ALIGNING THEORY WITH EVIDENCE FROM A CASE STUDY

合集下载

文献综述法和案例研究法英文

Literature Review MethodBackgroundThe literature review method is a systematic approach to gather, evaluate, and synthesize existing research studies and academic papers related to a specific topic. It involves analyzing and summarizing the findings of multiple studies to identify patterns, trends, and knowledge gaps in the field. The literature review serves as a foundation for further research by providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge.Process1.Identification of Research Question: The first step in conductinga literature review is to define a clear research question orobjective. This helps in determining the scope and focus of thereview.2.Search Strategy: The researcher identifies relevant databases,journals, and other sources to search for relevant studies.Keywords and search terms are used to narrow down the searchresults.3.Screening and Selection: The researcher screens the retrievedarticles based on their title, abstract, and keywords relevance.Only the articles that meet specific inclusion criteria areselected for further analysis.4.Data Extraction: Information from selected articles is extractedusing a standardized form or data extraction tool. This includesdetails about study design, sample size, variables measured, andkey findings.5.Analysis and Synthesis: The extracted data is analyzed usingvarious techniques such as content analysis or thematic analysis.Patterns, themes, or commonalities across studies are identified. 6.Evaluation of Studies: The quality and credibility of eachincluded study are assessed based on factors such as methodology, sample size, data collection procedures, etc.7.Writing the Review: Finally, all the findings from differentstudies are synthesized into a coherent narrative that addressesthe research question.Example Case StudyBackgroundTopic: Impact of Social Media on Mental HealthThe case study focuses on exploring the impact of social media usage on mental health among adolescents.Process1.Identification of Research Question: How does social media usageaffect mental health outcomes among adolescents?2.Search Strategy: Relevant databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, andGoogle Scholar were searched using keywords like “social media,”“adolescents,” and “mental health.”3.Screening and Selection: Articles were screened based on theirtitle, abstract, and keywords relevance. Only studies published in the last five years and focusing on adolescents aged 13-18 wereincluded.4.Data Extraction: Key information from the selected articles wasextracted, including study design, sample size, measures of social media usage and mental health outcomes.5.Analysis and Synthesis: The extracted data was analyzed usingthematic analysis. Themes such as “negative body image,”“cyberbullying,” and “social comparison” emerged from the data.6.Evaluation of Studies: Each study was evaluated based on itsmethodology, sample representativeness, and statistical analysismethods used.7.Writing the Review: A comprehensive review was written summarizingthe findings from different studies. The review highlighted thenegative impact of excessive social media usage on self-esteem,body image dissatisfaction, and increased risk of depression among adolescents.ResultsThe literature review revealed consistent evidence linking heavy social media usage with poor mental health outcomes among adolescents. Cyberbullying emerged as a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, excessive exposure to idealized body images on social media platforms led to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors.The review also identified several knowledge gaps in the existing literature, such as limited research on protective factors or interventions to mitigate the negative effects of social media on mental health.Case Study MethodBackgroundThe case study method is a research approach that involves an in-depth investigation of a specific individual, group, organization or event. It aims to provide detailed insights into real-life situations by examining multiple sources of data such as interviews, observations, documents or artifacts.Process1.Selection of Case: The researcher selects a case that is relevantto the research question and provides unique insights orrepresents a particular phenomenon.2.Data Collection: Multiple sources of data are collected, includinginterviews, observations, documents, and artifacts related to the case. The researcher may also use existing literature or reportsfor background information.3.Data Analysis: The collected data is analyzed using qualitativeanalysis techniques such as thematic analysis or grounded theory.Patterns, themes, or key issues are identified.4.Cross-Case Comparison: If multiple cases are studied, acomparative analysis is conducted to identify similarities anddifferences across cases.5.Validation: The findings are validated through member checking orseeking feedback from participants or experts familiar with thecase.6.Reporting: The case study findings are presented in a detailedreport that includes an introduction to the case, description ofdata collection methods, analysis of findings, and conclusions. Example Case StudyBackgroundCase: Transformation of a Traditional Retail Store into an E-commerce BusinessThe case study examines the transformation process of a traditionalbrick-and-mortar retail store into an e-commerce business in response to changing market dynamics.Process1.Selection of Case: A traditional retail store with a long-standingpresence in the market was selected for the study due to itssuccessful transition into e-commerce.2.Data Collection: Interviews were conducted with key stakeholdersinvolved in the transformation process, including store managers, employees, and customers. Observations were made during theimplementation phase of the e-commerce platform. Relevantdocuments such as financial reports and marketing strategies were also collected.3.Data Analysis: Thematic analysis was used to analyze interviewtranscripts and identify key themes such as challenges facedduring the transition, strategies adopted for online marketing,customer response to e-commerce platform, etc.4.Cross-Case Comparison: As there was only one case studied in thisexample, cross-case comparison was not applicable.5.Validation: The findings were validated through member checking,where participants were given an opportunity to review thefindings and provide feedback.6.Reporting: A comprehensive case study report was prepared,describing the background of the retail store, the process oftransformation, challenges faced, strategies implemented, andoutcomes achieved.ResultsThe case study revealed that the successful transformation of the traditional retail store into an e-commerce business requiredsignificant changes in business processes, technology adoption, and marketing strategies. The implementation of an online platform resulted in increased customer reach and sales revenue. However, challenges such as logistics management and competition from established e-commerce players were encountered during the transition.The case study provided valuable insights into the factors influencing the success of such transformations and highlighted the importance of aligning organizational culture with digital transformation goals.Overall, both literature review method and case study method are valuable research approaches that provide unique perspectives on different research questions. The literature review method helps in synthesizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, while the case study method offers detailed insights into real-life situations. Researchers can choose either or both methods based on their research objectives and available resources.。

精益工程英语

精益工程英语Lean EngineeringIn the ever-evolving landscape of modern industry, the concept of lean engineering has emerged as a transformative approach to optimizing production processes and enhancing overall efficiency. Lean engineering, a philosophy rooted in the principles of the Toyota Production System, has gained widespread recognition for its ability to streamline operations, reduce waste, and drive continuous improvement.At the heart of lean engineering lies a fundamental shift in mindset, one that prioritizes the relentless pursuit of perfection. This mindset encompasses a deep understanding of customer needs, a keen focus on process optimization, and a commitment to empowering employees to identify and eliminate waste in all its forms. By embracing this holistic approach, organizations can unlock unprecedented levels of productivity, quality, and agility, ultimately positioning themselves for long-term success in an increasingly competitive global marketplace.One of the defining characteristics of lean engineering is itsemphasis on value-stream mapping. This process involves meticulously analyzing the flow of materials and information throughout the entire production cycle, from the initial procurement of raw materials to the final delivery of the finished product. By identifying and eliminating non-value-adding activities, or "waste," lean engineering practitioners can streamline processes, reduce lead times, and enhance overall responsiveness to customer demands.Another core principle of lean engineering is the concept of just-in-time (JIT) production. This approach eschews the traditional model of mass production, where inventory is accumulated in anticipation of future demand. Instead, lean engineering advocates for the production of only what is needed, when it is needed, thereby reducing the burden of excess inventory, storage, and associated costs. By aligning production with actual customer orders, organizations can minimize the risk of overproduction, improve cash flow, and enhance their ability to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions.Closely tied to the JIT philosophy is the practice of kanban, a visual system that regulates the flow of materials and information throughout the production process. Kanban systems employ a series of cards or electronic signals to trigger the replenishment of materials, ensuring that the right components are available at the right time, in the right quantities. This approach not only reduces therisk of stockouts but also fosters a culture of continuous improvement, as team members are empowered to identify and address bottlenecks in real-time.Lean engineering also emphasizes the importance of standardization and the elimination of variability. By establishing clear, consistent procedures and work instructions, organizations can minimize the potential for human error, improve product quality, and enhance the overall reliability of their production processes. This commitment to standardization extends beyond the factory floor, permeating every aspect of the organization, from administrative tasks to customer service interactions.A key component of lean engineering is the concept of kaizen, or continuous improvement. This Japanese term encapsulates the idea that small, incremental changes can lead to significant and sustained improvements over time. Lean engineering practitioners are encouraged to adopt a mindset of constant learning and problem-solving, continuously seeking opportunities to optimize processes, enhance quality, and improve safety.To facilitate this culture of continuous improvement, lean engineering emphasizes the importance of employee engagement and empowerment. By involving team members at all levels in the problem-solving process, organizations can tap into a wealth ofvaluable insights and expertise, fostering a sense of ownership and accountability among the workforce. This collaborative approach not only enhances the effectiveness of improvement initiatives but also nurtures a deeper commitment to the overall success of the organization.Moreover, lean engineering emphasizes the importance of data-driven decision-making. By leveraging a range of analytical tools and techniques, such as statistical process control, root cause analysis, and design of experiments, organizations can gain a deeper understanding of their production processes, identify areas for improvement, and make informed, evidence-based decisions.The benefits of embracing lean engineering are manifold. Organizations that have successfully implemented lean principles have reported significant improvements in productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction. By reducing waste, streamlining processes, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, these organizations have been able to enhance their competitiveness, increase profitability, and solidify their position in the market.However, the journey towards lean engineering is not without its challenges. Implementing a comprehensive lean transformation requires a significant investment of time, resources, and commitment from the entire organization. It necessitates a fundamental shift inmindset, from a focus on individual tasks to a holistic understanding of the entire value stream. Moreover, sustaining a lean culture over the long term requires ongoing training, coaching, and reinforcement of the core principles.Despite these challenges, the potential rewards of lean engineering are undeniable. By embracing this transformative approach, organizations can unlock new levels of operational excellence, enhance their responsiveness to changing market demands, and position themselves for long-term success in an increasingly competitive global landscape. As the world continues to evolve, the principles of lean engineering will undoubtedly remain a powerful catalyst for driving innovation, improving efficiency, and creating value for customers, employees, and stakeholders alike.。

面试优点英语作文

面试优点英语作文Title: Showcasing Strengths: Mastering the Interview。

In the realm of professional pursuits, interviews stand as crucial milestones, serving as gateways to career opportunities. Amidst the plethora of candidates, one must adeptly articulate their strengths to stand out. Hereinlies the significance of showcasing one's advantages effectively. In this essay, we delve into the art of presenting strengths during an interview.Firstly, it's imperative to comprehend the essence of strengths. These encompass a spectrum of qualities, ranging from technical prowess to soft skills such as adaptability and communication. Identifying these strengths is pivotal; introspection aids in discerning one's unique value proposition. Moreover, aligning these strengths with the requirements of the role amplifies their significance.The cornerstone of effectively conveying strengths liesin preparation. Prior to the interview, meticulous research about the company and role facilitates tailoring responses. Crafting anecdotes that demonstrate the application of strengths in diverse scenarios enhances credibility. Furthermore, anticipating potential questions enables strategic formulation of responses, ensuring coherence and relevance.During the interview, strategic communication is paramount. Employing the STAR (Situation, Task, Action, Result) method elucidates the context, actions taken, and outcomes of experiences, thereby showcasing strengths tangibly. Maintaining a balance between confidence and humility fosters rapport with the interviewer while underscoring competence. Active listening enables one to adapt responses to align with the interviewer's cues, fostering engagement.Moreover, leveraging non-verbal communication enhances the impact of verbal discourse. Maintaining eye contact exudes confidence and sincerity, while posture conveys attentiveness and poise. Additionally, mirroring theinterviewer's demeanor establishes a sense of camaraderie, fostering a conducive environment for dialogue.Furthermore, articulating strengths entails authenticity. Rather than embellishing accomplishments, sincerity resonates with interviewers. Admitting areas of growth underscores self-awareness and a commitment to personal development, portraying a holistic perspective.Beyond verbal communication, incorporating tangible evidence bolsters assertions. Presenting portfolios, certifications, or project outcomes provides tangible validation of capabilities. Additionally, garnering endorsements or testimonials underscores professional credibility, reinforcing the narrative of strengths.In essence, the art of showcasing strengths transcends mere enumeration; it embodies a strategic amalgamation of preparation, communication, and authenticity. By elucidating experiences through compelling narratives, aligning responses with organizational objectives, and fostering rapport through active engagement, one crafts acompelling case for candidacy. Ultimately, the interview serves as a platform to articulate one's value proposition, thereby navigating the path towards professional success.。

专八英语阅读

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

Navigating_to_a_Global_Community_of_Shared_Future

By Kaiser NawabNavigating to a Global Community of Shared FutureThe first decade of the Belt and Road Initiative has marked a successful start of building a community with a shared future for humanity in which infrastructure development translates intoeconomic and social prosperity for participants.Since ancient times, humanity hasrecognized the need for interconnectionand cooperation to shape a shared future. Centuries ago, the historic Silk Road facilitated communication and trade between civilizations in Asia and Europe. As we entered the 21st century, the global community again recognized the importance of fostering collaboration for a better future. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) emerged as a blueprint for this shared future through an aim to revitalize the SilkRoad by creating networks of trade, transportation, and infrastructure projects. Its goal is to establish a prosperous and cooperative global community where all nations can thrive.The year 2023 marks the 10th anniversary of the introduction of the BRI and its vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity. This milestone represents China’s ambitious commitment to fostering global cooperation and inclusive development. The BRI has played a crucial role in improving transportation links, empowering communication and cultural exchange, and unleashing transformative potential for generations to come. This initiative has been instrumental increating new connections and economic corridors across various regions including Central Asia, Black-Caspian Seas and Caucasus regions, Mediterranean-bordering states, and particularly the Central-Eastern-Baltic region of the European Union. These efforts have promoted regional integration, facilitated economic growth, andstrengthened bonds amongCHINA-INDIA DIALOGUE43nations.The BRI envisions a worldcharacterized by shared global development and presents awide range of opportunitiesfor participants and theglobal community as a whole.It is often regarded as trulymonumental and grandiosedue to its transformativepotential in terms of globaldevelopment. Its fivepillars—policy coordination,connectivity of infrastructure and facilities, unimpededtrade, financial integration,and closer people-to-peopleties—outline the key areaswhere it can bring significantchanges. Over the decade since its launch, the BRI has been progressively realizing its transformative potential and goals, playing a vital role in promoting economic growth, regional cooperation, and transportation andinfrastructure development in participating countries.The significance and transformative role of the BRI can be substantiated by analyzing the statistics and facts associated with its implementation. For example, in 2022, BRI finance and investments reached US$67.8 billion, and investments asa share of BRI engagement reached record levels at 48 percent, up from 29 percent in 2021 and at an average of 40 percent, according to China Belt and Road Initiative Investment Report 2022 released by the Green Finance & Development Center of the Fanhai InternationalSchool of Finance at FudanUniversity in Shanghai. The report calculated China’s financing and investment as spread across 54 BRI countries in 2022, with 26 countries receiving investments and 47 construction engagements. The country with the highest construction volume in 2022 was the Philippines, followed by Argentina and Indonesia. On BRI investment, Hungary was the single largestrecipient, followed by Saudi Arabia and Singapore. This substantial investment was allocated to development of communication, transportation, and infrastructure. Theestablishment of exclusive economic zones and corridors spanning three continents has further underscored the BRI’s impact. These corridors not only stimulate economic growth but also fosterconnectivity between different regions and countries along the historic Silk Road routes. In South Asia, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has played a crucial role in Pakistan’s economic growth and development by facilitating transportation and infrastructure projects. It consists of multidimensional investment in areas ranging from infrastructuredevelopment, energy, special economic zones, and oil pipelines to development of Gwadar Port and Gwadar City as well as associated facilities. According to Pakistani official reports, 27 projects have beencompleted so far while 63The Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway is a modern “Steel Silk Road” spanning Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang. With a total length of 1,776 kilometers, it is the world’s longest high-speed railway built in a single construction effort. (Photo from CFB)44CASE STUDYprojects will be completedby 2030. CPEC projects have mostly been proceeding according to schedule outside a few hurdles.Similarly, in Central Asia, Kazakhstan has emerged asa key participant in the BRI and witnessed significant development and growth. China and Kazakhstan have opened seven permanent border crossings, fivecross-border oil and gas pipelines, two transnational railway mainlines, andone international border cooperation center. The China-Kazakhstan Lianyungang Logistics Base has provided Kazakhstan access to the Pacific Ocean. Likewise, given Kazakhstan’s strategic location as a natural transit point, the BRI has facilitated interconnectivity through projects such as the China-Kazakhstan Railway and the Khorgos Gateway, among others.And in SoutheastAsia, Indonesia has also experienced notable growth and development under the BRI. For instance, Indonesia boasts the world’s third most BRI infrastructure projects, trailing only Cambodia and Pakistan. These infrastructure investments have supported various development projects including the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project, which has not only created jobs during construction but also fostered greater regional integration. Situated in Southeast Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry Park is ademonstration of economiccooperation between Chinaand ASEAN members. Theindustrial park alone has paidimpressive sums of taxes tothe local government, creatednearly 40,000 jobs for localresidents, and generatednumerous opportunities forlocal small businesses.Finally, Ethiopia in Africastands as another noteworthycase that exemplifies thedevelopment achieved underthe framework of a sharedfuture through the BRI.Ethiopia’s participation inthe BRI has been highlightedby projects such as HawassaIndustrial Park and the AddisAbaba-Djibouti Railway.These initiatives have playeda crucial role in overcomingtrade barriers and promotingcross-border trade betweenEthiopia and other states inthe region. The improvedinfrastructure, transportation,and communication facilitatedby the BRI have createdfavorable conditions forforeign investment andbusiness activities in Ethiopia.The country has experiencedenhanced connectivity andincreased opportunitiesfor economic growth as aresult of its involvement inthe initiative. The BRI hascontributed to Ethiopia’sefforts to create a conduciveenvironment for trade,investment, and regionalcooperation, aligning withthe vision of a shared futureand fostering mutual benefitsamong participating nations.These individual casesand their accompanyingstatistical data providecompelling evidence thatthe BRI is actively workingtowards building a communitywith a shared future forhumanity. Through itsfocus on promoting globalinclusiveness, interconnection,and cooperation, the BRI isfostering greater integrationamong nations. By revivinghistorical trade routes andfostering interconnectionbetween countries aroundthe world, the BRI istransforming the economic,social, and political landscape.Its ultimate goal is to builda more connected andprosperous global communitythat is well-equipped toovercome challenges such asclimate change, poverty, andunderdevelopment. The firstdecade of the BRI has markeda successful start in buildinga community with a sharedfuture for humanity in whichinfrastructure developmenttranslates into economicand social prosperity forparticipants. Looking ahead, asthe BRI continues to progress,it wields the potential to kindlepositive and transformativechanges on a global scale.The author is founder and executivedirector of the Islamabad-based GlobalStrategic Institute for SustainableDevelopment..CHINA-INDIA DIALOGUE45。

大学生手工diy英语作文

In the contemporary era, where innovation and creativity hold paramount importance, DIY (Do-It-Yourself) culture has become a burgeoning trend among college students worldwide. This phenomenon not only provides an avenue for self-expression but also fosters essential skills that contribute to personal growth and holistic development. This essay delves into the multifaceted implications of high-quality, high-standard DIY craftsmanship in the lives of university undergraduates.DIY activities encompass a broad spectrum, from simple crafts like knitting, painting, or making jewelry to more complex projects such as furniture building, electronics, and even software programming. These undertakings allow students to engage in hands-on learning experiences outside their academic curriculum, thereby enriching their educational journey with practical knowledge and real-world problem-solving skills.Firstly, from a cognitive perspective, DIY projects stimulate critical thinking and enhance problem-solving abilities. They often require meticulous planning, research, and execution, thus honing analytical skills. For instance, when a student decides to build a piece of furniture from scratch, they must consider materials, measurements, structural integrity, and aesthetics - all of which necessitate deep thought and precise calculation. Such exercises mirror the rigorous standards of academia, reinforcing the value of precision and quality.Secondly, DIY craftsmanship instills a sense of perseverance and resilience in students. High-quality outputs are rarely achieved on the first attempt; rather, they demand trial and error, patience, and persistence. When students encounter setbacks, they learn to adapt, troubleshoot, and refine their methods, fostering a mindset that is crucial for success in any field. Moreover, it teaches them about the value of hard work and the satisfaction derived from creating something independently, thereby enhancing their self-esteem and confidence.Thirdly, the realm of DIY is inherently creative and can significantly boost students' imagination and originality. It allows them to explore differentfacets of art and design, pushing the boundaries of what's possible within their chosen medium. By setting high standards for their creations, students challenge themselves to innovate and produce works that stand out, thereby nurturing their artistic talents and aesthetic sensibilities.From a sustainability standpoint, DIY culture encourages recycling and upcycling, aligning with many universities' commitment to environmental responsibility. High-quality DIY projects often involve transforming discarded materials into functional or decorative items, thereby teaching students to view waste as a resource and promoting eco-consciousness.On a social level, engaging in DIY activities can foster community-building and collaboration. Through clubs, workshops, or online forums, students share ideas, resources, and techniques, creating a supportive environment where they can learn from one another. This exchange of expertise and mutual support further elevates the standard and quality of their work while cultivating teamwork and communication skills.Lastly, financial literacy is another aspect touched upon by DIY craftsmanship. By undertaking projects at lower costs than buying finished products, students learn to manage budgets, appreciate the value of money, and understand the economic dynamics of production and consumption.In conclusion, high-quality, high-standard DIY craftsmanship in college students represents more than just a pastime or hobby. It serves as a powerful tool for intellectual, emotional, and societal development. By providing hands-on, experiential learning, it equips students with a diverse set of skills that are invaluable both in their academic pursuits and future careers. As universities continue to emphasize holistic education, the role of DIY culture should be recognized and encouraged as a complementary pathway towards achieving this goal.Although this discussion has only scratched the surface of the profound impact of DIY on the collegiate experience, the underlying message remains clear: the pursuit of excellence in DIY craftsmanship offers a unique blend ofchallenges and rewards that deeply resonate with the ethos of higher education.(Word Count: 586)For a complete essay that meets the 1479-word requirement, each of these points could be expanded further with examples, empirical evidence, and personal anecdotes, leading to a comprehensive exploration of the topic.。

曲别针实验英语作文

曲别针实验英语作文The Paper Clip Experiment: Exploring the Limits of Human ConformityConformity, the act of aligning one's behavior, thoughts, and beliefs with those of a group, is a powerful force that shapes human society. It allows us to function cohesively, navigate social situations, and maintain a sense of belonging. However, the extent to which individuals are willing to conform, even in the face of clearly unethical or irrational demands, has long been a subject of fascination and concern for psychologists and sociologists.One of the most renowned studies on conformity is the paper clip experiment, conducted by social psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s. The study aimed to investigate the degree to which people would conform to the clearly incorrect judgments of a group, even when their own senses told them otherwise.The experiment was deceptively simple. Asch gathered a group of participants, led them to believe they were part of a perception study,and then presented them with a series of line comparison tasks. The participants were shown a card with a single line on it, followed by a second card with three lines of varying lengths. Their task was to identify which of the three lines on the second card matched the length of the line on the first card.The twist was that the majority of the participants in the group were actually Asch's confederates, instructed to give intentionally incorrect answers on certain trials. The true participant, unaware of this deception, was the last to respond in the group.The results of the experiment were both fascinating and disturbing. Despite the fact that the correct answer was clearly visible, a significant number of participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of the group. In some trials, up to 75% of participants went along with the group's erroneous responses, even when they knew the group was wrong.The implications of this study were profound. It revealed the remarkable power of social pressure and the human tendency to prioritize conformity over individual judgment, even in the face of clear evidence to the contrary. Asch's experiment highlighted the fragility of our critical thinking skills and the ease with which we can be swayed by the perceived consensus of a group.Moreover, the paper clip experiment shed light on the potential dangers of conformity in real-world situations. When individuals suppress their own beliefs and opinions in order to align with the majority, it can lead to the perpetuation of harmful social norms, the suppression of dissent, and the erosion of independent thought.One of the most striking examples of this phenomenon is the concept of "groupthink," a psychological phenomenon in which the desire for harmony within a group leads to poor decision-making and a failure to critically evaluate alternatives. Groupthink has been implicated in numerous historical disasters, from the Bay of Pigs invasion to the Challenger space shuttle disaster.The paper clip experiment also raises important questions about the role of individual agency and the responsibility we have to resist conformity when it conflicts with our moral and ethical principles. Asch's study demonstrated that even in the face of clear evidence, many people were willing to abandon their own judgment and go along with the group, a finding that has troubling implications for our ability to stand up to unjust or unethical social pressures.However, the experiment also revealed that a significant minority of participants were able to resist the pull of conformity and maintain their independent judgment. These individuals, often referred to as "non-conformists," serve as a reminder that the human capacity forindependent thought and moral courage is not easily extinguished.In the decades since Asch's groundbreaking work, the paper clip experiment has continued to captivate and challenge researchers, sparking ongoing discussions about the nature of human behavior, the limits of individual autonomy, and the complex interplay between the individual and the group.As we grapple with the implications of this study, it is important to recognize that the tendency towards conformity is not inherently negative. In many cases, conformity serves important social functions, allowing us to navigate complex environments, build trust, and maintain social cohesion. The challenge lies in striking a balance between the benefits of conformity and the need to preserve our individual agency and critical thinking skills.Ultimately, the paper clip experiment reminds us that we are all susceptible to the powerful forces of social influence, and that the preservation of our intellectual and moral independence requires constant vigilance and a willingness to challenge the status quo. By understanding the dynamics of conformity and the limits of our own judgment, we can strive to become more discerning, more courageous, and more resilient in the face of social pressure –qualities that are essential for the continued progress and well-being of our society.。

眼见为实的英语作文

眼见为实的英语作文Title: Seeing is Believing。

In a world inundated with information and opinions, the saying "seeing is believing" holds significant weight. This phrase emphasizes the power of firsthand experience and observation in shaping our beliefs and perceptions. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of thisprinciple across various aspects of life.First and foremost, the realm of science exemplifies the importance of empirical evidence. Scientific discoveries are not made solely based on hearsay or speculation but rely heavily on observable phenomena and rigorous experimentation. For instance, when scientists propose a new theory, it undergoes extensive testing and scrutiny before being accepted by the scientific community. This process ensures that only theories supported by concrete evidence are upheld, reinforcing the notion that seeing truly is believing in the scientific world.Moreover, in the realm of education, visual aids play a pivotal role in facilitating learning. Students often grasp complex concepts more effectively when they can visualize them through demonstrations, experiments, or multimedia presentations. For example, rather than simply reading about photosynthesis, students benefit greatly from witnessing the process firsthand through a practical demonstration in the laboratory. Thus, educators understand the value of incorporating visual elements into their teaching methods to enhance comprehension and retention among students.In the realm of justice and law enforcement, eyewitness testimony holds immense significance. Courts rely on the firsthand accounts of witnesses to establish the facts of a case and deliver justice. However, the reliability of eyewitness testimony has been called into question due to factors such as memory distortion and perception biases. Despite these challenges, the principle of "seeing is believing" remains fundamental to the judicial system, albeit with a cautious approach to evaluating eyewitnessaccounts.Furthermore, in the realm of interpersonal relationships, trust often stems from tangible experiences rather than mere words. People are more likely to trust someone who has consistently demonstrated reliability and integrity through their actions rather than someone who merely professes these qualities verbally. This highlights the importance of actions aligning with words to fostertrust and credibility in relationships.Beyond these specific domains, the principle of "seeing is believing" extends to shaping our broader worldview and beliefs. Personal experiences and encounters play a crucial role in shaping our perceptions of the world around us. For instance, individuals who have personally witnessed acts of kindness may hold a more optimistic view of humanity compared to those who have only heard about such acts secondhand. Similarly, individuals who have directly experienced the consequences of climate change may be more inclined to advocate for environmental conservation efforts.In conclusion, the phrase "seeing is believing" encapsulates the notion that firsthand experience and observation hold significant sway in shaping our beliefsand perceptions. From the realms of science and educationto justice and interpersonal relationships, the principle applies across various facets of life. While acknowledging the limitations and complexities associated with perception and memory, we cannot discount the profound impact ofdirect experience in shaping our understanding of the world. Ultimately, it is through our own eyes that we truly cometo believe.。

关于英语教学的文献综述范文

关于英语教学的文献综述范文The field of English language teaching (ELT) has been a subject of extensive research and scholarly discourse over the years. As the global demand for English proficiency continues to rise, educators and researchers have sought to explore effective strategies, methods, and approaches to enhance the teaching and learning of this international language. This literature review aims to synthesize and analyze the key themes and findings from a selection of relevant studies and publications in the domain of ELT.One of the fundamental aspects of ELT that has received significant attention is the role of teaching methodologies and approaches. The traditional grammar-translation method, which emphasized the explicit instruction of grammatical rules and the translation of texts, has been widely criticized for its teacher-centered approach and lack of emphasis on practical language use. In response, the communicative language teaching (CLT) approach has gained widespread popularity, emphasizing the development of communicative competence through authentic, meaningful interactions and task-based activities (Savignon, 2002). Studies haveshown that the CLT approach can lead to improved fluency, confidence, and overall language proficiency among language learners (Littlewood, 2014).Closely related to the discussion of teaching approaches is the concept of learner-centered instruction. Researchers have argued that effective ELT should prioritize the needs, interests, and learning styles of individual students, rather than adhering to a one-size-fits-all approach (Nunan, 1988). The incorporation of learner-centered strategies, such as differentiated instruction, project-based learning, and the use of technology-assisted language learning, has been found to enhance student motivation, engagement, and overall language development (Tomlinson, 2014).Another important area of focus in ELT research is the role of technology in language teaching and learning. The rapid advancements in digital technologies have significantly impacted the field of ELT, opening up new possibilities for language instruction and practice. Studies have explored the integration of various technological tools, such as online language learning platforms, mobile applications, and virtual classrooms, and their potential to improve language skills, enhance learner autonomy, and provide personalized feedback (Chapelle & Sauro, 2017).The issue of language assessment has also been a subject ofextensive research in ELT. Scholars have examined the effectiveness of different assessment methods, including formative and summative assessments, as well as the use of standardized language proficiency tests, such as the TOEFL and IELTS (Fulcher & Davidson, 2007). The importance of aligning assessment practices with the desired learning outcomes and the implementation of alternative assessment strategies, such as portfolio-based assessment and performance-based tasks, have been highlighted in the literature.The cultural and linguistic diversity of language learners is another crucial factor that has been widely discussed in ELT research. Scholars have emphasized the need to incorporate culturally responsive teaching practices, which acknowledge and validate the diverse backgrounds and experiences of language learners, and promote intercultural understanding and sensitivity (Canagarajah, 2005). Additionally, the role of the learners' first language (L1) in the ELT process has been a topic of debate, with some studies suggesting that judicious use of L1 can facilitate language learning, while others advocate for a more exclusive use of the target language (Cook, 2001).Finally, the professional development of ELT practitioners has been a crucial area of concern. Researchers have highlighted the importance of ongoing teacher training, collaboration, and the integration of research-informed practices to ensure the continuous improvementof teaching quality and student learning outcomes (Richards & Farrell, 2005). The exploration of teacher beliefs, attitudes, and reflective practices has also been a significant focus in ELT literature.In conclusion, this literature review has provided a comprehensive overview of the key themes and trends in the field of English language teaching. The findings from the various studies and publications discussed here underscore the complexity and multifaceted nature of ELT, as well as the need for a dynamic and evidence-based approach to language instruction. As the field continues to evolve, future research should explore emerging pedagogical strategies, technological advancements, and the changing needs and expectations of language learners in an increasingly globalized world.。

我是一个早睡早起的人的英文作文

我是一个早睡早起的人的英文作文An Early Bird's Perspective on Life's Rhythm.In the tapestry of life, where the hours dance in an intricate choreography, I have always identified as an early bird, a dawn-dweller whose biorhythms align harmoniously with the morning's gentle embrace. My days unfold in a rhythm dictated by the sun's ascent, finding me wide awake as the first rays peek over the horizon, ready to seize the day's boundless possibilities.For an early bird, the morning holds a special allure, an unmatched tranquility that allows for profound contemplation and focused endeavors. As the world stirs from its slumber, there is a hush in the air, a sacred stillness that invites introspection and creativity. It is during these precious hours, before the day's cacophony unfolds, that I find my mind at its sharpest and my spirit most receptive.With a steaming cup of coffee in hand, I greet the morning with a sense of anticipation and gratitude. The silence provides an ideal sanctuary for writing, reading, or simply savoring the quietude. In these solitary moments, I find solace and inspiration, delving into worlds of imagination or absorbing knowledge that enriches my soul.As the sun rises higher, its warmth invites me to venture outdoors. A brisk walk or a gentle jog invigorates my body and mind, filling me with a sense of well-being. The morning air carries the scent of dew-kissed flowers and the cheerful songs of birds, creating a symphony that awakens my senses. In the embrace of nature, I find harmony and a deep connection to the rhythms of life.Throughout history, countless luminaries have extolled the virtues of early rising. From Aristotle's belief that "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise" to Benjamin Franklin's famous adage, "Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," the wisdom of seizing the morning hours has been passed down through generations.Indeed, there is a wealth of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of an early morning routine. Studies have shown that early risers tend to have better sleep quality, improved cognitive function, and increased productivity. They also report higher levels of happiness and well-being.While the benefits of early rising are undeniable, it is important to acknowledge that not everyone is naturally inclined to be a morning person. For those who struggle with waking up early, it is essential to be patient and persistent. Gradually adjusting your sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up 15 minutes earlier each day can help you establish a new routine.Additionally, creating a conducive sleep environment, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bed, and engaging in regular physical activity can contribute to a more restful night's sleep, making it easier to wake up early feeling refreshed.For those who embrace the early bird lifestyle, there is a profound sense of accomplishment and fulfillment that comes from making the most of the morning hours. Whether it is pursuing personal goals, nurturing relationships, or simply savoring the tranquility of the dawn, early risers experience a richness and depth to their days that is often unmatched.In conclusion, as an early bird, I have found that aligning my life with the rhythm of the morning has brought me innumerable benefits. The solitude, clarity, and sense of purpose that define my mornings have shaped my life in countless positive ways. While not everyone may benaturally inclined to rise with the sun, I encourage all to explore the transformative power of early rising. By embracing the morning's gentle embrace, we unlock a wealth of opportunities for growth, fulfillment, and an enhanced appreciation for life's precious moments.。

书包里都装了什么英语作文

书包里都装了什么英语作文In a typical student's backpack, one would find an assortment of essential items tailored to support their academic journey. Among these items, the inclusion of English essays serves as a crucial component, aligning with the requirements of language learning and academic assessment. Let's delve into the contents of a backpack and explore what English essays entail and why they are indispensable.Firstly, English essays in a student's backpack represent a tangible manifestation of their linguistic and analytical prowess. These essays encapsulate a spectrum of topics, ranging from literary analysis to argumentative discourse, reflective narratives, and creative compositions. Each essay reflects the student's engagement with language, literature, and critical thinking skills, serving as a testament to their intellectual growth and proficiency in English.Moreover, English essays serve as invaluable tools for honing language proficiency and communicative competence. Through the process of drafting, revising, and refining these essays, students develop a deeper understanding of grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, and rhetorical devices. They learn to articulate their thoughts coherently and persuasively, enhancing both their written and oral communication skills in English.Furthermore, English essays facilitate intellectual exploration and self-expression. Students delve into diverse topics, exploring themes related to literature, history, society, culture, science, and more. They engage with complex ideas, formulate arguments, and express their perspectives with clarity and conviction. In doing so, they cultivate their voice as writers and thinkers, fostering intellectual curiosity and creativity.Additionally, English essays foster critical thinking and analytical skills. Students learn to analyze texts, evaluate evidence, and construct logical arguments supported by relevant examples and citations. They engagein close reading, textual analysis, and interpretation, developing the capacity to discern nuances, identify patterns, and draw insightful conclusions. These cognitive processes contribute to their overall academic proficiency and readiness for higher education and professional endeavors.In summary, the inclusion of English essays in a student's backpack symbolizes their dedication to language learning, intellectual growth, and academic excellence. These essays serve as tangible evidence of their linguistic proficiency, critical thinking abilities, and capacity for self-expression. As students navigate their academic journey, armed with their backpacks brimming with knowledge and insight, English essays stand as a testament to their journey of learning, discovery, and personal growth.。

从众谬误英语作文

从众谬误英语作文In the realm of logic and critical thinking, the bandwagon fallacy is a common pitfall that can lead to misguided decisions and actions. This essay aims to explore the nature of the bandwagon fallacy, its prevalence in society, and the importance of resisting its allure in order to make informed choices.The bandwagon fallacy, also known as argumentum ad populum,is the notion that the opinion of the majority is inherently correct, leading individuals to adopt beliefs or actions simply because many others do. This fallacy is predicated on the assumption that popularity is synonymous with accuracy, which is not always the case.One of the primary reasons the bandwagon fallacy is so pervasive is the human tendency to conform. Social psychology has shown that people often feel a strong desire to fit in with their peers and society at large. This can lead to a situation where individuals forgo personal judgment and critical thinking in favor of aligning with the majority.The prevalence of the bandwagon fallacy can be observed in various aspects of life, from consumer behavior to political affiliations. For instance, the success of a particular product can often be attributed to its popularity rather than its quality, as more people are inclined to purchase it due to its widespread acceptance. Similarly, in politics,candidates who gain momentum can attract support not necessarily based on their policies but because they are perceived as the winners.The dangers of falling prey to the bandwagon fallacy are manifold. It can lead to a lack of diversity in thought and a stifling of innovation. When everyone is thinking the same, there is little room for new ideas to emerge. Moreover, it can result in the propagation of false information and the acceptance of harmful practices, as the pressure to conform outweighs the need for verification.To counteract the bandwagon fallacy, it is essential to cultivate a habit of critical thinking. This involves questioning the motives behind popular opinions, seeking out evidence to support or refute claims, and being willing to go against the current when reason dictates. It also requires a certain level of self-confidence and resilience, as resisting the pull of the majority can be challenging.In conclusion, the bandwagon fallacy is a powerful force that can sway decisions away from rationality and towards conformity. By recognizing its influence and actively engaging in critical thinking, individuals can make more informed choices that are not simply based on the popularity of an idea or action. It is through this process that we can hope to foster a society that values truth and innovation over mere popularity.。

评估指南重点内容

评估指南重点内容When evaluating guidelines, it is crucial to focus on key content that is relevant and impactful. Guidelines serve as a blueprint for decision-making, providing healthcare professionals with evidence-based recommendations for the best course of action. As a healthcare provider, I understand the importance of following guidelines to improve patient outcomes and ensure quality care. By adhering to best practices outlined in guidelines, we can standardize care delivery, reduce variability, and ultimately enhance the overall effectiveness of healthcare interventions.在评估指南时，关注关键内容至关重要，这些内容应当具有相关性和影响力。

指南作为决策的蓝图，为医疗专业人员提供基于证据的建议，指导最佳做法。

作为一名医疗保健提供者，我了解遵循指南的重要性，以改善患者结果并确保提供高质量护理。

通过遵循指南中概述的最佳实践，我们可以标准化护理提供、减少变异性，并最终增强医疗干预的整体效果。

Guidelines are constantly updated to incorporate new research findings, advancements in technology, and changes in best practices. Staying current with the latest guidelines is imperative in the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare. By regularly reviewing and updating our knowledge base, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are providing the most up-to-date and evidence-based care to their patients. This commitment to lifelong learning and continuous improvement is essential in delivering high-quality care that meets the needs of an increasingly complex patient population.指南会不断更新，以纳入新的研究发现、技术进步和最佳实践的变化。

中文版27项自我照护依赖评估量表在老年人群中的信效度检验

症预防㊂综上所述，无缝隙护理结合保护动机理论，可有效改善下肢深静脉血栓介入溶栓治疗患者焦虑情绪和心理应激，缩短术后恢复时间，提高生活质量，值得临床推广应用㊂参考文献［１］㊀何秀芳，阎成美，林瑞娇，等．下肢深静脉血栓导管溶栓临床护理路径的应用研究［Ｊ］．护理管理杂志，２０１６，１６（３）：１８９－１９１．［２］ＳｉｅｇｅｌＥＯ，ＫｒｉｓｔｅｎＢ，ＤｅｂｒａＢ，ｅｔａｌ．ＬｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐｉｎＮｕｒｓｉｎｇＨｏｍｅｓ：ＤｉｒｅｃｔｏｒｓｏｆＮｕｒｓｉｎｇＡｌｉｇｎｉｎｇＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅＷｉｔｈＲｅｇｕｌａ⁃ｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＧｅｒｏｎｔｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＮｕｒｓｉｎｇ，２０１８，４４（６）：１－４．［３］ＳａｌｍｏｎｄＳＷ，ＥｃｈｅｖａｒｒｉａＭ．ＨｅａｌｔｈｃａｒｅＴｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＣｈａｎｇｉｎｇＲｏｌｅｓｆｏｒＮｕｒｓｉｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＯｒｔｈｏｐａｅｄｉｃＮｕｒｓｉｎｇ，２０１７，３６（１）：１２－２５．［４］中华医学会外科学分会血管外科学组，李晓强，王深明．深静脉血栓形成的诊断和治疗指南［Ｊ］．中华普通外科杂志，２０１３，２３（１）：２３５－２３８．［５］乐霄，赵体玉，旷婉．术前焦虑测评量表的研究进展［Ｊ］．护理学报，２０１７，２４（９）：２６－２９．［６］边俊士，井西学，庄娜．症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ⁃９０）在心理健康研究中应用的争议［Ｊ］．中国健康心理学杂志，２００８，１６（２）：２３１－２３３．［７］ＪａｎｇＨ，ＬｅｅＮＪ．ＰａｔｉｅｎｔｓａｆｅｔｙｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｃｙａｎｄｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌｎｅｅｄｓｏｆｎｕｒｓｉｎｇｅｄｕｃａｔｏｒｓｉｎＳｏｕｔｈＫｏｒｅａ［Ｊ］．ＰＬｏＳＯＮＥ，２０１７，１２（９）：５３６－５３９．［８］ＪｉａｎｇＫ，ＬｉＸＱ，ＳａｎｇＨＦ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｍｉｄ⁃ｔｅｒｍｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｏｆｅｎｄｏ⁃ｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｆｏｒａｃｕｔｅｌｏｗｅｒｅｘｔｒｅｍｉｔｙｄｅｅｐｖｅｎｏｕｓｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｓｉｓ［Ｊ］．Ｐｈｌｅｂｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１７，３２（３）：２００－２０６．［９］ＶｌａｄｉｍｉｒＬａｋｈｔｅｒ，ＣｈａｄＪＺａｃｋ，ＹｅｖｇｅｎｉｙＢｒａｉｌｏｖｓｋｙ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｅｘｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓｏｆｃａｔｈｅｔｅｒ⁃ｄｉ⁃ｒｅｃｔｅｄｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｌｙｓｉｓｉｎｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｐｒｏｘｉｍａｌｌｏｗｅｒｅｘｔｒｅｍｉｔｙｄｅｅｐｖｅｎｏｕｓｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｓｉｓ⁃ＩｎｓｉｇｈｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎｗｉｄｅＩｎｐａ⁃ｔｉｅｎｔＳａｍｐｌｅ［Ｊ］．ＶａｓｃｕｌａｒＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ，２０１７，２２（２）：１２８－１３０．［１０］ＢｕｒｎｓＨＫ，ＬｏｉｓＮ，ＰｏｓｋｕｓＪＤ，ｅｔａｌ．ＵｓｉｎｇＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＦｉｎｄ⁃ｉｎｇｓｔｏＤｅｓｉｇｎａｎＥｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ⁃ＢａｓｅｄＰｒａｃｔｉｃｅＣｕｒｒｉｃｕｌｕｍ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＮｕｒｓｉｎｇ，２０１７，４８（４）：１８４－１８６．［１１］周晓金．无缝隙护理方案对肺癌患者术后预防深静脉血栓形成的价值［Ｊ］．血栓与止血学，２０１９，２５（４）：６９８－６９９，７０１．［１２］ＢｕｂｅｃｋＰ，ＢｏｔｚｅｎＷＪ，ＬａｕｄａｎＪ，ｅｔａｌ．ＩｎｓｉｇｈｔｓｉｎｔｏＦｌｏｏｄ⁃ＣｏｐｉｎｇＡｐｐｒａｉｓａｌｓｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｏｒｙ：Ｅｍｐｉｒｉ⁃ｃａｌＥｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｆｒｏｍＧｅｒｍａｎｙａｎｄＦｒａｎｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＲｉｓｋＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ，２０１８，３８（６）：１２３９－１２５７．［１３］ＭｅｎａｒｄＰ，ＢｏｔｔＧＪ，ＣｒｏｓｓｌｅｒＲＥ．ＵｓｅｒＭｏｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎＰｒｏｔｅｃ⁃ｔｉｎｇＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ：ＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｏｒｙＶｅｒ⁃ｓｕｓＳｅｌｆ⁃ＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｏｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ，２０１７，３４（４）：１２０３－１２３０．本文编辑：谭㊀峰㊀㊀２０２１－０２－２６收稿中文版２７项自我照护依赖评估量表在老年人群中的信效度检验李㊀茜，张海茹，易子涵，鞠㊀梅（西南医科大学护理学院㊀四川泸州６４６０００）ʌ摘㊀要ɔ目的：翻译２７项自我照护依赖评估量表（ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７），并对中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７在老年人群中的信效度进行检验㊂方法：采取Ｂｅａｔｏｎ六步法对ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７进行翻译㊁文化调适等，使用便利取样法选取社区内居住㊁符合纳入标准的老年人进行问卷调查㊂结果：中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７条目水平的内容效度为０．８０１．００，量表水平的平均内容效度为０．９６㊂探索性因子分析产生了８个公因子，累计方差贡献率为７６．６７７％㊂量表各维度得分与总分的相关系数为０．７５８０．８８７，各维度之间的相关系数为０．３６１０．７６５㊂以Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ指数量表（ＢＩ）作为效标，ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７与其相关系数为０．４２㊂量表的Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈᶄｓα系数为０．８６３，折半信度为０．８０７㊂结论：中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７在老年人群体中具有良好的信效度，可评价老年人的自理依赖程度㊂ʌ关键词ɔ自我照护；依赖；老年人；信度；效度中图分类号：Ｒ４７３．５㊀㊀文献标识码：Ａ㊀㊀ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００６－７２５６．２０２１．０７．０２２㊀㊀文章编号：１００６－７２５６（２０２１）０７－００６２－０５㊀㊀自我照护指一个人在一段时间内通过采取措施保持自身健康的生活和功能的连续性，自我照护能力则是个体为促进和［基金项目］２０１９年度四川省高校人文社会科学重点研究基地科研项目（编号：ＳＣＹＧ２０１９－２４）；２０１６年度国家社会科学基金项目（编号：１６ＸＳＨ０１７）㊂维护身心健康进行自我护理的能力［１］㊂近年来，随着疾病谱的改变和人口老龄化的加速推进，人们对照护的需求日益增加，提高工作效率㊁降低医疗资源的浪费㊁保障服务质量等问题已成为老年健康管理人员关注的重点内容［２－３］㊂我国常见的用于评估老年人日常生活能力的量表为Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ指数量表（ＢＩ），其涉及条目所概括的日常生活内容并不全面［４］㊂葡萄２６牙学者Ｍａｒｔｉｎ教授及其团队［５］根据护理结果分类（ＮＯＣ）以及Ｏｒｅｍ，Ｈｅｎｄｅｒｓｏｎ和Ｒｏｐｅｒ相关理论构建了自我照护依赖量表（ＳＣＤＥＦ），用于评估出院患者和家庭患病老年人的自理依赖程度，信效度良好㊂本文旨在引进英文版２７项自我照护依赖评估量表（ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７），通过对英文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７翻译㊁回译㊁跨文化调试等步骤，最终形成中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７，以我国社区老年人群为样本，验证中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７心理测量学特征㊂现报告如下㊂１㊀对象与方法１．１㊀研究对象㊀采用便利抽样法，于２０１９年１１月１日１２月３１日在泸州市内社区㊁公园等老年人口流动大的场所抽取自愿接受调查的老年人作为研究对象㊂纳入标准：①年龄ȡ６０岁者；②意识清晰㊁经简易认知状态问卷（ＳＰＭＳＱ）筛查，得分＞７分者；③听力或视力正常，能正常沟通交流者；④受访老年人知情同意并自愿参加本研究㊂１．２㊀量表的翻译与文化调试㊀本研究采取Ｂｅａｔｏｎ六步法［６］，对英文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７进行翻译，主要步骤如下㊂①前译：征得原作者同意后，由２名精通英语㊁母语均为汉语的译者完成翻译工作㊂１名为医学专业人员，通过全国大学生英语６级考试的护理专业研究生；１名为非医学相关专业人员，在校英语老师㊂两人分别对源量表各项条目的内容㊁回答选项等进行翻译，２名译者独立完成翻译，分别译成中文版Ｔ１和Ｔ２㊂②合成：以小组的形式进行讨论，小组成员由第一步完成前译的译者２名㊁学校附属医院的康复科护士长１名㊁老年病科护士长１名以及研究方向为老年护理学的在校大学教授１名组成㊂小组成员将翻译的Ｔ１和Ｔ２逐条比较，若两个版本中翻译的条目内容存在不同之处，则将其与英文版源量表进行再次比较，反复讨论和交流有争议的翻译部分，最终达成一致，合成量表Ｔ１２㊂③回译：另由２名独立的翻译人员（两人均为未接触过源量表且为非医学相关专业人员，没有医学知识）回译成英文，获得ＢＴ１和ＢＴ２㊂此步骤是为确保翻译版本反映与原始量表相同的条目内容㊂④回译审阅：以小组的形式对翻译内容进行讨论商议㊂在这一环节，研究者成立专家小组，小组成员由在学校从事统计学教学的老师１名㊁在学校从事的老年护理教学的教授２名㊁在学校附属医院从事老年护理工作的护士２名和进行翻译和回译的翻译人员４名组成，讨论Ｔ１㊁Ｔ２㊁Ｔ１２㊁ＢＴ１和ＢＴ２，以便制作一份用于现场测试的问卷调查的最终版本表１㊂讨论的目标是中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７与源量表间各条目的语义㊁习惯和经验用语以及两者之间概念是不是对等㊂⑤专家咨询：在现场预实验之前对译稿的内容效度进行评定，选取在学校和医院共１０名从事老年护理教学和临床老年工作的专家，需要她们评估测量研究者列出的每个项目具体目标的相关程度㊂专家咨询问卷由研究者设计，主要包含２个方面：ａ．致专家信：内容包括自我照护依赖的概念㊁ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的介绍㊁研究目的及具体的咨询方法㊂ｂ．专家评分表：邀请１０名专家对中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７各条目进行相关性评分，其中为护理学领域副教授及教授５名㊁老年医学教授２名㊁临床护理主任护师及副主任护师３名㊂专家咨询分数分为４个级别，从不相关到非常相关，依次得分１４分㊂⑥预试验：选取２０名泸州市某社区老年人，用中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７对其进行评估㊂通过评估，研究者能大致了解被访的老年群体对与中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的理解程度以及在回答过程中有无疑惑或者难以回答的条目，最后将问题进行汇总，仔细分析老年人存在理解困难的语句和条目，进行修正㊂在上述翻译和调适过程中，研究者及时同原作者沟通交流所遇到的问题，最终形成中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７㊂１．３㊀研究工具１．３．１㊀一般资料问卷㊀由研究者设计，包括受访老年人的性别㊁年龄㊁受教育程度㊁婚姻状态等㊂１．３．２㊀ＳＰＭＳＱ㊀由Ｐｆｅｉｆｆｅｒ教授等编制，用于评估老年人的精神认知状态［７］㊂ＳＰＭＳＱ分为４个维度，共１０个问题，分别代表受试者的定向力㊁计算力㊁记忆力和回忆力，答对计０分，答错计１分，得分越高表明认知功能越差㊂本研究采用郭晋武教授［８］提出的评分标准，＜２分为认知状态正常，３４分为轻度认知障碍，５７分为中度认知障碍，８１０分为重度认知障碍㊂由于ＳＰＭＳＱ作为此项研究中老年人初筛的标准，当其被调查员判定为重度认知障碍时，即问卷总分＞７分时，部分主观问题可停止调查㊂１．３．３㊀ＢＩ㊀ＢＩ是由Ｍａｈｏｎｅｙ和Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ研究设计，是目前全球范围内应用最广㊁信效度较高的用于评价日常生活能力的量表［９］，因此本文将其用作中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的效标㊂量表共１０个条目，总分为１００分，得分越高表明生活自理能力越好㊂本研究中ＢＩ的Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈᶄｓα系数为０．８７㊂１．３．４㊀中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７㊀ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７是由葡萄牙学者Ｍａｒｔｉｎ等编制㊂量表分为８个维度，２７项条目，分别代表受试者日常准备㊁穿衣㊁移动等㊂采用Ｌｉｋｅｒｔ４级评分，范围从完全依赖到完全独立，得分１４分，得分越高表明自我照护的自主性越好㊂英文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈᶄｓα系数为０．９１，研究者通过邮件，在原作者的许可下，将该量表英文原版翻译㊁回译和跨文化调适，最终形成中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７㊂１．４㊀资料收集１．４．１㊀样本量计算㊀本研究根据调查样本量应为条目数的５１０倍计算［１０］，共需样本１３５２７０名㊂考虑到样本数量减少和无效问卷，将原始样本量增加１０％，最终发放问卷３３２份，剔除无效问卷后，最终获取有效问卷为３２０份㊂１．４．２㊀数据收集㊀调查实施前，招募调查员并对其进行统一培训，以便缩小调查误差及结果偏移㊂调查时，严格按照纳入标准确定受访老年人，除此之外，调查人员确保调查时周围环境相对安静，以免造成老年人身体不适㊂调查者对老年人采取一对一问卷调查，调查过程中严密保护老年人的隐私，受访老人自愿填写或回答问卷（如果受访老年人无法阅读或书写，调查员可代为填写）㊂调查结束时，问卷当场收回，逐一编码，双人录入并复查，以确保数据的完整性和准确性㊂１．５㊀统计学方法㊀采用ＳＰＳＳ２６．０进行统计分析㊂计量资料以ｘʃｓ描述，计数资料采用百分比描述㊂效度检验中，将ＣＶＩ作为本研究内容效度的评判指标；结构效度采用主成分分析及最大方差正交旋转法；将ＢＩ与中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７进行比较，根据评分间的Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关系数确定量表的效标关联效度㊂量表的信度则采用内部一致性Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈᶄｓα系数和折半信度进行检验㊂检验水准α＝０．０５㊂２㊀结果２．１㊀一般资料㊀本组男１３１名（４０．９４％），女１８９名（５９．０６％）；年龄６０８０岁１４１名（４４．０６％）㊁＞８０岁１７９名（５５．９４％）；家庭所在地：农村１０９名（３４．０６％），城镇２１１名（６５．９４％）；受教育程度：小学及文盲２０８名（６５．００％），初中６１名（１９．０６％），高中及以上５１名（１５．９４％）；婚姻情况：已婚３１名（９．６９％），未婚８名（２．５０％），离婚１５名（４．６９％），丧偶２６６名（８３．１２％）；主要经济来源：退休金１９２名（６０．００％），家人１１７名（３６．５６％），政府补助１１名（３．４４％）；是否患有慢性病：无３５名（１０．９４％），有２８５名（８９．０６％）㊂２．２㊀量表的效度检验２．２．１㊀内容效度㊀整理专家的意见，修改量表初稿㊂对专家集中反映难以理解的条目，研究者通过电子邮件与原作者联系，请原作者阐释该条目的含义，再经小组细致讨论后，对条目内容进行进一步修改和阐述㊂量表条目的修改情况见表１㊂对得到的数据进行效度分析，测得条目Ｉ⁃ＣＶＩ为０．８０１．００，Ｓ⁃ＣＶＩ为０．９６㊂表１㊀条目修改说明条目修订前修订后１准备要摄入的食物准备要摄入的食物（不包括购买食物）５保持站立不摔倒从床或椅子上站起来并保持站立姿势１１放置除臭剂放置驱虫㊁除臭剂１５知晓马桶或便盆的位置有能力坐在马桶或便盆上２１系领带系带子（领带㊁鞋带㊁腰带）２．２．２㊀结构效度２．２．２．１㊀探索性因子分析㊀第一步：对本研究获取到的３２０份有效样本进行因子分析的可行性检验，得到ＫＭＯ检验值为０．７４１＞０．７０，Ｂａｒｔｌｅｔｔ球形检验统计量χ２＝４８３６．２２（ｄｆ＝３５１，Ｐ＜０．００１），结合以上两项指标，表明本次调查的样本量足够，可进一步进行因子分析［１１］㊂第二步：运用主成分分析法及最大方差法，得到特征值＞１的公因子共８个，与原量表的８个维度对应，各条目在所属分量表上的因子载荷值均＞０．４５，累计贡献率为７６．６７７％㊂具体结果见表２㊂表２㊀中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７探索性因素分析的项目载荷与共同度表穿衣项目号负荷共同度日常准备项目号负荷共同度进食项目号负荷共同度沐浴项目号负荷共同度Ａ２００．８３０．７１Ａ８０．９３０．８８Ａ１０．８４０．７２Ａ１２０．８６０．７５Ａ２１０．８１０．６５Ａ９０．８５０．７４Ａ２０．８９０．８０Ａ１３０．９１０．８３Ａ２２０．８７０．７６Ａ１００．９２０．８５Ａ３０．８７０．７６Ａ１４０．８９０．８０Ａ２３０．８８０．７８Ａ１１０．８８０．７９Ａ４０．８７０．７６Ａ２４０．８５０．７６解释量㊀㊀㊀㊀１３．９５９％１１．９７２％１１．２１３％８．８５１％续表使用卫生间项目号负荷共同度行走项目号负荷共同度身体活动项目号负荷共同度用药项目号负荷共同度Ａ１５０．９３０．８７Ａ５０．９２０．８６Ａ２５０．７２０．６６Ａ１８０．６７０．８６Ａ１６０．８２０．６８Ａ６０．８２０．６８Ａ２６０．８１０．６６Ａ１９０．６２０．８５Ａ１７０．８９０．８２Ａ７０．８６０．７５Ａ２７０．８１０．６７解释量㊀㊀㊀㊀８．７６８％８．５３７％７．００２％６．３７５％２．２．２．２㊀各维度间与各维度和总量表相关性分析㊀见表３㊂表３㊀各维度间与各维度和总量表相关性分析１２３４５６７８９穿衣１日常准备０．５６１∗１进食０．４８４∗０．３６１∗１沐浴０．４５９∗０．５３９∗０．４８４∗１使用卫生间０．６０２∗０．４５３∗０．５８２∗０．６０４∗１行走０．４５６∗０．３７５∗０．７３７∗０．５９１∗０．６５５∗１身体活动０．６４０∗０．４８６∗０．６３２∗０．４１２∗０．８４６∗０．７６５∗１用药０．７２９∗０．６６３∗０．６６４∗０．７３４∗０．７３３∗０．５４２∗０．７３２∗１ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７０．７８２∗０．７５８∗０．７６９∗０．８２０∗０．８５４∗０．８８７∗０．８１４∗０８５０∗１㊀注：∗Ｐ＜０．０１２．２．３效标效度㊀ＢＩ具有较好的普适性，本研究将ＢＩ作为金标准，通过Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关分析得出ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７与ＢＩ得分的相关系数ｒ＝０．４２（Ｐ＜０．００１）㊂２．３㊀中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７内部一致性及折半信度㊀见表４㊂３㊀讨论３．１㊀量表的意义㊀随着我国老龄化进程的推进，失能半失能㊁失智半失智老年人的数量每年快速增长，这一群体的照护评估以及具体的照护实施不仅影响个人家庭，也为我国社会服务事业带来了巨大挑战［１２－１３］㊂自我照护是老年人利用环境（包括内部自身环境和外部社会环境）资源参与健康促进，维持自尊独立主，有品质生活的连续过程［１４］㊂目前，国内用于评估老年人日常生活能力的工具主要为ＢＩ和Ｋａｔｚ⁃ＡＤＬ，这些量４６表４㊀中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７内部一致性及折半信度项目条目数Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈᶄｓα系数折半信度ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７２７０．８６３０．８０７进食４０．８９５０．８３９行走３０．８４７０．７９４日常准备４０．９２１０．９１４沐浴３０．８６６０．８０４使用卫生间３０．８６４０．７６６用药２０．８３７０．７６５穿衣５０．９０２０．８９２身体活动３０．７８７０．７２７表虽然大致能反映失能老年人的ＡＤＬ，但只告知照护者老年人是否需要帮助，并未指出被试者构成进食行为的哪一步需帮助，如准备食物㊁使用餐具等㊂此外，有研究者指出，不同老年人表现出不同程度的照护依赖，但是工作人员经常代替做一些老年人自己就可完成的操作，从而加剧依赖度，导致机体功能进一步减弱［４］㊂因此，科学的照护并不是一味地满足老年人的照护需求，其前提则是需要详尽㊁全面的照护依赖评估㊂３．２㊀量表的效度良好㊀本研究中，中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的内容效度是通过专家咨询这一步骤获得的㊂由于专家咨询问卷中评分等级分为４级，对应１４分，因此本研究的Ｉ⁃ＣＶＩ是指每个条目评分ȡ３分的专家人数与专家咨询总人数的比值，而Ｓ⁃ＣＶＩ则为量表所有Ｉ－ＣＶＩ的平均值［１５］㊂最终得到结果Ｉ⁃ＣＶＩ＞０．８０；Ｓ⁃ＣＶＩ＞０．９０，表明中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７有较好的内容效度［１６］，各条目能准确反映社区老年人的自我照护依赖情况㊂本研究采用探索性因子分析来检验中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的结构效度㊂得到量表的ＫＭＯ值＞０．７０，Ｂａｒｔｌｅｔｔ球形检验得到χ２＝４８３６．２２（Ｐ＜０．００１），说明本次研究收集的数据满足进行因子分析的要求㊂通过主要成分分析法，最大方差法提取出８个公因子，维度数及各条目的归属与源量表一致，８个公因子满足累积方差贡献率＞４０％，各条目因子载荷均＞０．４的标准［１７］，各维度均实现了与理论结构的对等性，表明中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７结构效度较好㊂本研究通过计算各维度之间以及各维度与总量表之间的相关系数，得到量表各维度得分与总分的相关系数为０．７５８０．８８７，各维度之间的相关系数为０．３６１０．７６５，相关系数ｒ＞０．３（Ｐ＜０．０１），各维度与总量表间的相关系数高于因子维度间的相关系数，说明各维度与整体一致又具有相对的独立性［１８］㊂再将ＢＩ作为效标，将ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７与ＢＩ得分做Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关性分析，结果显示两者呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．００１），说明该量表有较好的效标效度㊂３．３㊀量表的信度良好㊀本研究采用Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈｓᶄｓα系数和折半信度检验量表的内部一致性㊂一般认为，如果量表的Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈｓᶄｓα系数和折半信度均＞０．７０时，则认为量表条目有较好的内部一致性［１７－１９］㊂本研究得出中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７的Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈｓᶄｓα系数为０．８６３，各维度的Ｃｒｏｎｂａｃｈｓᶄｓα系数为０．７８７０．９２１，量表的折半信度为０．８０７，各维度的折半信度为０．７２７０．９１４，均＞０．０７，表明中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７具有良好的内部一致性，能真实地反映社区老年人自我照护依赖水平㊂综上所述，中文版ＳＣＤＥＦ⁃２７具备良好的信效度，适用于社区老年人的自理行为评价㊂但本研究仍存在一定局限性，有待进一步扩大样本量，如在成年群体中进一步验证和完善㊂参考文献［１］㊀ＯｒｅｍＤＥ．Ａｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｆｓｅｌｆ⁃ｃａｒｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｅｈａｂｉｌｉｔａｔｉｏｎｃｌｉｅｎｔ［Ｊ］．ＲｅｈａｂｉｌＮｕｒｓ，１９８５，１０（３）：３３－３６．［２］ＦｅｒｒｅｉｒａＡＲ，ＤｉａｓＣＣ，ＦｅｒｎａｎｄｅｓＬ．Ｎｅｅｄｓｉｎｎｕｒｓｉｎｇｈｏｍｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖｅａｎｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ，ｂｅ⁃ｈａｖｉｏｒａｌａｎｄｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ［Ｊ］．Ｆｒｏｎｔｉｅｒｓｉｎａｇｉｎｇｎｅｕｒｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ，２０１６，８（４）：７２－７５．［３］曹军华，郭玉芳，胡秀英，等．社区居家老年人护理服务供需现状分析及护理干预对策［Ｊ］．齐鲁护理杂志，２０１９，２５（１１）：１５－１９．［４］ＩｍａｇｉｎáｒｉｏＣ，ＲｏｃｈａＭ，ＭａｃｈａｄｏＰ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｅｌｆ⁃ｃａｒｅｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｌｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌｉｚｅｄｉｎＥｌｄｅｒｌｙＣａｒｅＣｅｎｔｒｅｓ［Ｊ］．Ａｒｃｈｉｖｅｓｏｆｇｅｒｏｎｔｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｇｅｒｉａｔｒｉｃｓ，２０１８，７８：８９－９５．［５］ＩｍａｇｉｎáｒｉｏＣ，ＲｏｃｈａＭ，ＭａｃｈａｄｏＰ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｃａｐａｃｉ⁃ｔｙａｎｄｓｅｌｆ⁃ｃａｒｅｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓｏｆｏｌｄｅｒｐｅｏｐｌｅｉｎｓｅｎｉｏｒｃａｒｅｈｏｍｅｓ［Ｊ］．Ｓｃａｎｄｉｎａｖｉａｎｊｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｃａｒｉｎｇｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０２０，３４（１）：６９－７７．［６］ＢｅａｔｏｎＤＥ，ＢｏｍｂａｒｄｉｅｒＣ，ＧｕｉｌｌｅｍｉｎＦ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｃｒｏｓｓ⁃ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｅｌｆ⁃ｒｅｐｏｒｔｍｅａｓ⁃ｕｒｅｓ［Ｊ］．Ｓｐｉｎｅ，２０００，２５（２４）：３１８６－３１９１．［７］Ｐｆｅｉｆｆｅｒ，Ｅｒｉｃ．Ａｓｈｏｒｔｐｏｒｔａｂｌｅｍｅｎｔａｌｓｔａｔｕｓｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｆｏｒｔｈｅａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｏｒｇａｎｉｃｂｒａｉｎｄｅｆｉｃｉｔｉｎｅｌｄｅｒｌｙｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＧｅｒｉａｔｒｉｃｓＳｏｃｉｅｔｙ，１９７５，２３（１０）：４３３－４４１．［８］郭晋武．老年人认知障碍简易测定方法的初步研究［Ｊ］．中国心理卫生杂志，１９９８（５）：９，１３－１４．［９］ＭａｈｏｎｅｙＦＩ，ＢａｒｔｈｅｌＤＷ．Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ：ｔｈｅＢａｒｔｈｅｌｉｎｄｅｘ［Ｊ］．ＭｄＳｔａｔｅＭｅｄＪ，１９６５，１４：６１－６５．［１０］方积乾．生存质量测定方法及应用［Ｍ］．北京：北京医科大学出版社，２０００：７５．［１１］贾东风，任长安．ＳＰＳＳ统计软件中的因子分析法在医学科研中的应用［Ｊ］．办公自动化，２００９（４）：５３－５５．［１２］唐咏．整合失能和失智老人照顾体系［Ｎ］．中国社会科学报，２０１９－１１－２０（００５）．［１３］纪竞垚．家庭照料对老年人机构养老意愿的影响基于ＣＬＡＳＳ数据的实证分析［Ｊ］．调研世界，２０１９（１）：１７－２２．［１４］王惠婷，吕艳丽，陈细曲，等．泉州市社区老年人自我护理能力及其影响因素调查［Ｊ］．护理研究，２０１８，３２（９）：１３７０－１３７７．［１５］史静琤，莫显昆，孙振球．量表编制中内容效度指数的应用［Ｊ］．中南大学学报（医学版），２０１２，３７（２）：４９－５２．［１６］胡雁，王志稳．护理研究［Ｍ］．５版．北京：人民卫生出版社，２０１７：１２１－１２９．［１７］吴明隆．问卷统计分析实务－ＳＰＳＳ操作与应用［Ｍ］．重庆：重庆大学出版社，２０１０：２０７，２４４．［１８］易开桂，丁四清，钟竹青，等．患者版个性化护理量表的汉化及信效度评价［Ｊ］．中华护理杂志，２０１７，５２（３）：３７３－３７６．［１９］田家利，刘宇，张素，等．家庭护理评估量表的汉化和信效度检验［Ｊ］．中华护理杂志，２０１９，５４（２）：１９９－２０５．本文编辑：姜立会㊀㊀２０２０－０６－２０收稿火龙罐干预对原发性痛经患者症状改善及疼痛程度的影响钟远梅，梁玮伦，冯东霞（深圳市福田区妇幼保健院㊀广东深圳５１８０００）ʌ摘㊀要ɔ目的：探讨火龙罐干预对原发性痛经患者症状改善及疼痛程度的影响㊂方法：选取２０１８年１月１日２０１９年１月１日收治的原发性痛经患者９０例作为研究对象，采用随机抽签法将其等分成研究组和对照组各４５例㊂对照组给予布洛芬缓释胶囊干预，研究组在对照组的基础上给予火龙罐干预㊂比较两组干预前后症状改善情况㊁疼痛程度［采用数字疼痛评分法（ＮＲＳ）㊁视觉模拟评分法（ＶＡＳ）］㊁子宫动脉动力学参数水平［包括搏动指数（ＰＩ）㊁阻力指数（ＲＩ）］㊁血清一氧化氮（ＮＯ）㊁内皮素－１（ＥＴ⁃１）水平㊂结果：干预后，研究组症状积分均低于干预前和对照组同期（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＲＳ㊁ＶＡＳ评分均低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＩ㊁ＲＩ均低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ水平高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＥＴ⁃１水平低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）㊂结论：火龙罐干预对原发性痛经患者的症状改善效果显著，有利于减轻疼痛程度，且不会对血清ＮＯ㊁ＥＴ⁃１以及子宫动脉动力学造成严重影响㊂ʌ关键词ɔ原发性痛经；火龙罐；症状改善；视觉模拟评分法；数字疼痛评分法中图分类号：Ｒ４７３．７１㊀㊀文献标识码：Ａ㊀㊀ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００６－７２５６．２０２１．０７．０２３㊀㊀文章编号：１００６－７２５６（２０２１）０７－００６６－０３㊀㊀原发性痛经属于妇科常见疾病之一，又可称之为功能性痛经，主要是指集中于下腹部的月经期痉挛性疼痛，患者主要临床症状囊括腰腿痛㊁头痛㊁腹泻㊁乏力㊁恶心㊁呕吐等，多见于年轻女性，严重影响患者的日常生活以及工作［１－２］㊂因此，寻找一种积极有效的干预方法显得尤为重要，亦是目前临床研究的热点㊂火龙罐主要是指由玄石㊁紫砂混合烧制而成的带下不同的罐体，罐口属于不规则花瓣形结构，其特殊的罐口设计可完成走罐㊁按揉穴位㊁刮痧等干预，且罐体内可放置３根直径为３ｃｍ的艾柱，点燃艾柱即为火罐，又称之为火龙罐［３－４］㊂由此可知，火龙罐是一种综合推拿㊁点穴以及艾灸于一体的中医综合干预手段㊂目前，火龙罐已被广泛应用于临床上多种寒㊁湿类疾病中，且效果明显，但关于其应用于原发性痛经中的相关研究并不多见㊂鉴于此，２０１８年１月１日２０１９年１月１日，我们将火龙罐干预应用于４５例原发性痛经患者中，旨在为临床改善原发性痛经的症状及疼痛程度提供参考依据㊂现报告如下㊂１㊀资料与方法１．１㊀临床资料㊀选取同期我院收治的原发性痛经患者９０例作为研究对象㊂纳入标准［５］：①所有纳入对象均与‘中医妇科学“第７版中所制定的原发性痛经相关诊断标准相符；②年龄ȡ１８岁者；③月经规律者（２８ʃ７）ｄ；④超声㊁妇科检查生殖器官和盆腔无器质性病变者；⑤入院前尚未接受任何相关干预者；⑥为深圳常住，依从性好，能坚持配合治疗者㊂排除标准：①月经不规律者；②继发性痛经者；③入院前１个月内接受过镇痛药物干预者；④心㊁肝㊁肾等重要脏器发生病变者；⑤合并严重心脑血管疾病者；⑥交流沟通障碍或伴有精神疾病者㊂以随机抽签法将其等分成研究组和对照组各４５例㊂研究组年龄１９３７（２６．２３ʃ４．２９）岁，初潮年龄１１１６（１３．４２ʃ１．８７）岁，病程１２９（２３．４２ʃ４．５９）个月；对照组年龄１８３６（２６．１６ʃ４．３０）岁，初潮年龄１０１６（１３．３９ʃ１．９０）岁，病程１３１（２３．４５ʃ４．６２）个月㊂两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）㊂已获得纳入对象同意，并得到医院医学伦理委员会批准㊂１．２㊀方法㊀对照组给予布洛芬缓释胶囊（山西云鹏制药有限公司，批准文号：国药准字Ｈ２０１２３４１６）等常规药物治疗，使用剂量为每次０．３ｇ，２次／ｄ，于经前３ｄ开始服用，以３个月经周期为１个疗程㊂研究组在对照组基础上增用火龙罐干预：选用大小适中的火龙罐，明确罐口无破损后，将定制的蕲艾柱放置在罐体内充分点燃其表面，随后选择腰骶部以及八髎穴部位均匀抹上适量的蕲艾精油㊂待罐口温度适宜，且艾柱燃烧升温均匀后，将火龙罐置于腰骶部以及八髎穴区域完成操作㊂施罐时手掌小鱼际首先接触皮肤，随后落罐，综合点㊁碾㊁推㊁揉㊁按㊁烫㊁震等不同手法正旋㊁反旋㊁摇振罐体作用在皮肤肌肉组织㊂操作过程中按照罐内温度的高低调节运罐速度，密切关注患者的神情变化并了解其感受㊂局部操作１５ｍｉｎ，当皮肤存在微汗，且皮肤红润即暂停操作，以干净纸巾擦去皮肤表面精油㊂嘱患者保暖防寒，并于４ｈ内避免冲凉以及接触冷水㊁冷饮等㊂３ｄ干预１次，以３个月经周期为１个干预疗程㊂１．３㊀观察指标㊀①症状改善情况：痛经症状积分判定标准主要是参照‘中药新药临床研究指导原则“［６］中所制定的相关评分标准进行，得分越高反映患者症状越严重㊂②数字疼痛评分法（ＮＲＳ）［７］㊁视觉模拟评分法（ＶＡＳ）［８］：以ＮＲＳ㊁ＶＡＳ反映患者的疼痛程度，ＶＡＳ㊁ＮＲＳ总分均为０１０分，得分越高反映患者疼痛越剧烈㊂③子宫动脉动力学参数水平：子宫动脉血流动力指标主要囊括搏动指数（ＰＩ）㊁阻力指数（ＲＩ），采用菲利普斯ＨＤＩ⁃５０００型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，分别于干预前㊁干预后第７个月经周期月经来潮前２３ｄ检测，检查时要求膀胱适当充盈，取子宫横断面，完成子宫动脉血液的取样㊂④血清一氧化氮（ＮＯ）㊁内皮素－１（ＥＴ⁃１）水平：分别于干预前㊁干预６６。

中考英语地理探索单选题40题

中考英语地理探索单选题40题1. There are many ______ in the world, such as the Himalayas and the Alps.A. mountainsB. riversC. lakesD. deserts答案：A。

本题考查地理词汇。

选项A“mountains”意为“山脉”，喜马拉雅山和阿尔卑斯山都属于山脉。

选项B“rivers”意为“河流”。

选项C“lakes”意为“湖泊”。

选项D“deserts”意为“沙漠”。

2. The Earth rotates around the ______.A. SunB. MoonC. StarD. Planet答案：A。

本题考查地理常识。

地球围绕太阳旋转，选项A“Sun”意为“太阳”。

选项B“Moon”意为“月亮”，但地球不是围绕月亮转。

选项C“Star”意为“星星”，范围太宽泛。

选项D“Planet”意为“行星”，不符合题意。

3. The climate in the tropical zone is usually ______.A. hot and rainyB. cold and dryC. warm and sunnyD. cool and windy答案：A。

本题考查地理气候相关词汇。

热带地区的气候通常炎热多雨，选项A“hot and rainy”符合热带气候特点。

选项B“cold and dry”意为“寒冷干燥”，不符合热带气候。

选项C“warm and sunny”意为“温暖晴朗”，不如“hot and rainy”准确描述热带气候。

选项D“cool and windy”意为“凉爽多风”，也不符合热带气候。

4. Which continent is the largest in the world?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. EuropeD. America答案：A。

本题考查大洲的地理知识。

认识事物面目顺应自然规律英语作文

认识事物面目顺应自然规律英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Understanding the True Nature of Things and Following Natural LawsAs a student, one of the most profound lessons I've learned is the importance of understanding the true nature of things and aligning ourselves with the natural laws that govern the universe. It's a perspective that has shaped not only my academic pursuits but my overall worldview and approach to life.From a young age, we're taught to question, to seek knowledge, and to embrace curiosity. Yet, as we delve deeper into various subjects, we often find ourselves confronted with the realization that much of what we thought we knew was merely a superficial understanding, a mere scratching of the surface. The true nature of things, whether it's the intricate workings of the natural world, the complexities of human behavior, or the fundamental principles of mathematics and physics, often lies buried beneath layers of preconceptions and oversimplifications.One of the most remarkable aspects of this journey of understanding is the recognition that everything in the universe operates according to specific laws and principles. These laws are not mere guidelines or suggestions; they are the foundational truths that govern the behavior of matter, energy, and the very fabric of reality itself. From the motion of planets and stars to the intricate dance of subatomic particles, from the intricate mechanisms that drive biological processes to the underlying principles that shape human societies, these natural laws are ever-present and unwavering.As students, it's our responsibility to approach these laws with humility and a willingness to learn. We must shed our preconceived notions and biases, and embrace the scientific method as our guide. Through careful observation, experimentation, and rigorous analysis, we can begin to unravel the mysteries of the universe, one layer at a time.Yet, understanding the true nature of things is not merely an academic exercise; it has profound implications for how we live our lives. By aligning ourselves with the natural laws that govern the universe, we can make more informed decisions, live more sustainably, and ultimately, find greater harmony and balance within ourselves and with the world around us.Take, for instance, the principles of physics and their application in engineering and technology. By understanding the laws of motion, the properties of materials, and the behavior of energy, we can design and create structures and devices that are not only functional but also efficient and sustainable. From the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings to the development of renewable energy technologies, the integration of natural laws into our designs and innovations has the potential to create a better, more sustainable future for all.Similarly, in the realm of biology and medicine, understanding the true nature of living organisms and the intricate processes that govern their functioning is crucial for developing effective treatments, combating diseases, and promoting overall well-being. By studying the intricate mechanisms of the human body, the intricate interactions between genes and the environment, and the delicate balance of ecosystems, we can unlock the secrets to improved health, longevity, and a more harmonious coexistence with the natural world.Even in the social sciences and humanities, recognizing the underlying patterns and principles that shape human behavior, cultures, and societies can lead to greater understanding,empathy, and the development of more equitable and just systems. By studying the complex interplay of factors that influence human decision-making, the dynamics of social interactions, and the evolution of cultural norms and values, we can gain insights that can help us build more inclusive, compassionate, and sustainable communities.However, this pursuit of understanding the true nature of things is not without its challenges. As we delve deeper into the complexities of the universe, we are often confronted with paradoxes, contradictions, and uncertainties that challenge our existing knowledge and assumptions. The more we learn, the more we realize how much we still have yet to uncover.In these moments of uncertainty, it's essential that we embrace a mindset of intellectual humility and a willingness to adapt and evolve our understanding. We must be open to new evidence, new perspectives, and new ways of thinking, even if they contradict our previously held beliefs. This openness to change and growth is what fuels the continuous advancement of knowledge and our collective understanding of the world around us.Moreover, as we navigate the complexities of the natural world, we must also confront the ethical and moral implicationsof our actions. Science and technology have the power to reshape the world in profound ways, and with that power comes a great responsibility. We must ask ourselves how our newfound knowledge and understanding can be applied in ways that respect the delicate balance of the natural world, promote human well-being, and create a more equitable and sustainable future for all.In this regard, understanding the true nature of things and following natural laws is not merely an intellectual pursuit; it's a call to action. It's a challenge to use our knowledge and insights to create positive change, to address the pressing issues of our time, and to leave the world a better place than we found it.Ultimately, the journey of understanding the true nature of things and aligning ourselves with natural laws is a lifelong endeavor, one that requires curiosity, perseverance, and a deep respect for the mysteries of the universe. It's a path that will challenge us, inspire us, and ultimately, lead us to a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things.As students, we stand at the forefront of this quest for knowledge and understanding. It is our responsibility to embrace this journey with open minds, critical thinking, and a commitment to using our insights for the betterment ofhumanity and the preservation of the natural world. By doing so, we can not only unlock the secrets of the universe but also pave the way towards a more harmonious, sustainable, and enlightened future for all.篇2Understanding the Nature of Things and Following Natural LawsAs a student, I have come to realize the profound importance of understanding the fundamental nature of things and following the natural laws that govern our universe. This realization has not only deepened my appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the world around us but has also shaped my approach to learning and problem-solving.From a young age, we are taught the basic concepts of science, mathematics, and logic, which serve as the building blocks for understanding the natural world. However, as we delve deeper into these subjects, we begin to uncover the intricate patterns, laws, and principles that underlie the behavior of everything from subatomic particles to vast celestial bodies.One of the most remarkable aspects of nature is its adherence to a set of immutable laws. These laws are not meresuggestions or guidelines; they are the fundamental rules that dictate the behavior of matter, energy, and the entire fabric of reality. The law of gravity, for instance, governs the motion of objects, from a falling apple to the orbit of planets around the sun. The laws of thermodynamics dictate the flow of energy and the inevitable increase of entropy in any closed system.As students, it is our responsibility to not only understand these laws but also to embrace them as the foundation upon which our knowledge is built. By acknowledging and respecting the natural order, we can unlock the secrets of the universe and harness the power of science to solve complex problems and push the boundaries of human understanding.However, the pursuit of knowledge is not merely an academic exercise; it has far-reaching implications for our daily lives and the future of our planet. By understanding the interconnectedness of all things and the delicate balance that sustains life on Earth, we can make informed decisions that promote sustainability and protect the environment.For instance, the study of ecology and environmental science has revealed the intricate web of relationships between living organisms and their physical surroundings. By recognizing the natural cycles and processes that govern these systems, wecan develop strategies to mitigate the impact of human activities and preserve the delicate balance that supports life on our planet.Moreover, the principles of biology and medicine have allowed us to unlock the mysteries of the human body and develop life-saving treatments and preventive measures. By understanding the natural mechanisms that govern our physiology, we can combat diseases, alleviate suffering, and extend the human lifespan.In the realm of technology and engineering, a deep understanding of the natural laws that govern physics, chemistry, and materials science has enabled us to create remarkable innovations that have revolutionized our way of life. From the development of efficient renewable energy sources to the design of advanced materials and structures, the application of scientific principles has been the driving force behind our technological progress.However, it is crucial to acknowledge that our understanding of the natural world is an ongoing journey, and there is still much to be discovered and explored. As students, we must cultivate a sense of humility and curiosity, recognizing that our currentknowledge is merely a stepping stone towards a deeper comprehension of the universe's mysteries.One of the greatest challenges we face is the reconciliation of our scientific understanding with our cultural, philosophical, and spiritual beliefs. Throughout history, there have been instances where scientific discoveries have challenged long-held beliefs and societal norms. In such cases, it is essential to approach these conflicts with an open mind, engaging in respectful dialogue and seeking common ground between different perspectives.Ultimately, the pursuit of knowledge and the quest to understand the nature of things is not just an intellectual endeavor; it is a fundamental aspect of our human existence. By embracing the natural laws that govern our universe, we can unlock the potential for innovation, foster sustainability, and promote the well-being of all living beings.As students, it is our responsibility to not only acquire knowledge but also to apply it in a manner that benefits society and preserves the delicate balance of our planet. By cultivating a deep respect for the natural order and adhering to the principles that govern our world, we can contribute to the ongoing questfor understanding and continue to push the boundaries of human knowledge.In conclusion, the study of the natural world and the laws that govern it is a journey of discovery, wonder, and responsibility. It is a path that challenges us to question, explore, and ultimately embrace the fundamental truths that underlie the fabric of our existence. As students, it is our duty to approach this journey with an open mind, a thirst for knowledge, and a deep reverence for the intricate beauty and complexity of the universe we inhabit.篇3Recognizing the Nature of Things and Flowing with Natural LawsEver since I was a young child, I've been fascinated by the natural world around me. The changing of the seasons, the growth of plants, the movement of celestial bodies – all of it filled me with a sense of wonder and curiosity. As I grew older and began my studies, I realized that behind all these phenomena lies a vast web of interconnected natural laws that govern the entire universe. Understanding and aligning ourselves with these laws is not only crucial for our scientificunderstanding but also for living in harmony with the world we inhabit.One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the law of cause and effect. Every action, no matter how small, has consequences that ripple outward, influencing other events and phenomena. This principle is evident in the simplest of observations, such as a pebble causing ripples when dropped into a still pond. However, it also applies to the most complex systems, like the intricate web of ecological relationships that sustain life on our planet. Recognizing this law allows us to better comprehend the interconnectedness of all things and the potential impact of our actions.Another key concept is the law of conservation, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another. This principle underlies so many natural processes, from the cycling of matter through ecosystems to the conversion of energy in various forms, such as heat, light, and motion. By understanding this law, we can better appreciate the delicate balance that exists in nature and the importance of sustainable practices that work in harmony with these cycles.The laws of motion, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton, have also been instrumental in our understanding of the physical world. These laws explain how objects move and interact with each other, from the falling of an apple to the orbits of planets around the sun. By studying and applying these laws, we've been able to achieve remarkable feats of engineering, from building skyscrapers to launching spacecraft into the depths of space.However, it's important to recognize that nature's laws are not rigid, inflexible rules but rather descriptive patterns that capture the underlying order and behavior of the universe. They are subject to revision and refinement as our understanding evolves, as evidenced by the revolutionary theories of relativity and quantum mechanics that challenged and expanded upon classical physics.One area where the interplay between natural laws and human understanding is particularly fascinating is in the field of biology. The intricate mechanisms that govern the functioning of living organisms, from the replication of DNA to the intricate web of biochemical pathways, are all governed by the fundamental laws of chemistry and physics. Yet, the sheer complexity and diversity of life on Earth continually challengesand expands our knowledge, revealing new layers of intricacy and adaptation.Understanding natural laws is not merely an academic exercise; it has profound practical implications for our lives and the world around us. For instance, recognizing the principles of thermodynamics and the limitations of energy conversion has been crucial in the development of efficient and sustainable energy technologies, from solar panels to wind turbines. Similarly, understanding the laws of ecology and the delicate balance of ecosystems has informed conservation efforts and sustainable agricultural practices.Moreover, aligning ourselves with natural laws can have profound personal benefits, promoting physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The rhythms of nature, from the cycles of day and night to the changing of seasons, are deeply ingrained in our biology and psyche. By attuning ourselves to these cycles and living in harmony with them, we can reduce stress, improve sleep patterns, and cultivate a deeper sense of connection with the world around us.Of course, our understanding of natural laws is an ongoing journey, and there is still much to be discovered and explored. The mysteries of the universe continue to captivate andchallenge us, from the nature of dark matter and dark energy to the fundamental principles that govern the behavior of subatomic particles. It is through the relentless pursuit of knowledge, the application of scientific methods, and the willingness to question and refine our theories that we can continue to unravel the secrets of the cosmos.In conclusion, recognizing the nature of things and flowing with natural laws is not only essential for our scientific understanding but also for living in harmony with the world we inhabit. By embracing these principles and aligning ourselves with the rhythms and patterns of nature, we can foster a deeper connection with the universe and promote a more sustainable, balanced, and fulfilling existence. It is a journey of continuous learning, adaptation, and reverence for the intricate tapestry of life that surrounds us.。

科学成果与质疑的关系

科学成果与质疑的关系The relationship between scientific discoveries and skepticism is a complex and dynamic one. On one hand, scientific achievements are built upon a foundation of skepticism and critical thinking. On the other hand, skepticism can sometimes hinder the acceptance and progress of scientific findings. This essay will explore the multifaceted nature of the relationship between scientific achievements and skepticism from various perspectives.From a historical standpoint, skepticism has played a crucial role in the advancement of scientific knowledge. Throughout history, scientists and philosophers have questioned prevailing beliefs and theories, leading to groundbreaking discoveries. For example, the skepticism of Nicolaus Copernicus towards the geocentric model of the universe paved the way for the heliocentric model. Similarly, the skepticism of Charles Darwin towards the prevailing creationist view of life led to the theory of evolution. These examples demonstrate how skepticism canchallenge established beliefs and drive scientific progress.Furthermore, skepticism serves as a vital component of the scientific method. The scientific method relies on the constant questioning and testing of hypotheses to arrive at reliable conclusions. Scientists are encouraged to approach their work with a healthy dose of skepticism, as it helpsto ensure the validity and accuracy of their findings. Peer review, a cornerstone of the scientific process, involves subjecting research to critical evaluation by other experts in the field. This skepticism-driven process helps tofilter out biases and errors, ultimately strengthening the credibility of scientific achievements.However, skepticism can also pose challenges to the acceptance and dissemination of scientific discoveries. In some cases, skepticism can be rooted in personal beliefs, ideologies, or vested interests, leading to the rejectionor distortion of scientific evidence. This is particularly evident in controversial areas such as climate change or vaccinations. Despite overwhelming scientific consensus on these issues, skepticism fueled by misinformation orpolitical agendas can hinder the implementation of evidence-based solutions.Additionally, the public's perception of science and scientific achievements can be influenced by skepticism. While skepticism is a vital tool within the scientific community, it can be misunderstood or misinterpreted by the general public. This can lead to a lack of trust in scientific findings or a reluctance to accept new discoveries. The rise of pseudoscience and conspiracy theories further exacerbates this issue, as they often exploit skepticism to promote unfounded claims anddiscredit established scientific knowledge.Moreover, skepticism can sometimes impede scientific progress by creating barriers to funding and collaboration. In an era where scientific research heavily relies on financial support, skepticism from funding agencies or policymakers can limit the resources available forscientific exploration. Additionally, skepticism within the scientific community itself can hinder interdisciplinary collaboration and the sharing of knowledge, slowing downthe pace of scientific advancement.In conclusion, the relationship between scientific achievements and skepticism is a complex and multifaceted one. While skepticism has historically driven scientific progress and is an integral part of the scientific method, it can also hinder the acceptance and dissemination of scientific findings. It is crucial to strike a balance between skepticism and open-mindedness, ensuring that scientific achievements are rigorously tested and evaluated while also being accessible and accepted by the broader society.。

首都医大高级医学英语

Capital Medical University (CMU), located in the heart of Beijing, stands as a beacon of excellence in medical education in China. It is renowned for its unwavering commitment to high-quality and high-standard education that not only meets but also transcends international benchmarks. This essay will delve into various dimensions to analyze how CMU achieves this feat through an innovative curriculum, rigorous clinical training, cutting-edge research, international collaborations, and nurturing a culture of lifelong learning.Firstly, CMU's high-quality medical education is underpinned by a comprehensive and forward-thinking curriculum. The university adopts a student-centered approach, integrating basic sciences with clinical practice, fostering a deep understanding of the theoretical foundations while ensuring practical skills development. It emphasizes evidence-based medicine and critical thinking, preparing students to tackle real-world medical challenges. Furthermore, it continuously updates its curriculum to reflect the latest advancements in medical science and technology, thereby maintaining its position at the forefront of medical education.Secondly, the high standard of clinical training at CMU is unparalleled. Students are immersed in a rich clinical environment across multiple affiliated hospitals, which are equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and staffed by expert clinicians. These institutions provide ample opportunities for hands-on experience, from bedside teachings to simulated surgeries, thus honing the clinical acumen of the students. The emphasis on patient-centered care and ethical practices instills in students a sense of professionalism and responsibility that is vital for their future roles as healthcare providers.Thirdly, CMU encourages and facilitates high-impact research. The university houses numerous research centers dedicated to diverse fields such as biomedicine, neuroscience, and public health. By engaging students early in research activities, CMU nurtures their investigative skills, promoting innovation and discovery. The research-oriented environment equips graduates with the ability to contribute meaningfully to the scientific community, therebyenhancing the overall quality and standards of medical care.In terms of internationalization, CMU actively seeks global partnerships and collaborations, which further enhance its educational standards. It has established exchange programs, joint-degree initiatives, and collaborative research projects with leading universities worldwide. This exposure broadens the perspectives of students and faculty alike, facilitating the sharing of best practices and knowledge, and aligning CMU's standards with those of the most prestigious medical schools globally.Lastly, CMU fosters a culture of continuous learning and professional development. It offers a wide array of postgraduate courses, workshops, seminars, and conferences to keep its alumni and faculty abreast of the latest developments in medical science. This persistent dedication to lifelong learning ensures that CMU graduates are not only well-prepared at the outset of their careers but are also equipped to adapt and excel in an ever-evolving healthcare landscape.In conclusion, Capital Medical University's high-quality and high-standard medical education is a product of its dynamic curriculum, robust clinical training, vibrant research culture, international outlook, and commitment to lifelong learning. As it continues to refine and innovate its teaching methodologies and practices, CMU remains a leader in shaping the next generation of medical professionals who will drive advancements in healthcare both domestically and internationally.This multifaceted analysis underscores the strategic vision of CMU in creating a holistic educational milieu where academic rigor meets compassionate care, and where every graduate is poised to make a significant contribution to the field of medicine.Word Count: 569 words(For a complete response exceeding 1200 words, each section can be expanded further with specific examples, statistics, and detailed descriptions of programs and initiatives.)。

知识与真理英语作文

知识与真理英语作文Title: The Intersection of Knowledge and Truth。

Knowledge and truth are two concepts that have fascinated philosophers, scientists, and thinkers throughout history. While often used interchangeably, they represent distinct yet interconnected aspects of human understanding. In this essay, we will delve into the complex relationship between knowledge and truth, exploring how they influence each other and shape our perceptions of the world.Firstly, it is essential to define these terms. Knowledge can be understood as the information, skills, and understanding acquired through experience or education. It encompasses facts, theories, and beliefs that are accepted as true within a particular context or community. On the other hand, truth refers to the correspondence between a statement or belief and objective reality. It is the accuracy or correctness of a claim, independent of humanperception or interpretation.One of the fundamental questions concerning knowledge and truth is whether knowledge can exist without truth or vice versa. Some argue that knowledge can be valid even if it does not align with objective truth. For example, scientific theories are constantly evolving, and what was once considered true may be revised or disproven in light of new evidence. However, proponents of this view contend that knowledge still serves a practical purpose in guiding human actions and understanding the world, even if it is subject to change.Conversely, others assert that genuine knowledge must be grounded in truth. They argue that knowledge divorced from truth is merely belief or opinion, lacking the reliability and validity necessary for genuine understanding. In this view, the pursuit of knowledge is inherently linked to the quest for truth, as seeking to understand the world requires aligning our beliefs with reality as closely as possible.Moreover, the nature of truth itself is a subject of philosophical inquiry. Some philosophies, such as pragmatism, emphasize the practical consequences of beliefs rather than their correspondence with an objective reality. According to this perspective, truth is what works, what proves useful or beneficial in achieving our goals, rather than an absolute, unchanging reality.In the realm of science, the pursuit of truth is often characterized by the scientific method, a systematic approach to inquiry based on empirical evidence and logical reasoning. Scientists formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze data to test the validity of their theories. While scientific knowledge is provisional and subject to revision, it is continually refined in pursuit of a more accurate understanding of the natural world.However, even within the scientific community, debates persist about the nature of truth and the reliability of knowledge. The replication crisis, for instance, has raised concerns about the reproducibility of scientific findings and the prevalence of bias in research. Despite thesechallenges, the scientific method remains one of the most effective tools for uncovering truths about the universe.In addition to empirical evidence, other forms of knowledge, such as moral and aesthetic judgments, also play a role in shaping our understanding of the world. While these domains may not always lend themselves to empirical verification, they nevertheless influence our perceptions and actions.Furthermore, the social and cultural contexts in which knowledge is produced and disseminated cannot be overlooked. Power dynamics, ideological biases, and social norms canall shape the construction of knowledge and influence whatis accepted as truth within a given society. Recognizing these factors is crucial for fostering critical thinkingand promoting epistemic humility, the acknowledgment of the limits of our knowledge.In conclusion, the relationship between knowledge and truth is intricate and multifaceted. While knowledge serves as a means of understanding the world, its validity isultimately determined by its correspondence with truth. The pursuit of truth, whether through scientific inquiry, philosophical reflection, or everyday experience, is a fundamental aspect of human existence. By interrogating the intersection of knowledge and truth, we can deepen our understanding of the world and our place within it.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Enterprise System Flexibility and Implementation Strategies−Aligning Theory with Evidence from a CaseStudyJudith Gebauer Fei LeeUniversity of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Collegeof Business University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Collegeof BusinessAbstractFlexibility can have important consequences for the operational efficiency and long−termeffectiveness of an enterprise system, yet is often not considered explicitly as a decisionfactor during system design and implementation. In this article, we join managerial advice forimplementation strategies with insights from a theory that determines the flexibilityrequirements of an enterprise system in relation with characteristics of the business processthat the system is intended to support. We align our theoretical considerations with practicalevidence from the case of an electronic procurement system that was implemented at aFortune 100 firm. Based on our findings, we present a roadmap that can guide flexibility andimplementation strategies based on both project and process characteristics.Judith Gebauer is currently an assistant professor of Information Systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign. Current research interests include task−technology fit for mobile information systems, information system flexibility, and the impact of information technology on product modularity. She can be reached at gebauer@ Fei Lee is currently a doctoral student in Information Systems at the University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign. Her research interests include electronic commerce, online consumer behavior, IT outsourcing, enterprise and supply chain management systems. She can be reached at feilee2@Published: 2007URL: /Working_Papers/papers/07−0113.pdfALIGNING THEORY WITH EVIDENCE FROM A CASE STUDYJudith Gebauer1Assistant Professor of Business AdministrationCollege of BusinessUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign350 Wohlers Hall, 1206 S. Sixth StreetChampaign, IL 61820Phone: (217) 244-0330Fax: (217) 244-7969E-mail: gebauer@Fei LeeDoctoral CandidateCollege of BusinessUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign350 Wohlers Hall, 1206 S. Sixth StreetChampaign, IL 61820E-mail: feilee2@Judith Gebauer is currently an assistant professor of Information Systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Current research interests include task-technology fit for mobile information systems, information system flexibility, and the impact of information technology on product modularity. She can be reached at gebauer@.Fei Lee is currently a doctoral student in Information Systems at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Her research interests include electronic commerce, online consumer behavior, IT outsourcing, enterprise and supply chain management systems. She can be reached at feilee2@.1 Corresponding authorALIGNING THEORY WITH EVIDENCE FROM A CASE STUDYABSTRACTFlexibility can have important consequences for the operational efficiency and long-term effectiveness of an enterprise system, yet is often not considered explicitly as a decision factor during system design and implementation. In this article, we join managerial advice for implementation strategies with insights from a theory that determines the flexibility requirements of an enterprise system in relation with characteristics of the business process that the system is intended to support. We align our theoretical considerations with practical evidence from the case of an electronic procurement system that was implemented at a Fortune 100 firm. Based on our findings, we present a roadmap that can guide flexibility and implementation strategies based on both project and process characteristics.Keywords: Enterprise system, flexibility, implementation, project management, electronic procurement system, case study, business process characteristicsCompanies implement enterprise information systems to support business processes, such as supply chain management, customer relationship management, and procurement, and to “restructure interactions among groups of employees or with business partners” (McAfee, 2006, p. 145). Empirical evidence suggests a positive net impact of enterprise systems on financial performance (Hitt, Wu & Zhou, 2002), and on the market value of a firm, in particular in cases where a firm announces large-scale projects (Ranganathan & Brown, 2006). At the same time, however, the size and complexity of enterprise systems is associated with many risks, andenterprise systems are consequently notorious for the difficulty associated with their implementation and project management (Davenport, 1998). To ensure implementation success, experts in research and practice emphasize the need to account for various system-related technical, organizational and legal factors, as well as for the interrelations between these critical factors (Brown & Vessey, 2003; Grossman & Walsh 2006; King, 2005; McAfee, 2006; Robey, Ross & Boudreau, 2002). Recommended implementation strategies range from the complete implementation of a system within a short period of time (“big bang”) to incremental implementation based on a phased approach over an extended period of time (Brown & Vessey, 2003). Factors that impact the recommended implementation strategy include technology maturity and availability of project knowledge; project size and complexity; and project-external risk, resulting for example from personnel turnover and unanticipated events that occur after a project has gone underway. Selecting an implementation strategy is challenging because of a number of uncertainties and trade-off effects that need to be taken into consideration: For example, a situation of limited knowledge about an immature technology might suggest a phased roll-out to facilitate a learning process, whereas a high risk for personnel turnover might at the same time point to the need for a swift and complete implementation with quick results. Decision makers can benefit from support with identifying the factors that are relevant to implementation, and with determining expected interactions and resulting impacts on the project results.The implementation process is logically preceded by system development where decisions are made regarding the scope and inherent flexibility of a system that will support a given business process over time. To be effective and efficient, an enterprise system needs to be flexible, that is, cover a certain range of functions and features and allow for variation over time (Allen & Boynton, 1991; Boynton, 1993; Prager, 1996). Similar to implementation-relateddecisions, the decisions related to flexibility are typically not straightforward. On the one hand, insufficient flexibility limits system usage and may require manual operations, thereby jeopardizing the anticipated benefits (Koste & Malhotra, 1999; Soh, Sia, Boh & Tang, 2003). On the other hand, excessive flexibility unnecessarily increases system complexity, and can lead to extra costs and usability problems, followed by adoption resistance from users (Silver, 1999).1 Despite the potentially significant impact of flexibility on the long-term success of an enterprise system, the economic value of flexibility is only rarely acknowledged (Kumar, 2004). Thus, system project managers find little guidance of how to determine an appropriate, let alone optimal extent of system flexibility (Gebauer & Schober, 2006). Few practical guidelines are given of how to choose between systems that differ with respect to initial scope and expandability (McAfee, 2006), and there are no clear answers to questions, such as: How should a firm choose between a comprehensive system that provides extensive pre-built functionality but comparatively less flexibility for future change, and a more targeted system that provides limited pre-built functionality but comparatively more flexibility for future change?; How much functionality should be included in an enterprise system initially?; and In the long run, how does the performance of a comprehensive yet less flexible system compare to that of a targeted yet more flexible system?To address the stated questions and to provide managerial guidance for enterprise system implementation projects, this article joins results from (1) implementation research with (2) a theory that determines the flexibility requirements of an enterprise system based on the characteristics of the supported business process. After outlining the theoretical background, we illustrate the combined theories with the case of an electronic procurement system that was implemented at a Fortune 100 firm. Based on our findings, we present a roadmap that can guideflexibility and implementation strategies taking into consideration both project and process characteristics.THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDWe build our theoretical concept on research work in two areas: enterprise system flexibility, and implementation strategies. Our goal is to provide guidelines for the development and implementation of an enterprise system to support a given business process cost-efficiently over the lifetime of the system.FlexibilityEconomists have long conceptualized and modeled the value of flexibility on an abstract level (Black & Scholes, 1973; Stigler, 1939). Scholars of strategy and management have viewed flexibility as a concept that is multi-dimensional and polymorphous (Bahrami & Evans, 2005; Evans, 1991), and have focused on the effect of flexibility on organizations (Aaker & Mascarenhas, 1984; Leeuw & Volberda, 1996; Volberda, 1997) and on business processes, in particular manufacturing processes (Gerwin, 1993; Sethi & Sethi, 1990; Upton, 1994; Upton, 1997).In the research discipline of information systems, flexibility has been described as the capacity of an information system to adapt and to support and enable organizational change, and has been linked to operational efficiency and to organizational nimbleness (Allen & Boynton, 1991; Palanisamy & Sushil, 2003; Prager, 1996). It has also been demonstrated that knowledge management applications can provide an organization with greater flexibility that is manifested, for example, in the capability for innovation (Newell, Huang, Galliers & Pan, 2002).Infrastructure FlexibilityResearchers refer to the basic elements of corporate information technology architectures as information infrastructure, and emphasize the important role of infrastructure as an enabler of flexibility inasmuch as it supports a wide range of applications, business processes, and strategies (Broadbent & Weill, 1999; Strnadl, 2006; Weill, 1993). Related are research studies that viewed information technology infrastructure as a real option that creates the possibility, but not the obligation, of future changes to the use of information technology in an enterprise (Amram & Kulatilaka, 1999; Fichman, 2004; Tallon, Kauffman, Lucas, Whinston & Zhu 2002). The flexibility of information technology infrastructure has been associated with a number of dimensions, for example “platform technology” that enables connectivity, systems integration, and data storage; knowledgeable staff and available skills; and basic processes (Byrd & Turner, 2000; Duncan, 1995; Kumar, 2004). Researchers have assessed the value of information technology infrastructure similar to financial assets (Kumar, 2004), established the impact of information technology infrastructure on competitive advantage (Byrd & Turner, 2000), and emphasized the need to form synergies between business strategy and information technology architecture, such as with the development of corresponding organizational competencies (Ross, 2003).Enterprise System FlexibilityGebauer and Schober (2006) focused on the economic value of flexibility and presented a theory of the impact of enterprise system flexibility on the cost efficiency of a given business process throughout the lifetime of the system (Figure 1). Building on the research work of Hanseth, Monteiro, and Hatling (1996), Gebauer and Schober (2006) distinguished between two types of flexibility: Flexibility-to-use relates to the range of process activities that is built into anenterprise system and that is supported without requiring a major change to the system. From a user perspective, flexibility-to-use manifests itself primarily in system scope, including functionality, underlying database, user interface, and processing capacity. In contrast, flexibility-to-change is conceptually related with information technology infrastructure and is measured by the effort that is required to change a given enterprise system after its initial implementation. Flexibility-to-change is a result of factors, such as the use of open and modular systems (Byrd & Turner, 2000; Kumar, 2004); structured data connectivity and integration of data and functionality (Byrd & Turner, 2000; Gosain, Malhotra & ElSawy, 2005); and knowledgeable staff (Byrd &Turner, 2000).2Gebauer and Schober (2006) suggested three characteristics of a business process to impact the requirements of system flexibility in relation with overall system efficiency, namely uncertainty, variability, and time criticality. Process uncertainty refers to the difficulty to predictthe tasks and resources that are required to perform the business process in a particular instance. Uncertainty is the result of both a lack of structure of a business processes that is ambiguous and requires considerable judgment from a decision maker (e.g., “one-off” situations); and of the difficulty to predict process requirements in dynamic business environments (Kumar, 2004). With Gebauer and Schober (2006), we suggest process uncertainty to be an important determinant of the flexibility strategy, and propose:Proposition A: Uncertainty Effect: A business process characterized by low uncertainty can be supported cost efficiently with an enterprise system that is based primarily on flexibility-to-use, whereas a business characterized by high uncertainty can be supported cost efficiently with an enterprise system that is based primarily on flexibility-to-change.Process variability is determined by the number of actual process occurrences in relation with the number of all possible process occurrences, in other words, the distribution of different process activities over time. Variability is shown to be particularly helpful to help determine the proposed scope of the enterprise system, whereby activities that occur most frequently would be included in the system with highest priority (Kumar, 2004). With Gebauer and Schober (2006), we propose:Proposition B: Variability Effect: A business process characterized by low variability can be supported cost efficiently with an enterprise system (independent of the flexibility strategy), whereas the cost efficient performance of a business process characterized by high variability may not warrant the inclusion of all different process tasks.Time-criticality refers to the question of how urgent it is to perform process-related operations promptly. Assuming that the use of an enterprise system generally has a positive effect on the promptness with which an operation can be performed, time-criticality is shown tobe helpful to determine the proposed scope of the enterprise system, whereby activities that are most time-critical would be included in the system with highest priority. With Gebauer and Schober (2006), we propose:Proposition C: Time-Criticality Effect: A business process characterized by high time-criticality can be supported cost efficiently with an enterprise system (independent of the flexibility strategy), whereas in a business process characterized by low time-criticality, the enterprise system investment may not outweigh the cost premium to be paid for tasks that are performed outside of the system.Based on an economic analysis of the research model, Gebauer & Schober (2006) discussed the suggested impact of enterprise system flexibility on process cost efficiency that included the investments required to implement, operate, and change the enterprise system throughout the system lifetime, as well as the costs related to process performance via alternative measures (e.g., manual operations). The authors suggested that a system relying predominantly on flexibility-to-use is cost efficiently deployed to support a business process that is characterized by a low level of process uncertainty, whereas a high level of process uncertainty is supported efficiently with a system that relies predominantly on flexibility-to-change given the higher pay out of the extra investment. The overall scope of the system is to be determined based on the extent of variability (lower variability, larger scope), and time-criticality (higher time-criticality, larger scope). Implementation StrategiesGebauer and Schober (2006) analyzed the decisions related to enterprise system development in two periods. During the first period the system is initially designed, and during the second period the system is used and possibly changed. The theory provides guidelines to designers of enterprise systems regarding the cost-efficient scope (flexibility-to-use) andexpandability (flexibility-to-change) of a system. However, even though it pertains to two periods, Gebauer and Schober’s (2006) model is static inasmuch as it does not consider the dynamics of the implementation process that occur subsequent to the initial design and decisions regarding system flexibility, and during the second period. As a result, it remains unclear how a recommended flexibility strategy should practically be established during system implementation and how the success of a given project can be ensured. Such guidelines may be obtained from previous research studies of enterprise system implementation and project management. In the following, we build on the results of a research study that was presented by Brown and Vessey (2003).Brown and Vessey (2003) examined a number of cases of comprehensive implementations of enterprise resource planning systems (i.e., a very complex form of enterprise systems). As part of their analysis, Brown and Vessey (2003) compared the benefits and limits of two implementation strategies, namely implementation that is conducted in full with a “big-bang”, and implementation that is conducted incrementally in phases over a longer period of time. According to Brown and Vessey (2003), the chosen strategy “largely determines the timeline for the project and the complexity of the project” (p. 68) and a “satisficing mindset” is required to comprehensively assess the various trade-offs, for example between project-related risk and project-external risk. Other things being equal, a phased roll-out is recommended for situations where knowledge about the technology is low, for example because of technical immaturity and unavailability of external consultants; where size and complexity of the system are high, for example because of large scope in terms of functionality and roll-out locations; and where there is comparatively low project-external risk of personnel turnover and other unanticipated events that would have warranted a swift implementation. In contrast, Brown andVessey (2003) showed that a full roll-out of an enterprise system in a short period of time can be the better choice in cases where technology maturity is high and expertise available; where scope and complexity of the system are limited; and where project-external risks of personnel turnover and unanticipated events are high, possibly exceeding the risk inherent in the project. We rephrase the results of Brown and Vessey’s (2003) research study in the form of three propositions:Proposition D: Maturity Effect: An enterprise system that is based on technology that is well-understood (e.g., because of general maturity or the availability of external knowledge) may be implemented with a “big bang”, whereas an enterprise system that is based on technology that is not well-understood should be implemented in phases to create a learning experience.Proposition E: Complexity Effect: An enterprise system that is small (e.g., because of limited functional or physical scope) may be implemented with a “big bang”, whereas an enterprise system that is large should be implemented in phases.Proposition F: Risk Effect: An enterprise system that faces high project-external risk because of the possibility of personnel turnover or unanticipated events should be implemented swiftly with a “big bang”, whereas an enterprise system that faces low project-external risk may be implemented in phases.To examine the practical applicability of the stated propositions, the next sections present and discuss the case of an electronic procurement system that was implemented at a Fortune 100 company. We begin with a description of the research methodology.METHODOLOGYElectronic ProcurementFor many businesses procurement represents one of the largest cost factors (Kalakota & Robinson, 2001). Professionals and researchers often distinguish between the procurement of material that becomes part of the finished product (i.e., direct procurement), and the procurement of the many items and services that generally support business operations (i.e., indirect procurement). For many years, managers have recognized the strategic relevance of direct procurement, and have consequently developed advanced supply chain practices that included the early deployment of information technology, such as electronic data interchange. With the emergence of internet-based information technology, however, the benefits of electronic procurement systems to automate, streamline and increase the effectiveness of indirect procurement processes have increasingly been recognized (Gebauer, Beam & Segev, 1998; Minahan & Degnan, 2001; Rajkumar, 2001). Still, managers often find it difficult to select and implement an appropriate system from a large number of solutions available in the market, and empirical evidence suggests that the success of electronic procurement projects may be limited in cases where firms “over-buy” relative to what they really need to support the procurement process (Atkinson, 2000). In addition, a high level of customization may result in problems related to system maintenance, upgrading, and user training (Atkinson, 2001).Data CollectionIn order to assess the practical applicability of the stated propositions of flexibility and implementation strategies, we focus on an enterprise system that was implemented at a Fortune 100 firm to streamline and automate the procurement of non-production goods and services (indirect procurement). Case study data were collected through ongoing interaction with variousmembers of the procurement project team over a period of several years. Data collection included formal and informal interviews that were conducted on site and per telephone and documented with notes and transcripts; interaction with project team members at practitioner conferences and seminar presentations; and screening of public and internal documents that were made available to us. Most recently, and in preparation for the current research study, a one-hour formal interview was conducted with a former leading project manager. The interview was transcribed and reviewed by the interview partner as well as by a senior procurement manager and members of the technical team that is currently managing the system.CASE STUDY: AN ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEMCorporate BackgroundAs a global provider of communication technology, the Fortune 100 firm operates in a number of dynamic and highly competitive markets. Headquartered in the U.S., the firm had 60,000 employees worldwide in 2006, and reported sales in excess of 40 billion dollars. Traditionally, the organizational structure was highly decentralized with a multitude of divisions, and business units that operated quite independently, and were encouraged to “demonstrate entrepreneurship”. In the mid 1990s, the need to improve performance resulted in the launch of a major corporate program with the intent to (1) improve the leverage of corporate assets, including buying power; to (2) standardize business processes across the organization; and to (3) reduce process inefficiencies with the use of information technology. In 1998, an enterprise resource planning system was implemented to support accounting and human resource functions that became an important basis for subsequent projects, including the implementation of supply chain management and non-production procurement systems.Procurement BackgroundThe procurement process for non-production goods and services at the firm was traditionally paper-based, labor-intensive, and highly decentralized, with the result of low visibility within and between organizational units and across the organizational boundary. In all, the firm did business with as many as 50,000 suppliers and partners. No single organizational group was responsible for the procurement of the large variety of indirect goods and services, and thus, related purchasing requests were often processed separately at different sites and business units. The situation resulted in poor control, high operational and administrative costs, and a significant level of maverick (out-of-contract) purchases.In order to improve the understanding of its purchasing patterns the project team conducted both a quantitative and a qualitative spend analysis of the indirect procurement process. During the analysis it was assessed how much the firm spent (transaction value), on what items, from which suppliers, and how frequently it purchased (transaction volume). The analysis results helped identify opportunities for improvements based on three elements: sourcing and commodity management including the re-negotiation of supplier contracts with the intent to improve the leverage of corporate purchasing power; process redesign and standardization; and the deployment of information technology for automation and data analysis. Typically, product categories of high value called for improvement at the sourcing side, including efforts to improve access to information about purchasing activities. In comparison, product categories of high frequency (volume) were considered good candidates for process improvement, including standardization and technology-supported automation (Rajkumar, 2001).Procurement SystemIn 1997, a decision was made to implement a corporate-wide system to support the non-production procurement process. Following a request for proposals, the offerings of about a dozen vendors were evaluated according to functional requirements in accordance with the results of the spend analysis; non-functional requirements, such as usability; fit with existing technology infrastructure to ensure modularity; and vendor capabilities. The resulting shortlist was then further evaluated based on customer references. Eventually, a recent software-startup was selected that offered a targeted, “best-of-breed” solution.Despite the far-reaching goal to cover the entire procurement process, the implementation began in 1999 with a small system that was deployed to approximately fifty users in the U.S., and focused on the automation of purchase order processing for items from two catalogs (office supplies and computer equipment). Links were established with the accounts payable and human resource modules of the enterprise resource planning system. Because of its small size, the initial deployment was completed in the record time of six weeks, subsequently followed by continuous expansion to more users and locations, including international locations. After approximately one year, the system had grown to include a total of fifteen catalogs and about 5,000 end users. By the early 2000s, more than 17,000 employees from over 250 locations in 13 countries used the system that now included 450 catalogs with more than 300,000 items from a total of 6,500 suppliers. More recent additions include a separate module that was added in 2003 to streamline and digitize the procurement of complex services (e.g., consulting), followed by modules for spend analysis and reporting; sourcing; and negotiation with features, such as auctions, ordering, and supplier collaboration. Plans for further extensions of the procurement system included the。