大学生跨文化交际 passage b Unit 3 修正定稿
跨文化交际实用教程-unit3-文档资料
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CONTENTS
I. Warm-up cases II. Detailed Study:
★Social functions of compliments ★Compliments and compliment responses ★Differences between Chinese and English
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Case 2. The Cancellation of the Dinner Party
Comment:
1.In New Zealand, a friend can openly provide constructive criticism. If Stan did not make such suggestions to a friend in his country, the friend would be angry that Stan did not help him when he had the chance.
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Case 1
On behalf of all your American guests, I wish to thank you for
the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people
are justly famous for throughout the world. I particularly want to pay tribute, not only to those who prepared the magnificent dinner, but also to those who have provided the splendid music. Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit:Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches:It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive. Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, dep ending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
大学英语跨文化交际unit3
大学英语跨文化交际unit3ReviewWhat is culture? What is communication? What is intercultural communication?Unit Three Cultural DiversityI. Warm UpPlease read the story on page 76, then answer the question:1. Why does Jackson say that Mr. Zhao has asked too much?2. What are the differences in the opinions of friendship betweenChinese and Americans?II. Reading1. Read the article of “Different Lands, Different Friendships”. Who is afriend? What are the similarities and differences between the Chineseconcept of friendship and the western ones? Compare the differentvalues of friendship in America, France, Germany, England andChina.Differences in Friendship(1) In France:(i) Friends generally are of the same sex, and friendship is seen asbasically a relationship between men.(ii) Friendship is a one-to-one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’s intellect, temperament, andparticular interests.(iii) Friendships are compartmentalized. They are not made part of family life.(2) In Germany:(i) Friendship is much more articulately a matter of feeling.(ii) Friends usually are brought into the family.(3) In England:(i) The basis is shared activity.(ii) English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not contrapuntal to the family nor are they separated from thefamily.(4) In ChinaThe typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. In Chinese culture, friendshipmeans a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed.(5) In America: (p81-82)“Friend” is often used in a much wider sense in the American culture than in the Chinese culture. The term may be used for both casual acquaintances and close companions. American friends may not share with one another as much as Chinese friends usually do. Americans would still prefer to consider themselves first as independent individuals. What they value more are individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others’ debt. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends, but mostly on trivial things, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangementsfor transportation fail.Supplement:Some American quotes about friendship will give additional insights into how friendships are valued.“A friend hears the song in my heart and sings it to me when my memory fails.”“A single rose can be my garden... a single friend, my world.”“A friend brings out the best in you.”“Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of joy you must have someone to divide it with.”—Mark Twain Common Elements about Friendship:There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter of free choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably equality of give-and-take.2. Read the article of “Family Structure” (p83-84), then identify thedifferent roles of family in cultures.Many cultural differences exist in family structures and values.1) In some cultures, such as Filipinos, Vietnamese, Japanese, Latin Americans and Chinese, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, like Americans, the individual, not the family, is primary.2) In some cultures, the family’s reputation and honor depend on each person’s actions; in other cultures, individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life.3) Some cultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.Traditional Chinese family structure3. Comparing and Contrasting CulturesQuestions for discussion:1) In what aspects do you think our culture is different from othercultures?2) Do you sometimes compare one culture with another? If you do, howdo you usually do that?Please read over the article on pages 85-89, answer the comprehension questions:i) What is Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation?The Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck, after examining hundreds of cultures, reached the conclusion that people turn to their culture for answers to thefollowing questions. (1) What is the character of human nature? (2) What is the relation of humankind to nature? (3) What is the orientation toward time?(4)What is the value placed on activity? And (5) What is the relationship ofpeople to each other? The answers to these crucial questions serve as the bases for the five value orientations that are at the heart of their approach.These five orientations might best be visualized as points on a continuum. Itis talking about meaningful values found in all cultures.Human Nature Orientation: 1) evil, 2) evil and good, 3) good. Basically Evil: find evil and fight against it; punish bad behavior; save people from their evil nature. Stress the ability of people to change for th e better. Basically Good: protect people’s virtue;reward good behavior; find the most virtuous people as models. The direction of moral change is more likely to befrom good to bad.Mixture: Separate good from evil; identify strengths and weaknesses; reward the good and punish the bad.Man-nature Orientation: 1) human beings are subject to nature,2) cooperation view, 3) conquer and direct the forces of nature.Nature Controls: Accept fate; life is outside one’s control be humble.Human Controls: Make life comfortable and convenient; problems can be solved; be objective.Harmony: Live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character;be balanced.Time Orientation: 1) past-orientated, 2) present-orientated, 3) future-orientated.Past: Tradition ——best teacher; events in the past is important today; the old are wise; break with the past to change society.Present: Pay attention to what is going on here and now; everything will happen in its time; events occur in cycles; look for causes in the present situation. Future: Control the future by planning for it; what is past is past and not important;the young know what is happening; study history to shape the future.Activity Orientation: 1) being orientation, 2) Being-in-becomingorientation, 3) doing orientation.Being: Protect dignity of both yours and others; fulfill one’s role; show who you are.Actions should be suitable to status, social roles and character. Payattention to people. e.g. job titles and what do you actually do? Growing: Develop one’s potential as a whole person; follow values and lifestyles appropriate to one’s stage in life; people change; pay attention topossibilities. More tolerant of how things are than is true.Doing: Achieve specific goals; develop procedures and measure results; qualitative outcomes measured quantitatively show what you can do; attention toactions.Relational (social) Orientation: 1) authoritarian culture, 2) collectiveculture, 3) individual culture.Hierarchy: Obey authority; know one’s place; treat others; according to their position;look to leaders to; know what to think and do.Group: Respond to what others think and feel; interdependent ; be loyal; look to others in the group to know what to think and do.Individual: Express one’s own feel ings and ideas; Be as independent and self-reliant as possible; make one’s own decisions and choices. Personalinitiative/professionalism highly valued.ii) Try to describe the value system of average Americans from the five orientationsHuman Nature: basically good (changeable)Man-nature: Man the master of natureTime: future-orientedActivity: action-orientedSocial: individualisticiii) How is the mainstream American culture different from the oriental culture, like Japanese culture?Homework: Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (p99-105)Homework: Hall’s High-context and Low-context Cultures (p110-114)III. Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际 Cross-cultural Communication
Becoming more and more popular
Common in written Chinese, increasingly heard Commonly used
A respectful term of address to known or 先生 (mister/ sir) unknown learned persons, usu. males 老师 (teacher) A respectful term of address to a learned or professional person, who is not necessarily a teacher, used to either male or female, if to a known person, often used with the surname
跨文化交际crossculturalcommunication道客巴巴
跨文化交际
Cross-cultural Communication
Unit 3 What’s in a Name?
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Unit 3. What’s in a Name?
Objectives:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Recognize the terms used to describe English personal names Distinguish between full and short forms of given names Discuss the origin of Chinese and English names Associate certain personal names with their national background Apply linguistic theory to analyzing differences between male and female names Use different strategies to avoid biased language Apply English names, titles and kin terms in an appropriate way Display familiarity with the names of a number of different nationalities
跨文化交际Chapter 3
What is the meaning?
comments
It is impossible to understand a culture with taking into account its language; and it is equally impossible to understand a language outside of its cultural contexts.
What is language?
A language is a symbolic code of communication consisting of (1) a set of sounds with (2) understanding meanings and (3) a set of rules for constructing messages.
The influence of language on culture
• Language Determinism 语言决定论: Language shape people‟s thinking, beliefs, and attitudes, and it determines the way people see the world and thus their culture. ------- Spair-Whorf Hypothesis
Comparing Chinese and English word meanings
1. Same denotational meanings and conotational meanings in the two languages. 2. Same denotational meanings but different conotational meanings. 3. Both denotational meanings and conotational meanings are different in many other words.
跨文化交际复习Unit-3
2. Daily Verbal Communication
In daily verbal communication, there are many routine ways one must observe in order to maintain smooth cross-cultural interaction. Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication break-down occurs here and there. With some knowledge of the basic cultural difference, one is likely to survive in other cultures.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. ---- English Proverb
Warm-up：Case study
Case 1--- Have you had your lunch?/ Where are you going?
Case 2 --- Twelve cups of tea Case 3 --- Sitting Down Case 4 --- Li Hongzhang’s Embarrassment
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Intercultural Communications
2012-2013
Contents
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures --- An Introduction Unit 2 Culture and Communication Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication Unit 4 Verbal Communication Unit 5 Language and Culture Unit 6 Nonverbal Communication Unit 7 Cultural Differences Unit 8 Intercultural Adaptation
新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Unit3
新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Unit3Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about whatconstitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one's family? And in whatcountry does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family asfriends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn't as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If youdo, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to ordifferent from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extentand quite different from other Western friendships. Reading II Comparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author's view of traditional cultures indifferent value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement”and regard rapidchange as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate“change”with “improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal. 4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean when it is used todescribe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That's why that they have been described as “Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the sameculture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have away of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case Study Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather's dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders' opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn't say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture inthis aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rudeand ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand's decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite”behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social normshas taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, forinstance, the attitude of the Australian student's parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, Canadiantheir of youth the considered have might Chinese thehosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians' lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships beThat is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualismFirstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a largergroup, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their ownhousehold with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person asa whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few.②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized.③American fr iendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance:is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American.Originality： do the Chinese teach their childrenA: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching methodA: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systemsA: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treattime as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture What is polychronic culture Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time systemOnce the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive.Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, andcompletely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral.Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture What is Low-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures What is the function of silence in high-context cultures It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process Does everyone have the same experienceThe five stages of the cultural adjustment process: Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language. Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longerfor some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
人民大2024新编大学英语跨文化交际教程(高级实用英语系列教材)教学课件Unit 3-A East
2. place:
Europe
3. beliefs: 4. had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.
The concept of values
• Values are ideas about what is right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, normal and abnormal, proper and improper. It also includes the assumptions, the unquestioned givens, about people, life, and the way things are.
The highest excellence is like that of water. （林语堂译）
The Origin of Western Values: Renaissance
Originated from:
1. time :
1. 14th-17th centuries 2. from Italy to England to the whole
social values
1) maintenance of an orderly society
2) harmony 3) respect for authority
(differences from the West)
4) accountability of public officials
5) openness to new ideas 6) freedom of expression
跨文化交际_Unit_3
Page ▪ 10
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Case 2 The Cancellation of the Dinner Party
▪Which do you think is the true reason about Jose’s cancellation of the dinner party?
Unit 3
Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Compliments, gratitude & apology
Practical Course for Intercultural Communication
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Case 1 An Invitation to Dinner
▪While not particularly religious themselves… they still felt that their children might benefit from belonging to a church. (P41, para1, l.2)
Page ▪ 7
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Case 1 An Invitation to Dinner
Comments: ▪1. difference in the ways in which they prepare
for a dinner Filipinos prepare more food than enough and
跨文化交际intercultural communication chapter 3
1. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form. More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!
非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生 的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有 的刺激，简单地说就是‚不用语言的交际”， 被称作‛无声的语言‚。非语言交际在人类 交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的 情感或情绪状态。
Overview of Nonverbal Communication
1. Body Language 2. Paralanguage
Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.
跨文化交际-Unit 3
Self-actualization
5 4 3 2 1
Esteem Belongingness Safety Physiological
Culture as an Iceberg
服饰 食物 建筑 文学艺术作品 科学技术成果 语言 礼仪 音乐 手势
时间观念
对空间的利用 成就感 交际模式 对环Байду номын сангаас的取向
III. Generalizations and Stereotypes
(p.26)
Look for the answers to:
What is culture? Why do we need to be careful about making generalizations about culture? What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?
I. Language Tools:
Making Generalizations
Americans prefer coffee to tea.
usually often tend to in general generally
(p.24)
most/many on the whole the majority of rarely few
无处不在的fivebasicneedsphysiologicalsafetybelongingnessesteemselfactualizationiceberg时间观念对空间的利用成就感交际模式对环境的取向上下级关系的模式对个人的看法对竞争或合作的偏爱对规章制度的需要谦虚的观念家庭关系对宇宙的看法法律观念工作的积极性对领导的看法社会交往的频率友谊的性质控制感情的模式依据年龄性别阶级职业亲属关系确定地位以及与此相关联的角色对地位变化的看法等等服饰食物建筑文学艺术作品科学技术成果语言礼仪音乐手势
跨文化交际unit 3补充解释
Hi, thereSorry for the confusion in today’s class and this week’s assignment. I was a bit out of order, for some physical reason. And here I would like to make some further explanations to help you.Unit 3: Cultural diversity/difference1.Friendship differences:1) Different lands, different friendships: China,America, France, Germany, and Britain.2) Proverbs on friendships in different languages 2. Decision making differences: Japanese,Americans, and French3. the Kluckhohn Chart (five basic questions)to compare and analyze the cultural difference Questions that relate to the basic value systems in all cultures: (The Kluckhohn Chart)•innate human nature•relation of man to Nature•the time sense of human life•mode of human activity•mode of human relationshipsA clearer illustration of these five questions are:(1) What is the character of human nature?(2) What is the relation of humankind to nature?(3) What is the relationship of people to each other?(4) What is the value place on activity?(5) What is the relationship of people to each other? Orientation Beliefs and BehaviorsTo better understand the above table, let’s take at look at the American, Japanese and Chinese value systems, focusing on the last four questions, as religious belief is a rather tough issue.Man the master of nature: Make life comfortable and convenient; problems can be solved once we know the facts; be objective.Future oriented: task/goal oriented; what is coming next ( the “next” thing ) holds the greatest attraction; do not be left behind ( “If at first you do not succeed, try, try, and try again.” )Doing: Important to get things done; to strive—to fight on, to work hard and not to give up; quick decision making ( problem-solution; “No sooner said than done.”)Individualistic: The individual/self and the equality of all people important; autonomous, informal, outgoing and extroverted; complete control over destiny; family ties relatively weakMan subjugate by nature: Accept your fate; life is outside the individual’s control; be humbleMan in harmony with nature: Live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character; be balanced.Past oriented: History, tradition, established religion extremely important; respect of the past; ancestor worship valued; devoted to tradition; resist changeBeing: inactive; inner/spiritual developmentimportant; accepting the status quo; believing in fate and that all events are inevitable Authoritarian: Some people are born to lead and others to follow; acceptance attitude ( “The eye cannot raise above the eyebrow.” )Group-oriented / Collectivism: Group goals more important than that of the individuals; family influences education, marriage and occupation choices; group loyalty valuedMan in harmony with nature: Live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character; be balanced.Self development/Growing: Seeing people as evolving and changing; inclined to think of ways to change themselves as a means of changing the worldAssignment:(not necessary to hand in anywritten work, for group discussion only☺) Different family structuresPage 83How do the following family structures andvalues differ from each other: Filipine,Vietnamese, American, Japanese, LatinAmerican, and Chinese? (We can roughly divide them into 3 subcultures: Asian, Northern American, Latin American.How do they differ from each other?)Which culture is the most family-centred? (Makea list and explain the reason behind accordingto some of the items in the Kluckhohn Chart.)。
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter3
Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on PerceptionI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. understand culture’s influence on perception.2. understand the definitions of sensation and perception.3. analyze cross-cultural differences in sensation and perception.4.summarize the various barriers to accurate perception in intercultural communication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
)(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especiallypeople and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。
新编跨文化交际英语教程-参考答案Unit-3
新编跨⽂化交际英语教程-参考答案Unit-3Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different FriendshipsComprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutesfriendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one 's family? And in what country does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘fsamily as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn't as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long timewithout knowing each other ‘ s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to or different from any of the Western friendships?It seemsthat the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent and quite different from other Western friendships.Reading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and“being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “ growin-g” and “ do-i”ngoriented. They give emphasis taouthorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author's view of traditional cultures in different value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “ change ” with “ improvement ” and regard rapid change as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate “change”with “improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal.4. What does “ Electric Englishman ” mean when it is used to describe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That's why that they have been described as“Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the same culture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have a way of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case Study Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather isse'ntsindg opinions, he dared not to take astand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, cha llenging or disagreeing with elders ' opinionswould be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That ‘ s why the young chairman didn ' t say anything butjust nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese. Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, inwhich the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand 'descision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so- called “ polite be”havior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, for instance, the attitude of the Australian student 's parents is shoto the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadianhosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadianslack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。
跨文化交际课程unit3
The Chinese host often constantly puts the best pieces of food on the visitor's plate, which is an expression of hospitality. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. In China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so.
How could you help "I" in this case out of the awkward situation?
精品文档
Case 2 Sitting Down
W: (Showing C the sofa) Sit down, please.
C: No, no. I'll sit here. (Moving towards a chair)
Intercultural Communication
Lecture 3: verbal communication
精品文档
Review
Code
Language code
Behaviour code Context
High-context communication Low-context communication
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版
期末考试范围• 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%）• 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。
（15%）•eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter howpoor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence andvirtue.• 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。
（25%）4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%）5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论（comment)。
（30%）如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。
价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 AUnit10 BUnit1 AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?Answer: The loud speaking and speaking their native language made the reserved British feel quite unhappy. The Englishman is reserved, he doesn’t show much emotion and seldom gets excited.Unit1 BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom. The American is competitive, friendly, spontaneous, adaptable, efficient, energetic, and kindhearted.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?1). Except for the slaves, immigrants came to America voluntarily in search of greater prosperity and freedom. (para3)2). In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering spirit led American settlers to travel westward in search of land and gold. (para4)3). The desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation. Many Americans change residences every year. (para5) 4). Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. (para7)3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. Impact: Americans are optimistic and adventurous. The typical American believed in trying something new in an attempt to make life better. He had a firm faith in the possibility of progress. Every day in every way I am getting better and better.4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.The American did something that he thought is friendly, but the English seemed quite unfriendly to him, so he felt uncomfortable.American is a bit casual, optimistic and outgoing. He called the first names and touched the people on the shoulder.But, English are reserved and conservative. They dislike physical touch and dislike to show much emotion. It’s also not polite to call the first names.Suggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Passage C The Chinese CharacterComprehension Questions1.Apart from family, what are other important units in Chinese society? How dothey work?Clan. A clan is the aggregate of kinship. A clan may comprise a whole village or suburb, and counties, provinces and state are conglomerates of a vast number of villages and suburbs with such clan populations.Grouping linked by friendship or marriage is also another important unit in Chinese society. A district may have all its groupings so associated together, and this forms the basis for common action in an emergency.2.Why is China a country with highly complicated social relationship? What aresupposed to be the advantages and disadvantages of it?Chinese society appears as a mass of circles or groupings rather than status or levels. Within each circle or grouping the people are related in clan or closer kinship and offer cooperation and succor to each other. Marriage and friendship created links with other clans and groupings. Therefore, a district may have all its groupings so associated together. So, the social relationship in China is more close and complicated than Western countries.Such kind is good for the steady of a society and peaceful life, good for governing but not good for development, for any new ideas and reformation. It is as personal oriented society. Sometimes it is easy to deal with something, but other times it makes things more complicated and even hinder the development of a society. For example, the complicated social relation becomes a big barrier for the implementation of lawand justice. It may give rise to the unequal of chance and resources. ...(a free answer question)3.Can you list some of the characteristics of the general character of the Chinesepeople based on the text. Try to give the possible reasons for the formation of such character.Chinese people are compromising, patient, mediative, harmonious, obedient, passive, pacific, long-viewing, tolerant, filial, conservative, thrift, friendly, diligent, and so on. They tend to be in low profile, hide their strength and depreciate their success. The character of Chinese is caused by many factors. From the text, we know its closely related to the organization of Chinese society. The Chinese society is organized by clans or friends of close association. It is a big circle of complicated relations. To maintain the steady of the circle, such kinds of character are of significant importance.Case StudyChina is a society of complicated social relation. Friend is a very important factor in society. Chinese people take care of maintaining friendship and tend to avoid direct conflict or making other lose face. In this case, to maintain the face of Jimmy, I would not mention the borrowed money in the face of Jimmy. But Jimmy keeping reminding "I" of the money made "I" feel quite embarrassed, and a bit angry. "I" thought Jimmy was not friendly.America is a society advocates individualism and their social relation is quite loose. They think friend is friend, money is money. What's more, compared with Chinese society, it is one with low-contexted culture, in which people would put everything in words and say it directly. In the case, Jimmy reminded "I" once again about the money lest "I" forget about it. To Jimmy, it was the fault of "I" not mentioning about the borrowed money earlier. So, when "I" asked about it, he said "Why didn't you remind me earlier?"What’s more, Americans don’t readily give money to others, which will most likely render a sense of humiliation about one’s ability to earn one’s own living. So in this case, Jimmy is a bit annoyed for “I” not remind him to pay back the borrowed money. He thought that he had been looked upon by “I”.Unit2 Akey concept:Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想 humanism 人道主义individualism个人主义collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1. According to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism, collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .6. Are all the Westerners individualists? Are all the Chinese collectivists? (P20 para20)Saying that Western culture is individualist does not mean that all Westerners are always individualist. Rather, it means that Westerners are more likely to think and act in individualist ways than people in collectivist cultures are. The difference between individualist and collectivist cultures is relative, not absolute.Case study1.Would you please help Shi Hai interpret the Chinese saying he mentioned? Common fame is seldom to blame; shoot the bird which takes the lead; The outstanding usually bear the brunt of attack.2. Would you please make suitable explanations for his declining the promotion so that Joe would understand him?Chinese people respect collectivism and emphasize cooperation, so individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit .so he thinks he should not receive the honor personally.Unit3 Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)American old people live apart from their children. Some families may place older relatives in nursing homes.(2)Their financial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.4. As a child in a Chinese family, how can you make your parents happy? Answer is open.1). To advance the family as a group and bring honor to the family name as well.2).To show filial duty and responsibility to parents. 3). To emphasize the peace and harmony of a family.case1: Q1：He will feel amazing and sympathy for her ,for which she is old enough but still living alone.Q2:1.In individualist cultures like that of the US, children arealienated from parents because parents chain them to be independent, “push them out of the nest”.2.Because of the cultural emphasis on self-reliance, the mother feelsit is inappropriate to ask for help, and the children may even think it is inappropriate to offer.3.Individualism leads people to feel they should stay out of eachother’s business.Case2:1).It is an offence to slap a child in America, but not in China. In America,ill-treating the children is illegal. The police may arrest the parents and send the children to DCFS shelter.2)In America, a sense of equality often exists in American homes.3). In China, parents regard their children as private prosperity.Chinese think Beating means love, scolding means affection tochildren.Unit3 BKey concepts：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责 A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固 Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose, individual’s needs come first, contractual and compartmentalized.2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the difference between inner and out side is from most important to least important.4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese andAmerican?•1). Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few. (para8) •American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized because they are based on a shared activity, event, or experience. (para9) •2). Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. (para10) •5.Do you think friendship shares some common elements in differentcultures? If you do, what are they?Answer is open.Both regard friendship as a very important thing to individuals.Case 1•Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .•It’s not appropriate for the Americans to use personal connections to help a friend get something hard to obtain.•This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case 2• 1. Not really, just because their children like to play together, these two women plan to get together at each other’s houses.• 2. They are common friends. a). American friendships are based ona shared activity, event, or experience. b). They view themselvesand others as a composite of distinct interests. c). Their children like to play together, so they have some common interests. d). They may get together just because their kids would enjoy that.Case3•Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school.•No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.•Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent and based on a shared class, activity or event .If one drop out of it, they may lose contact with the friends with whom they sharedthat activity.Unit5AKey concepts：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knives at dinner?The ancestors of many Western countries lived by hunting. Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasized the delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and taste that Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients, herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Under the influence of pragmatism, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy to Westerners, having little to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.5.Do you know why vegetables became the staple food of the Chinese, while meat became the main food of Americans?• 1. Historically, China is an agricultural country, while the ancestors of Americans lived by hunting.• 2. Environmentally, China has a large amount of population and lack of land to support a cattle industry. America has an abundance of fertile, flat land for grazing cattle and food production.•Case Study:• 1.Why did Ling Hong’s mother keep on encouraging Susan to eat more even after Susan refused?•In Chinese culture, Ling Hong’s mother kept on encouraging Susan to eat more is to show the hospitality of the host to Susan.• 2.Why did Susan feel embarrassed when Ling Hong’s mother put some food in her bowl with her chopsticks?•Because in western culture, food is usually served separately to each person----partly for hygiene reasons and partly due toindividualism.Unit6 AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imagination to produce newideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?2. Answer is open.3. Answer is open. Don’t help the baby stand immediately. Let the baby explore and experience, and try to find the balance to stand by itself.Case1:Firstly, Chinese students are used to take what the teacher's said as authority, and try to memorize what is given in lessons. On the other hand, teaching in China focus more on knowledge than on creation, to make students with the same ideas, the same knowledge. Moreover, to them, it is impolite to challenge the teacher's words, to form different ideas from the teacher. But to the Westerners, things are quite different. The aim of western education is to produce students with different ideas, to develop their creativity. To them, the more questions asked in class means more attention you give to what the teacher says. And more interest you show to the topic and the teacher. So, in this case, Professor Johnson mistook the silence of the students as their no interest in his subject, and felt disappointed.Case21. Because the American teacher thought that I was an adult, I should at least have some ideas about a question, no matter how difficult it is, even the answer is totally wrong.2. Chinese educators are used to “teaching by holding his hand”. So long as the students are shown how to do something, they are less likely to solve a problem effectively by themselves. They may lack of creativity and self-reliance.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4. Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Difficulties: M-time-oriented person should keep waiting.Feelings: To feel put down, angry and frustrated.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Difficulties: P-time-oriented person dislikes to squeeze people in . They prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them. Feelings: To feel compelled and uncomfortable.5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?•M. S: stimulating, productive, desirable, punctual• W: without reference to logic and human needs•.•P. S: Being oriented toward people, emphasizing human needs.• W: wasteful and distracting, not punctualCase1(para3)• 1.No , I don't like . Robert is a monochronicpeople , these people see time as being dividedinto fixed elements(seconds ,minutes ,hours ,etc), sequentialblocks that can be organized, quantified, andscheduled .They love to plan in detail, make lists,keep track of activities and organize time into adaily routine. so Robert does things like this.• 2. I'm a polychronic people , I dislike doingthings in haste.Case2(para5)•The director is a polychronic people , peoplein such kind of cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time , they do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitments ,therefore ,in these cultures, personal interaction an relationship development are more important than making appointments or meeting deadlines. so the director had the behavior toward Katherine .Unit10 B课后四个comprehension questions:Case Study:❖Question 1: Why does the secretary quit her job?❖The manager has made a number of mistakes, by not understanding that in some cultures it is not acceptable to criticize people in front of others.This is because a public telling-off leads to a "loss of face". It can also be unacceptable to show emotion at the workplace. Although there are always going to be times when criticism is necessary, in this cultural context, direct criticism, even in a one-to-one situation, is not acceptable.❖Question 2: Can you give some suggestions to handle the situation?Verluyten, who has carried out research into indirectness and conflict avoidance amongst executives in a range of countries, suggests that there are three ways of dealing with the situation:❖ 1 Blur the sender. This means that you don't criticize the person directly. but do so through a friend or colleague.❖ 2 Blur the receiver. This means that you mention the problem in front of thewhole group, rather than pick out an individual.❖ 3 Blur the message. This could mean talking about a hypothetical case, or asking indirect questions, such as "Do you still live out of town?" or "How is the baby?" It might even involve giving excessive praise-- the secretary would then know that something was wrong.。
跨文化交际实用教程Unit 3
C: It is taken as a kind of flirtation if a
man compliments a woman
12
■ Chinese people compliment each other
much less frequently than westerners do. ■ Chinese people try to draw a line between compliment and flattery. ■ Chinese people interpret other’s positive compliments as a request for possessing something. Discussion: 1. Can you think out any compliments with Chinese characteristics? 2. Are you courageous enough to express compliments to a female about her appearance? (Ask a boy student)
3.The Filipinos were talking in their own native language. No doubt the British felt left out, which is unacceptable and rarely occurs on social occasions in Britain.
Unit 3
Daily Verbal Communication (II)
Objectives
Learn the social functions of
compliments and compliment responses Learn the differences between Chinese and English compliments Learn expressions of gratitude and apology in English and Chinese
B1U3 Language and Culture
Lead-in Scenario: Invitation or Not
Check your understanding by choosing A, B, C, and /or D.
Different communication styles : High-context culture vs. low-context culture
Understand the different values of individualism and group consciousness
UUnnitit13
Understand the barriers to smooth intercultural communication
CONTENTS
Understanding Text A
B. UndБайду номын сангаасrstanding intercultural points
新大学英语
跨文化交际阅读教程
Unit 3
Language and Culture
目 录 Objectives
Better know the relationship between language and culture
Understand the values behind language
Lead-in Scenario
Understanding Text A Broadening Intercultural Perspectives Assignment
Period 1
Lead-in Scenario
Lead-in Scenario: Language or Culture in Communication
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1：在美国，个人可以同时是许多团队的成员。
工作伙伴一般不会成为社交中的朋友。
友谊是通过各种联系发展起来的：如来自学校、社区、礼拜的场所、俱乐部和社区服务组织。
2：此外，成员身份并非是永久的。
如果你失去了活动的兴趣，你退出俱乐部就可能会失去曾与您一起活动的朋友的联系。
如果您搬迁或改变宗教信仰，或找份新工作，会使你的友情变弱。
如果这组织不再满足你的个人目标，你会离开，有可能从新的结交中获取原先的团体给予你的利益。
3：事实上，甚至家庭的成员身份也可以由个人选择。
配偶往往选择不保持婚姻关系、孩子有时决定中断与兄弟姐妹或父母的关系,甚至家长有时决定断绝与后代联系。
在美国家庭的破裂通常会被指责，虽然如此但它还是被容许的。
美国的主流文化中大多数人赞成个人需求优先。
当一个人自己的需要程度得以满足时，这个人才能对另一个人负责。
4：相反，像在中国、日本、韩国、泰国的文化中，个体只会参与少数不同的团体。
个人与这些团体间的联系紧密到可以持续一生：比如，家人、朋友、邻居、工作团队和社会组织中的各种联系。
在这些文化中，团队中的成员身份可能是个人无法选择的。
团队中的个人有权期盼自己的需求得以实现，但作为团队成员，实现责任优先于个人需求的实现。
打个比方，选择松散的家庭关系的想法从来不会出现在集体主义文化中。
在这种团队关系是长久不变的文化中，归属感的建立从家庭关系开始。
5：中国文化中的社会关系就是一串串以“我、自我”为中心的同心圆，父母、爷爷奶奶、配偶、兄弟姐妹、子孙后代都在圆的中间，接下来的圆圈是最亲密的朋友，也许是儿时的同学，随后的圆圈包括特别信任的单位同事（对当代中国人来言，通常是邻居) 。
再接下来的是那些熟悉但是关系不是很密切的人等等，直到每个人都被安排到圆圈里，正因为有了此种联系，你对你交际圈内的每个人可能就有了应尽的义务。
别的地区、国家或者世界上的其他人都是在这个同心圆之外，你没有义务去回应他们的需求，然而在同心圆之内，有的人位置会发生变化，会与你关系更加亲近，或者与你愈加疏远，但不管怎么，你设定的圈子是不会变的。
6：在中国，人与人的社会关系非常稳固，因为每个人都深刻明白社
交圈的运行模式并且懂得维持它的关键之处：如果你想成为某人社交圈中的一员，并能够与他建立互惠的关系（这就是人际关系的本质），那你就需要在他的关系圈中给自己一个准确的定位，比如是把自己视作他亲戚的朋友的朋友，或前同事的老同学，或者是关系圈中某个人同事的同事。
当你在他的社交圈中赢得了一席之地时，那他也就有了责任需去回应与你的关系。
中国人说的关系就是指发生联系。
7：相反，在美国文化里，社会关系也是契约式的。
某些文化中，会把责任按轻重来形成相应的交际网，而与这些文化不同的是，美国人把所有关系看作是契约似的。
当涉及到党派的选择，他们的关系随时都有可能破裂。
甚至亲密的朋友或亲人之间的关系也会因为个人利益受到威胁而恩断义绝。
当你搬走之后，你与工作伙伴、俱乐部玩伴、以前的同学之间的联系都会随着你的搬走而消失。
而美国人的确经常搬家，在现代社会，几乎没有人会在某个地方生活一辈子，这使得社会组织是松散的而暂时的。
在美国你会迷失自己，你甚至可以搬到一个新地方，换一种身份生活。
8：美国人能与许多人建立轻松友好的关系，但是深厚、亲密的友谊却很少。
真正的友谊需要时间和奉献。
这些是很多美国人所缺少的。
因此，他们经常很容易结交朋友但却缺少挚友，也没有关系深厚亲密的朋友。
他们缺少时间，而且他们尽心尽职地对家人、工作、甚至志愿者项目，这就意味着他们不太有时间去结交很多亲密的朋友。
9：美国人的友情往往划分的界线分明，因为这些友情建立的基础是共同的活动、事件及经历，所以美国人可以和这个朋友一起学习，和另外一个朋友一起打墙球，再和另一个去看电影。
这是因为美国人通常根据朋友的职业、成就而不是根据他们是谁来进行分类，所以美国人的社会关系往往是短暂的，他们认为，自己和其他人的关系，是根据不同兴趣或利益而结合在一起的。
“最好的朋友”在他们看来也仅仅是短暂的亲密朋友。
10：反过来说，总体上，中国人更倾向于对朋友作出更多的互动，但会避免与价值观、行为有点问题的人交朋友。
中国和美国的交友不一样，做朋友要么完全接受对方，要么就不做朋友。
11: 在美国,你当然可以请朋友和你一起做事,但是你不要期望在没有说明什么事情的前提下,你朋友就能如你所愿。
你也不要期望你的朋友丢下手里的全部事情去回应你不太紧急的要求,比如去购物.你对朋友提
出的要求是有限度的.在美国,你可以随意请朋友帮忙,但是如果他们给出理由，你要明白是你的朋友在拒绝你。
在中国,朋友就是在你需要的时候无需请求就能伸出援助之手的人。
对朋友提要求在中国没有太多的限制。
你能随时告诉你的朋友，为了帮助或取悦你，他可以或应该做什么事情。
12: 美国的友谊主要是精神的支持或呆在一起。
与美国人相比，中国朋友给予彼此更多实质性的帮助或援助。
一个中国人会利用自己的个人关系，帮助朋友去取得他难以得到的东西，比如找到工作、约上优秀医生为之看病、获得官方许可的捷径或把他介绍给另一位能给予他具体帮助的人。
中国朋友可以彼此提供金钱资助，还可以长时间地帮助彼此走出经济困境。
这在西方的朋友间很少见，因为这让一个人依赖于另一个人,它违背了平等原则。