yakage-cho, Oda-gun, Okayama 714-1213 koichi@ and Seiichiro Kiyota
Variable Star Observers League in Japan (VSOLJ), 1-401-810 Azuma, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0031 skiyota@nias.aﬀrc.go.jp

Recent results on the nonmesonic weak decay of hypernuclei within a one-meson-exchange mode

arX i v :n u c l -t h /0109015v 1 6 S e p 2001Recent results on the nonmesonic weak decay of hypernucleiwithin a one-meson-exchange model.A.Parre˜n o∗and IFAE,Universitat Aut`o noma de Barcelona,E-08193Bellaterra,Barcelona,Spain.K∗mesons.Realistic baryon-baryon forces for the S=0,−1and−2sectors[4]are used to account for the strong interaction in the initial andﬁnal states.II.FORMALISMAnalytic expressions of the total and partial decay rates,as well as of the Parity Violating (PV)asymmetry for the decay of single-and double-Λhypernuclei can be found in Refs. [1,3].Details on how to derive the transition potential and itsﬁnal form can be found also there.Only some basic aspects of the formalism are going to be outlined here.The transition potential is derived by performing a nonrelativistic reduction of the Feyn-man diagram associated to the exchange of the meson under consideration.In analogy to One-Boson-Exchange(OBE)based models of the strong interaction,the present formalism includes not only the exchange of the long-ranged pion,but also more massive mesons which account for shorter distances.Those are theρ,K,K∗,ηandωmesons.In order to account forﬁnite size eﬀects,we include a monopole form factor at each vertex,where the value of the cut-oﬀdepends on the meson.As it is well known,one of the sources of uncertainty in OBE models comes from the coupling constants between baryons and mesons(BBM).In the strong sector the diﬀerent interaction models use SU(3)in order to obtain the BBM couplings that are not constrained experimentally.Recently,the Nijmegen group has made available new baryon-baryon inter-actions in the strangeness S=0,−1,−2,−3and−4sectors[4],where the S=−2→−4 versions are SU(3)extensions of the models in the S=0and−1sectors,which areﬁtted to experimental data.The authors of Ref.[4]give six diﬀerent models,whichﬁt the available NN and Y N scattering data equally well but are characterized by diﬀerent values of the magnetic vector F/(F+D)ratio,ranging from0.4447(model NSC97a)to0.3647(model NSC97f).In the weak sector,only the decay of theΛandΣhyperons into nucleons and pions can be experimentally observed.For the other mesons,SU w(6)represents a convenient tool to obtain the PV amplitudes,while for the Parity Conserving(PC)ones,we use a pole model [2,5]with only baryon pole resonances.In order to take into account the eﬀects of the strong interaction between the baryons, correlated wave functions are obtained from a G-matrix calculation for the initialΛN andΛΛstates.Our treatment of FSI is restricted[1]to the study of the mutual inﬂuence between the two emitted baryons.To include the eﬀect of these FSI in the decay process,we obtain a scattering BB wave function from a Lippmann-Schwinger(T-matrix)equation using the NSC97f potential model of Ref.[4].In the next section,we will also show the results obtained with other more simplistic approaches.These approaches include,for instance,the absence of FSI or the use of a phenomenological correlation function multiplying the uncorrelated wave function.III.RESULTSWe present updated results for the weak nonmesonic decay of hypernuclei to the light of the new Nijmegen baryon-baryon potentials[4].These strong interaction models inﬂuencethe weak decay mechanism,not only through the coupling constants and form factors at the strong vertex involved in the two-body reaction,ΛN→NN(andΛΛ→Y N inΛΛ-hypernuclei,where Y denotes a hyperon in theﬁnal state),but also via the PC piece of the weak vertex,obtained from a pole model,as well as from the corresponding correlated wave functions for the initialΛN andﬁnal NN states.Table I shows our estimations for the decay observables(in units of the freeΛdecay rate,ΓΛ=3.8×109s−1)of5ΛHe and12ΛC.Those numbers have been obtained working consistently within each of the strong models of the Nijmegen group.The new results for the nonmesonic rates compare favourably with the present experimental data.The n/p ratio has increased with respect to our previous works and it now lies practically within the lower side of the error band.The asymmetry for12ΛC is also compatible with experiment[6]but that for5ΛHe disagrees strongly from the recent experimental observation[7].The latter workﬁnds a small and positive value for the elementary asymmetry parameter aΛin5ΛHe,while that for12ΛC is large and negative.Our meson-exchange model does not explain the present experimental diﬀerences and understanding this issue is one of the current challenges,both experimental and theoretical,in the study of the weak decay of hypernuclei.We have found a tremendous inﬂuence on the weak decay observables from the way FSI are considered,especially in the case of total and partial decay rates.In Table II we compare the results obtained by using diﬀerent approaches to implement FSI.A phenomenological implementation of FSI eﬀects,f phen=1−j0(q c r)with q c=3.93fm−1,or not including them at all,gives rise to decay rates that diﬀer by more than a factor of two,and to a neutron-to-proton ratio about20%larger from what is obtained with the more realistic calculation that uses the proper NN scattering wave function.The K-matrix solution represents an approximation which is only appropriate for standing waves,i.e.non-propagating solutions, as is the case in the nuclear medium.The diﬀerences observed in the decay rates and the n/p ratio are much larger than the uncertainties tied to the diﬀerent strong interaction models commented above.Therefore,accurate calculations of the nonmesonic weak decay of hypernuclei demand a proper treatment of FSI eﬀects through the solution of a T-matrix using realistic NN interactions.Predictions for the decay observables of6ΛΛHe are shown in Table III.TheΛN→NN rate is found to be more than twice as large as in5ΛHe due to the increased binding of the secondΛhyperon.1The total hyperon-induced rate is4%of the total nonmesonic rate, and it is dominated by theΛΛ→Λn mode,which allows direct access to exotic vertices like ΛΛK,unencumbered by the usually dominant pion exchange.Indeed,one-loop log corrected χPT results[3]modify theΛΛ→Λn by50%while changing theΛN→NN only at the 15%level,demonstrating the power of this weak mechanism to testχPT in the weak SU(3) sector.With a freeΛin theﬁnal state this new mode should be distinguishable from the usual nucleon-induced decay channels.TABLES5He0.4250.3170.3430.4570.3170.218−0.675−0.682ΛEXP:0.41±0.14[9]0.93±0.55[9]0.21±0.07[9]0.24±0.22[7]TABLE I.Weak decay observables for5ΛHe and12ΛC.The strong NSC97a(left column)and NSC97f(right column)potential models have been used[4].For theﬁnal NN wave function we used the solution of a T-matrix equation with either NSC97a or NSC97f.T0.3170.4570.218−0.682 K0.4750.4710.323−0.650 f phen(r)0.7660.6190.473−0.671 no FSI0.7210.6140.447−0.654Λn→nn0.30ΛΛ→Σ0n 1.3×10−3ΛN→NN0.96Γn/Γp0.46TABLE III.Partial weak decay rates for6ΛΛHe.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work has been partially supported by the U.S.Dept.of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG03-00-ER41132,by the DGICYT(Spain)under contract PB98-1247,by the Gener-alitat de Catalunya project SGR2000-24,and by the EEC-TMR Program EURODAPHNE under contract CT98-0169.REFERENCES[1]A.Parre˜n o and A.Ramos,E-print Archive:nucl-th/0104080.[2]A.Parre˜n o,A.Ramos,and C.Bennhold,Phys.Rev.C56,1997,p.339.[3]A.Parre˜n o,A.Ramos,and C.Bennhold,E-print Archive:nucl-th/0106054.[4]V.G.J.Stoks and Th.A.Rijken,Phys.Rev.C59,1999,p.3009;Th.A.Rijken,V.G.J.Stoks and Y.Yamamoto,Phys.Rev.C59,1999,p.21.[5]J.F.Dubach,G.B.Feldman,B.R.Holstein,L.de la Torre,Ann.Phys.(N.Y.)249,1996,p.146;L.de la Torre,Ph.D.Thesis,Univ.of Massachusetts,1982.[6]S.Ajimura et al.,Phys.Lett.B282,1992,p.293.[7]S.Ajimura et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.18,2000,p.4052.[8]H.Bhang et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,1998,p.4321.[9]J.J.Szymanski et al.,Phys.Rev.C43,1991,p.849.[10]H.Noumi et al.,Phys.Rev.C52,1995,p.2936.[11]A.Montwill et al.,Nucl.Phys.A234,1974,p.413.。

外研初中英语单词表总汇A-Z

9AM6 9AM11 9AM9 9AM12
break
9AM8
brush
brush sth. obfufrnsth. (burned /burnt, burned
9AM10 9AM10
9AM4
crayon cross cry
7BM1 7BM6 7BM8
calm
8AM12
cap
8AM11
careless cause
8AM10 8AM3 8AM5 8AM10
common 8AM5 complete 8AM1 confident 8AM3 conversation 8AM1
corner correct cost
8AM8 8AM1 8AM4
countryside 8AM2
dying deaf direct
9AM3 9BM3 9BM1
备注：黑色的单词要求掌握，红色的单词表示需要强化记忆，加*的单词只要求理解。
A
B
C
D
a
7ASM3 back
7AM9
cake
7AM8
dad
7AM2
a bit
7AM4
bad
7AM4
call
7AM6
dance
7AM10
a few
7AM9
bag
7ASM2
can
7ASM1
dangerous 7AM6
a little
check
7AM7
do
7AM5
all over the world 7AM6
beef
7AM4
cheese
7AM4
doctor
7AM2Biblioteka alone7AM6

2023-2024学年重庆市江北区新区联盟中考一模英语试题含答案

2023-2024学年重庆市江北区新区联盟中考一模英语试题含答案注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、I’m feeling much better now, so you ______call the doctor.A．woul dn’tB．can’tC．needn’tD．mustn’t2、_____ along the street, and you can find the hotel on your right, next to the market.A．Walk B．To walk C．Walking D．Walked3、--Did you notice the boy come in?--No, I didn’t. Because I _______a film.A．had watched B．have watchedC．was watching D．am watching4、—I don’t know how to reduce stress from my studies.—I think you can _____ a hobby. It will make you relaxed.A．take off B．take up C．take in5、As a teen, I think we learn to take good care of ourselves in life.A．may B．must C．needn’t6、I have some information about the astronauts _______ is helpful to you.A．who B．what C．that D．whose7、The police saved three lives in the accident.A．child B．child's C．children D．children’s8、When my sister was at the train station, her bag ________．A．stole B．was stealing C．was stolen9、Which is the sentence pattern of “I enjoy reading a lot .”A．S +V +O B．S + V +IO +DO C．S+V D．S+V +P10、--What age did you leave home ?--I left home at 18. I ___your city for five yearsA．have gone to B．have been to C．have been in D．have come toⅡ. 完形填空11、Please help!Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for coming to this concert. I hope you have enjoyed the music.The purpose of this concert is to 1 money for children in Africa. Every day 2 children in Africa die because they have diseases or have not enough 3 . There are two main reasons. First, there are no jobs for the children's parents, so they have no money to buy food or 4 . Second, the governments in many African countries do not have the money to take care of poor people.Most African countries are poor. The land is not good for 5 food and the weather is also bad for farming. The organization we are trying to help, the Feed Africa Fund, 6 a lot of money every year on food for poor people in Africa. The money comes 7 people like you kind, generous people who do not want to see children die from hunger. Just one dollar can buy enough rice or corn to 8 a family of four for three days.How much do you spend on food every day? Ten dollars? Twenty dollars? I am sure you can spend a little 9on your own food so that you have a few dollars for The Feed Africa Fund.Ladies and gentlemen, we will now take a 10 . Please be generous. Thank you.1．A．spend B．pay C．borrow D．raise2．A．hundred B．hundred of C．hundreds of D．hundreds3．A．to play B．to eat C．to drink D．to pay4．A．clothes B．medicine C．houses D．furniture5．A．eating B．drinking C．growing D．watering6．A．costs B．borrows C．lends D．spends7．A．to B．from C．with D．about8．A．build B．develop C．feed D．organize9．A．more B．fewer C．less D．most10．A．show B．collection C．look D．seatⅢ. 语法填空12、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。

2020考研英语：词汇词缀-idec-

2020考研英语：词汇词缀-idec- 考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：词汇词缀-idec-”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯!2020考研英语：词汇词缀-idec- dazzle v.使惊奇,使倾斜;使眩目,耀(眼);n.耀眼的光;令人赞叹的东西[记忆方法] 商店里面的东西打折了(谐音)，女生们眼睛都看花了。

喜欢逛街的人这个单词记不住，对不住那多少个炎炎烈日啊!deaf a.聋的;不愿听的[记忆] 德芙(一种比较好的巧克力品牌)巧克力，不是聋子都听说过。

debate v./n.争论,辩论争论多半时候是互相贬bate vt.减弱, 减少, 抑制[分类记忆] deci-十进的,十进制的decade n.十年decimal a.十进的,小数的,十进制的;n.小数decibel n.分贝以下不做要求：decile n.& adj.[数][统]十分位数(的)deciliter n.1/10公升decimate vt.每十人杀一人, 大批杀害decimation n.每十人杀一人, 大批杀害decimeter n.分米decit (信息量的)十进单位2020考研英语：词汇词缀cu- 2019考研英语词汇分类记忆(cu-)cucumber n.黄瓜cumber v.阻碍incumber v.妨害, 阻碍[联想记忆] 看吧cumber，她苦苦cucu地拦阻cumber我去摘那条黄瓜cucumber。

可我是真想吃啊!^_^cultivate v.耕作,栽培,养殖;培养,教养,磨炼culture n.修养,教养;文化,文明 cult-培养，栽培cunning a./n.狡猾(的),狡诈(的)[记忆方法] 看你那狡猾的cunning得意样，得了便宜还卖乖!我抓狂啊!想着QQ里面的鬼脸，效果会更好。

curse v./n.诅咒,咒骂 [ kE:s ][方言记忆] 如果湖南人这样对你说，你要知道他在骂你呢!意思是，你去死吧!curtain n.窗帘,门帘;幕(布) 卡它一声，把窗帘拉上了，看不到人面桃花啦!cylinder n.圆筒,圆锥体;汽缸 cyc-圆形的，-er要么人，要么容器，不就得了么!【一家之见】 C字母开头的单词非常丰富，其实英语26个字母中以字母A、C、I、S开头的单词就占了1/3,但是A、C、I三个字母组成的单词都比较好记忆。

MBA联考英语单词特殊记忆法（九十五）

1,deception,n 欺骗；诡计＝ruse＝trick【类】camouflage:deception＝flattery:ingratiation伪装是为了欺骗＝奉承是为了讨好2,decibel,n 分贝（声强单位）【类】decibel:sound＝lumen:light＝volt:electricity＝watt:power分贝是声强单位＝流明是光单位＝伏特是电单位＝⽡特是能量单位decibel:loudness＝light-year:distance分贝是⾳量的单位＝光年是距离的单位3,deciduous,adj （在特定季节或长期）脱落的（⽐如：⿅⾓和⽛）；（⽣长期结束时）落叶的【记】de向下，cid落下－落叶的；脱落的decid＝decide（v 决定），uous多：决定做的太多了（⽐如：秃⼦齐达内每次传球都是⼀次决定）－（头发）脱落的4,decimate,v 毁掉⼤部分；⼤量杀死【源】最初指杀死每⼗⼈中的⼀⼈（根decim⼗），⽤于古罗马军队对叛军的⼀种惩罚。

现在引申为⼤批杀死。

【记】dec12⽉，mate（v 动物交配）：⾃⼰想吧，12⽉多冷呀。

【参】decimal（adj ⼗进制的；⼩数的）5,decipher,v 解读（难以理解或⽆法辨认的东西）；破译（密码）＝decode【记】cipher（n 密码）【类】decipher:hieroglyph＝break:code＝separate:component解读象形⽂字＝破译编码＝分离组分legible:decipher 清晰的:解释6,decisive,adj 决定性的＝conclusive；果断的＝resolute7,declaim,v 慷慨激昂地演说或朗诵【记】de向下，claim喊－在台上向下喊－慷慨激昂地演说或朗诵【参】proclaim（vt 宣布；声明）；acclaim（v 欢呼，称赞）8,declamation,n 慷慨激昂的演讲；长篇愤怒的抨击或指控性的演说【类】declamation:grandiloquence＝diatribe:abuse慷慨激昂的演讲⽤夸⼤之词＝恶骂⽤辱骂之词9,declare,v （通过官⽅）正式宣布某事＝affirm；揭⽰，表明【记】de加强语义，clare＝clear使…清晰明了－宣布【参】declaration（n 宣布；声明）10,declassify,v （⽂件报告等）降低机密等级并公开化；解密【记】classify（vt 分类；分等）11,declination,n 倾斜；衰退（从繁荣或精⼒充沛的状况衰弱下来）＝deterioration【记】de向下，clin倾斜－向下倾斜－衰退【参】inclination（n 倾斜；爱好）；decline（v 拒绝, 衰落）；declivity（n 倾斜；下坡）；proclivity（n 倾向；癖好）12,decode,v 解密（把密码译成清楚的原⽂）【记】code（n 密码）【类】tacit:infer＝encoded:decode 含蓄的需要推断＝加密的需要解密13,decompose,v （使）腐烂；使分解（成组成部分或基本元素）【记】de，com共同，pose放－使放在⼀起的东西分开－使腐烂源于：decay（vi 腐朽；腐烂）【参】compose（v 组成；写作）14,decomposition,n 分解；腐烂＝disintegration【类】bacteria:decomposition＝yeast:fermentation细菌有分解的作⽤＝酵母有发酵的作⽤15,decontaminate,v 排除污染；消毒（使安全）【记】de去掉，contamin污染－去掉污染复习：contaminate（con共同，tamin读：他们，ate吃：他们共同⽤⼀份餐具吃饭－污染⾃⼰；吃完了还乱扔－污染环境。

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Discontinuous medium modeled as an assemblage of polyhedral blocks; blocks may be rigid or deformable.
Statistically based joint-set generator and tunnel generator. Discontinuities treated as boundary conditions between blocks. Motion along discontinuities governed by linear and non-linear forcedisplacement relations for movements in both the normal and shear direction. Many built-in block and joint constitutive models that are representative of geologic, or similar, materials; optional user-written models. Structural element models for rock-structure interaction – cables, piles, beams, liners, shotcrete, soil reinforcement, etc. Static and dynamic analysis capabilities. Transient and steady state fluid flow in joints. Interactive manipulation of screen images
3DEC Version 3.0 - Major New Features
1. Fluid flow in joints
2. Structural beam elements to simulate spaced support
3. Automatic gravity-induced stress initialization for models with a large topological variation along the free surface 4. User-defined zone constitutive models 5. Dynamic free-field boundary condition
jset dip 60 dd 180 origin 0,0,0 (creates a single fracture in block)
3DEC Main Window
terminal interface
plot views
plot item and view controls
Tutorial Sliding Wedge
collapse of a masonry arch bridge
3DEC
Example Applications
full and sectioned views of a tower modeled for stability using the dynamic opt ion
Model of arch dam using finite-element blocks
movie
Highway Tunnel Construction
movie3DEC1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
… is best suited to modeling discontinuous materials (containing many intersecting discontinuities in 3D) that exhibit nonlinear behavior. In particular, it features:
Overview of 3DEC operation
Command Syntax
COMMAND keyword value … < keyword value >
Example,
new poly brick 0,80 0,50 –30,80 plot block (clears the memory) (creates a polyhedral block) (draws the block on the screen)
corner-face
edge-edge
Modes of contacts
edge-face
face-face
“Common plane” logic
2
1
Algorithm executed in parallel with mechanical calculation: “maximize the gap between the common plane (c-p) and the closest vertex”
3D contact types
Interaction of two squares
1
4 corners
2
4 edges
Maximum number of tests
corner edge corner 16 edge 16
corner 16
edge
16
Interaction of two cubes
UDEC/3DEC Basic Training Course
Day 2
Itasca Consulting China Ltd.
Wuhan, Hubei Province
June 21 – 23, 2007
Training Schedule
June 22, 2007 (morning)
09:00-10:15 Introduction to 3DEC - Examples of potential applications and capabilities in geoengineering analysis and design - New features in 3DEC Introduction to the 3DEC Graphical Interface - Menu-driven versus command-driven operation - Simple tutorial 10:15-10:30 10:30-12:00 Break 3DEC Theoretical Background - DEM in three dimensions Practical Exercise - Failure of a jointed rock slope
2
face face edge 36 72
corner 48
1
corner
face edge corner face edge edge corner
48 96 64 72 144 96 676
6 faces
12 edges 8 corners
Modes of contacts
corner-corner corner-edge
c-p
“Common plane” logic
If we assume 1. a c-p can be found, 2. blocks are convex then... – test for contacts is easy • test corners of both blocks for contact with c-p (16 dot products) • if test for both blocks are positive then blocks are touching – determining gap is easy • sum of min. distances from each block’s corner to c-p – contact normal is ... • the normal of the c-p is always defined
Common plane logic
What about assumptions? 1. Use the algorithm “maximize the smallest gap between each block (of a contact-pair) and the plane”
Planned New Features in 3DEC Version 4.0
Official release in Fall 2007 1. New graphical interface with accelerated interactive graphics 2. New mixed discretization scheme for tetrahedral elements “Nodal Mixed Discretization” provides more accurate solution of plasticity problems using tetrahedral grids. 3. User-defined joint constitutive models 4. Factor-of-safety calculation based on the shear strength reduction method 5. Help File containing Command Reference, FISH Reference and Example Applications* 6. Graphical interface for PGEN*
*not yet available
3DEC OPERATION
Command-driven operation versus Menu-driven operation