学生打印稿 英语讲义

Unit 1 Lexical ComparisonObjectives1.To be aware of the interrelationship between culture and language.2.To know the lexical differences between Chinese and English.3.To instruct the effect of lexical differences on Translation4.To grasp the translating strategies for Lexical Gap and Lexical ConflictPart I Warming-up1.What is the interrelationship between culture and language?2.What lexical differences between Chinese and English can you name?Part II Lexical Comparison1.Lexical Equivalence (词汇偶合)词汇偶合也称语义的对应(corresponding)关系,是指原语与译语无论在意义上还是在形式结构上都十分相似、对应。

英汉两种各自的语言中就存在着不少选词、用词上的相同、相近之处。

我们把这种语言特征称作不同语言之间的偶合现象。

Examples:hand 手head 头heart 心television 电视radar 雷达wheat 小麦医生doctor 早饭breakfastblack-hearted黑心的;邪恶的castle in the air 空中楼阁add fuel to the flames 火上加油throw cold water on 向……泼冷水lead sb. by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走as light a s a feather 轻如鸿毛as steady a s a rock 坚如磐石strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁Misfortune never comes singly 祸不单行2.词汇并行(Lexical Parallel)词汇并行指两种语言用不同方式表达同一事物的现象。

Examples:犹如雨后春笋just like mushroomsFish in the air 海底(水中)捞月To put the fifth wheel to the coach. 画蛇添足spend money like water 挥金如土laugh one’s head off 笑掉大牙drag someone through the mud 拖人下水tread upon eggs 如履薄冰draw water in a sieve 竹篮打水一场空kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕like a drowned rat 像落汤鸡the apple of one’s eye 掌上明珠;珍爱之物as mute as a fish 默不作声as close a s an oyster 守口如瓶as regular as clock work 有条不紊like a hot potato 棘手问题3.Lexical Gap (词汇空缺)词汇空缺是指两种语言之间的词语的非对应现象。

词汇空缺本质上是不同民族文化的空缺。

英汉语言都有各自的一些特有文化现象专用名词,这些特有文化现象专用名词在其他语言里很难找到相应的对等词或契合词,这种现象往往被称之为―词汇空缺‖。

语言之间这种词汇空缺是一种自然现象，表现为形式与内容的空缺。

Examples:A.生活环境与风俗习惯：Salad，pizza，粽子，饺子吃闲饭（lead an idle life）吃不消（more than one can stand）炕，旗袍，B．宗教信仰：As wise as Solomon 像所罗门一样聪明Devout as Abraham 像亚伯拉罕那样虔诚As patient as Job 像约伯那样耐心承受Forbidden fruit is sweetest 禁果最甜Sheep and goats 好人与恶人Cast peals before swine 对牛弹琴借花献佛present Buddha with borrowed flowersoffer a present to a guest with other people's things抱佛脚clasp Buddha's feet -- profess devotion only when in troubledo nothing until the last minutemake a hasty last-minute effort救人一命胜造七级浮屠Better save one life than build a seven-storied pagoda道高一尺魔高一丈While the priest climbs a foot, the devil climbs tenWhen rogues go in procession the devil carries the cross.C．：文化价值观红白喜事weddings and funerals风水Fengshui——a concept on the location of a house or tomb风水宝地 a promising land快起床,你这个饭桶Get out of bed, you good-for-nothing fool4.Lexical Conflict (词汇冲突)词汇冲突指的是语言与语言间存在着矛盾，或者说某些语言现象存在着相互对立的关系。

由于文化、宗教和价值观念的不同，表示同一概念的词往往会有完全不同内涵和联想意义。

我们分概念词语，动植物词语，颜色词语来说明。

A.概念词语农民—— peasant/farmer 家——family官——official/officer 地主——landlord烈士——martyr 妥协——compromiseindividualism——个人主Intellectual——知识分子B. 动植物词语龙——dragon狗——dog蝙蝠——bat白象——white elephant猫头鹰——owl孔雀——peacock喜雀——magpie孔雀——peacock牛——bull报喜鸟——cuckoo柳——pillow西风——west windC.颜色词语红——red白——white绿——greenD.数字词语3、7、8、10、13/4Part III Translation Strategies for LG and LC英汉语言间的词汇空缺与词汇冲突是一种自然现象,但却给英汉两种语言的互译提出了更高的要求。

具体来讲,通常可采取以下四种形式:音译、直译、意译、改编。

1.Transliteration音译（人名、地名、概念词）Transliteration means that words are translated according to their pronunciation. It is a way of translation. Sometimes it is very difficult to find the equivalent words of some names of people or names of places. Then transliteration is an ideal way to fill this lexical gap.Examples:北京(Beijing)、Hong Kong(香港)、孔子(Confucius)、荔枝(litchi)、乌龙茶(oolong)、dominoes(多米诺骨牌)、Shakespeare(莎士比亚)、London(伦敦)、romantic(罗曼蒂克)、clone(克隆)等。

2.Literal Translation直译Literal translation is a kind of translation in which few adjustments are made for differences in symbolic or metaphorical meaning in the two languages. It translates a sentence originally: keep the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, metaphor of the original and so on.Examples：✧blind zone(盲区)✧to be on the thin ice（如履薄冰）✧Blood is thicker than water血浓于水✧Black horse (黑马)✧Download（下载）✧咸菜(salted vegetable)✧纸老虎(paper tiger)✧外强中干（outwardly strong but inwardly weak）3.Free Translation意译Free translation is a kind of translation, in which the meaning of a statement, expression or text in the source language is rendered into the target language. It is kind of reproduction based on the essential meaning and intention of the original language material.Examples:✧及时雨（timely assistance）✧笑掉大牙（laugh off one's head）✧挂羊头卖狗肉（cry up wine and sell vinegar）✧吃香（be very popular）✧桃符（peach wood charms against evil, hung on the gate on the lunar NewYear’s Eve in ancient times）4.Adaptation改编In the ―principle of adaptation‖, translators try their best to keep the particularities of original articles. On the other hand, in order that the meanings of translated texts are clear so that the readers can understand at a glance, translators always add some notes to the translation to make its translation clearer to English-speaking readers.Examples:观音——Buddhism Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy鸳鸯——Mandarin duck and drake – lovebirds杀鸡给猴看——to kill the chicken to frighten the monkey—to punish somebody as a warning to others。