大学英语跨文化复习重点
大学英语跨文化交际要点汇总
Culture is dynamic. (pg. 6)
◦ Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
Noise ◦ The term noise technically refers to anythingthat distorts the message the source encodes.
Components of Communication
Source ◦ The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding ◦ Encodingis the process of puttingan idea into a symbol.
Characteristics of Culture
Culture is shared.
Culture is learned.
◦ Enculturation(文化习得) : all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.
大学英语跨文化交际教案
教学目标：1. 让学生了解跨文化交际的基本概念和重要性。
2. 培养学生对不同文化差异的敏感性和理解能力。
3. 提高学生的跨文化交际意识和实际操作能力。
教学重点：1. 跨文化交际的概念和重要性。
2. 不同文化差异的识别和应对策略。
教学难点：1. 学生对不同文化差异的理解和适应。
2. 学生在实际跨文化交际中的沟通技巧。
教学过程：一、导入1. 教师简要介绍跨文化交际的概念和重要性，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 提问：同学们认为跨文化交际在我们的生活中有哪些重要性？二、基础知识讲解1. 教师详细讲解跨文化交际的概念、特点、原则等基本知识。
2. 通过案例分析，让学生了解不同文化差异的具体表现。
三、文化差异对比1. 教师引导学生分析中西方文化差异，如：时间观念、空间观念、个人主义与集体主义等。
2. 学生分组讨论，对比中西方文化差异，分享各自的观点。
四、实际操作训练1. 教师设计一个跨文化交际场景，如：商务谈判、旅游交流等。
2. 学生分组扮演不同角色，进行实际操作训练。
3. 教师观察并指导，帮助学生提高跨文化交际技巧。
五、总结与反思1. 教师总结本节课的重点内容，强调跨文化交际的重要性。
2. 学生分享自己在实际操作训练中的收获和体会。
3. 教师针对学生的表现进行点评和指导。
教学资源：1. 多媒体课件：跨文化交际基本知识、文化差异对比案例等。
2. 文化差异对比表格：中西方文化差异对比。
3. 跨文化交际场景模拟案例。
教学评价：1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的发言、讨论和实际操作表现。
2. 知识掌握情况：通过课堂提问和课后作业检查学生对跨文化交际基本知识的掌握程度。
3. 实际操作能力：评价学生在跨文化交际场景模拟中的表现，如沟通技巧、应对策略等。
教学反思：1. 教师根据学生的反馈，调整教学策略，提高教学效果。
2. 教师关注学生在跨文化交际中的实际需求，提供针对性的指导。
3. 教师鼓励学生积极参与跨文化交际实践，提高跨文化交际能力。
大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库
1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。
大学英语跨文化复习重点
Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective): 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
大学英语跨文化交际总结
Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on the characteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes.One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a few people or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成)of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编石马/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication. Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules forachievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to match the appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style.The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedback of the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual. When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includesinternational communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping (definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication-anxiety and uncertainty, assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problems Ethnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by usinglanguage.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of different languages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboorefers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to a special or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication（repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various waysof communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes tocommunicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during aconversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listenermay consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occurwhen the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share thesame nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment-these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver. Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating settingcan be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language toaugment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of humanvoices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds wegenerate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have theexperience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speakand there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger,sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in anongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check orsuppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction. Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world. Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, bodymovement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and arms are the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent. Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values价值观3.norms行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation (mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation (value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation (value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different valuepatterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3) Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d- omg onentatlOn; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity. Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is howgender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specific culture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the。
大学英语教材重点知识归纳
大学英语教材重点知识归纳大学英语是大学本科阶段必修的一门课程，为培养学生的英语语言能力和跨文化交际能力提供了重要支持。
在大学英语教材中，有一些重点知识点对于学生的学习和应用至关重要。
本文将对大学英语教材中的重点知识进行归纳总结，以便学生更好地复习和掌握。
一、语法知识1. 时态和语态大学英语教材中常涉及到各种时态和语态的使用，在句子中起到不同的作用。
包括一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时等。
同时，被动语态也是学生需要掌握的重要语法知识。
2. 从句从句是大学英语教材中常见的句型结构，包括定语从句、宾语从句和状语从句等。
学生需要理解从句的引导词和从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，正确运用从句来更好地表达自己的观点和意图。
3. 句子结构在大学英语教材中，常出现复杂的句子结构，如并列句、复合句等。
学生需要学会使用适当的连词和标点符号，使句子结构清晰，逻辑性强。
二、词汇知识1. 同义词与反义词大学英语教材中常包含大量的同义词和反义词，学生需要学会辨析它们的词义和用法，以便更好地理解文章的意思。
2. 词根和词缀学生需要学会词根和词缀的基本含义和用法，通过拆解词根和词缀来理解和记忆词汇，提高自己的词汇量和词汇应用能力。
三、阅读理解1. 阅读技巧大学英语教材中的阅读材料常涉及到各种文章类型，学生需要学会使用有效的阅读技巧，如快速阅读、略读和精读，以便更好地理解文章的主旨和细节。
2. 阅读策略阅读理解过程中，学生需要掌握一些阅读策略，如预测、推理和归纳等，以帮助他们更好地理解文章的意义和结构。
四、口语和写作1. 口语表达大学英语教材中的口语练习常涉及到日常对话、演讲和辩论等。
学生需要学会流利地表达自己的观点，使用正确的语音语调和灵活运用词汇。
2. 写作技巧写作是大学英语教材中的重要部分，学生需要学会合理组织文章结构，使用恰当的词汇和句型，有效地表达自己的思想和观点。
通过对大学英语教材中的重点知识进行归纳总结，学生可以更有针对性地进行学习和复习。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 5 Giving and Receiving语言点
Text A1. There are disadvantages to being advantaged. —Those who have more money or a higher social status than others may find themselves in an unfavorable position.disadvantage n. sth. that makes a person or thing to be less likely successful or effective 不利条件，劣势e.g. The main disadvantage of the material is that it fades in strong sunlight.Anyone who can’t use a computer is at a disadvantage these days.advantaged a. having more money, a higher social status, etc. than sb. else (在社会或经济上)处于优越地位的e.g. Some of the boys come from less advantaged backgrounds.We aim to improve opportunities for the less advantaged in society.2. guilty a. feeling ashamed because you have done sth. that you know is wrong or have notdone sth. that you should have done 感到内疚的e.g. I feel guilty for forgetting her birthday again.It was his guilty conscience that made him other to help.3. comprehend vt. understand sth. that is difficult 理解e.g. She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.I did not fully comprehend what had happened.4. peer n. a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you 同龄人，身份同的人e.g. American children did less well in math than their peers in Japan.Children are worried about failing in front of their peers.5. blame vt. say that sb. or sth. is responsible for sth. bad 责备e.g. The report blames the accident on poor safety standards.One of the computers is broken and she’s blaming it on me.6. entirely ad. completely and in every possible way 完全地e.g. Our situation is entirely different.I’m not entirely happy about the proposal.7. Many of the parents do not readily concern themselves with teaching such behavior feelings because they probably do not easily identify with either the guilt or the close mindedness, having grown up themselves under very different circumstances. —Many of the parents were born and raised in wealthy families, so they may not know much about ordinary people’s lives, nor do they feel bad about the privi leges that they enjoy. As a result they do not bother teaching their children behaviors or feelings like these.concern oneself with: give sth. attention because you think it is important 关心e.g. He just concerned himself with facts and not with individuals.He loved his wife, and concerned himself with her needs and desires.identify with: feel that you can understand and share the feelings of sb. else 理解，认同e.g. Humans can easily identify with the emotional expressions of chimpanzees.He identified with our distress and despair.under ... circumstances: in ... conditions 在……情况下e.g. The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement under certain circumstances.Under these circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident.8. How, then, to behave? — How, then, should one do things?9. fundamental a. important and essential 基本的，主要的e.g. Our constitution embodies all the fundamental principles of democracy.Hard work is fundamental to success.10. It helps foster a healthy personality by being yet another way for that child to feel valuable.—It helps the child develop a wholesome character by finding a different way for the child to feel useful and important.foster vt. help a skill, feeling, idea, etc. develop over a period of time 培养，促进e.g. Th e club’s aim is to foster better relations with in the community.He said that developed countries had a responsibility to foster global economic growth to help developing countries.11. It helps the teenager develop a more passionate outlook. — It helps the teenager develop a more positive and hopeful attitude towards life and the world.passionate a. having or showing strong feelings of enthusiasm for sth. or belief in sth. 热情的e.g. I’m a passionate believer in public art.He is very passionate about the project.outlook n. general attitude towards life and the world 人生观e.g. Most western societies are liberal in their outlooks.Exercise will improve both your looks and your outlook.12. genuinely ad. really 真实地e.g. The boy seemed genuinely interested.He was genuinely surprised when she appeared out of the blue.13. accomplish vt. succeed in doing sth., especially after trying very hard 达到e.g. If we all work together, I think we can accomplish our goal.We have accomplished everything we set out to do.14. portion n. one part of sth. larger 部分e.g. His portion of the rent was $500 a month.Th e main character’s childhood takes up a good portion of the movie.15. charity n. an organization which aims to help people in need 慈善机构e.g. Several charities sent aid to the flood victims.The concert will raise money for local charities.16. cause n. an organization or idea that people support or fight for (支持或为之奋斗的)事业，思想e.g. Animal welfare campaigners raised $70,000 for their cause last year.The donation is the biggest private gif to a humanitarian (人道主义的) cause.17. The parents can supply some of the money with the children contributing, too.— The parents can donate some of their mo ney along with the children’s money.supply vt. provide sb./sth. with sth. that they need or want, especially in large quantities 提供e.g. Local schools supply many of the volunteers.Paint for the project was supplied by the city.contribute vi. give sth., especially money or goods, to help sb. or sth. 捐赠，贡献e.g. Would you like to contribute to our collection?The three sons all contribute to the family business.18. vote vi. show formally by marking a paper or raising your hand which person you want towin an election, or which plan or idea you support 投票e.g. I voted for the Labor candidate in the last election.Did you vote for or against her?19. gradually ad. slowly 渐渐地e.g. Jill gradually became aware of an awful smell.Gradually, my ankle got better.20. give away: give sth. to sb. without asking for any money, rather than selling it to them 赠送e.g. I gave away most of my books when I left college.He gave away most of his money to charity.21. self-centered a. tending to think only about yourself and not thinking about the needs or feelings of other people 自我中心的e.g. He was self-centered, but he wasn’t cruel.For me, it changes my life from being purely self-centered to being something with meaning for others, too.22. down on one’s luck: unfortunate, down and out 不走运的，穷困潦倒的e.g. When someone is down on their luck, friends are very difficult to fnd.You really fi nd out who your friends are when you’re down on your luck!23. be in a position to do sth.: be able to do sth. because you have the ability, money, or power to do it 可(能)做某事e.g. When I know all the facts, I’ll be in a position to advise you.The UN system will be in a position to support the extensive relief efforts needed.24. enable sb. to do sth.: make it possible for sb. to do sth., or for sth. to happen 使某人能够做某事e.g. The loan enabled Jan to buy the house.Te software enables you to access the Internet in seconds.25. notion n. an idea, a belief or an understanding of sth. 观念，看法e.g. The traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.She had only a vague notion of what she wanted to do.26. privilege n. a special right or advantage available only to a particular person or group 特权e.g. He had no special privileges and was treated like every other prisoner.Education should be a universal right and not a privilege.27. further vt. help sth. progress or be successful 促进，推动e.g. He dedicated his life to furthering the cause of world peace.Alan had been using her to further his career.28. Th ere is just so much room in a child’s hear t for compassion toward others burdened by problems never actually seen ... —A child’s heart is so broad that he or she always has great potential to develop or show sympathy towards those who face so many problems that the child has never seen ...burden vt. give sb. a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work 使担负e.g. They have burdened themselves with a high mortgage (按揭贷款).I don’t want to burden you with my worries.29. privileged a. having special rights or advantages that most people do not have 享有特权的e.g. She comes from a privileged background.In those days, only a privileged few had the opportunity to vote.30. reflection n. careful thought about sth., sometimes over a long period of time 深思e.g. A moment’s reflection will show the stupidity of this argument.At first I disagreed, but aft er some reflection, I realized she was right.31. crisis n. a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made 危机e.g. The country now faces an economic crisis.The Prime Minister was criticized for the way in which he handled the crisis.32. prompt vt. cause sth. to happen 促使，引起e.g. The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.33. remark vi. say or write a comment about sth. or sb. 谈论，评论e.g. The similarities between the two have often been remarked on.On several occasions she had remarked on the boy’s improvement.34. lack n. the state of not having sth. or not having enough of sth. 缺少，缺乏e.g. Too many teachers are treated with a lack of respect.There was no lack of willing helpers.35. awareness n. knowing that sth. exists and is important 意识e.g. Health officials have tried to raise awareness about AIDS.It is important that students develop an awareness of how the Internet can be used.36. carefree a. having no worries or problems 无忧无虑的e.g. He thought back to the carefree days of his childhood.He looked happy and carefree.37. In other words, a privileged upbringing, unrestrained by reality and an involvement with others, has the capacity to provide yet another blow to low self-esteem because it can make a child feel inadequate when dealing with the “wilder world.” —In other words, those fortunate boys and girls were raised to believe that nothing is impossible and that they need not rely on others. Such beliefs may also have a bad effect on the development of their self respect as it can make a child feel unprepared to cope with life in the real world.unrestrained a. not controlled or limited 不受限制的e.g. There was unrestrained joy on the faces of those people.He is vigorous and unrestrained in his behavior.have the capacity to do sth.: have the ability to do sth. 有能力做某事e.g. The question is which of these guys have the capacity to do that.I’m quite pleased that we do have the cap acity to produce that much food.blow n. a sudden event which has damaging effects on sb./sth., causing sadness or disappointment 打击e.g. Joe resigned, which was a severe blow because we needed him desperately.His mother’s death was a shattering blow.wild a. lacking discipline or control 乱糟糟的，混乱的e.g. Everything that could grow was running wild for lack of attention.The boy is wild and completely out of control.Text B1. Our biggest problem with giving and receiving is that we try and track it. —What makesgiving and getting extremely difficult is that when we give people help, we try to keep record of who gets the help.track vt. follow the progress or development of sth. 跟踪(进展情况)e.g. The forecasters are tracking Hurricane Josephine.The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates.2. And when we do that, we lose the beat. —When we try to track who gets help from us, we act like a dancer failing to follow the rhythm.3. Along his journey, he realized that it’s not just enough, as the cliché goes, to find your gifs.—In the process of practicing giving and getting, he became aware of the fact that it’s a lot more than just figuring out, as people often say, what you are good at.4. cultivate vt. work hard to develop a particular skill, attitude, or quality 培养e.g. Cultivating a positive mental attitude towards yourself can reap tremendous benefts.One should cultivate good manners from childhood.5. fancy a. expensive and fashionable 高档的e.g. They sent their daughter to a fancy private school.Wow, that will be a fancy present.6. upwards of more than……以上，多于……e.g. I waited for upwards of an hour.The typhoon killed upwards of 20,000 people.7. oblige vi. help sb. by doing what they ask or what you know they want (根据要求或需要)帮忙，效劳e.g. Call me if you need any help —I’d be happy to oblige.We need a guide and he was only too happy to oblige.8. cover vt. provide enough money for sth. 支付e.g. They gave us 50 pounds to cover our traveling expenses.How much do you need? — Twenty pounds should cover it.9. principal a. most important 主要的e.g. That was my principal reason for moving.Land, labor and capital are the three principal factors of production.10. … I was only trying to make your day. — ... I was doing this only for the sake of making you happy.11. overwhelming a. very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react 势不可挡的，压倒的e.g. This is our challenge and our overwhelming responsibility.At that time, I felt an overwhelming sense of powerlessness.12. … what goes around comes around. — ... what you do to others will eventually affect you; goodness will have a good reward (善有善报).13. renew vt. begin doing sth. again after a period of not doing it 重新开始，继续e.g. She renewed her efforts to escape.The kidnappers renewed their threats.14. … the real reward of that give and take doesn’t lie in the value of what’s being exchanged.—... what one can really benefit from the act of giving and receiving is not how much is being given or received.15. spontaneously ad. not planned and happen naturally 自发地e.g. A crowd of people gathered spontaneously at the scene of the accident.The children laughed spontaneously.16. empty vt. remove everything that is inside sth. 清空e.g. I emptied the ashtray.The room had been emptied of all furniture.17. The cashier looks on, as we all share a beautiful, awkward, empathy-filled moment of silence. —The cashier gazes at us, while none of us is talking. It is a moment of silence that brings us a good feeling, a sense of not knowing what to do, and an understanding of each other’s emotions.awkward a. making you feel embarrassed 难堪的，尴尬的e.g. There is an awkward pause.The honest, if not awkward, answer is no.18. delighted a. very pleased and happy 高兴的e.g. I know Frank will be delighted to see you.I was delighted at/by your news.。
大学英语跨文化复习资料
⼤学英语跨⽂化复习资料⼤学英语跨⽂化复习资料第⼀章：⽂化(1) Culture (from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.（从跨⽂化交际学⾓度定义⽂化：⽂化是个⼈和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、⾏为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、⾓⾊、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。
）(2) Culture Identity:refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（⽂化⾝份：认为⾃⼰归属于某⼀⽂化或民族群体的感觉。
）(3) Subculture: refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.（亚⽂化：指存在于主流⽂化中的⽂化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。
）(4) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.（共⽂化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和⾏为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流⽂化的群体或社团。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 8 Considering Cultural Diversity 语言点
Text A1. Many individuals are likely to have been exposed to only one culture. — It is highly possible that many people have only experienced one culture.be likely to: indicate the chance that sth. will happen 有可能e.g. Do remind me of the meeting because I am likely to forget.Tickets are likely to be expensive.expose vt. let sb. fnd out about sth. by giving them experience of it or showing them what it is like 使接触，使体验e.g. Some children were never exposed to classical music.We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.2. ... use the framework of our own culture to interpret events. — ... give meaning to events in other cultures based on what we have learned in our culture.framework n. a set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements,decisions, etc. 观点，准则e.g. We may not agree on all the specifics of a common framework.The report provides a framework for further research.interpret vt. explain the meaning of sth. 解释，阐释e.g. The old man is good at interpreting the meaning of dreams.The students were asked to interpret the poem.3. broaden one’s perspective: open one’s mind, enrich one’s thoughts 开阔某人的视野e.g. The novel is written to broaden a child’s perspective.Traveling to a new country can broaden our perspective.4. ... you will get an idea of life that is very different from the one you get from thinking about Europeans or North Americans. — ... you will learn that ordinary life in Asia and Africa are very different from that in Europe or North America.5. attribute n. quality, feature 属性，特征e.g. What attributes should a good manager possess?Both men possess the attributes we want in a political leader.6. Face-to-face conflict is usually avoided by not saying something unpleasant. —People in this village prefer not to say anything unpleasant to avoid arguments or fights.conflict n. a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument 冲突e.g. The violence was the result of political and ethnic conflicts.She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.7. additional a. more than was first mentioned or is usual 额外的e.g. Additional information can be obtained from the center.The government is providing an additional £25 million to expand the service.8. disturbed a. very anxious or unhappy about sth. 心烦意乱的e.g. He seems very disturbed about his work lately.I was deeply disturbed and depressed by the news.9. put sb. on the spot: put sb. in a difficult and embarrassing situation 使某人处于尴尬境地e.g. If this picture appea rs in the paper tomorrow, he’ll be put on the spot.That question about his marital status really put him on the spot.10. ... conflict is usually followed by one of the people leaving the scene without explanation,confrontation, or argument. — ... if disagreement occurs, one of the people will choose to leave without bothering to explain, face or argue with each other. confrontation n. a situation in which there is an angry disagreement between people or groups who have different opinions 冲突，对峙e.g. The issue has caused great tension between the two countries and could lead to a military confrontation.She wanted to avoid another confrontation with her father.11. As a result, many families dissolved with little ceremon y — This resulted in many families falling apart quickly and casually.as a result: therefore 结果，因此e.g. He had made good preparations for the competition. As a result, he won the first prize.Workers were not supportive of the new leader. As a result, a strike took place. dissolve vi. officially end 解散，结束e.g. Half an hour later, the party began to dissolve.All of these will dissolve into nothingness.12. Throughout the world, religion governs the lives of many people. — All over the world,religion plays a dominant role in many people’s lives and controls the way they live their lives.govern vt. control or influence the way that sth. happens, functions, etc. 控制，支配e.g. The universe is governed by the laws of physics.Prices are very much governed by market demand.13. However, the extent to which this is true varies enormously from culture to culture. —The degree that religion can influence many people’s lives is di fferent from one culture to another.vary from ... to ...: different from one another 各不相同e.g. In this company, salary scales vary from one position to another.The cost of a hotel room varies from season to season.14. frequently ad. happening very often 频繁地，屡次地e.g. Buses run frequently between the city and the airport.Limestone (石灰石) was frequently used as a building material.15. discharge vt. release force or power 放(电)e.g. It can’t discharge electricity if it’s not connected properly.Lightning is caused by clouds discharging electricity.16. spiritual a. relating to the spirit rather than to the body or physical things 精神的e.g. Painting helps fill a spiritual need for beauty.We’re concerned about your spiritual welfare.17. Illness is not considered a major problem; instead it is viewed as a spiritual event. —When people fall ill, they tend to think that their soul need to be cleansed rather than there is something wrong with their body.18. Traditional healing is widely used in Africa than is modern medicine and the obvious question is “why?”. —In Africa, traditional medical treatments are preferred over modern medicine, and the question that readers would most likely ask is why.healing n. the process of becoming or making sb./sth. healthy again 治疗，康复e.g. Dogs were also associated with healing in the ancient world.This can promote the healing of the wound.19. derive ... from: develop or obtain sth. from sth. else 源于，从……中获得e.g. This word is derived from Latin.He derived great pleasure from painting.20. inhabit vt. live in a particular place 居住在，栖居于e.g. The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.I have no idea what sort of people inhabit the area.21. It thus is up to a traditional healer, who has the ability to “control” the spirits. —It is the responsibility of the person good at using traditional healing methods to make the spirits feel at ease.be up to: be the responsibility of sb., be decided by 取决于……的，须由……决定的e.g. It is up to the manager to make the final decision whether to fire him or not.When you cut the grass is up to you.22. Do not look down on these healers; they are by no means ineffective — Do not take these healers lightly, because the methods they use are effective.by no means: definitely not 并不，绝不e.g. By no means will she go out with him.I will by no means trust a guy like him.ineffective a. not having any effect 无效果的e.g. The chemical was almost totally ineffective in killing the weeds.Various drugs have proved ineffective against the virus.23. award vt. officially give sb. a prize or money to reward them for sth. they havedone 颁奖e.g. The judge awarded me the first prize.A Nobel Prize was awarded to Walksman in 1952.24. extensive a. covering a wide range of details, ideas, or items 广泛的，全面的e.g. Extensive research has been done into this disease.His knowledge of music is extensive.25. classify vt. decide which group sb. or sth. belongs to 将……分类，将……归类e.g. In law, beer is classified as a food product.Families are classified according to the father’s occupation.26. systematic a. done according to a system or plan, in a thorough, efficient ordetermined way系统的e.g. They went about their business in a systematic way.There is a systematic approach to solving the problem.27. African healers learn about plant attributes and uses from their teachers,who in turn learned from traditions developed over 1,000 years of trial and error. — African traditional healers learn about the qualities, features and uses ofplants from their teachers; whereas their teachers learned about these from traditions achieved through over 1,000 years of repeated experimentstrial and error: a way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes 反复试验e.g. It requires a process of trial and error before a new drug goes into production.She feels that raising her children has been a matter of trial and error.28. occasional a. happening or doing sth. sometimes but not ofen 偶然的e.g. He made occasional visits to London.He works for us on an occasional basis.29. acquire vt. gain sth. by your own efforts, ability or behavior 得到，获得e.g. He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.Elsie has acquired a good knowledge of Chinese after studying in this university for half a year.Text B1. diverse a. very different from each other and of various kinds 不同的，多种多样的e.g. There is a diverse range of opinions on the issue.Linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics.2. dominate vt. control or have a lot of influence over sb./sth. 支配，控制e.g. He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting.They work as a group — no one is allowed to dominate.3. modify vt. make small changes to sth. in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective 修改e.g. The club members agreed to modify their recruitment policy.The software we use has been modified for us.4. at length: in detail 详尽地e.g. I plan to revisit this topic at length in the next few articles.She talked at length about the problem.5. English copes with concepts such as contract deadlines and stock futures (Zulu doesn’t),but our language is seen as poverty-stricken and inadequately descriptive by Africans and Amerindians whose languages abound in finely wrought, beautifully logical descriptions of nature, causation, repetition, duration, and result. — In English, we have developed a rich vocabulary for modern business, which the language of Zulu lacks. However, in the eyes of the Africans and Amerindians, compared to their languages, English seems to be poorer in vocabulary and does not provide enough words for daily use. Their languages can give detailed description about nature, about causes and effects, about events that happen from time to time, about time, and about outcomes.cope with: deal with 处理，应对e.g. He can cope with the present situation.To cope with these data, hospitals bought large mainframe computers. descriptive a. giving a description of sth. 描述的e.g. General data is analyzed by descriptive analysis.The essay begins with a richly descriptive introductory chapter.abound vi. be present in large numbers or in great quantity 富裕，充满e.g. Mistakes abound on every page.Apples abound here all the year round.6. persist vi. continue to do sth., although other people oppose it 坚持e.g. If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss.The government is persisting with its ambitious public works programme.7. retreat vi. move away from sb./sth. 后退e.g. Attacks by enemy aircrafts forced the tanks to retreat from the city.When she came towards me shouting, I retreated behind my desk.8. indicate vt. show that sth. exists or is true 表明e.g. Please indicate which free gif you would like to receive.Our survey indicates that one in four children is bullied at school.9. vibrate vi. shake quickly and continuously with very small movements 摆动，震动e.g. The whole station seemed to vibrate as the express train rushed through.His voice vibrated with anger.10. … he got to 39 without even raising a sweat. — ... it did not take him much effort to come up with 39 words of “green” in Zulu.11. evident a. easy to see, notice, or understand 显然的，明显的e.g. It is evident that he is not equal to the job.It has now become evident to us that a mistake has been made.12. adopt vt. start to use a particular method or show a particular attitude towards sb./sth. 采用，采取e.g. It was a most fruitful discussion, with both sides agreeing to adopt a common policy.Since our research has not produced any answers to this problem so far, we need to adopt a different approach to it.13. Just as seeing with two eyes gives us stereoscopic vision, and a sense of depth, thinking in two different languages gives us added dimensions of reality. — Using two eyes together enables us to see the world in three dimensions (i.e., width, length and depth). Similarly, being able to speak more than one language also broadens our mind with different world views.14. striking a. unusual or interesting enough to be easily noticed 显著的，不同寻常的e.g. The most striking feature of those statistics is the high proportion of suicides.We observe a striking shift away from a labor theory among all mainline economists.15. observable a. capable of being seen or noticed 看得见的，观察得到的e.g. Mars is too faint and too low in the sky to be observable.Judgment is based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices.16. primitive a. belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc. 原始的e.g. Primitive humans needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals.It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.17. be awake to understand a situation and its possible effects 注意到，意识到e.g. A pilot must be awake to changes in the weather.You need to be fully awake to the danger of leaving your belongings unattended while traveling alone.18. reverse a. opposite to what is usual or to what has just been stated 相反的e.g. The wrong attitude will have exactly the reverse effect.Can you say the alphabet in reverse order?。
大学跨文化英语综合教程2
大学跨文化英语综合教程2Unit 1•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、The man feels superior to a non-white as he thinks he is a “regular”American and the woman and other non-white people must be immigrants.2、At the beginning, the woman does not mind the question. However, when she realizes the man asks the question because he thinks she is an immigrant, she is somewhat irritated. She asks the man the same question to remind him that his ancestors used to be immigrants, too.Language practice > Task 11-5: FCGLM6-10: JDAON11-15: EIBHKLanguage practice > Task 21、music2、scarcely3、land4、to-go5、spot6、exclaim7、a chipped plate8、shaped9、exhausted10、the weekend shiftLanguage practice > Task 31、for2、at3、of4、of5、ofLanguage practice > Task 41、spoonful2、mistake3、mislead4、glassful5、misuse6、mouthful7、misunderstand8、handfulLanguage practice > Task 51、how to avoid2、whether to get married3、when to harvest lettuce4、how to start the car5、how to make money•Cultural ExplorationViewing1、America is a country that was established by immigrants. Till today it continues to benefit from immigrants’ contributions.2、All Americans are either immigrants or descendants of ancestors who came from somewhere else. Therefore, We should all respect and admire immigrants.Gaining an intercultural insight1）struggle2）lifestyles3）result4）origin5）overseas6）background7）margins8）dominant9）conflict10）opportunities •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises Task 11）E2）M3）K4）O5）B6）J7）C8）D9）L10）HTask 2A. Para. 4B. Para. 11C. Para. 10D. Para. 9E. Para.5F. Para. 6G. Para. 2H. Para. 5I. Para. 7J.Para. 3Unit 2•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、In the video clip, the fashion leaders mentioned equal pay and equal treatment as their understanding of gender equality.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: GDONK6-10: LIAJH11-15: CMFEBLanguage practice > Task 21、launch2、advocate3、appointed4、questioned5、bossy6、aggressive7、sheer8、opposing9、vulnerable10、abandonedLanguage practice > Task 3 1、on2、out3、for4、out5、inLanguage practice > Task 41、uncomplicated2、inequality3、unattractive4、unfamiliaruncomfortable5、counterpart6、antiwar7、oppose8、contradictionLanguage practice > Task 51、The louder the noise become2、the greater your opportunities will be3、The more money is donated4、the less chance there is of things going wrong5、the greater their intellectual advantage is •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）finding2）fewer3）odds4）capable5）competent6）ignore7）kids8）reality9）likely10）reach•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）G2）C3）I4）M5）E6）O7）L8）A9）F10）HTask 2A. Para. 4B. Para. 6C. Para. 8D. Para. 3E. Para. 5F. Para. 3G. Para. 4H. Para. 7I. Para. 2K.Para. 5Unit 3•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、A community is no longer just about the people around you. It is anyone, anywhere on the planet that has a shared interest.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: FLBCE6-10: DOHIJ11-15: AKMNGLanguage practice > Task 21、actual sale2、considerably3、plain4、virtual5、stylish6、generates7、promotes8、unique9、outcomeLanguage practice > Task 31、through2、on3、to4、off5、inLanguage practice > Task 41、outbreak2、searchlight3、breakdown4、cutoff5、outcome6、giveaway7、playlist8、blacksmithLanguage practice > Task 51、overalls spattered with pulp2、each plant benefiting from the others3、each one leading to a higher level of command4、many found nowhere else on the planet5、their brown heads drooping over the fence•Cultural ExplorationViewingFunctions Now：1、look for and book service on call2、post, share and socialize with friends3、order and pay for meals4、order and pay for mealsFunctions in the Future：1、help coordinate rescue efforts at times of natural disasters2、make short movies or documentaries3、publish works of literature in serial4、etc.Gaining an intercultural insight1）flexible2）background3）shared4）trend5）ordinary6）deliberately7）abilities8）measurable9）idealized10）observation •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises > Task 11）G2）D3）M4）I5）O6）F7）H8）B9）K10）NTask 2A. Para. 2B. Para. 3C. Para. 9D. Para. 7E. Para. 1F. Para. 6G. Para. 8H. Para. 5I. Para. 4J.Para. 1Unit 4•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、He cleaned his desk, did shopping, made dinner and watched TV.2、Procrastination is the inability to get started right away or get work done in a timely manner.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: EKOAL6-10: CNJBH11-15: MDIFGLanguage practice > Task 2 1-5: BCACA6-10: DCADCLanguage practice > Task 31、in2、to3、with4、By5、intoLanguage practice > Task 41、courageous2、reasonable3、awesome4、educational5、troublesome6、aptional7、luxurious8、fatherlyLanguage practice > Task 51、be it personal health2、be they Christian3、be it scientific or artistic4、Be it learning style5、Be it on the beachCultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight 1）tendency2）deadlines3）definitive4）limited5）cyclical6）harmony7）competing8）delay9）drive10）equals•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）A2）H3）C4）O5）E6）J7）K8）G9）I10）LTask 2A. Para. 1B. Para. 8C. Para. 3D. Para. 4E. Para. 2F. Para. 4G. Para. 6H. Para. 7I. Para. 5K.Para. 1Unit 5•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、He lives in San Francisco’s Chinatown. His parents passed away. He is going to celebrate the New Year’s Eve together with family or friends, etc.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: LFBDA6-10: HGMIJ11-15: EKCNOLanguage practice > Task 21、invariably2、shrunk3、await4、sparingly5、proclaiming6、mannerly7、are ill-fitting for him8、schooled9、remedy10、as a souvenirLanguage practice > Task 31、to2、of3、of4、off5、onLanguage practice > Task 41、outwards2、personally3、otherwise4、invariably5、jokingly6、backwards7、likewise8、afterwardsLanguage practice > Task 51、I arrived at the classroomI realized that I had left my dictionary at home2、you become a motheryour judgment slowly turns to compassion and understanding3、December 1997I could finally sit and relax4、I saw her faceI realized how big the problem was5、they had left the churchJoan discovered they were goingCultural ExplorationViewing1、Chinese sweet treats in Eastern Bakery2、Dim Sum in Great Eastern3、Sesame chicken in House of Nanking4、Fortune cookies in the fortune cookie factoryGaining an intercultural insight1）symbolic2）referred3）ethnic4）overseas5）belief6）distinct7）ideals8）management9）heritage10）assets•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises Task 11）H2）F3）J4）E5）B6）G7）L8）N9）K10）OTask 2A. 1B. 7C. 10D. 8E. 5F. 2G. 6H. 4I. 9J. 3Unit 6•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Hard work, diligence, making great effort.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: JCIHA6-10: EKBLM11-15: NOFDGLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、B3、D4、A5、A6、C7、A8、A9、C10、DLanguage practice > Task 31、of2、for3、from4、of5、beyondLanguage practice > Task 41、ill-advised2、mouth-watering3、peace-loving4、ill-informed5、everlasting6、self-employed7、far-reaching8、heart-breakingLanguage practice > Task 51、in which students can deposit their credits2、for which you are applying3、on which lovers express their love4、during which rents have risen steadily higher 6、upon which visitors can float in wooden boats Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）competitive2）reveal3）traits4）measures5）factors6）embrace7）examiner8）indicators9）otherwise10）absorbingLearning about the VALUE system1、T2、F3、F4、F5、T•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises >Task 11）F2）C3）A4）M5）B6）G7）L8）D9）J10）OTask 2A. Para. 2B. Para. 8C. Para. 13D. Para. 6E. Para. 9F. Para. 11G. Para. 12H. Para. 14I. Para. 15K.Para. 3Unit 7•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Open for discussion. In the video, it is mentioned that humans are considered the most intelligent species on the planet. However, we may only be the guest of the planet, instead of its permanent master.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: JOFNI6-10: LBCMG11-15: AHKDELanguage practice > Task 21、A2、C3、B4、A5、A6、D7、A8、B9、C10、DLanguage practice > Task 31、On2、up3、to4、onLanguage practice > Task 41、cold-blooded2、non-profit3、middle-aged4、ilife-long5、wide-awake6、nation-wide7、eco-friendly8、large-scaleLanguage practice > Task 51、designed for the long-term care2、made at the meeting3、selected from the whole country4、following his retirement5、concerning matters of national security Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）amount2）processed3）dairy4）vegetables5）decompose6）destroyed7）brushing8）cooling9）south-facing10）naturallyViewing1、A bottle recycling machine would reward people who bring their bottles back with money and soft drink producers pay less taxes if they join the system. Norway’s bottle deposit scheme is the best in the world. 598,355,791 bottles were recycled in 2016, which is a huge 97% collection rate.2、Plastic bottles are often thrown away by customers and garbage collectors may recycle them for money.•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）H2）J3）F4）G5）C6）I7）K8）B9）M10）OTask 2A. Para. 13B. Para. 9C. Para. 12D. Para. 6E. Para. 15F. Para. 7G. Para. 8H. Para. 16I. Para. 9J.Para. 14Unit 8•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、She was surprised to find two packages of sugar on the saucer as she was told that there was no sugar when she ordered green tea.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: KNIDG6-10: BCGLE11-15: MAOJFLanguage practice > Task 21、C2、A3、C4、B5、A6、B7、A8、C9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、beneath2、to3、in4、In5、InLanguage practice > Task 41、spaceship2、walking stick3、handwriting4、overview5、kinship6、aftermath7、boiling point8、rainfallLanguage practice > Task 51、Removing dead skin cells2、Wearing a scarf3、Communicating with customers4、Implementing the food security strategy5、Actively participating in global governance and multilateral affairs Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）concept2）inferior3）commercial4）domestic5）behavior6）implications7）beliefs8）tendencies9）wellbeing10）rejection •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises Task 11）D2）G3）O4）K5）E6）M7）J8）A9）F10）NTask 2A. Para. 10B. Para. 12C. Para. 5D. Para. 8E. Para. 13F. Para. 11G. Para. 2H. Para. 14I. Para. 3 J. Para. 6。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 3 Breaking Stereotypes语言点
Text ALanguage points1. Unlike my American students, students at Kansai Women’s University rarely attendedmy office hour s. —Diff erent from my American students, students at Kansai Women’s University did not come to visit me very often during my office hours.rarely ad. not often 很少e.g. She rarely complains about her awkward situation.This method is rarely used in modern laboratories.2. column n. a section of a newspaper or magazine usually devoted to an assigned subject orperson 专栏e.g. He writes a weekly column for Te Times.I always read her column in the local paper.3. typical a. having the usual features or qualities 典型的e.g. The weather at the moment is not typical for July.This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing strategy (营销策略).4. Before moving to Japan, I could answer without hesitation. I had the samepreconceptions that most Westerners have about Japanese women ... —Before moving to Japan, I could answer what a typical Japanese woman is like without thinking too much, because I had formed a fixed idea about them, as most Westerners do ...without hesitation: without the act of pausing before doing sth., especially because one is nervous or uncertain 毫不犹豫地e.g. He agreed without hesitation.Without hesitation, she leapt into the water and saved the drowning child.5.submissive a. always willing to obey sb. and never disagreeing with them, even if they areunkind to you 服从的，顺从的e.g. In those days women were expected to be quiet and submissive.She followed him like a submissive child.6.accommodating a. helpful and willing to do what sb. else wants 乐于助人的e.g. They are very generous and accommodating to foreign visitors.She is very accommodating to people with special needs.7. characterize vt. describe the qualities of sb. or sth. in a particular way 描述……的特征e.g. The historian characterized the period as the decade of revolution.The group was characterized as being well-educated and liberal(开明的).8.I was impressed, in general, by their strength and independence ... —Generallyspeaking, their courage and independence made a good impression on me ...impress ... by...: make one feel admiration for sb. or sth. 给某人留下深刻的好印象e.g. We were very impressed by the quality of the work.The audience was impressed by the expressiveness of the actor.9. have no clue: know nothing about 一无所知e.g.Until I arrived here, I had no clue of what I was going to say to her.Although I have known her for years, I have no clue where she lives.10. show up: appear 露面，出席e.g.Seth showed up apologizing for being late.We had 200 people show up for our seminar (研讨会).11. compromise vt. cause the impairment of sth. 损害，削弱e.g. We can’t reveal that information without compromising national security.This drug may further compromise an already weakened immune system.12. admiringly ad. with great respect or approval 佩服地，赞赏地e.g. A moment later he said admiringly, “that tracking system is amazing.”She turned to gaze admiringly at her husband.13. remind vt. make sb. think of sth. they have forgotten or might have forgotten 提醒e.g. Please remind me to post this letter on our way to the market.I called to remind them that the conference had been canceled.14. deliver vt. take goods, letters, packages, etc. to a particular place or person 递送e.g. They set off to deliver supplies to an isolated village.The morning mail has just been delivered.15. ... she apologizes, realizing that I was unaware. —... she says sorry, realizing that I had notbeen told that she was moving.unaware a. not noticing or realizing what is happening 没意识到的e.g. Mike seems to be unaware of the trouble he’s causing.She was totally unaware that she was being watched.16. conceal vt. hide sb. or sth. 隐藏e.g. She tried to conceal the fact that she was pregnant.Tim could barely conceal his disappointment.17. She is expecting the movers soon but insists on inviting me to give me a copy of a map shehas neatly drawn, marking the way to her new house. — The movers will be coming at any moment, but she still invites me over to get a copy of a map she has drawn, which shows me clearly how to get to her new house.insist on: demand that sth. happen or sb. do sth. 坚持做……e.g. He insisted on checking everything himself.She insisted on washing her hair just when I wanted to have a bath.18. beam vi. smile very happily 眉开眼笑e.g. Sherman looked at his sons and beamed proudly.Connie beamed with pleasure.19. confused a. unable to think clearly or understand what is happening 不清楚的，迷惑的e.g. If you’re confused about anything, call my of fice.All the corridors looked the same and he felt thoroughly confused.20. ... upping my politeness level in Japanese. — ... trying to speak in a more polite way inJapanese.up vt. increase the amount or level of sth., make higher 提升e.g. Th ey’ve upped their o ffer (报价) by 5%.Climbing fuel prices have forced the delivery company to up its prices.21. Mrs. Okano is shocked when I tell her that few American married women make majorfinancial decisions without consulting their husbands. — Mrs. Okano feels very surprised when I tell her that most American married women have to discuss with their husbands when making important decisions relating to money.shocked a. feeling surprised at sth. very unexpected 震惊的e.g. I was deeply shocked by Jo’s death.He is shocked at what happened to his son.financial a. relating to money or the management of money 财务的，金融的e.g. It was a wonderful movie, but not exactly a financial success.Tokyo and New York are major financial centers.consult vt. discuss sth. with sb. in order to make a decision 咨询，商议e.g. I can’t believe you sold the car without consulting me!I expect to be consulted about major issues.22. There might be som e, but I don’t know any. —There might be some American women whomake major fi nancial decisions without consulting their husbands, but I don’t know any of them.23. respond vi. give a spoken or written answer to sb. or sth. 回答，回应e.g. I asked his name, bu t he didn’t respond.She never responded to my letter.24. purchase n. sth. that is bought 购买的物品e.g. If you are not satisfied with your purchase we can give you a full refund (退款).Th e children helped to carry their mother’s purchases from the shops.25. By noon, everyone in our apartment complex will have heard about how the poor gaijinwoman is a full-time college teacher, but can’t buy a sofa without asking her husband’s permission. — By noon, everyone in our apartment complex will have learned with surprise that a foreign full-time college teacher like me (the author) can’t buy a sofa if her husband does not agree.permission n. the right or ability to do sth. that is given by sb. 许可，允许e.g. You must ask permission before taking any photographs inside the church.They didn’t have permission to cross the frontier (边境).26. “Kawaiso!” she says f inally, exchanging her laughter for an expression of sympathy(How ridiculous!). —“How sad!” she stopped laughing and began feeling sorry for me (How silly it sounded for a college teacher like me to consult with my husband before buying anything for my home!).exchange ... for ...: give sth. and receive sth. else in return 交换，兑换e.g. He exchanged the black jacket for a blue one.Where can I exchange my dollars for pounds?sympathy n. the feeling that you care about and are sorry about sb. else’s trouble or misfortune 同情，怜悯e.g. I have absolutely no sympathy for students who get caught cheating in exams.She wrote a letter expressing her sympathy for my sufferings (遭遇).ridiculous a. very silly or unreasonable 荒唐可笑的e.g. I’d look ridiculous in a dress like that.It’s an absolutely ridiculous decision.27. comfort vt. make sb. feel less worried, unhappy, or upset 安慰e.g. Within hours of hearing the news, Helen was on the telephone trying to comfort herheartbroken friend.They could comfort themselves with the thought that the worst was over.Text BLanguage points1. specifically ad. relating to or intended for one particular type of person or thing only 特定地，具体地e.g. These jeans are designed specifically for women.I specifically asked you not to be late.2. … spotlight the sex of individuals as the element worthy of notice. —... emphasize thatthe sex of individuals is more important than the other factors.3. reveal vt. show sth. that was previously hidden 展现，显露e.g. A grey carpet was removed to reveal the original pine floor.The test revealed the true cause of his death.4. reinforce vt. give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger 加强，强化e.g. Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes.They reinforced the idea that we lived in a threatening and risky world.5. remove vt. get rid of sth. so that it does not exist any longer 去掉，消除e.g. Remove the trash from the front yard.She has had the tumour removed.6. unlikely a. not likely to happen 不太可能的e.g. It’s pretty unlikely that he will turn up now.A military attack seems unlikely.7. perceive vt. understand or think of sth. or sb. in a particular way 认为e.g. Women’s magazines are of ten perceived to be superficial.How do the French perceive the British?8. defensive a. behaving in a way that shows one feels unsure or threatened 自卫的e.g. Don’t ask him about his plans — he just gets defensive.The merest hint of criticism makes him defensive.9. The person may feel compelled to defend or redefine the group from which you haveremoved that individual. — Once individuals are seen as an exception to their groups, they may feel the need to speak for or clarify the misunderstandings of their group.defend vt. use arguments to protect sth. or sb. from criticism, or to prove that sth. is right 为……辩解e.g. They are fighting to defend their beliefs.The government was trying to defend a policy that increased unemployment.redefne vt. cause people to consider sth. in a new way 重新定义e.g. The advent of the Euro will redefine Europe.Feminists have redefined the role of women.10. … deny identifcation with the group. — ... refuse to admit being a member of the group.11. strive vi. make a great effort to achieve sth. 努力，奋斗e.g. He strives hard to keep himself very ft.Strive for the best, prepare for the worst.12. inaccurate a. not exact or accurate; with mistakes 不准确的e.g. Their estimate of the cost of the project was extremely inaccurate.The reports were based on inaccurate information.13. The possibilities for open communication and honest relationships are compromised.— It becomes less likely to have open communication and honest relationships.。
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter one
4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior
in order to behave appropriately in any society, people need to know the culture. culture includes all the rules that make actions meaningful to the people around them. people learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply its rules automatically.
2. Culture is our software focuses on the function of culture physical selves are viewed as hardware, and we are programmed by home culture to be human. we are only vaguely aware of it as we use it. sometimes, the computer doesn’t work because it is incompatible with someone else’s software. 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in in water, fish finds food, reproduces and protects itself from danger. our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it and we take it for granted
大学英语跨文化交际chapter 1 Culture
A_______
P_______
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Four definitions of “Culture”
I________
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S_______
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Text C The Characteristics of Culture
LEARNED
ADAPTIVE
CULTURE IS…
DYNAMIC
PERVASIVE
INTEGRATED
3. Culture Is Pervasive
Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.
‘CULTURE’ IS:
We define culture as “the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.”
2. Culture Is Dynamic
Activity: Exploring Ideas Do you know any other events that have great influence on culture? Tell your partner how the following events changed culture. 1. China’s policy of reform and opening-up 2. The United States’ entering WWII 3. The atomic bombing in Japan in WWII
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit7 Reflecting on Parenting 语言点
Text A1. unimaginable a. not possible to imagine 难以想象的，不可思议的e.g. This level of success would have been unimaginable just last year.The children here have lived through unimaginable horrors.2. parenting n. the way of teaching and raising children 父母对子女的教育e.g. Parenting can be a stressful business.No one knows exactly what it takes for parenting before becoming a parent.3. extremely ad. to a very great degree 极端地，非常地e.g. Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict (预测).I’m extremely sorry to have troubled you.4. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently. — Chinese parents believe that their kids are strong rather than weak, so they behave quite differently from Western parents.5. The Chinese mother will gasp in horror and ask what went wrong. — An A–will immediately make the Chinese mother feel astonished and ask what went wrong with the kid.in horror: in intense fear 惊恐地e.g. The crowd watched in horror as the fire spread.People watched in horror as the small plane crashed (坠毁) to the ground.6. scream vi. give a loud, high cry because you are hurt, frightened, excited, etc. 尖叫e.g. She jumped to her feet, screaming with excitement.The children were screaming with laughter.7. The angered Chinese mother would then get dozens of practice tests and work through them with her child for as long as it takes to get the grade up to an A. —The angry Chinese mother would get piles of practice tests and work together with their child on the tests until their child can improve their grade from B to A.anger vt. make sb. angry 激怒e.g. What angered me most was his total lack of remorse (懊悔).Environmental groups were disappointed and angered by the president’s decision. dozens of: a large number of 许多e.g. She’s had dozens of boyfriends.We collected dozens of shells on the beach.8. demand vt. ask for sth. very firmly 要求e.g. Angry demonstrators demanded the resignation (辞职) of two senior officials.They demanded that the military government free all political prisoners.9. solution n. a way of solving problems or dealing with a difficult situation 解决方案e.g. There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation.Both sides are trying to find a peaceful solution.10. shame vt. make sb. feel ashamed 使羞愧e.g. It shames me to say it, but I lied.He felt shamed and humiliated (侮辱) by the treatment he had received.11. owe vt. feel that you should do sth. for sb. or give sb. sth., because they have done sth. for you or given sth. to you 亏欠e.g. He asked for help from a colleague who owed him a favor.I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family.12. Th e reason for this is a little unclear, but it’s probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children. — The reason why Chinese parents think that their children owe them everything is not completely clear, but it’s probably due to two reasons: one is that traditional Chinese people believe in Confucius’ teaching of showing respect for one’s parents; the other is that Chinese parents have given up so much of their life for their children.combination n. two or more things joined or mixed together to form a single unit 混合，组合e.g. A combination of factors may be responsible for the increase in cancer.Certain combinations of sounds are not possible in English.sacrifce vt. give up sth. that is important or valuable to you in order to get or do sth. That seems more important for yourself or for another person 舍弃，牺牲e.g. The Labor government chose to sacrifice defense (国防) for welfare (福利).He sacrificed a promising career to look after his kids.13. repay vt. give sth. to sb. or do sth. for them in return for sth. that they have done for you 报答e.g. How can we repay him for everything he’s done?I’d like to buy them something to repay all their kindness.14. provide for: support 供养e.g. Without work, how can I provide for my children?People are struggling with the rising costs of providing for a family.15. This strikes me as an unfair deal for the Western parents. — Chinese parents think that their kids owe them everything and their kids are supposed to do something in return; Western parents think that their kids do not have to do anything in return for their parents’ raising them up. For me, this sounds like a very unfair deal between the Western parents and their kids.strike ... as: give sb. a particular impression 给……某种印象e.g. His jokes didn’t strike Jack as being very funny.It struck me as odd that the man didn’t introduce himself before he spoke.16. ... therefore override all of their children’s own desires and preferences. — ... so they force their own will on their children without considering what their children really want or prefer.preference n. a feeling of liking or wanting one person or thing more than another 喜好e.g. Do you have a color preference?Parents may be able to express a preference as to the school their child will attend.17. incredibly ad. extremely 极端地，极其e.g. It was incredibly hard work.I felt incredibly ashamed of myself for getting so angry.18. nonstop ad. without any stops or pauses 不停地，不间断地e.g. She talked nonstop for over an hour.It was raining nonstop, wetting the old couple, though they were under anumbrella.19. fall apart: go or break into pieces 散架，散开e.g. Tommy’s old bicycle was rusty (生锈的) and falling apart.The book fell apart in my hands.20. ... Lulu announced that she was giving up and stomped off. — ... Lulu said loudly that she was not playing that piano piece anymore and walked away angrily. announce vt. tell people sth. officially, especially about a decision, plans, etc. 宣布e.g. A government spokesman announced that the hostages (人质) had been released.The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.21. grab vt. take hold of sb. or sth. with a sudden or violent movement 抓起e.g. I grabbed my bag and ran off.Two men grabbed her and pushed her to the ground.22. tear ... up: tear sth. into small pieces 撕毁，撕碎e.g. She tore up his letter and threw it away.I suggest that you tear up the composition and start over again.23. make a deal: reach an agreement 做交易e.g. They made a deal to sell the land to a property developer (房地产开发商).In spite of that, both Barcelona and Inter Milan had prepared to make a deal with Ronaldo.24. When she still kept playing the music wrong, I told her she was purposely working herself into a frenzy because she was secretly afraid she couldn’t do it. —When she kept playing the piece wrong, I told her that she was getting herself angry and upset on purpose because she was in fact afraid that she couldn’t do it.work oneself into a frenzy: make oneself crazy 让(自己)狂怒或抓狂e.g. Late last year many economists and newspapers worked themselves into a frenzy about global deflation (通货紧缩).He worked himself into a frenzy to forget about his loss of love.25. cowardly a. lacking courage 懦弱的e.g. He thought it would be cowardly to draw back.I was too cowardly to complain.26. insult vt. offend sb. by saying or doing sth. they think is rude 辱骂，侮辱e.g. Nobody insults my family and gets away with it!I hope Andy won’t feel insulted if I don’t come.27. I felt I was just motivating her but he thought threatening Lulu was unhelpful. — I felt I was just trying to make her work hard but my husband thought it was not helpful for me to keep pushing our daughter.threaten vt. say that you will cause sb. harm or trouble if they do not do what you want 威胁e.g. Postal workers are threatening a strike if they don’t receive a pay increase.Doctors are sometimes threatened with violence if they don’t do what patients want.28. negative a. harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted 负面的，消极的e.g. My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work.The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative.29. out of the blue: suddenly 突然地，意外地e.g. His resignation (辞职) came right out of the blue.One of them wrote to us out of the blue several years later.30. ... her right and left hands each doing their own thing ... — her right and left hands were out of sync, each keeping to their own rhythms31. hold one’s breath: keep one’s breath 屏住呼吸e.g. I held my breath and sank under the water.Hold your breath and count to ten.32. individuality n. the qualities that make sb./sth. different from other people or things 个性，独特性e.g. She expresses her individuality through her clothes.The plot is credible (可信的) but the characters lack individuality.33. pursue vt. continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth. over a long period of time 追求e.g. She plans to pursue a career in politics.Students should pursue their own interests, as well as do their school work.34. passion n. a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for sth. 激情，热情e.g. He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature.He’s a man of violent passions.35. positive a. good or useful 肯定的，积极的e.g. Write down all the positive things about your life.The rural environment was having a positive effect on the children’s health.36. by contrast: in comparison 相比之下e.g. The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.The private sector (部门), by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.37. be capable of: be able to 有……能力e.g. The kitchen is capable of catering (供应食物) for several hundred people.The company isn’t capable of handling an order that large.Text B1. demanding a. needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill 要求高的e.g. It is a demanding role and she needs to work hard at it.The work is physically demanding.2. flexible a. able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur 可变通的，灵活的e.g. We need a foreign policy that is more flexible.Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater to the needs of everyone.3. claim vt. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved 声称，断言e.g. Critics claim that the trucks are unsafe.Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fght against cancer.4. perform vt. do sth. to entertain people, for example by acting a play or playing a piece of music 演奏，表演e.g. The play was first performed in 1987.He has pursued relentlessly high standards in performing classic music.5. competent a. having enough skill or knowledge to do sth. to a satisfactory standard 能胜任的，有能力的e.g. I wouldn’t say he was brilliant but he was competent at his job.He has a competent secretary.6. primary a. most important 主要的e.g. The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law.A distinction should be made between the primary and secondary tasks.7. ... I too have always worked, sometimes juggling demanding deadlines and a busy family schedule. — ... since I have always worked as well, sometimes I myself have to find a way to balance urgent work demands and busy family matters.juggle vt. try to ft two or more jobs, activities, etc. into your life, especially with difficulty 试图应付e.g. Many parents find it hard to juggle children and a career.The management team meets several times a week to juggle budgets and resources.8. switch vt. replace one thing with another, or exchange things 交换，对调e.g. The dates of the last two exams have been switched.Do you think she’ll notice if I switch my glass with hers?9. due a. expected to happen or arrive at a particular time 到期的e.g. My half-year’s interest is due now.These are library books, due May 4th.10. genuine a. real and sincere 真实的e.g. If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be.If the painting is a genuine Michelangelo (米开朗基罗), it will sell for millions.11. thrive vi. become very successful 兴旺e.g. His business thrived in the years before the war.The region is thriving.12. ... while in modern America there is a sense that our nation is becoming flat and that people are not trying to better themselves. —... today in America, people feel that social class is not that important any more and there is no need to strive for self-improvement.13. overprotective a. so anxious to protect sb. from harm that you restrict their freedom 过分保护的e.g. The children of overprotective parents are sometimes rather neurotic (神经质的).Dad can be a little overprotective.14. interact vi. communicate with sb., especially while you work, play or spend time with them交流，交往e.g. It’s interesting at parties to see how people interact socially.Tom’s teacher says that he interacts well with the other children.15. function vi. work in the way it is supposed to 运转，工作e.g. You will soon learn how the office functions.Her brain is functioning normally.16. They are far more important than being able to play the piano. — Comparedwith being able to play the piano, making friends and interacting with them is much more important.17. And so will society. —The whole society will grow highly functioning, independent, and self-confident as well.。
大学跨文化英语综合教程IUnit1Startinganewjourney语言点
Text A1.actionable a. workable 切实可行的e.g. If objectives are to be meaningful to people, they must be clear, actionable, andattainable.（能够达到的）.We,ve received actionable information that the men are hiding in these mountains.2.implement vt. make sth. that has been officially decided start to happen or be used贯彻，实行e.g. We have decided to fully implement the committee,s recommendations （推荐）.The government promised to implement a new system to control financial loaninstitutions （金融贷款机构）.3.enhance vt. improve sth.提高，改进e.g. This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat.4.I have asked students this question fOr years. The answers can be eye-opening.——I have asked students this question for many years. Te answers they provide can broaden our vision.5.... the responses began to move away from “improve the history course” or “change the ways labs are structured.” —... the answers they provided were no longer limited to small change s like “improving the history course” or “rearranging labs.”mentary n. s poken or written discussion in which people express opinion 评论e.g. The professor will be writing a weekly commentary on American society and culture.His running commentary on the football match was excellent.7.emerge vi. appear or come out from somewhere 出现，涌现e.g. The facts emerged after a careful investigation.The sun emerged from behind the clouds.8.productive a. producing or achieving a lot 富有成效的e.g. Most people are more productive in the morning.My time spent in the library was very productive.9.How might I think about these ideas if the answers conflict with one another? ——How might I draw a conclusion if the answers to these questions disagree with one another?conflict with: be different in a way that prevents agreement with 与……冲突e.g. His action conflicted with what he said in the meeting.The results of the new research seem to conflict with the findings from existing Findingds.10.And how do I use my time here at college to build on the answers to thesetough questions? —And how can I spend my time here at college meaningfully so that I can find better answers to these difficult questions?build on: develop on a particular base 在原有的基础上增加e.g. We have a good foundation but we need to build on it.Now is the time to build on this momentum （势头）and accelerate our share andProfits in phones.11.grapple with: try to solve尽力解决，设法理解（难题）e.g. The government has to grapple with the problem of unemployment.Molly is upstairs grappling with her math homework.12.reflect vi. think carefully and deeply about sth.沉思e.g. He had time to reflect on his successes and failures.She was left to reflect on the implications （暗含之意）of his words.13.engaging a. interesting or pleasant in a way that attracts your attention 有吸引力的e.g. She found Steve,s company to be engaging.She is a pretty little girl with an engaging smile.14.Each is designed to help freshmen identify their goals and reflect systematically about various aspects of their personal lives, and to connect what they discover to what they actually do at college. —Each exercise aims to help freshmen recognize their goals and think carefully about their university life, and to relate what they find in these exercises to their own college experiences.identify vt. recognize and correctly name sb. or sth. 识另ij e.g. The police took fingerprints and identified the body.She was able to identify the attacker.15.on average: usually or typically 平均来看，一般说来e.g. On average, men still earn more than women.On average, each report requires 1,000 hours to prepare.16.Finally, we pose the questions: How well do your commitments actually match your goals?——Finally, we raise the question: Does what you do match what you intend to do?pose vt. raise or ask 提出e.g. In her book she poses the question, “How much happiness do we all need?” WhenI finally posed the question, “Why?” he merely shrugged.commitment n. the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to a job or an activity 投入e.g. Tank you for having shown such commitment to our team.A career as an actor requires one hundred percent commitment.17.overlap n. the area that is covered by the same things重合，重叠e.g. There is considerable overlap between the girls, and boys, test results.There will be a week,s overlap in John,s and Ann,s schedules.18.majority n. the larger part 大多数e.g. In this city, Muslims are in the majority.The majority of students find it quite hard to earn enough money to cover their living expenses.19.They are stunned and dismayed to discover they are spending much of their precious time on activities they don,t value highly. 一 When they find out that they have spent most of their time on things that are not important, they are shocked and upset.value vt. think that sb. or sth. is important尊重，重视e.g. Shelly valued her privacy.They don,t seem to value honesty very highly.20.The challenge is how to align your time commitments to reflect your personal convictions.—The difficulty lies in whether you spend your time on things that you believe are most valuable.Here, to reflect has nothing to do with “think carefully and deeply about sth.” as used in Paragraph 4. It means “show.” e.g. Her book clearly reflects her beliefs.Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.21.present ... with ...: give sb. sth.给予，颁发e.g. He was presented with a bottle of champagne.She was presented with an award.22.dignity n. a calm and serious manner that deserves respect 尊严e.g. It was beneath his dignity to cheat.It,s difficult to keep your dignity when you have no job or home.23.... how might you deal with a situation where your core values come into conflict with one another?——... how would you handle a situation where the values most important to you are in disagreement with one another?deal with: cope with, handle 应付，处理e.g. The council has failed to deal with the city,s homeless problem.They should be able to properly deal with any complaint.24.bring up: raise 提出e.g. Why did you have to bring up the subject of money?He brought up a subject rarely raised during the course of this campaign.25.dilemma n. a situation in which one finds it hard to choose between two choices 进退两难的境地，困境e.g. This placed Robert Kennedy in a dilemma.Many women are faced with the dilemma of choosing between work and family.26.d evoted a. giving sb. or sth. a lot of love and attention 尽心尽职的e.g. They are devoted to their children.John is a devoted team member.27.market vt. make a product available in shops营销，销售e.g. If you could ever figure out how to market this you would make a fortune.They plan to market the toy for children aged 2 to 6.28.issue vt. officially produce sth. such as new stamps, coins, or shares and make them available for purchase 正式发行e.g. We issue a monthly newsletter.The Royal Mail （皇家邮政）issued a special set of stamps to mark the occasion.29.ultimately ad. in the end, eventually 最后，最终e.g. The changes ultimately proved to be unnecessary.Ultimately, it is a question of who will benefit more from this agreement.30.donate vt. give sth. in order to help a person or organization 捐献 e.g. We were advised to donate our old clothes to those in need.Local companies donated 50 computers to this primary school.31.make a difference: have an effect or influence 有影响，起（重要）作用e.g. Changing schools made a big difference to my life.I don,t think it makes a lot of difference what color it is.32.feed vt. give food to 喂食e.g. She was too weak to feed herself.Several children were feeding bread to the ducks.33.apply ... to: use把……应用于e.g. New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process.In this way they can better apply theory to practice.34.substantial a. large in amount or number 大量的e.g. We have the support of a substantial number of parents. Microsoft,s share of the software market is substantial.35.These discussions encourage first-year undergraduates to think about what really matters to them, and what each of us feels we might owe, or not owe, to the broader community- ideas that our students can capitalize on throughout their time at college.——The above discussions led freshmen to think about what is really important to them, and what benefit they might get from society and what benefit they might give back to society. These are some ideas our students can make use of throughout their college life.capitalize on: make use of 禾u用，使用e.g. Ecuador has capitalized on its natural beauty to develop tourism.The rebels seem to be trying to capitalize on the public,s unhappiness with thegovernments.36.... many responses reflect a remarkable level of introspection. 一 ... many responses show that our discussions have led to students, in-depth self-examination of their thoughts and feelings.remarkable a. unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention or praise 非凡的，显著的e.g. She has made remarkable progress in her study.It,s a remarkable achievement for the company.37.... a step toward turning college into the transformational experience it is meant to be. —...moving closer to turning students, time at college into the worthwhile and life-changing experience that it should be.Text B1.penetrate vt. enter sth. and pass or spread through it, especially when this is difficult 渗入，穿透e.g. The organization had been penetrated by a spy.The needle penetrated her skin.2.rural a. connected with or like the countryside 农村的e.g. This area is rural and underdeveloped.Rural places are far away from large towns or cities.3.・・・ you may have grasped the science behind my mom,s cure ...—.…you may have had an idea about the scientific basis of my mom,s treatment ...4.distribution n. the way that sth. is shared or exists over a particular area or amonga particular group of people 分布e.g. The map shows the distribution of this species across the world.They studied the geographical distribution of the disease.5.manipulate vt. work skillfully with information or systems to achieve the result that you want控制，操纵e.g. As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.The baby is learning to manipulate blocks.6.literally ad. used to emphasize the truth of sth. that may seem surprising 确实地e.g. Putting on an opera literally involves hundreds of people.There are literally hundreds of prizes to win.7.Each year brings more advances in biomedical research — exciting, transformative accomplishments. 一 Progresses in biomedical research are made each year, and these progresses are exciting and can bring about great changes.8.annually ad. happening once a year 每年e.g. The board would have to face shareholders annually.The company,s earnings are published annually.9.constantly ad. all the time, or very often 持续不断地，经常地e.g. Language is constantly and gradually evolving.He is constantly changing his mind.10.Lifesaving knowledge we take for granted in the modern world is often unavailable in these underdeveloped regions. 一 Knowledge necessary for saving lives can be easily obtained in the modern world. But people in these less developed regions know very little about it.underdeveloped a. not having modern industries and usually having a low standard of living欠发达的e.g. His theory cannot be applied to many underdeveloped economies.The division of the world into the developed and underdeveloped nations is too simple.11.profound a. very great; felt or experienced very strongly 巨大的，深切的e.g. Anna,s patriotism was profound.These discoveries had a profound effect on many areas of medicine.12.・・・that was my first “Aha” moment as a budding scientist.——As a promising young scientist, it was the first time that I realized I could be so helpful with my professional knowledge.13.・・・ it was also a vital inflection point in my own ethical development, my own self-understanding as a member of the global community. 一 ... it was also a critical moment for me, as a global villager, to develop my work ethics and know more about myself.vital a. extremely important and necessary极其重要的，必不可少的e.g. These projects will provide vital links between companies and universities.It is vital to the development of this organization.ethical a. relating to principles of what is right and wrong伦理的，道德的e.g. Some doctors feel that this practice is not medically ethical.I took him back because I felt it was a professional and ethical responsibility to doso.14.await vt. wait for 等候e.g. I will await your reply.We trust the information will serve your purpose and await your further news.。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 2 Rethinking Independence语言点
Text A1. achievement n. a thing that sb. has done successfully, especially using their own effort and skill 成绩, 成就e.g. We celebrated the achievements of our students.As we climbed the final few steps, we felt a sense of achievement.2. tower vi. be much higher or taller than the people or things that are near (比周围的人或物体)高出许多e.g. He towered over his mother.The cliffs towered above the church.3. giant a. extremely big 巨大的e.g. There are many giant electronics companies in China.This is a giant step towards achieving independence.4. distract sb. from doing sth.: take sb.’s attention away from what they are trying to do 分散(某人的)注意力e.g. You’re distracting me from doing my work.Studying in groups may distract you from concentrating on your weaknesses.5. apparently ad. as far as one knows or can see 显然地e.g. Apparently the company is losing a lot of money.He paused, apparently lost in thought.6. As a reader, you must be wondering how I could go from being the anxious mother hiding from my daughter to the woman loading my son onto a flight bound for Mexico City —with a change of terminals in Toronto, no less.— As a reader, you must be curious about how I have changed. I used to be a mother so worried about my daughter that I kept an eye on her without being noticed. Now I am going to have my son fly alone to Mexico City. What’s more, he has to go to a different terminal for connection in Toronto.anxious a. feeling worried or nervous 焦虑的，担忧的e.g. He was a bit anxious about the machine’s reliability.My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don’t arrive when we say we will.load vt. put sb. or sth. into a vehicle or container 装载e.g. Emma loaded all the groceries into the car.It took an hour to load the van.(be) bound for:flying to 飞往……e.g. There is one plane bound for Dublin daily.The ship was bound for Italy.no less: used to show surprise or admiration 竟，居然e.g. Our awards were presented by the mayor, no less.He gave me £50, no less.7. accustomed a. becoming used to 习惯于e.g. We were accustomed to working together.She was a person accustomed to having eight hours’ sleep each night.8. host vt. provide the place and other things necessary for a special event 招待，主办e.g. Tonight she will host a ball for 300 guests.Which country is going to host the next World Cup?9. departure n. the act or an instance of leaving 出发e.g. I saw Simon shortly before his departure for Russia.The departure of our plane was delayed.10. confess vt. admit sth. that you feel embarrassed about 坦白，承认e.g. The boy confessed that he had stolen the money.Marsha confessed that she didn’t really know how to use a computer.11. drown vi. die from being under water for too long 溺水e.g. Many people drowned when the boat capsized (翻船).Jane drowned in the river.12. regular a. normal or usual 普通的e.g. He has returned to performing his regular duties.Our regular opening hours are 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.13. let sb. down: disappoint sb. 让某人失望e.g. She had been let down badly in the past.The worst feeling is letting our fans down.14. stop dead in one’s tracks: stop suddenly and completely because of fear, a noise, etc. (因受惊等)立即停住脚步或停止活动e.g. I stopped dead in my tracks when I heard the scream.The horse stopped dead in its tracks when it heard the hunter step on a fallen branch.15. handle vt. deal with (a situation or problem) 处理e.g. The headmaster handled the situation very well.Most customers were satisfied with the way their complaints were handled.16. unfair a. not right or fair 不公平的e.g. Many employers have recognized age discrimination as unfair.It seems unfair to make him pay for everything.17. flat out: directly 坦率地，断然地e.g. She asked him flat out if he was seeing another woman.It’s a 30-year mortgage we flat out can’t handle.18. assume vt. think that sth. is true without definite proof 假设，认为e.g. I think we can safely assume that interest rates will go up again soon.It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve.19. option n. sth. that you can choose to have or do; the freedom to choose what you do 选择e.g. There are various options open to you.She had the option of staying for an extra year.20. check out: fnd out information about sb. or sth. to make sure that everything is correct orsatisfactory 查实，核实e.g. If you are interested in this topic, you ought to go down to the library to check it out.He checked out the door before going to bed.21. cancel vt.decide that sth. that has been arranged will not take place 取消e.g. I’m afraid we’ll have to cancel our meeting tomorrow.All flights were cancelled due to bad w eather.22. assure vt. tell sb. that sth. is definitely true or is definitely going to happen 向……保证e.g. We were assured that everything possible was being done.Her doctor assured us that she would be fine.23. stick to: not give up 坚持e.g. Have you been sticking to your diet?Miguel was determined to stick to his decision.24. original a. existing or happening first, before other people or things 最初的e.g. The land was returned to its original owner.I think you should go back to your original plan.25. admit vt. agree unwillingly that sth. is true or that sb. else is right 承认e.g. You may not like her, but you have to admit that she’s good at her job.He admitted all his mistakes.26. constructive a. useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results 建设性的e.g. The government is encouraging all parties to play a constructive role in the reformprocess.We welcome any constructive criticism.27. consultation n. the act of consulting 讨论，商议e.g. They reached a decision after consultation with parents and teachers.The plans were drawn up in a consultation with engineers.28. temper vt. make sth. less severe or extreme 缓和，降低e.g. The heat in this coastal town is tempered by cool sea breezes.He had to learn to temper his enthusiasm (热情).29. complain vi. express dissatisfaction or annoyance about a state of affair or an event 抱怨，发牢骚e.g. Residents have complained about increased traffic in the area.She often complains about not feeling appreciated at work.Text B1. cautiously ad. very carefully 谨慎地e.g. He cautiously picked up the nails.She drives very cautiously.2. approach vt. move towards or nearer to sb. or sth. 靠近e.g. The train approached the main line.He was approaching retirement.3. decisively ad. in a way of making decisions quickly and with confidence 果断地e.g. If we had acted earlier and more decisively, things would have been much better.The plan was decisively rejected by Congress three weeks ago.4. state vt. formally say one’s opinion 声明e.g. Clearly state your address and telephone number.The report stated that he was arrested for assaulting (殴打) his wife.5. fuss n. unnecessary excitement, worry or activity 大惊小怪e.g. Stop all this fuss and do your homework!Don’t make a fuss over nothing.6. retire vi. stop working, usually because you have reached a certain age 退休e.g. He is due to retire as chief executive (总裁) next year.Most female models have to retire around the age of 25.7. former a. having a particular position in the past 前任的e.g. Our former President is still very active.There is goodwill between the former enemies.8. enrich vt. improve the quality of sth., especially by adding things to it 使丰富e.g. It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting.An extended family enriches life in many ways.9. … states that allowing ourse lves to be nurtured confers value on the caretaker by giving that person an opportunity to display the valued skill of nurturing. — ... says that our acceptance of others’ help makes them feel valued, for it provides a chance for them to show that they are capable of taking care of others.10. sympathetic a. caring and feeling sorry about sb.’s problems 有同情心的e.g. She was very sympathetic to the problems of adult students.He spoke in a sympathetic tone.11. … there is a saying that men become men through o ther men. —... a saying goes that by helping others a man becomes a real man.12. survive vi. continue to live normally in spite of many problems 活下来e.g. These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.I can’t survive on £40 a week.13. conquer vi. gain control over sth., using a lot of effort 征服e.g. They vowed to fight and to conquer.Despite their differences, their love will conquer.14. Y ou hold my destiny in your hand. — Whether the negotiation will be successful or not isentirely up to you.15. acknowledge vt. admit or accept that sth. is true or that a situation exists 承认e.g. You must acknowledge that she had been at fault.。
大学跨文化英语综合教程1
大学跨文化英语综合教程1U1•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、It symbolizes the light of knowledge.2、Open for discussion. For example, you may draw a picture of students doing sports on the playground or studying in a library.Language practice > Task 11-5: FCLAB6-10: GOJID11-15: ENKHMLanguage practice > Task 21、B2、C3、A4、C5、D6、C7、B8、B9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、on2、to3、on4、up5、withLanguage practice > Task 41、enjoyable2、attractive3、creative4、emerging5、remarkable6、competitive7、countless8、respectfulLanguage practice > Task 51、I realized that the parcel had been sent to a wrong address by the postman.2、He is being instructed by the examiner to drive out of town.3、A huge reserve for giant pandas has been built by China.4、Children should be taught some basic knowledge of the world by theirparents.5、Many visual details must be designed by the director in order to impress the audience.•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）Interacting2）expanding3）global4）profession5）backgrounds6）promotes7）perspectives8）self-awareness9）sharpens10）contrastViewing1、In a university or college, a tutorial is a regular meeting betweena tutor and one or several students, for discussion of a subject that is being studied, while a lecture is a talk given by a professor in order to teach students about a particular subject.2、The size of a tutorial is a lot smaller than that of a lecture.3、Different from a tutorial, there is not much chance for interactionin a lecture. •Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）H2）J3）N4）K5）D6）A7）F8）M9）E10）ITask 2A. Para. 5B. Para. 4C. Para. 10D. Para. 3E. Para. 8F. Para. 10G. Para. 2H. Para. 6I. Para. 7J.Para. 5U2•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Amy’s father encourages her by citing Amy’s mother as an example. He says that Amy also has the strength that has enabled her mother to follow her dream.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: INOJE6-10: MLHAD11-15: FCBGKLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、B3、C4、A5、B6、B7、B8、A9、D10、CLanguage practice > Task 31、down2、from3、to4、for5、inLanguage practice > Task 41、development2、internationalization3、Per severance4、bitterness5、educator6、failure7、acceptance8、pressureLanguage practice > Task 51、can2、May3、can/maymust4、Mustneedn’t5、may6、need•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）third culture kid2）lived abroad3）intelligent4）skilled5）tolerance6）understanding7）flexible8）challenges9）different10）delayedViewing1、The mother let her son ride the subway by himself.2、She intended to encourage the development of independence in her son.3、He enjoyed the idea.4、She started a business to help nervous parents.•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）M2）L3）B4）K5）G6）F7）H8）A9）D10）CTask 2A. Para.2B. Para. 5C. Para. 6D. Para. 1E. Para. 6F. Para. 5G. Para. 2H. Para. 3I. Para. 4K.Para. 3U3•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、He thought of a poor and old farmer holding a chicken and standing on an isolated piece of land, because he believes China is an underdeveloped place.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: NFDJA6-10: MEBOC11-15: KGIHLLanguage practice > Task 21、B2、G3、D4、C5、E6、A7、H8、F9、I10、JLanguage practice > Task 31、for2、to3、to4、by5、ofLanguage practice > Task 41、preview2、forecast3、Mid-Autumn4、refreshed5、postgraduate6、postindustrial7、foretold8、prehistoryLanguage practice > Task 51、Early in the day came the news that Germany had started a war on Russia.2、He finally learned the fact that the students who will be most successful are those who have read extensively.3、Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming toinspect them．4、The event that Netherlands has declared same-sex marriages legal grabbed the headlines worldwide.5、I’m flying high today after hearing the news that J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, will speak at Harvard University this June. •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1、stereotype2、advantage3、disadvantage4、true5、simplify6、characteristics7、prejudice8、impression9、overweight10、NegativeViewing1、Because both Mika’s mother and her elder brother said something unpleasant to belittle her in front of the guests on her wedding day.2、She told Tony that they didn’t really mean it though they were saying in that way since everybody knew her kids were great.•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises > Task 11）B2）H3）F4）J5）D6）N7）A8）I9）O10）LTask 2A. Para. 3B. Para. 5C. Para. 3D. Para. 1E. Para. 6F. Para. 2G. Para. 4H. Para. 7I. Para. 6J.Para. 3U4•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、I think Amy and her father are great because without their help, the geese may not be able to migrate successfully in winter.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: CKGLM6-10:BAJDO11-15: EHFNILanguage practice > Task 21、D2、F3、A4、G5、I6、H7、B8、J9、E10、CLanguage practice > Task 31、into2、into3、on4、away5、offLanguage practice > Task 41、Internet2、export3、upload4、subway5、transplant6、interview7、undersea8、transcontinental Language practice > Task 51、had gone2、had given3、had longed4、had been5、had been dug•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight 1）unacceptable2）demanded3）consumption4）overcrowded5）overgrown6）behave7）chain8）slower9）natural10）quality•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）B2）I3）E4）H5）G6）C7）A8）O9）J10）NTask 2A. Para. 2B. Para. 6C. Para. 4D. Para. 5E. Para. 2F. Para. 1G. Para. 3H. Para. 6I. Para. 5K.Para. 6U5•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Open for discussion.2、As is shown in the clip, the man buys coffee for a woman (a stranger), and the woman does the same thing for another. If this kind of giving goes on and on, it will help create a better world.Language practice > Task 11-5: GEFJN6-10: KLDAI11-15: HBMOCLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、B3、B4、D5、C6、C7、D8、A9、B10、BLanguage practice > Task 31、with2、in3、on4、on5、inLanguage practice > Task 4 1、overcrowded2、superpowers3、outnumber4、extracurricular5、hyperlink6、byproducts7、extrasolar8、overloadLanguage practice > Task 51、must have got up2、can/may be driving3、must be speaking4、may have happened5、must have entered6、may be picking up/doing •Cultural ExplorationAppreciate a Song1）love2）tomorrow3）sorrow4）care5）space6）place8）lie9）giving10）blissGaining an intercultural insight1）being2）presence3）care4）affection5）liking6）comfortably7）concert8）express9）appliance10）conveyViewing1、The video is about the athletes who participate in the Paralympics Games. They are portrayed as “superhumans” because they overcome their physical disabilities and excel as sports stars.2、Open for discussion.•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises1）J2）I3）D4）H5）E6）G7）C8）F9）B10）ATask 2A. Para. 8B. Para. 13C. Para. 6D. Para. 2E. Para. 10F. Para. 15G. Para. 12H. Para. 9I. Para. 14 J.Para. 11U6•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、People feel strange, bewildered or awkward.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: OAJHB6-10: CDIFG11-15: KLMENLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、D3、B4、B5、C6、A7、C8、B9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、on2、with3、At4、across5、onLanguage practice > Task 41、heroism2、manhood3、racism4、leaflet5、poetess6、leadership7、membership8、neighborhoodLanguage practice > Task 51、Be large or small,2、Be it early or late,3、Be it a plant or fish or a tiny insect,4、be it selling goods or shipping them,5、be it selling goods or shipping them,6、be it selling goods or shipping them, •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）concepts2）ancient3）outer4）interaction5）cause6）exist7）passive8）active9）sense10）temperatureViewing·Rich’s improper behaviors are as follows:1）He had the second glass of beer for himself when toasting.2) He finished all the beer in his glass when others just had half an inch for taste.3) He had too much shrimp when the dish was served.4) He bragged he was a fast learner of chopsticks.5) He directly pointed out something not so good about Lindo’s cooking and added soy sauce to the dish.·Some etiquette suggestions for Rich are:1) It is impolite to take a second glass of beer when toasting and especially when others have only had a little.2) It is impolite to have a big share of the best dish without giving others a chance to taste.3) Humility is considered a virtue in the Chinese culture, so do not brag.4) Paying compliments to the host’s dishes is always welcome.5) Never point out your host’s flaws or mistakes directly. •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises >Task 11）G2）L3）K4）I5）D6）E7）M8）H9）F10）OTask 2A. Para. 5B. Para. 3C. Para. 1D. Para. 7E. Para. 6F. Para. 2G. Para. 4H. Para. 4I. Para. 5K.Para. 1U7•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Chinese parents prefer their children to be obedient. They often havea strong sense of honor and expect their children to excel in whatever they do.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: JNHAM6-10: COKDF11-15: ELGBILanguage practice > Task 21、C2、A3、E4、H5、I6、B7、D8、J9、F10、GLanguage practice > Task 31、for2、of3、in4、as5、byLanguage practice > Task 41、sharpen2、idealize3、memorize4、simplify5、motivate6、beautify7、strengthen8、modernizeLanguage practice > Task 51、that he had finished all the work before I arrived.2、when and where he had met with the victim the last time.3、if it was the quickest way to plant huge quantities of seeds.4、that I had been there for two decades.5、that I had not reported the problems in time to save trouble. •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）talents2）advanced3）driven4）competitive5）primary6）repay7）describe8）cousin9）regularly10）pleasantViewing 11、F2、T3、F5、TViewing 2a、Bb、Ac、Ad、Be、Af、Ag、Ch、Ci、C•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）N2）C3）E4）K5）H6）J7）I9）F10）LTask 2A. Para. 7B. Para. 8C. Para. 9D. Para. 14E. Para. 11F. Para. 13G. Para. 6H. Para. 1I. Para. 3J.Para. 5U8•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Before their trip to America, the Sudanese boys thought the U.S. was an alien world where people bathed in different ways, used electricity, lived in apartments, and where men took only one wife.2、People were not friendly. They often walked alone. People did not talk to each other, especially to strangers.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: NDKFC6-10: EGJBH11-15: MLOIALanguage practice > Task 21、C2、E3、G4、A5、F6、I7、J8、B9、D10、HLanguage practice > Task 31、to2、from3、from4、on5、byLanguage practice > Task 41、discouraged2、unnecessary3、discharging4、irresponsible5、unintentionally6、dishonorable7、nonprofit8、inabilityLanguage practice > Task 51、He has made many attempts to meet the challenge, which would help seize an opportunity for overseas market.2、My family could not afford any toys in my childhood, which upset my twin brother and me a lot.3、My dog, whose temper is unstable, often bites the judges at dog shows.4、Wolves are highly social animals, whose success depends on cooperation.5、His grandfather, from whom young people can always learn a lot, isa man of great knowledge.6、Do you know the man to whom I nodded just a moment ago?•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）valuable2）given3）normal4）keep in mind5）role6）patients7）view of time8）appointment9）Neither10）equippedViewing1、His eyes are green, because green symbolizes jealousy in English-speaking cultures. In the movie, Scar is jealous of Simba’s right to the throne.2、Other examples about color choice from The Lion Kinga.the colors (yellow and orange) of Mufasa and Simba symbolize justice;b.the color (black) of Scar’s mane stands for evil and disaster;c.the colors (black and gray) of the hyenas and the place (the cave) they lived in before Scar took the throne suggests evil;d.the color (brown) of Timon and Pumbaa stands for kindness and friendliness;e.the color (blue) of Rafiki (the monkey) stands for truth and nobility. •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）C2）F3）D4）N5）J6）I7）E8）L9）M10）HTask 2A. Para. 19B. Para. 1C. Para. 2D. Para. 13E. Para. 1F. Para. 21G. Para. 21H. Para. 1I. Para. 19 J. Para. 20。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 6 Interpreting Chinese Culture语言点
Text A1. on display: shown in a public place where people can look at it 展出，陈列e.g. One of the world’s oldest cars has gone on display in Britain today.Designs for the new classroom building are on display in the library.2. occurrence n. sth. that happens or exists 发生的事情，存在的事物e.g. Flooding in the area is a common occurrence.Humor was a rare occurrence in this workplace.3. go about: do one’s normal activities 从事 (常规活动)e.g. The next morning, she went about her business as if nothing had happened.The sun was up and the villagers were going about their daily activities.4. expand vi. give a fuller version or account of 进一步阐述，详述e.g. All the details are in the book, so I need not expand on it.Th ere wasn’t a lot of information there so I h ad to expand on it.5. context n. the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea 背景，环境e.g. English words can have several meanings depending on context.The proposals need to be considered in the context of globalization.6. outsider n. a person who is not accepted as a member of a society, group, etc. 外人，局外人e.g. I’m an outsider, the only foreign woman in the group.Th ey’ve treated us like outsiders ever since we moved in.7. bold a. not afraid of taking risks and saying what you feel 果敢的，大胆的e.g. We need a strong leader who is bold enough to make tough decisions.Her resignation (辞职) was a bold move.8. position vt. put sth. or sb. in a particular place 安放，放置e.g. He positioned himself so he could keep an eye on the door.The restaurant is conveniently positioned near the train station.9. at the sight of: on seeing sb. or sth. 一看见……就e.g. Mary will faint at the sight of blood.Our guests cheered up at the sight of the food.10. go so far as to: do sth. regarded as extreme 竟然到(做出)……的地步e.g. She went so far as to refuse to attend school.If the diet is not changed, it may go so far as to shorten his life.11. I continue to be the visiting roadside attraction, promising the audience new and exotic sights.There are hushed whispers in my wake, and every time, I wonder: when will they grow tired of me? —My foreign looks keep catching local peoples’ eyes, and make me a constant topic in their discussion, and I feel like an object on display. I am so eager for all of this to come to an end.12. varying a. marked by diversity or difference 不同的，不一样的e.g. The studies of PRP have yielded varying results.Gender inequality still exists to varying degrees.13. awe n. a feeling of respect mixed with fear or wonder 敬畏，敬仰e.g. The sight filled us with awe.His students are in awe of him.14. request n. an act of asking politely or formally for sth. 要求，请求e.g. He has put in a request for two weeks’ holiday.The government made a formal request for food aid.15. selfe n. a photograph that one has taken of oneself 自拍照e.g. He stood in front of them, extended his hand and took this selfe.Good lighting is the key ingredient (因素) to a good selfe.16. colorism n. prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone 肤色歧视e.g. The company has been accused of colorism after firing three African workers.Colorism makes it impossible for blacks to feel the home-like warmth in this city.17. be rooted in: have developed from sth. and be strongly influenced by it 根源在于，深植于e.g. The curiosity about foreigners may be rooted in lack of understanding about other cultures.This feeling of rejection is often deeply rooted in childhood.18. be bombarded with: be subjected to a continuous flow of sth. 被……淹没e.g. Now we are bombarded with news from the social media.The public is being bombarded with information about the new policy.19. feature vt. include a particular person or thing as a special feature 以……为特色，由……主演e.g. The hotel features excellent meeting facilities and boardrooms.The movie features Cary Grant as a professor.20. idealize vt. imagine or represent sth. or sb. as being perfect or better than they really are 把……理想化，把……视为理想e.g. She always idealized her father, who had died when she was five.The movie idealizes life in the 1980s.21. bias n. prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another 偏见e.g. Employers must consider all candidates without bias.It’s clear that the company has a bias against women.22. be equated with: consider (one thing) to be the same as or equivalent to another 等同于e.g. Wealth is often equated with success.Education should not be equated with good examination results.23. While the intent is not that of discrimination, the result is shockingly close. —The idea that foreigners only refer to white people is not meant to discriminate against people of color, but it does make us feel so.intent n. intention or purpose 意图，目的e.g. She went to Beijing with the intent of finding a job.Bob’s intent in life is to earn a lot of money.discrimination n. the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex 差别对待，歧视e.g. The discrimination against women still exists in modern society.There must be an end to religious discrimination.24. Where this notion leaves the rest of us, people of color, I do not know. In a culture obsessed with whiteness, where do the rest of us stand? —If foreigners only refer to white people,then who are we, people of color? I dare not think.(be) obsessed with: be filled with sth. continually and to a troubling extent 痴迷于，着迷于e.g. A lot of young girls are obsessed with losing their weight.She was obsessed with American culture.25. representation n. the act of presenting sb. or sth. in a particular way 表现，表征e.g. The clock in the painting is a representation of the passage of time.The representation of single mothers in the media is negative.26. fuel vt. make sth., especially sth. bad, increase or become stronger 使恶化，使更强烈e.g. His words fueled her anger even more.Fears have been fueled by rumors of new terrorist threats.27. come across: meet or find by chance 偶然遇见，偶然发现e.g. I came across these old photos recently.He comes across a very intelligent old man.28. possess vt. have a particular quality or ability 拥有，具有(某品质或能力)e.g. Different workers possess different skills.I’m afraid he doesn’t possess a sense of humour.29. exposure n. the state of having no protection from contact with sth. 接触，暴露e.g. Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer.Exposure to a second language should take place in elementary school.30. flourish vi. develop well and be successful 繁荣，兴旺e.g. The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing.His career continued to flourish in his fifties.31. However, when curiosity begins to breed a lack of respect and consideration for others, that is where it has the ability to change into racism and even xenophobia. —However, when curiosity leads to disrespect for and thoughtlessness towards others, it will likely turn to racism and even resentment towards foreigners. breed vt. cause a particular feeling or condition 引起，招致e.g. If they’re unemployed it’s bound to breed resentment.Poor living conditions breed violence and despair.32. in an effort to: in a way of making a vigorous or determined attempt to do sth. 努力想要做某事，试图要做某事e.g. The company has laid off 150 workers in an effort to reduce costs.Workplace smoking ban is crucial in an effort to provide better working environment.33. make one’s mark: attain recognition or distinction 得到公认，获得名声e.g. It took four years of struggle before he made his mark on the history of literature.Women managers are making their mark on business in a world of men.34. marketplace n. the arena of competitive or commercial dealings, the world of trade 市场e.g. This company found it hard to survive in a changing marketplace.Our product is designed to meet the demand of the local marketplace.35. insensitivity n. lack of concern for others’ feelings 感觉迟钝e.g. I was ashamed at my insensitivity towards her.His insensitivity towards the feelings of others is remarkable.36. stand in one’s way: prevent (sth.) from being achieved 阻碍，妨碍e.g. We will meet today if the weather doesn’t stand in our way.No mountains and seas can s tand in the way of our friendship.Text B1. mystical a. involving spiritual powers and influences that most people do not understand 神秘的，难以理解的e.g. That was clearly a deep mystical experience.It’s a mystical bond between man and machine.2. Much of these perceptions are stereotyped and biased, and it is not until these foreigners come to China that their mind begins to change and their preconceived ideas shatter to pieces. —Before foreigners come to China, they have certain opinions about China. But when they live here for a while, they will change their mind completely.biased a. having a tendency to show favour towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons; making unfair judgements 有偏见的e.g. In my opinion he seemed a bit biased against women.I think a lot of foreigners are biased against China.3. contradictory a. conflicting, in disagreement 矛盾的，抵触的e.g. As contradictory as this sounds, I have firsthand experience of its truth.Each of us lives a life of contradictory truths.4. stimulate vt. cause sb. or sth. to move or start working 刺激，激发e.g. The exhibition has stimulated interest in her work.Praise can stimulate people to greater efforts.5. echo vi. (of a sound) be reflected o ff a surface and is repeated after the original sound has stopped 发生回声e.g. The room echoed.The gunshot echoed through the forest.6. arouse vt. cause sb. to experience a feeling or instinct strongly 激起，唤起e.g. The picture aroused a feeling of disgust in me.There is nothing like a long walk to arouse the appetite.7. visual a. relating to seeing 视觉的，视力的e.g. He became famous as an inventor of astonishing visual effects.The visual analyzer allows you to quickly create charts, graphs, and other common reports of the data.8. illustrate vt. make the meaning of sth. clearer by giving examples, pictures, etc. (用示例、图画等)说明，解释e.g. To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult point.9. I call these “being an unknown superstar” and “being touched.” —The villagers are so curious about foreigners that they keep staring at and touching me as if I were a superstar.10. appreciate vt. like sth. because you recognize its good qualities 欣赏e.g. You can’t really appreciate foreign literature in translation.You will appreciate me, if you know me.11. disorganized a. not arranged or planned in a clear order, or lacking any kind of plan orsystem 杂乱无章的，组织不善的e.g. Her files were completely disorganized and she could never find anything she wanted.The whole conference was totally disorganized.12. opposed a. opposite to each other or very different from each other 对立的e.g. The interests of buyers and sellers are opposed to each other.Two opposed interpretations of the facts have been presented.13. For me, China is a collision of feelings, a juxtaposition of experiences and perceptions that are usually contradictory. —For me, China is a place where conflicting feelings, experiences and ideas are often found at the same time.。
跨文化交际chapter4
Intercultural Communication Barriers
Emotional Problems
Attitudinal Problems
Attitudinal Problems
Translation Problems
Translation Problems
Vocabulary Equivalence Anxiety and Uncertainty
How do you comment on the behaviors of Hong and Joe respectively? If you were Joe, how would you respond to such situations? What suggestions would you like to give Hong on hosting a friend from another culture?
Questions for Chapter 3
Do you think psychological elements can influence our sensation and perception? Why or why not? How can you increase your understanding of the perception process? What do you think contributes to the development of the tendencies that cause us to perceive people inaccurately?
---Focusing on one’s own feelings and not paying attention to the speaker ---Being unable to express oneself
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Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective): 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
3. Encoding: 编码：之信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
4. Channel/Medium渠道/媒介：只发送信息的方法5. Receiver:信息接受者：指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人6. Decoding: 解码：指信息接受者赋予其受到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
7. Feedback: 反馈“指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。
8. Noise: 干扰：指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
9. Context: 语境，指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
10. Intercultural communication: 跨文化交际，指的是那些在卫华人之和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。
这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。
11. International communication: 国际交流，指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
12. Interracial communication: 跨种族交际，指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。
13. Interethnic communication: 跨民族交际：来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。
14. Intercultural communication:文化内交际指统一文化内部的成员之间的交际。
Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception1. Sensation:感觉，是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
2. Perception知觉：是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物，事件，任何人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高价的认知过程。
3. Selection:选择，是从周围的选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。
4. Organization组织：是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。
5. Interpretation:释义，是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers1. Anxiety: 焦虑，当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。
2. Uncertainty: 不确定，是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情镜导致的。
3. Assuming similarity instead of difference: 假定一致性，是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己处境的相似，儿事实上却并非如此。
4. Ethnocentrism: 民族优越感，只从本国文化得标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。
5. Stereotypes: 文化定势，指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。
6. Prejudice: 偏见，指对于某一特定群体，种族，宗教，或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。
7. Racism: 种族主义，指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策，做法，信仰或态度。
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural CommunicationVerbal intercultural communication:来自不同文化北京的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。
Dialect: 方言指某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。
Sociolect: 社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语分割不同而产生的方言。
Pidgin: 洋泾浜；是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。
Creole: 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语或混合语。
Lingua franca: 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。
Taboo: 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有毛反省的不礼貌行为。
Euphemism: 委婉语是替代具有毛反省的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。
Jargon: 行话是指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药或法律。
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationNonverbal communication: 非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息。
Proxemics : 时空行为是指对空间关系的研究。
Chronemics: 时间行为是对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。
Paralanguage: 为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。
Olfactics: 气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科Oculesics: 目光语：对于有眼睛所传达的信息的研究。
不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。
Haptics: 触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。
Chromatics: 色彩学：指对于影响人们人之，行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。
Kinesics: 身势语：指手势，面目表情，眼神交流，身体姿势，肢体运动和问候方式以及它们与交际的关系。
Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsCultural patterns: 文化模式是指相对稳定的共有的信仰，价值观，标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。
Context: 语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的解读具有重要参考价值。
High Context Communication: 高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
Low Context Communication: 低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。
Uncertainty Avoidance: 不确定性规避是指某一文化的成员对不确定性因素的规避程度。
Power Distance: 权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权力被不平等分配的接受程度。
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on ContextsCommunication context: 交际语境，交际无法脱离外部环境的影响，所有的人类交接都或多或少受到社会，物理和文化场景的影响，这些场景成为交际语境。
Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation1. Acculturation 文化适应：指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。
2. Assimilation 同化，指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。
3. Integration 文化融合：指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
4. Separation: 分离，指人们在文化室内光影过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定的认同，保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可。
5. Segregation: 隔离，当境界和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。
6. Marginalization:边缘化，指人们不但失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。
7. Culture shock: 文化冲击/休克，指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
8. Intercultural adaptation:跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。
2. 判断1.T The iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly.2.F Culture is innate as soon as a person is born.3.T People may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity.4.F Scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominant culture.5.T A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.6.F Intercultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.7.T Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected.8.F The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. This activity is called decoding.9.T The process of communication has nine components:sender,encoding,message, channel, noise, receiver, decoding, feedback, and context.10.T No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same.Different stimuli can produce the same sensations.11.T The same stimuli can produce very different sensations.12.T Our perception are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experience.13.F We give meaning to or “decode”the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage.14.T The psychological filters refer to the psychological factors, including the attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions of the individual.15.T Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism are learned.16.T Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.17.T When communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as”his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is”his way”.18.F Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.19.F Industrialization is not the reason for the persistence ofethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism.20.F An exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.21.F The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.22.T The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.23.T Dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.24.T An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.25.F Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.26.F Chinese like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head.27.T Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.28.T The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.29.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.30.T Industrialized societies like the United States,the masteruy-over-nature view tends to predominate.31.F The harmony-with-nature orientation draws chear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural.32.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition.33.T A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else.34.T In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.35.F In Saudi Arabia,greetings tend to be informal. Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.36.T In Finland,firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.37.T Americans might regard gift giving as a form of bribery.38.F In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.39.T Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation.40.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.41.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.42.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.43.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.44.F The second stage of intercultural adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.45.F All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acculturation.46.F Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock.47.T Financial matters can result in culture shock.3. 简答1. Emotional problems as barriers to intercultural communication?a. Anxiety and uncertaintyb. Assuming similarity instead of difference2. Attitudinal problems as barriers to intercultural communication?a. Ethnocentrismb. Stereotypingc. Prejudiced. Racism3.Five dimensions of stereotypes?a. Directionb. intensityc. specificityd. consensuse. accuracy4.Reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism？a. Socializationb. social benefitsc. economic benefitsd. psychological benefits5.Translation problems as language barriers?a. Lack of vocabulary equivalenceb. Lack of idiomatic equivalencec. Lack of grammatical-syntactical equivalenced. Lack of experiential equivalencee. Lack of conceptual equivalence6.Verbal communication styles?a. Direct and indirect stylesb. Self-enhancement and self-effacement stylesc. Elaborate,exacting and succinct stylesd. Personal and contextual stylese. Instrumental and affective stylesnguage diversity?a. Dialects and sociolectsb. pidgin and lingua francac. taboo and euphemismd. jargon8.Functions of nonverbal communication?a. Repeatingb. complementingc. substitutingd. regulatinge. contradicting9.Edward T.Hall’s context—culture theory?a. High-context cultureb. low-context culture10. Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural variability?a. individualism and collectivismb. uncertainty avoidancec. power distanced. masculinity and femininity11.Business etiquette norms?a. appointment seekingb. the data for businessc. greeting behaviord. gift giving12.Forms of culture shock?a. language shockb. role shockc. transition shockd. culture fatiguee. education shockf. adjustment stressg. culture distance13.Stages of intercultural adaptation?a. U-curve pattern(a)honeymood period (b)crisis period (c)adjustment period (d)biculturalism periodb. W-curve pattern4. 案例Case 34 What Is Sue’s Problem?This case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to the different context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also important in nonverbal communication. In this case, Sue knew how to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture, but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context. Relat ional hierarchy is very important in Thailand. Sue’s differential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike.这个案例反映出非言语的跨文化交际也应该根据不同的语境。