Balance of Datum Land Prices Among Cities Based on the City Gravitation Model and Stochastic Dif
国际经济与贸易(双语)-教学大纲
《国际经济与贸易》教学大纲课程编号：112602B课程类型：□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课□专业必修课√专业选修课□学科基础课总学时：32 讲课学时： 32学分：2适用对象：金融学（国际金融英文班）先修课程：经济学、金融学一、教学目标本课程的主要目标：本门课程的教学，旨在使学生了解和掌握《国际经济学》中的主要理论和研究方法，并能灵活运用所学的理论和方法研究和分析国际经济领域的问题和现象，认识现象和问题的本质属性。
Through the teaching of this course, students should know and seize the major theories and inquisitive method of the international economics. Meanwhile, students should be able to research and analyze some problem and phenomena and understand the substantial properties in the field of international economy according to the theories and methods studied in this course.二、教学内容及其与毕业要求的对应关系要求学生掌握国际贸易基本理论、基本知识，了解当代国际贸易的热点问题及发展趋势，把握国际贸易理论研究前沿。
学完本课程后，应达到以下基本要求：1、了解国际贸易理论前沿和发展状况，能够理解和掌握国际贸易基本概念、历史、理论、政策、新趋势和新实践等基本知识，掌握国际贸易基本方法和基本知识；2、了解国际贸易实践，通过案例教学把握国际贸易的实际情况，能够理论联系实际解决问题，具有分析和解决国际贸易实际问题的能力和研究、分析和编写报告的能力；3、使学生能够运用所学知识，正确分析和解释国际贸易问题与现象。
财务英语试题及答案
财务英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the term for the process of recording, summarizing, and reporting financial transactions?A. BudgetingB. AccountingC. AuditingD. Forecasting答案：B2. Which of the following is a financial statement that showsa company's financial position at a specific point in time?A. Income StatementB. Balance SheetC. Cash Flow StatementD. Statement of Retained Earnings答案：B3. The difference between the purchase price and the fair market value of an asset is known as:A. DepreciationB. AmortizationC. GoodwillD. Capital Gains答案：C4. What is the term for the systematic allocation of the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life?A. DepreciationB. AmortizationC. AccrualD. Provision答案：A5. Which of the following is not a type of revenue recognition?A. Cash basisB. Accrual basisC. Installment methodD. All of the above答案：D6. The process of estimating the cost of completing a project is known as:A. BudgetingB. Cost estimationC. Project managementD. Cost accounting答案：B7. Which of the following is a non-current liability?A. Accounts payableB. Wages payableC. Long-term debtD. Income tax payable答案：C8. The term used to describe the process of adjusting the accounts at the end of an accounting period is:A. Closing the booksB. JournalizingC. PostingD. Adjusting entries答案：D9. What is the term for the financial statement that shows the changes in equity of a company over a period of time?A. Balance SheetB. Income StatementC. Statement of Changes in EquityD. Cash Flow Statement答案：C10. The process of verifying the accuracy of financial records is known as:A. BudgetingB. AuditingC. ForecastingD. Valuation答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The __________ is the process of determining the value of an asset or liability.答案：valuation2. A __________ is a type of financial instrument that represents a creditor's claim on a company's assets.答案：bond3. The __________ is the difference between the cost of an asset and its depreciation.答案：book value4. __________ is the process of converting non-cash items into cash equivalents.答案：Liquidation5. A __________ is a financial statement that provides information about a company's cash inflows and outflows during a specific period.答案：Cash Flow Statement6. The __________ is the process of estimating the useful life of an asset.答案：depreciation schedule7. __________ is the practice of recording revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, not when cash is received or paid.答案：Accrual accounting8. __________ is the process of recording transactions in the order they are received.答案：Journalizing9. __________ is the practice of matching expenses with the revenues they helped to generate.答案：Matching principle10. A __________ is a document that provides evidence of a transaction.答案：voucher三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What are the main components of a balance sheet?答案：The main components of a balance sheet are assets, liabilities, and equity.2. Explain the concept of "double-entry bookkeeping."答案：Double-entry bookkeeping is a system of recording financial transactions in which every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to another account, ensuring that the total of debits equals the total of credits.3. What is the purpose of an income statement?答案：The purpose of an income statement is to summarize a company's revenues, expenses, and profits or losses over a specific period of time.4. Describe the role of a financial controller in anorganization.答案：A financial controller is responsible for overseeing the financial operations of an organization, including budgeting, financial reporting, and ensuring compliance with financial regulations and policies.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of financial planning in business management.答案：Financial planning is crucial in business management as it helps in setting financial goals。
CFA考试历年真题精选3(附详解)
CFA考试历年真题精选3（附详解）1、A company that wants to determine its cost of equity gathers the following information：【单选题】A.13.1%.B.12.6%.C.7.5%.正确答案:A答案解析:CAPM: Cost of equity = Risk free rate + Beta × Market risk premium = 3.5% + 1.6 × (6.0%) = 13.1%.Section 3.3.12、A trader determines that a stock price formed a pattern with a horizontal trendline that connects the high prices and a trendline with positive slope that connects the low prices. Given the pattern formed by the stock price, the trader will most likely:【单选题】A.purchase the stock because the pattern indicates a bullish signal.B.avoid trading the stock because the pattern indicates a sideways trend.C.sell the stock because the pattern indicates a bearish signal.正确答案:A答案解析:2014 CFA Level I“Technical Analysis,” by Barry M. Sine and Robert A. StrongSection 3.3.2.13、A company, which prepares its financial statements according to IFRS, owns several investment properties on which it earns rental income. It values the properties using the fair value model based on prevailing rental markets. After two years of increases the market softened in 2012 and values decreased. A summary of the properties’ valuations is as follows:Which of the following best describes the impact of the revaluation on the 2012 financial statements?【单选题】A.€6.5 million charge to net incomeB.€6.5 million charge to revaluation surplusC.€4.5 million charge to revaluation surplus and €2.0 million charge to net income正确答案:A答案解析:"Long-Lived Assets,” Elaine Henry, CFA and Elizabeth A. GordonA is correct. For investment properties, when using the fair value model of revaluing assets, all increases and decreases affect net income.4、Under IFRS, the costs incurred in the issuance of bonds are most likely:【单选题】A.expensed when incurred.B.included in the measurement of the bond liability.C.deferred as an asset and amortized on a straight-line basis.正确答案:B答案解析:Under IFRS, debt issuance costs are included in the measurement of the bond liability.Section 2.15、Prices of a futures contract for five consecutive trading-days are provided in the table below. The initial margin requirement is set at $6.00 per contract and the maintenance margin is $3.60 per contract.On day 0, a trader enters into a short position for 15 contracts. The ending balance for the margin account on day 5 is closest to:【单选题】A.$15.B.$60.C.$210.正确答案:B答案解析:“Futures Markets and Contracts”, Don M. Chance, CFAOn day 0, the trader must deposit an initial margin of $90 (= $6 × 15). Subsequent gains and losses on the short position are reflected in the ending margin balance for the day. The ending balance on day 4 is $45, which is below the maintenance margin of $54 (= $3.60 × 15). On any day in which the amount of money in the margin account at the end of the day falls below the maintenance margin requirement, the trader must deposit sufficient funds to bring the balance back up to the initial margin requirement. Therefore, the trader must deposit $45 on day 5 to bring the margin balance up to $90. After reflecting a loss of $30, the ending balance on day 5 is $60.6、David Donnigan enrolled to take the Level II CFA examination in the current year, but he did not takethe exam. Donnigan advised his employer that he passed Level II. Subsequently, he registered totake the Level II exam the next year. Which CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct didDonnigan least likely violate? The standard related to:【单选题】A.referencing candidacy in the CFA Program.B.duty to employer.C.professional misconduct.正确答案:A答案解析:Because he registered to take the exam in the next year, Donnigan still qualifies to state he is acandidate in the CFA Program. He would not, however, be authorized to reference that he is a LevelIII candidate and, if asked, would need to specifiy that he is a Level II candidate.Standard I(D), Standard IV(A)7、An investor purchases a bond for $989.00.After 180 days the investor receives aninterest payment of $25.10 and sells the bond for $1036.40.The investor's effectiveannual yield is closest to:【单选题】A.14.66%B.15.20%C.15.42%正确答案:C答案解析:由题意可知，- 1 = 15.42%。
国际经济学中英名词解释
国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势：一国在生产一种产品上比另一国家有更大的有效性。
这是亚当·斯密自由贸易理论的基础。
Absolute purchasing-power parity theory: Postulates that the equilibrium exchange rate is equal to the ratio of the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory can be very misleading. 绝对购买力平价理论：假设平衡汇率等于两国的价格水平之比，这一购买力平价理论的解释是不被接受的。
Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税：一种表示为贸易商品价值的一个固定百分比的税。
Arbitrage: The purchase of a currency in the monetary center where it is cheaper for immediate resale in the monetary center where it is more expensive in order to make a profit.套利：在某货币较便宜的货币中心购买该货币，立即在另一较贵的货币中心卖掉此货币以谋利的行为。
高三英语国际经济形势单选题40题
高三英语国际经济形势单选题40题1. The ______ of the global economy has a significant impact on international trade.A. trendB. styleC. formD. type答案：A。
“trend”意为“趋势”，“style”意为“风格”，“form”意为“形式”，“type”意为“类型”。
在这个句子中，“全球经济的趋势”对国际贸易有重大影响，A 选项最符合语境。
2. The international economic ______ is becoming more and more complex.A. situationB. positionC. conditionD. occasion答案：A。
“situation”指“形势，情况”；“position”指“位置，职位”；“condition”指“条件，状况”；“occasion”指“场合，时机”。
这里说的是“国际经济形势”，A 选项最合适。
3. The rise in oil prices has a direct ______ on the cost of production.A. effectB. effortC. offerD. affect答案：A。
“effect”作名词，意为“影响，效果”；“effort”意为“努力”；“offer”意为“提供，提议”；“affect”作动词，意为“影响”。
此句需要一个名词，“has a direct effect on”表示“对......有直接影响”，A 选项正确。
4. The economic ______ between countries is becoming closer and closer.A. connectionB. correctionC. collectionD. conclusion答案：A。
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Demand and Supply
家竞争优势与钻石模型）
Unit 14 Text: Nontariff Barriers（非关税壁垒） Additional Text: Dumping and Antidumping（倾销与反倾销）
• Demand means the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given price over a given period of time.
• Effective demand means a desire to obtain an article accompanied by the ability and willingness to pay for it at the price asked.
The price mechanism is the process by which prices rise and fall as a result of changes in demand and supply, and thereby acts as a signal to producers to guide them on their production plans.
Price (cents/kg) 10 20 30 40
Quantity demanded (kg)
70 60
50
40
Price (cents/kg) 50 60 70 )
30 20
10
Nil
The price is shown on the vertical axis, while quantity is shown on the horizontal axis. This is the conventional way of drawing a demand and supply graph.
Analyzing the Pros and Cons of World Trade
Analyzing the Pros and Cons of World TradePros of world trade:1. Increased Employment Opportunities: Increased international trade increases job opportunities for workers in different economies as more companies seek to take advantage of global markets.2. Economic Growth: Trade helps to promote economic growth by providing access to new markets, new technologies, and better resources.3. Lower Prices: Global competition among suppliers can lead to lower consumer prices.4. Increased Consumer Choice: International trade allows consumers to access a wider variety of goods and services from around the world.Cons of world trade:1. Potential for Unfair Trade Practices: Trade agreements can lead to unequal bargaining power, leaving countries that are less powerful economically at a disadvantage.2. Lower Domestic Wages: Increased competition from foreign markets can result in lower wages domestically as companies seek to reduce labor costs.3. Loss of Local Culture: The import of foreign goods and services can lead to a homogenization of cultures, as companies may prefer standardized products over locally produced items.4. Environmental Degradation: The increased transportation of goods across international borders can lead to air and water pollution.5. Disruption of Local Markets: As international goods become cheaper and more readily available, local markets may be harmedor disrupted as consumers switch to foreign alternatives.6. Limited Control over Trade Practices: Governments have limited control over international trade agreements and policies, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation from foreign companies and countries.7. Diminishing Role for Small-Scale Producers: Globalization often leads to larger companies dominating the market, pushing out smaller producers that are unable to compete.8. Income Inequality: The increased trade and investment of multinational corporations often leads to a rise in income inequality, as the economic benefits go mainly to wealthy individuals and corporations.9. Political Instability: Globalization has been linked to increased political instability in some countries due to its effect on domestic economies and social structures.10. Loss of Cultural Identity: Globalization can lead to a reduction in local cultural identities as cultures become more homogenized.11. Climate Change: Globalization has increased the production and transport of goods around the world, leading to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn contributes to climate change.12. Increased Competition: Globalization has led to increased competition as companies from different parts of the world are able to access the same markets. This can be beneficial in terms of providing consumers with greater choice, but it can also lead to lower prices and reduced wages for workers.。
哥伦比亚大学佩里梅林货币银行学中英翻译2-货币的自然等级
Natural Hierarchy of Money货币的⾃然等级Always and everywhere, monetary systems are hierarchical.⽆论何时何地，货币体系都是分级的。
One way that economists have tried to get an analytical grip on this empirical fact is to distinguish money (means of final settlement) from credit (promise to pay money, means of delaying final settlement). 1 This is fine so far as it goes. But in one sense it doesn’t go far enough because it posits only two layers of the hierarchy. And in another sense it goes too far because what counts as final settlement depends on what layer we are talking about. What looks like money at one level of the system looks like credit to the level above it.经济学家试图从分析⻆度来理解货币(最终结算⼿段)与信贷(承诺付款-意思是延迟最终结算)有区别的这个事实。
1 就⽬前⽽⾔，这很好。
但从某种意义上讲，这还不够，因为它只提出了两层的层次结构。
从另⼀个意义上讲，它⾛得太远了，因为货币属于那个层级取决于我们谈论的是哪个层次。
在货币体系某⼀层级上类似货币的东⻄，看起来像是⽐它更⾼层级的信⽤。
跨国公司财务管理
Part II: Foreign Exchange Risk Management Part III: Financing the Multinational Corporation Part IV: Foreign Investment Analysis Part V: Multinational Working Capital Management
the essential element that distinguishes the true multinational is its commitment to seeking out, undertaking, and integrating manufacturing, marketing, R&D, and financing opportunities on a global, not domestic, basis.
target-zone arrangement, and a fixed-rate system of exchange rate determination ● To distinguish between the current account, the financial account, and the official reserves account and describe the links among these accounts
floating exchange rate system ● To calculate the amount of currency appreciation or
会计英语考试题目及答案
会计英语考试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the basic accounting equation?A) Assets = Liabilities + EquityB) Revenue - Expenses = Net IncomeC) Assets = LiabilitiesD) Liabilities = Equity答案：A2. Which of the following is not a type of financial statement?A) Balance SheetB) Income StatementC) Cash Flow StatementD) Tax Return答案：D3. What is the purpose of adjusting entries in accounting?A) To increase profitsB) To match revenues and expensesC) To reduce taxesD) To make the financial statements more complex答案：B4. What is the term for the process of recording transactionsin a journal?A) PostingB) JournalizingC) ClosingD) Adjusting答案：B5. Which of the following is a non-current asset?A) InventoryB) Accounts PayableC) LandD) Prepaid Expenses答案：C6. What is the accounting term for the cost of goods sold?A) COGSB) CGSC) COSD) COGS答案：A7. What is the accounting treatment for depreciation?A) Increase in asset valueB) Decrease in asset valueC) Increase in revenueD) Decrease in expenses答案：B8. What is the formula for calculating the return on investment (ROI)?A) (Net Income / Total Assets) * 100B) (Net Income / Investment) * 100C) (Total Assets / Net Income) * 100D) (Investment / Net Income) * 100答案：B9. Which of the following is a principle of accounting?A) ConsistencyB) Fair valueC) Historical costD) All of the above答案：A10. What is the purpose of a trial balance?A) To calculate net incomeB) To determine the value of assetsC) To check the accuracy of accounting recordsD) To prepare financial statements答案：C二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. Define the term "Double Entry Accounting" and explain its significance in the accounting process.答案：Double Entry Accounting is a system of accountingthat records every transaction in at least two accounts, one as a debit and the other as a credit. It ensures that the accounting equation remains in balance and provides a comprehensive view of the financial transactions, thereby enhancing the accuracy and reliability of financial records.2. Explain the difference between "Accrual Accounting" and "Cash Accounting".答案：Accrual Accounting records transactions when they are incurred, regardless of when payment is received or made. It focuses on the matching principle, aligning revenues and expenses with the period they are earned or incurred. Cash Accounting, on the other hand, records transactions only when cash is received or paid, which provides a snapshot of the business's liquidity at a given time.3. What are the main components of a Balance Sheet?答案：The main components of a Balance Sheet are Assets, Liabilities, and Equity. Assets represent what the company owns, liabilities represent what the company owes, and equity represents the residual interest in the assets after deducting liabilities.4. Describe the accounting process for recording a sale on credit.答案：When a sale is made on credit, the accounting process involves debiting Accounts Receivable and crediting Sales Revenue. This reflects the increase in assets (AccountsReceivable) due to the sale and the increase in revenue from the sale. If the sale involves inventory, Inventory is also debited and Cost of Goods Sold is credited to reflect the reduction in inventory and the associated cost.5. What is the purpose of closing entries in accounting?答案：The purpose of closing entries is to transfer the balances of temporary accounts (revenue, expenses, and dividends) to the permanent account (Retained Earnings). This process prepares the financial statements for the next accounting period and provides a clear picture of the company's net income or loss for the period.6. Explain the concept of "Going Concern" in accounting.答案：The Going Concern concept assumes that a business will continue to operate for the foreseeable future, allowing it to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. This assumption is fundamental to the preparation of financial statements as it affects the valuation of assets and liabilities.三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. Assume you are an accountant for a company that has just completed its。
新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典 中英对照
1 亚当·斯密的“有效需求”"Effectual Demand", in Adam Smith2 自回归综合移动平均模型ARIMA Models3 不在地主Absentee4 绝对地租Absolute Rent5 绝对的和可交换的价值Absolute and Exchangeable value6 国际收支的开支吸收分析法Absorption Approach to the Balance of Payments7 吸收能力Absorptive Capacity8 节欲Abstinence9 抽象劳动与具体劳动Abstract and Concrete Labour10 加速原理Acceleration Principle11 会计学与经济学Accounting and Economics12 私人和社会会计Accounting, Private and Social13 资本的积累Accumulation of Capital14 非循环性Acyclicity15 适应性预期Adaptice Expectation16 总额相符问题Adding-up Problem17 调整的成本Adjustment Cost18 调整过程与稳定性Adjustment Processes and Stability19 有管理的价格Administered Prices20 预付Advances21 逆选择Adverse Selection22 广告Advertising23 顾问Advisers24 人口老化Ageing Populations25 代理费Agency Costs26 生产要素Agents of Production27 总需求理论Aggregate Demand Theory28 总需求和总供给分析Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis29 总供给函数Aggregate Supply Function30 加总问题Aggregation Problem31 经济关系的总和Aggregation of Economic Relations32 农业经济学Agricultural Economics33 农业增长和人口变化Agricultural Growth and Population Change34 农产品供给Agricultural Supply35 农业与经济发展Agriculture and Economic Development36 农业与土地Agriculture and Land37 异化Alienation38 阿莱悖论Allais Paradox39 阿尔蒙滞后Almon Lag40 利他主义Altruism41 美国经济协会American Economic Association42 摊销Amortization43 类比Analogy44 无政府主义Anarchism45 反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy46 适用技术Appropriate Technology47 套利Arbitrage48 套利定价理论Arbitrage Pricing Theory49 仲裁Arbitration50 军备竞赛Arms Races51 阿罗定理Arrow''s Theorem52 阿罗-德布勒一般均衡模型Arrow-Debren Model of General Equilibrium53 资产定价Asset Pricing54 资产与负债Assets and Liabilities55 指派问题Assignment Problems56 非对称信息Asymmetric Information57 原子状竞争Atomistic Competition58 拍卖者Auctioneer59 拍卖Auctions60 奥地利经济学派Austrian School of Economics61 自给自足Autarky62 自发支出Autonomous Expenditures63 自回归和移动平均时间序列过程Autoregressive and Moving-average Time-series Processes64 平均成本定价Average Cost Pricing65 阿弗奇一约翰逊效应Averch-Johnson effect66 公理化理论Axiomatic Theories67 交割延期费Backwardation68 落后性Backwardness69 贸易差额理论史Balance of Trade, History of The Theory70 平衡预算乘数Balanced Budget Maltiptier71 平衡增长Balanced Growth72 中央银行利率Bank Rate73 银行学派,通货学派,自由银行学派Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School74 讨价还价(议价) Bargaining75 物物交换Barter76 物物交换和交易Barter and Exchange77 基本品和非基本品Basics and Non-Basics78 基点计价制Basing Point System79 杂牌凯恩斯主义Bastard Keynesianism80 贝叶斯推断Bayesian Inference81 以邻为整Beggar-the-neighbor82 行为经济学Behavioral Economics83 有偏和无偏的技术进步Biased and Unbiased technological Change84 出价Bidding85 双边垄断Bilateral Monopoly86 复本位制Bimetallism87 生物经济学Bioeconomics88 经济学在生物学中的应用Biological Applications of Economics89 伯明翰学派Birmingham School90 生死过程Birth-and-death Processes91 债券Bonds92 有限理性论Bounded Rationality93 资产阶级Bourgeoisie94 贿赂Bribery95 泡沫状态Bubbles96 预算政策Budgetary Policy97 缓冲存货Buffer Stocks98 内在稳定器Built-in Stabilizers99 金银本位主义的争论Bullionist Controversy100 束状图Bunch Maps101 公债负担Burden of The Debt102 官僚制度Bureaucracy103 经济周期Business Cycles104 不变替代弹性生产函数CES Production Function105 变分法Calculus of Variations106 官房经济学派Cameralism107 资本资产定价模型Capital Asset Pricing Model108 资本预算的编制Capital Budgeting109 资本外逃Capital Flight110 资本的收益与损失Capital Gains and Losses111 资本品Capital Goods112 资本的反常现象Capital Perversity113 资本理论Capital Theory114 资本的理论：争论Capital Theory: Debates115 资本理论：悖论Capital Theory: Paradoxes116 固定资本利用程度Capital Utilization117 作为一种生产要素的资本Capital as A Factor of Production118 作为一种社会关系的资本Capital as a Social Relation119 资本、信贷和货币市场Capital, Credit and Money Markets120 资本主义Capitalism121 资本主义的与非资本主义的生产Capitalistic and Acapitalistic Production 122 卡特尔Cartel123 交易学Catallactics124 突变论Catastrophe Theory125 赶超Catching-up126 因果推理Causal Inference127 经济模型中的因果关系Causality in Economic Models128 删截数据模型Censored Data Models129 中央银行业务Central Banking130 中心地区理论Central Place Theory131 中央计划Central Planning132 波动重心Centre of Gravitation133 确定性等价Certainty Equivalent134 如果其他条件不变Ceteris Paribus135 偏好的改变Changes in Tastes136 宪章运动：宪章的条款Chantism: the point of the Charter 137 物品特性Characteristics138 宪章运动Chartism139 低息借款Cheap Money140 芝加哥学派Chicago School141 技术选择与利润率Choice of Technique and the Rate of Profit 142 牟利学(理财) Chrematistics143 基督教社会主义Christian Socialism144 循环流动Circular Flow145 流通资本Circulating Capital146 阶级Class147 古典经济学Classical Economics148 古典增长模型Classical Growth Models149 古典货币理论Classical Theory of Money150 历史计量学Cliometrics151 社团Clubs152 合作社Co-operatives153 科斯定理Coase Theorem154 柯布-道格拉斯函数Cobb-Douglas Function155 蛛网定理Cobweb Theorem156 共同决定和利润分享Codetermination and Profit-sharing157 同族学科Cognate Displines158 柯尔培尔主义Colbertism159 集体行动Collective Action160 集体农业Collective Agriculture161 劳资集体谈判Collective bargaining162 合谋Collusion163 殖民主义Colonialism164 殖民地Colonies165 联合Combination166 组合论Combinatorics167 命令经济Command Economy168 商品拜物教Commodity Fetishism169 商品货币Commodity Money170 商品储备货币Commodity Reserve Currency171 公共土地Common Land172 习惯法Common Law173 公共财产权Common Property Rights174 通讯Communications175 共产主义Communism176 社会(公共)无差异曲线Community Indifference Curves177 比较利益Comparative Advantage178 比较静态学Comparative Statics179 补偿需求Compensated Demand180 补偿Compensation181 补偿原理Compensation Principle182 竞争Competition183 竞争政策Competition Policy184 竞争与效率Competition and Efficiency185 竞争与选择Competition and Selection186 国际贸易竞争Competition in International Trade187 奥地利学派的竞争理论Competition: Austrian Conceptions188 古典竞争理论Competition: Classical Conceptions189 马克思学派的竞争理论Competition: Marxian Conceptions190 竞争性市场过程Competitive Market Processes191 一般均衡的计算Computation of General Equlibria192 集中比率Concentration Ratios193 冲突与解决Conflict and Settlement194 冲突与战争Conflict and War195 拥挤Congestion196 综合性大企业Conglomerates197 推测均衡Conjectural Equilibria198 炫耀性消费Conspicuous Consumption199 不变资本和可变资本Constant and Variable Capital200 制度经济学Constitutional Economics201 耐用消费品Consumer Durables202 消费者剩余Consumer Surplus203 消费者支出Consumers, Expenditure204 消费函数Consumption Function205 消费集Consumption Sets206 消费税Consumption Taxation207 消费与生产Consumption and Production208 可竞争市场Contestable Markets209 或有商品Contingent Commodities210 经济历史的连续性Continuity in Economic History211 连续和离散时间模型Continuous and Discrete Time Models212 连续-时间随机模型Continuous-time Stochastic Model213 连续时间随机过程Continuous-time Stochastic Processes214 矛盾Contradiction215 资本主义的矛盾Contradictions of Capitalism216 经济活动的控制与协调Control and Coordination of Economic Activity 217 趋向性假说Convergence Hypothesis218 凸规划Convex Programming219 凸性Convexity220 合作均衡Cooperative Equilibrium221 合作对策Cooperative Games222 核心Cores223 谷物法Corn Laws224 谷物模型Corn Model225 公司经济Corporate Economy226 公司Corporations227 社团主义Corporatism228 对应原理Correspondence Principle229 对应Correspondences230 成本函数Cost Functions231 成本最小化和效用最大化Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization 232 成本和供给曲线Cost and Supply Curves233 生产成本Cost of Production234 成本-效益分析Cost-benefit Analysis235 成本推动型通货膨胀Cost-push Inflation236 反向贸易Counter Trade237 反设事实Counterfactuals238 抗衡力量Countervailing Power239 蠕动钉住汇率Crawling Peg240 创造性破坏Creative Destruction241 信贷Credit242 信贷周期Credit Cycle243 信贷配给Credit Rationing244 犯罪与处罚Crime and Punishment245 危机Crises246 关键路径分析Critical Path Analysis247 挤出效应Crowding Out248 累积的因果关系Cumulative Causation249 累积过程Cumulative Processes250 通货Currencies251 通货委员会Currency Boards252 关税同盟Customs Unions253 周期Cycles254 社会主义经济的周期Cycles in Socialist Economies255 技能退化De-skilling256 高息借款Dear Money257 销路理论Debouches, Theorie des258 分权Decentralization259 决策理论Decision Theory260 衰落产业Declining Industries261 人口下降Declining Population262 国防经济学Defence Economics263 赤字财政Deficit Financing264 赤字支出Deficit Spending265 垄断程度Degree of Monopoly266 效用程度Degree of utility267 需求管理Demand Management268 需求价格Demand Price269 需求理论Demand Theory270 货币需求：经验研究Demand for Money: Empirical Studies271 货币需求：理论研究Demand for Money: Theoretical Studies272 需求拉动型通货膨胀Demand-pull Inflation273 人口转变Demographic Transition274 人口统计学Demography275 依附Dependency276 折耗Depletion277 折旧Depreciation278 萧条Depressions279 派生需求Derived Demand280 决定论Determinism281 发展Development282 发展经济学Development Economics283 发展计划Development Planning284 辩证唯物主义Dialectical Materialism285 辩证推理Dialectical Reasoning286 微分对策Differential Games287 获得的困难Difficulty of Attainment288 生产的难易程度Difficulty or Facility of Production289 技术扩散Diffusion of Technology290 经济量的维数Dimension of Economic Quantities291 直接税Direct Taxes292 直接非生产性寻利活动Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) Activities 293 离散的选择模型Discrete Choice Models294 歧视性垄断Discriminating Monopoly295 歧视Discrimination296 非均衡分析Disequilibrium Analysis297 隐蔽性失业Disguised Unemployment298 反中介行动Disintermediation299 扭曲Distortions300 分配Distribution301 占典分配理论Distribution Theories: Classical302 凯恩斯主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Keynesian303 马克思主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Marxian304 新古典分配理论Distribution Theories: Neoclassical305 分配伦理Distribution, Ethics of306 分配规律Distribution, Law of307 分配公平Distributive Justice308 多样化经营Diversification of activities309 分段的总体和随机模型Divided Populations and Stochastic Models310 股息政策Dividend Policy311 迪维西亚指数Divisia Index312 劳动分工Division of Labour313 经济学说Doctrines314 土地调查清册Domesday Book315 家务劳动Domestic Labour316 复式簿记Double-entry Bookkeeping317 二元经济Dual Economies318 二元性Duality319 虚拟变量Dummy Variables320 倾销Dumping321 双头垄断Duopoly322 动态规划和马尔可夫决策过程Dynamic Programming and Markov Decision Process 323 经济增长和发展的动力学Dynamics, Growth and Development324 东西方经济关系East-west Economic Relations325 伊斯特林假说Easterlin Hypothesis326 经济计量学Econometrics327 经济人类学Economic Anthropology328 社会主义经济的经济计算Economic Calculation in Socialist Economies329 经济自由Economic Freedom330 经济增长Economic Growth331 经济和谐Economic Harmony332 经济史Economic History333 经济一体化Economic Integration334 历史的经济学解释Economic Interpretation of History335 经济法则Economic Laws336 经济人Economic Man337 经济组织Economic Organization338 经济组织与交易成本Economic Organization and Transaction Costs339 经济科学与经济学Economic Science and Economics340 经济剩余与等边际原理Economic Surplus and the Equimarginal Principle341 经济理论与理性假说Economic Theory and The Hypothesis of Rationality342 国家的经济理论Economic Theory of the State343 经济战Economic War344 经济和社会人类学Economic and Social Anthropology345 经济和社会史Economic and Social History346 经济学图书馆与文献的使用Economics Libraries and Documentation347 规模经济与规模不经济Economies and Diseconomies ofScale348 经济计量学Economitrics349 有效需求Effective Demand350 实际保护Effective Protection351 有效配置Efficient Allocation352 有效率市场假说Efficient Market Hypothesis353 国际收支的弹性分析方法Elasticities Approach to the Balance of Payments354 弹性Elasticity355 替代弹性Elasticity of Substitution356 就业理论Employment, Theories of357 空匣Empty Boxes358 内生性与外生性Endogencity and Exoyeneity359 内生货币与外生货币Endogenous and Exogenous Money360 能源经济学Energy Economics361 强制执行Enforcement362 恩格尔曲线Engel Curve363 恩格尔定律Engel''s Law364 英国历史学派English Historical School365 权利Entitlements366 企业家Entrepreneur367 熵Entropy368 进入与市场结构Entry and Market structure369 包络定理Envelope Theorem370 环境经济学Environmental Economics371 妒忌Envy372 国民历代大事记或民族精神编年史Ephemerides du Citoyen ou Chronique de I''esprit National 373 经济学中的认识论问题Epistemological Issues in Economics374 均等利润率Equal Rates of Profit375 平等Equality376 交易方程Equation of Exchange377 均衡：概念的发展Equilibrium: Development of The Concept378 均衡：一个预期性的概念Equilibrium: an Expectational Concept379 公平Equity380 遍历理论Ergodic Theory381 变量误差Errors in Variables382 估计Estimation383 欧拉定理Euler''s Theorem384 欧洲美元市场Eurodollar Market385 事前与事后Ex Ante and Ex Post386 过度需求与供给Excess Demand and Supply387 交换Exchange388 外汇管制Exchange Control389 汇率Exchange Rate390 可能竭资源Exhaustible Resources391 一般均衡的存在性Existence of General Equilibrium392 退出和进言Exit and Voice393 预期Expectations394 预期效用假说Expected Utility Hypothesis395 预期效用及数学期望Expected Utility and Methematical Expectation396 消费支出税Expenditure Tax397 经济学中的实验方法(i) Experimental Methods in Economics(i)398 经济学中的实验方法(ii) Experimental Methods in Economics(ii)399 剥削Exploitation400 展延家庭Extended Family401 扩展型对策Extensive Form Games402 粗放与集约地租Extensive and Intensive Rent403 外债External Debt404 外在经济External Economies405 外在性Externalities406 费边经济学Fabian Economics407 因子分析Factor Analysis408 要素价格边界Factor Price Frontier409 公平分配Fair Division410 公平性Fairness411 下降的利润率Falling Rate of Profit412 家庭Family413 计划生育Family Planning414 饥荒Famine415 法西斯主义Fascism416 生育力Fecundity417 人口出生率Fertibity418 封建主义Feudalism419 法定不兑现纸币Fiat Money420 虚拟资本Fictitious Capital421 信用发行Fiduciary Issue422 最终效用程度Final Degree of Utility423 最终效用Final Utility424 金融Finance425 金融资本Finance Capital426 融资和储蓄Finance and Saving427 金融危机Financial Crisis428 金融中介Financial Intermediaries429 金融新闻业Financial Journalism430 金融市场Financial Markets431 微调Fine Tuning432 厂商理论Firm, Theory of The433 财政联邦主义Fiscal Federalism434 财政态势Fiscal Stance435 发展中国家的财政和货币政策Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries 436 渔业Fisheries437 固定资本Fixed Capital438 固定汇率Fixed Exchange Rates439 不变生产要素Fixed Factors440 不动点定理Fixed Point Theorems441 固定价格模型Fixprice Models442 浮动汇率Flexible Exchange Rates443 强制储蓄Forced Saving444 预测Forecasting445 对外援助Foreign Aid446 国外投资Foreign Investment447 对外贸易Foreign Trade448 对外贸易乘数Foreign Trade Multiplier449 森林经济Forests450 欺骗Fraud451 自由银行制度Free Banking452 自由处置Free Disposal453 免费物品Free Goods454 免费午餐Free Lunch455 自由贸易和保护主义Free Trade and Protection456 充分就业Full Employment457 充分就业预算盈余Full Employment Budget Surplus458 完全及有限信息方法Full and Limited Information Methods459 泛函分析Functional Analysis460 功能财政Functional Finance461 根本性失衡Fundamental Disequilibrium462 可替代性Fungibility463 期贷市场、套头交易与投机Futures Markets, Hedging and Speculation 464 期货交易Futures Trading465 模糊集合Fuzzy Sets466 贸易收益Gains from Trade467 对策论(博奕论) Game Theory468 不完全信息对策Games With Incomplete Information469 赌博合同Gaming Contracts470 度规函数Gauge Functions471 资本搭配Gearing472 性别Gender473 一般均衡General Equilibrium474 一般系统理论General System Theory475 德国历史学派German Historical School476 吉布拉定律Gibrat''s Law477 吉芬悖论Giffen''s Paradox478 赠品Gifts479 吉尼比率Gini Ratio480 经济理论中的整体分析Global Analysis in Economic Theory481 金本位Gold Standard482 黄金时代Golden Age483 黄金律Golden Rule484 货物与商品Goods and Commodities485 政府预算约束Government Budget Restraint486 图论Graph Theory487 重力模型Gravity Models488 格莱辛定律Gresham''s Law489 总替代品Gross Substitutes490 群(李群)论Group(Lie Group)Theory491 增长的核算Growth Accounting492 增长与周期Growth and Cycles493 经济增长与国际贸易Growth and International Trade494 哈恩问题Hahn Problem495 汉密尔顿体系Hamiltonians496 哈里斯-托达罗模型Harris-Todaro Model497 哈罗德-多马增长模型Harrod-Domar Growth Model498 霍金斯一西蒙条件Hawkins-Simon Condition499 卫生经济学Health Economics500 赫克歇尔-俄林贸易理论Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory501 套头交易Hedging502 享乐函数和享乐指数Hedonic Functions and Hedonic Indexes503 享乐主义Hedonism504 黑格尔主义Hegelianism505 赫芬达尔指数Herfindahl index506 异方差性Heteroskedasticity507 隐蔽活动，道德风险与合同理论Hidden Action, Moral Hazard and Contract Theory 508 等级制度Hierarchy509 讨价还价Higgling510 健全货币与货币基础High-powered Money and The Monetary Base511 历史成本会计Historical Cost accounting512 历史人口统计学Historical Demography513 经济思想及学说史History of Thought and Doctrine514 齐次函数和位似函数Homogeneous and Homothetic Functions515 国际游资Hot Money516 家庭预算Household Budgets517 家庭生产Household Production518 家务劳动Housework519 住房市场Housing Markets520 人力资本Human Capital521 人类资源Human Resources522 虚构的生产函数Humbug Production Function523 持猎和采集经济Hunting and Gathering Economies524 恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation525 假设检验Hypothesis Testing526 IS-LM分析IS-LM Analysis527 理想指数Ideal Indexes528 理想产出Ideal Output529 理想类型Ideal Type530 识别Identification531 意识形态Ideology532 贫困化增长Immiserizing Grow533 尽早消费偏好Impatience534 不完全竞争Imperfect Competition535 不完全模型Imperfectionist Models536 帝国主义Imperialism537 默认契约Implicit Contracts538 进口替代和出口导向型增长Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 539 派算Imputation540 剌激的协调性Incentive Compatibility541 刺激性合同Incentive Contracts542 收入Income543 收入-支出分析Income-Expenditure Analysis544 收入政策Incomes Policies545 不完全合同Incomplete Contracts546 不完全市场Incomplete Markets547 规模报酬递增Increasing Return to Scale548 指数Index Numbers549 指数化证券Indexed Securities550 指导性计划Indicative Planning551 指标Indicators552 无差异定律Indifference, Law of553 间接税Indirect Taxes554 间接效用函数Indirect Utility Function555 个人主义Individualism556 不可分性Indivisibilities557 归纳Induction558 产业组织Industrial Organization559 劳资关系Industrial Relations560 产业革命Industrial Revolution561 工业化Industrialization562 不等式Inequalities563 不平等Inequality564 国家之间的不平等Inequality between Nations565 人与人的不平等Inequality between Persons566 性别的不平等Inequality between The Sexes567 工资的不平等Inequality of Pay568 新生工业Infant Industry569 婴儿死亡率Infant Mortality570 通货膨胀Inflation571 通货膨胀会计Inflation Accounting572 通货膨胀与增长Inflation and Growth573 通货膨胀预期Inflationary Expections574 通货膨胀缺口Inflationary Gap575 非正规经济Informal Economy576 信息论Information Theory577 继承Inheritance578 继承税Inheritance Taxes579 创新Innovation580 投入-产出分析Input-output Analysis581 制度经济学Institutional Economics582 工具变量Instrumental Variables583 保险Insurance584 整数规划Integer Programming585 需求的可积性Integrability of Demand586 智力Intelligence587 相依偏好Interdependent Preferences588 利率Interest Rate589 利息和利润Interest and Profit590 多种利益Interests591 代际模型Intergenerational Models592 内部经济Internal Economies593 国内移民Internal Migration594 内部收益率Internal Rate of Return595 国际资本流动International Capital Flows596 国际金融International Finance597 国际收入比较International Income Comparisons598 国际债务International Indebtedness599 国际清偿能力International Liquidity600 国际移民International Migration601 国际货币经济学International Monetary Economics602 国际货币体制International Monetary Institutions603 国际货币政策International Monetary Policy604 国际贸易International Trade605 人际效用对比Interpersonal Utility Comparison606 时际均衡与效率Intertemporal Equilibrium and Efficiency607 时际资产组合理论和资产定价Intertemporal Portfolio Theory and Asset Pricing 608 价值的不可变标准Invariable Standard of value609 存货Inventories610 存货周期Inventory Cycles611 确定性条件下的存货政策Inventory policy under certainty612 投资Investment613 投资决策标准Investment Decision Criteria614 投资计划Investment Planning615 投资与积累Investment and Accumulation616 看不见的手Invisible Hand617 非自愿失业Involuntary Unemployment618 工资铁律Iron Law of Wages619 作为经济理论家的杰文斯Jevons As An Economic Theorist 620 联合生产Joint Production621 线性模型中的联合生产Joint Production in Linear Models 622 法理学Jurisprudence623 公平价格Just Price624 公平Justice625 公平、不平等及岐视Justices, Inequality and Discrimination 626 凯恩斯的《通论》Keynes''s General Theory627 凯恩斯主义经济学Keynesian Economics628 凯恩斯革命Keynesian Revolution629 凯恩斯主义Keynesianism630 弯折的需求曲线Kinked Demand Curve631 圣殿骑士团Knights Templar632 康德拉季耶夫周期Kondratieff Cycle633 库兹涅茨波动Kuznets Swings634 劳动经济学Labour Economics635 劳动交换Labour Exchange636 劳动市场歧视Labour Market Discrimination637 劳动市场Labour Markets638 劳动力Labour Power639 劳动过程Labour Process640 妇女劳动供给Labour Supply of Women641 劳动剩余经济Labour Surplus Economies642 劳动价值论Labour Theory of value643 劳动与就业Labour and Employment644 劳动者管理经济Labour-Managed Economies645 拉格朗日乘子Lagrange Multipliers646 自由放任主义Laissez-Faire647 土地改革Land Reform648 地租Land Rent649 土地税Land Tax650 兰格一勒纳机制Lange一Lerner Mechanism651 巨大经济Large Economies652 潜在变量Latent Variables653 大庄园制Latifundia654 法律与经济学Law and Economics655 解雇Layoffs656 沙特利耶原理Le Chatelier Principle657 起前与滞后Leads and Lags658 边干边学Learning-by-doing659 最小二乘法Least Squares660 闲暇Leisure661 有闲阶级Leisure Class662 里昂惕夫悖论Leontief Paradox663 字典式序Lexicographic Orderings664 自由主义Liberalism665 自由Liberty666 生命周期假说Life Cycle Hypothesis667 人寿保险Life Insurance668 寿命表Life Tables669 似然Likelihood670 极限定价Limit Pricing671 有限应变量Limited Dependent Variables672 增长的极限Limits to Growth673 林达尔均衡Lindahl Equilibrium674 林达尔论财政Lindahl on Public Finance675 线性模型Linear Models676 线性规划Linear Programing677 联系Linkages678 流动性Liquidity679 流动性偏好Liquidity Preference680 可贷资金Loanable Funds681 地方财政Local Public Finance682 经济活动的区位Location of Economic Activity683 对数正态分布Lognormal Distribution684 长周期Long Cycles685 经济增长中的长波Long Swing in Economic Growth686 长期和短期Long-run and Short-run687 洛伦茨曲线Lorenz Curve688 低工资Low Pay689 一次总付税Lump Sum Taxes690 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov Functions691 李雅普诺夫定理Lyapunov''s Theorem692 机器问题Machinery Question693 宏观经济计量模型Macroeconometric Models694 宏观经济政策Macroeconomic Policy695 宏观经济学理论Macroeconomic Theory696 宏观经济学：与微观经济学的关系Macroeconomics Relations with Microeconomics 697 保持资本完整无缺Maintaining Capital Intact698 马尔萨斯的人口理论Malthus Theory of Population699 马尔萨斯与古典经济学Malthus and Classical Economics700 经理资本主义Managerial Capitalism701 曼彻斯特学派Manchester School702 制造业活动与非工业化Manufacturing and De-industrialization703 资本边际效率Marginal Efficiency of Capital704 边际生产力理论Marginal Productivity Theory705 货币的边际效用Marginal Utility of Money706 边际和平均成本定价Marginal and Average Cost Pricing707 边际主义经济学Marginalist Economics708 市场失灵Market Failure709 营销期Market Period710 集贸市场Market Places711 市场价格Market Price712 市场份额Market Share713 市场社会主义Market Socialism714 市场结构Market Structure715 市场结构与创新Market Structure and Innovation716 市场价值与市场价格Market value and Market Price717 购销管理局Marketing Boards718 马歇尔-勒纳条件Marshall-Lerner Condition719 鞍Martingales720 马克思主义经济学Marxian Economics721 马克思主义价值分析Marxian value Analysis722 马克思主义Marxism723 马克思主义经济学Marxist Economics724 物资平衡Material Balances725 数理经济学Mathematical Economics726 政治经济学的数学方法Mathematical Method in Political Economy727 矩阵乘子Matrix Multiplier728 极大似然Maximum Likelihood729 最大满足Maximum Satisfaction730 平均值Mean value731 均值-方差分析Mean-variance Analysis732 确义性与不变性Meaningfulness and Invariance733 测度论Measure Theory734 经济增长的测算Measurement of Economic Growth735 测算理论Measurement, Theory of736 重商主义Mercantilism737 兼并Mergers738 有益品Merit Goods739 方法论之争Methodentreit740 方法论Methodology741 微观经济学Microeconomics742 军费开支Military Expenditure743 最低工资Minimum Wages744 生产方式Mode of Production745 模型与理论Models and Theory746 增长模型Models of growth747 货币主义Monetarism748 国际收支的货币分析法Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments749 货币基础Monetary Base750 货币幻想Monetary Cranks751 货币非均衡和市场出清Monetary Disequilibdum and Market Clearing752 货币均衡Monetary Equilibrium753 货币体制Monetary Institution754 货币政策Monetary Policy755 货币理论Monetary Theory756 货币幻觉Money Illusion757 货币供应Money Supply758 货币和一般均衡理论Money and General Equilibrium Theory759 货币与宏观经济学Money and Macroeconomics760 经济活动中的货币Money in Economic Activity761 货币贷款者Moneylenders762 城市经济学中的单中心模型Monocentric Models in Urban Economics 763 垄断性竞争Monopolistic Competition764 垄断性竞争与一般均衡Monopolistic Competition and General Equilibrium 765 垄断Monopoly766 垄断资本主义Monopoly Capitalism767 垄断与寡头垄断Monopoly and Oligopoly768 单调映射Monotone Mappings769 蒙特卡罗方法Monte Carlo Methods770 道德风险Moral Hazard771 道德哲学Moral Philosophy772 死亡率Mortality773 多重共线性Multicollinearity774 多国公司Multinational Corporations775 乘数分析Multiplier Analysis776 乘数-加速器相互作用Multiplier-accelerator Interaction777 多部门增长模型Multisector Growth Models778 多元时间序列模型Multivariate Time Series Models779 近视决策规则Myopic Decision Rules780 纳什均衡Nash Equilibrium781 国债National Debt782 国民收入National Income783 国民体系National System784 民族主义Nationalism785 国有化Nationalization786 自然法Natural Law787 自然垄断Natural Monopoly788 自然价格Natural Price789 自然利率和市场利率Natural Rate and Market Rate790 自然失业率Natural Rate of Unemployment791 自然资源Natural Resources792 自然资源和环境Natural Resources and Enviroment793 自然选择与进化Natural Selection and Evolution794 自然工资Natural Wage795 自然和人类资源Natural and Human Resources796 自然的及正常的条件Natural and Normal Conditions797 自然的和有保证的增长率Natural and Warranted Rates of Growth 798 必需品Necessaries799 负所得税Negative Income Tax800 负量Negative Quantities801 新李嘉图主义Neo-Ricardianism802 新古典的Neoclassical803 新古典增长理论Neoclassical Growth Theory804 新古典综合Neoclassical Synthesis805 净产品Net Product806 中性税收Neutral Taxation807 货币中性Neutrality of Money808 新古典宏观经济学New Classical Macroeconomics809 非合作对策Non-Cooperative Game810 非线性规划Non-Linear Programming811 非参数统计方法Non-Parametric Statistical Methods812 非竞争集团Non-competing Groups813 非凸性Non-convexity814 经济计量学中的非线性方法Non-linear Methods in Econometrics 815 非嵌套假设Non-nested Hypotheses816 非价格竞争Non-price Competition817 非盈利机构Non-profit Organizations818 非标准分析Non-standard Analysis819 无替代定理Non-substitution Theorems820 南北经济关系North-south Economic Relations821 价值标准Numeraire822 效用定律的数值确定Numerical Determination of the Laws of utility 823 营养Nutrition824 奥卡姆剃刀Occam''s (Ockham''s) Razor825 职业分离Occupational Segregation826 提供Offer827 提供曲线或相互需求曲线Offer Curve or Reciprocal Demand Curve 828 (卖方)寡头垄断Oligopoly829 寡头垄断与对策论Oligopoly and Game Theory830 敞地制Open Field System831 公开市场业务Open-market Operations832 运筹学Operations Research833 满足度Ophelimity834 机会成本Opportunity Cost835 最优控制与动态经济学Optimal Control and Economic Dynamics 836 最适度储蓄Optimal Savings837 最优关税Optimal Tariffs838 最优税收Optimal Taxation839 最优性与效率Optimality and Efficiency840 乐观主义与悲观主义Optimism and Pessimism841 最优货币区Optimum Currency Areas842 最适度人口量Optimum Population843 最适度货币数量Optimum Quantity of Money844 期权定价理论Option Pricing Theory845 期权Options846 序Orderings847 资本有机构成Organic Composition of Capital848 组织理论Organization Theory849 离群值Outliers850 产出与就业Output and Employment851 过度储蓄Over saving852 过度投资Over-investment853 间接成本Overhead Costs854 一般均衡的交叠世代模型Overlapping Generations Model of General Equilibrium 855 生产过剩Overproduction856 峰突Overshooting857 自生利率Own Rates of Interest858 帕尔格雷夫政治经济学辞典Palgrave''s Dictionary of Political Economy859 范式Paradigm860 悖论与异常Paradoxes and Anomalies861 帕累托分布Pareto Distribution862 帕累托效率Pareto Efficiency863 作为经济学家的帕累托Pareto as an Economist864 专利Patents865 路径分析Path Analysis866 回收期Pay-off Period867 工资税Payroll Taxes868 旺季定价Peak-load Pricing869 小农经济Peasant Economy870 小农Peasants871 货币经济与非货币经济Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Economies872 完全竞争Perfect Competition873 完全预见Perfect Foresight874 完全信息Perfect Information875 完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场Perfectly and Imperfectly Competitive Markets 876 表演艺术Performing Arts877 生产周期Period of Production878 外围Periphery879 佩龙一弗罗宾尼斯定理Perron-Frobenius Theorem880 菲利普斯曲线Phillips Curve。
公共部门经济学(双语)教案
《公共部门经济学（双语）》（07115020）课程教案甘行琼、胡洪曙一、授课对象本课程适用于财政学专业、税收专业的大三以上学生学习，在学习本课程之前应先学习大学英语、西方经济学、财政学等课程。
课时方面应设置3学分51课时。
三、教材使用情况《Public Finance: A Contemporary Application of Theory to Policy》（第八版），David N. Hyman著，北京大学出版社，2005年7月。
四、教学手段主要采取讲授与案例教学，全部课程采用多媒体。
五、参考资料1．《Public Finance》(第七版)，Harvey S. Rosen著，清华大学出版社，2005年8月。
2．《Public Finance in Theory and Practice》，Holley H. Ulbrich著，清华大学出版社，2004年3月。
六、教学内容安排Chapter 1 Individuals and Government教学目标：After studying this chapter, the students should be able to:1. Use a production-possibility curve to explain the trade- off between private goods and services and government goods and services.2. Describe how the provision of government goods and services through political institutions differs from market provision of goods and services and how government affects the circular flow of income and expenditure in a mixed economy.3. Discuss the various categories of federal, state, and local government expenditures in the United States and the way those expenditures are financed.内容提要：Public finance is the field of economics that studies government activities and alternative means of financing government expenditures. Modern public finance emphasizes the relationships between citizens and governments. Government goods and services are supplied through political institutions, which employ rules and procedures that have evolved in different societies for arriving at collective choices. Government goods and services are usually made available without charge for their use, and they are financed by compulsory payments (mainly taxes) levied on citizens and their activities. A major goal in the study of public finance is to analyze the economic role of government and the costs and benefits of allocating resources to government use as opposed to allowing private enterprise and households to use those resources.重点难点：The allocation of resources between government and private use; The structure of state and local government expenditure; Market failure and the functions of government: how much government is enough? Government transfer payments; Nonmarket rationing.有关提示：这一部分是公共部门经济学的引言部分，应让学生明白公共部门和私人部门的区别，以及他们各自是如何配置资源的，另外也要熟悉美国政府支出的增长情况。
高三英语经济贸易术语索引
高三英语经济贸易术语索引一、引言经济贸易是国际交流和合作的重要组成部分，在全球化的背景下，了解和掌握相关的术语不仅是学习英语的必备技能，也能够更好地理解和参与到国际经济贸易中。
本索引将为读者提供一个方便快捷的查询工具，涵盖了高三英语经济贸易课程中常用的术语和概念。
二、术语索引1. Balance of Trade（贸易收支平衡）- A country's exports minus its imports2. Barter（以物换物）- Exchange of goods or services without using money3. Capital（资本）- Money or assets used for investment or production4. Competition（竞争）- Rivalry between sellers or producers of a product or service5. Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- A measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services6. Demand（需求）- The quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price7. Exchange Rate（汇率）- The value of one currency in relation to another8. Foreign Direct Investment（外商直接投资）- Investment made by a company or individual in one country in a business based in another country9. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)（国内生产总值）- The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period10. Inflation（通货膨胀）- The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling11. Imports（进口）- Goods or services bought from another country12. Market Economy（市场经济）- An economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control13. Monopoly（垄断）- A market structure in which a single seller dominates a particular industry or market14. Outsourcing（外包）- A business practice in which a company hires another company or individual to perform tasks, handle operations, or provide services that were previously performed in-house15. Protectionism（保护主义）- The policy of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition by imposing tariffs, quotas, or other barriers on imports16. Recession（经济衰退）- A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced17. Supply and Demand（供求关系）- The relationship between the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to provide and the quantity that consumers are willing to buy18. Tariff（关税）- A tax or duty imposed on imported or exported goods19. Trade Agreement（贸易协议）- A legally binding agreement between two or more countries that sets out the terms and conditions for their trade relationship20. WTO (World Trade Organization)（世界贸易组织）- An international organization that oversees and regulates international trade between nations三、总结本索引列举了高三英语经济贸易课程中常用的术语和概念，希望能为您提供一个方便快捷的查询工具。
高三英语培优外刊阅读学案：斯里兰卡话题
高三英语培优外刊阅读班级：____________学号：____________姓名：____________外刊精选｜斯里兰卡破产后，这些邻居日子也不好过？上个月，斯里兰卡宣布国家破产，震惊全球。
而就在上周，同样位于南亚地区的孟加拉国也表示，已经向国际货币基金组织（IMF）寻求经济援助。
经济学家称，在全球通胀危机的背景下，很多南亚国家都面临着债务违约、国家破产的风险。
孟加拉国为何会陷入严重的经济危机？在疫情与通胀的双重夹击之下，南亚国家又将何去何从？Bangladesh Seeks I.M.F. Loan as Inflation Rocks South AsiaBy Saif Hasnat and Emily SchmallJust a week after introducing scheduled power outages in response to the soaring cost of fuel in Bangladesh, the government said it was seeking help from the International Monetary Fund, joining two other nations in South Asia to do so in recent months.Government officials said the country was running low on foreign reserves, the problem that prompted both Sri Lanka and Pakistan to pursue I.M.F. assistance."Sri Lanka's government was the first to fall." Samantha Power, administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, said Wednesday in New Delhi. "If history is any guide, we know that Sri Lanka's government will likely not be the last to fall."Nepal, among the poorest countries in the region, had not fully recovered from the shocks of the pandemic and a drop in Mount Qomolangma tourism when global inflation hit, further depleting its foreign reserves.Similarly in India, a widening deficit is draining foreign reserves.While other countries in South Asia reported sharp economic declines in 2020, Bangladesh was an outlier. Its powerhouse garments-for-export industry, the second-largest in the world, helped keep the economy growing.But the war in Ukraine, and the surge of commodity prices, have proven a greater challenge.Mr. Kamal, the finance minister, said last week that Bangladesh would not need I.M.F. support, downplaying the country's economic vulnerability. He did not explain his about-face on Wednesday.【词汇过关】请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。
accumulated deficits科目
Accumulated DeficitsIntroductionAccumulated deficits refer to the negative balance of retained earningsin a company’s financial statements. It represents the cumulativelosses incurred by a company over a period of time. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of accumulated deficits, including its definition, causes, implications, and how companies can address this issue.DefinitionAccumulated deficits, also known as retained losses or accumulated losses, are the result of a company’s expenses exceeding its revenues over a specific period. It is recorded as a negative value in the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheet. The accumulateddeficit amount reflects the total historical losses that have not been offset by profits or dividends.Causes of Accumulated DeficitsThere are several reasons why a company may accumulate deficits:1.Operating Losses: When a company’s expenses exceed its revenuesconsistently, it results in operating losses. This can occur dueto various factors such as low sales volume, high production costs, or ineffective cost management.2.Non-recurring Expenses: One-time expenses like legal settlements,restructuring costs, or asset write-offs can significantly impacta company’s financial performance and contribute to accumulateddeficits.3.Economic Downturns: During economic recessions or downturns,companies may experience reduced demand for their products orservices. This can lead to lower sales and profitability,eventually resulting in accumulated deficits.4.Poor Financial Management: Inadequate financial planning andcontrol measures can also contribute to accumulated deficits.Mismanagement of funds, excessive debt burdens, or inappropriateinvestment decisions can lead to sustained losses.Implications of Accumulated DeficitsAccumulated deficits have several implications for both companies and their stakeholders:1.Reduced Financial Stability: Companies with significantaccumulated deficits may face financial instability as they havelimited retained earnings for reinvestment or distribution amongshareholders.2.Difficulty in Attracting Investors: Accumulated deficits can raiseconcerns among potential investors as they indicate a company’sinability to generate consistent profits or recover from losses.This can result in difficulties in raising capital for expansionor other business activities.3.Impact on Creditworthiness: Accumulated deficits can negativelyimpact a company’s creditworthiness, making it difficult toobtain loans or credit facilities from financial institutions.4.Legal Requirements: In some jurisdictions, companies withaccumulated deficits may be subject to legal obligations such asrestrictions on dividend payments or additional reportingrequirements.Addressing Accumulated DeficitsCompanies facing accumulated deficits can take several measures to address the issue and improve their financial position:1.Cost Reduction: Implementing cost-cutting measures, such asstreamlining operations, renegotiating contracts, or reducingoverhead expenses, can help control losses and improveprofitability.2.Revenue Enhancement: Companies can explore strategies to increasesales and revenue generation, such as expanding into new markets, introducing new products or services, or improving marketingefforts.3.Operational Efficiency: Optimizing operational processes andenhancing productivity can help reduce costs and improve overallprofitability.4.Debt Restructuring: If excessive debt is contributing toaccumulated deficits, companies may consider renegotiating loanterms or refinancing options to alleviate the financial burden. 5.Equity Infusion: Raising additional equity capital through issuingnew shares or attracting strategic investors can provide a much-needed boost to a company’s financial resources.6.Dividend Policy Review: Companies may revisit their dividenddistribution policies and choose to retain earnings instead ofpaying dividends during periods of accumulated deficits. ConclusionAccumulated deficits represent the cumulative losses incurred by a company over time when its expenses exceed its revenues. It can have significant implications for a company’s financial stability, investor confidence, and creditworthiness. However, by implementing appropriate strategies such as cost reduction, revenue enhancement, and operational efficiency improvements, companies can address accumulated deficits and strive towards long-term profitability and sustainability.。
国贸1201班第二章翻译完整版
1-10段One of the principal problems of political economy emphasized by the opening quote from Keynes is deciding on the appropriate boundary between state and market. We can better understand the issues if we examine how the boundaries evolved to their present point. In medieval times, the aristocracy and town guilds directed much of the economic activity in Europe and Asia. However, about two centuries ago, government began to exercise less and less power over prices and production methods. Gradually, the restraints of feudalism were replaced by what we call th e “market mechanism” or “competitive capitalism.”一个政治经济存在的主要问题，强调了开放引自凯因斯是决定国家和市场之间的合理边界。
我们可以更好的理解的问题，如果我们研究如何发展到目前的边界点。
在中世纪，贵族和城市行会向多在欧洲和亚洲的经济活动。
然而，大约两个世纪以前，政府开始行使价格和生产方法越来越少。
渐渐地，封建制度的约束是由我们所称的“市场机制”或“竞争资本主义取代。
”ope and North America, the nineteen century became the ago of lasses-faire. This doctrine, which translates as “leave us alone,” holds that government should interfere as little as possible in economics affairs and leave economic decisions to the interplay of supply and demand in the marketplace. Many governments espoused this economic philosophy in the middle of the nineteen century.开放和北美国，上世纪十九年代成为少女放任的前。