Two
基数词与序数词对照表
基数词
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 24 twenty-four 25 twenty-five 26 twenty-six 27 twenty-seven 28 twenty-eight 29 twenty-nine 30 thirty 31 thirty-one 32 thirty-two 33 thirty-three 34 thirty-four 35 thirty-five 36 thirty-six 37 thirty-seven 38 thirty-eight 39 thirty-nine 40 forty 41 forty-one 42 forty-two 43 forty-three 44 forty-four 45 forty-five 46 forty-six 47 forty-seven 48 forty-eight 49 forty-nine 50 fifty
序数词
第1 first 第2 second 第3 third 第4 fourth 第5 fifth 第6 sixth 第7 seventh 第8 eighth 第9 ninth 第10 tenth 第11 eleventh 第12 twelfth 第13 thirteenth 第14 fourteenth 第15 fifteenth 第16 sixteenth 第17 seventeenth 第18 eighteenth 第19 nineteenth 第20 twentieth 第21 twenty-first 第22 twenty-second 第23 twenty-third 第24 twenty-fourth 第25 twenty-fifth 第26 twenty-sixth 第27 twenty-seventh 第28 twenty-eighth 第29 twenty-ninth 第30 thirtieth 第31 thirty-first 第32 thirty-second 第33 thirty-third 第34 thirty-fourth 第35 thirty-fifth 第36 thirty-sixth 第37 thirty-seventh 第38 thirty-eighth 第39 thirty-ninth 第40 fortieth 第41 forty-first 第42 forty-second 第43 forty-third 第44 forty-fourth 第45 forty-fifth 第46 forty-sixth 第47 forty-seventh 第48 forty-eighth 第49 forty-ninth 第50 fiftieth
Unit Two 翻译技巧-省译法
多年来的军队生涯，那里总是有一定的标准和规则；年轻人尊敬上级， （……）发出命令，人人遵守，同样的制服就意味着（……）站在同一边。
1.2 省略做宾语的代词
英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否有提到过，翻译时往往可以 省略。 The more he tried to hide warts, the more he revealed them. 他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露 （……）。 2）She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上，好象表示感谢（……）。 3）In fact, Hitler’s “blitz” carried him so far, to the very gate of Leningrad by September, a city he was never to seize. 事实上希特勒所进行的“闪电战”曾（……）深入苏境，九月份已直逼列 宁格勒-------一座他始终未能攻陷的城市。
2）If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 早知如此，我就不参加了。
英语课程教学论Unit Two
Principles of CLT(P20)
communication principle task principle meaningfulness principle
The weak version of CLT: learners first learn the language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication
PPP (P31-32)
Presentation (of single new item) Practice (of new item: drills,
exercises, dialogue) Production ( Activity, role play or task
to encourage free use of language)
The five-step teaching method
Revision Presentation Practice production consolidation
TBLT/TBL (P31)
Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Learning (TBL) Pre-task: introduction to topic and task Task cycle: task/planning/report;
Fluens of speech together with fluency and without nervousness or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation
英语演讲的艺术two
Pitch 音高
• Pitch: the highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice. • Changes in pitch are called inflections. • They give voice luster, warmth, and vitality. • They reveal whether you ask a question or make a statement, whether you are sincere or sarcastic.
Pauses 停顿
• Pause: a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. • Learning how and when to pause is a major challenge for most speakers. • A keen sense of timing is partly a matter of common sense, partly a matter of experience. • Pause at the end of thought units and not in the middle.
• They make you sound happy or sad, angry or pleased, dynamic or listless, tense or relaxed. • Avoid ending all your sentences on the same inflection. Otherwise, it’s monotony. • Vary your pitch patterns to fit the meaning of your words.
two的同音词
同音词1.too---two----to2.buy---by3.I---eye4.four----for5.there----their6.right----write7.sun----son8.no----know9.here---hear 10.who’ｓ----whose 11.he’s---his 12.year –ear 13. pear---pair 14. C---see –sea 15.U---you 16.B--- be 17. by---bye反义词st-next\first2.fter –before3.right - wrong \ left4.fat-thin5.open –closee –go7.here –there8.day –night9.same –different 10.black----white 12.up –down 14. open---close 15. new---old 16. small –big 17.ask-answer 18.son---daughter 19.old----new 20.go----come 21.big----small 22.open----close 23.fat---thin 24.here----there 25.black---white 26.yes---no e---go 28. he---she 29. here---there 30.big---small 31.long---short 32.tall---short 33. right---wrong 34.hot---cold 35.hungry---thirsty 36.eat---drink 37. man---woman 38.boy---girl 39.father---mother 40.brother---sister 41.grandfather---grandmother 42. good---bad 43. up---down 44.his---her 45. sit---standMy Favourite SportMy favourite sport is basketball. After school, I often play basketball with my friends. I work hard at school and I am on the basketball team. Sometimes I watch a basketball game at school. Sometimes I watch a basketball game on TV at home. Yao Ming is my favourite basketball player. He is very tall. He is great. I want to be a basketball player like him.My summer holidayThe summer holiday is coming. I will go on a trip to Beidaihe. I will play on the beach. I will swim in the sea. I will watch the ships and boats on the sea. I will have fun this summer holiday.My funny photoThis is a picture of me. I was at the bus stop. It was rainy. But I had my umbrella and my boots.I was dry. I like rain.My Favourite PlayerI like basketball very much. Yao Ming is my favourite player. His team was Houston Rockets. He is very famous all over the world. He is from Shanghai. He is very tall. He is 2.26 metres tall. He plays basketball very well. His favourite colour is blue. He adores Zhou Enlai best.I think Yao Ming is a great basketball player. And he is the pride of China, too.大家越来越重视健康，越来越多的人注重饮食和锻炼。
twothousandsof的用法
twothousandsof的用法"Two thousands of" 是一个常用短语，通常用来表示数量或数量的倍数。
以下是 "two thousands of" 的一些用法：1. 表示年份： "Two thousands of" 可以用来指代 2000 年代。
例如： "The fashion trends of the two thousands of were influenced by the rise of technology."2. 表示数量： "Two thousands of" 可以表示数量的倍数。
例如："There were two thousands of participants in the marathon."3. 表示货币单位： "Two thousands of" 可以用来表示一种货币单位的面值。
例如： "I need two thousands of dollars to buy a new laptop."5. 表示人数： "Two thousands of" 可以用来表示一个人群或团体的规模。
例如： "Two thousands of supporters gathered in the stadium to cheer for their favorite team."6. 表示物品或食物： "Two thousands of" 可以用来表示其中一种物品或食物的数量。
例如： "We harvested two thousands of apples from our orchard."7. 表示社会群体： "Two thousands of" 可以用来表示一个社会群体的人数。
第三章 核磁共振(two)
化学位移规律：烷烃
碳数n 碳数 >4 端甲基 δC=13-14
δC>δCH> δCH2 >δCH3 δ δ
邻碳上取代基增多δC 越大 取代烷烃: 取代烷烃
H 3C 13.9
C H2 22.8
C H2 34.7
C H2
C H3
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化学位移表1 化学位移表1 chemical shift table
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的区别： EPR 和NMR 的区别： 是研究电子磁矩与外磁场的相互作用， [1]. EPR 是研究电子磁矩与外磁场的相互作用， 即通常认为的电子塞曼效应引起的， 即通常认为的电子塞曼效应引起的， 而NMR 是研究核在外磁场中核塞曼能级间 的跃迁。 的跃迁。 换言之， 是分别研究电子磁矩和核 换言之，EPR 和NMR 是分别研究电子磁矩和核 磁矩在外磁场中重新取向所需的能量 在外磁场中重新取向所需的能量。 磁矩在外磁场中重新取向所需的能量。 的共振频率在微波波段， 微波波段 [2]. EPR 的共振频率在微波波段， 的共振频率在射频波段。 射频波段 NMR 的共振频率在射频波段。
谱线宽化，分辨率降低 谱线宽化，
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四极核测定的高分辨技术
动态变角 (DAS) 双旋转(DOR) 双旋转(DOR)－样品绕两个轴高速旋转 (DOR)－
MAS
DAS
DOR
多量子谱（MQ MAS）－获得四极核高分辨谱图最有效的方法 MAS）－ ）－获得四极核高分辨谱图最有效的方法 多量子谱（
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三、偶合与弛豫
13C-13C偶合的几率很小（13C天然丰度1.1%）； 13C- 1H偶合；偶合常数1J ：100-250 CH
two_kinds_课文翻译
妈相信，在美国，任何梦想都能成为事实。
你可以做一切你想做的：开家餐馆，或者在政府部门工作，以期得到很高的退休待遇。
你可以不用付一个子儿的现金，就可以买到一幢房子。
你有可能发财，也有可能出人头地，反正，到处是机会。
在我九岁时，妈就对我说：“你也能成为天才。
你会样样事都应付得很出色的。
琳达姨算什么？她那女儿，只不过心眼多一点而已。
”妈将一切未遂的心愿、希望，都寄托在美国这片土地上。
她是在1949年来到美国的。
在中国，她丧失了一切：双亲，家园，她的前夫和一对孪生女儿。
但她对过去的一切，从不用悲恸的目光去回顾，眼前，她有太多的打算，以便将生活安排得更好。
二至于我将成为哪方面的天才，妈并不急于立时拍板定案。
起初，她认为我完全可以成为个中国的秀兰?邓波儿。
我们不放过电视里的秀兰?邓波儿的旧片子，每每这时，妈便会抬起我的手臂往屏幕频频挥动：“你——看，”这用的是汉语。
而我，也确实看见秀兰摆出轻盈的舞姿，或演唱一支水手歌，有时，则将嘴唇撅成个圆圆的“０”字，说一声“哦，我的上帝”。
当屏幕上的秀兰双目满噙着晶莹的泪珠时，妈又说了：“你看，你早就会哭了。
哭不需要什么天才！”立时，妈有了培养目标了。
她把我带去我们附近一家美容培训班开办的理发店，把我交到一个学员手里。
这个学生，甚至连剪刀都拿不像，经她一番折腾，我的头发，成了一堆稀浓不均的鬈曲的乱草堆。
妈伤心地说：“你看着，像个中国黑人了。
”美容培训班的指导老师不得不亲自出马，再操起剪刀来修理我头上那湿漉漉的一团。
“彼得?潘的式样，近日是非常时行的。
”那位指导老师向妈吹嘘着。
我的头发，已剪成个男孩子样，前面留着浓密的、直至眉毛的刘海。
我挺喜欢这次理发，它令我确信，我将前途无量。
确实刚开始，我跟妈一样兴奋，或许要更兴奋。
我憧憬着自己种种各不相同的天才形象，犹如一位已在天幕侧摆好优美姿势的芭蕾舞演员，只等着音乐的腾起，即踮起足尖翩然起舞。
我就像降生在马槽里的圣婴，是从南瓜马车上下来的灰姑娘……反正我觉得，我立时会变得十分完美：父母会称赞我，我再不会挨骂，我会应有尽有，不用为着没有能得到某样心想的东西而赌气不快。
two_kinds(新)2
Introduction of The Joy Luck Club(1)
•The book comprises a series of short-story-like vignettes that move back and forth in time and space, between the lives of four Chinese women in pre-1949 China and their American-born daughters in California.
This part (paras. 4-11) is about the mother’s unsuccessful attempt to change he daughter into a Chinese Shirley temple. In the beginning the child was as excited as the mother about becoming a prodigy. At this point, the conflict between mother and daughter was not visible.
“Two Kinds” is fiction. Although
this passage is taken from a novel, it can be read as a complete short story. It has a complete plot of its own.
The main characters in this story are the daughter by the name of Jing-mei (her English name is June) and her mother (Suyuan, its meaning in Chinese is 宿愿). There are some minor characters including the girl’s father, Suyuan’s friend, Lindo, the latter’s daughter, Waverly and the piano teacher, Old Chong.
both与two用法辨析
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新编实用英语综合教程2第四版Unit-two--Communication-by-email
to enter a completely different world. You can leave your own world behind, and
go somewhere really virtual.
5) Talking about the experience of surfing the Internet
Mike: I know quite a lot of these abbreviations. If you like, I can tell you more.
Li Hong: Yes, I will be grateful if you can tell me more.
Mike: “CWYL” means “chat with you later”; “LTNS” means “long time no see”; “IYSS”
Susan: Are you? Anything exciting? May: I don’t know the meaning of “planting strawberries”.
Back
Susan: Oh, it comes from the Taiwan campus, meaning “lovers kissing each other”.
Acting out the Tasks
Speak and Perform
Studying Business Cards Study and Imitate
Following Sample Dialogues Imitate and Perform
Putting Language to Use
Speak and Complete Speak and Translate Speak and Communicate
Trouble two 麻烦的两岁
首先我们来了解下什么是Trouble two？在人一生的发展中会经历两个叛逆期。
Trouble two麻烦的两岁：特指该年龄段（2-3岁）的孩子所经历的人生的第一个逆反期。
这个逆反期孩子有什么特点呢？从皮亚杰的认知发展理论可以看出，23岁的孩子处于前运算阶段，他们的自我中心主义开始发展，思维具有不可逆性，缺乏守恒概念。
而从埃里克森心里社会发展阶段理论我们可以看到，23岁的孩子他们开始想要获得自主感，克服羞耻感，对完美格外的敏感执著。
当然这个时期我们也要看到是孩子意志品质形成的关键期，所以这个阶段是养成孩子良好行为习惯和性格品质的重要阶段。
从以上两种理论我们可以看出，这个阶段的孩子出现了认知和心理的矛盾，而这些内在的危机得不到解决的时候，就会表现为外在的行为—哭闹。
Trouble two阶段孩子的具体表现：喜欢说不，总喜欢跟大人们对着干。
不好好吃饭，调皮捣蛋。
不知来由的闹脾气，使性子，哭闹，情节严重的躺地上打滚，让大人非常抓狂。
总之从前人见人爱的乖宝儿们成了大人口中的“熊孩子”。
分析：爸爸妈妈，请理解我~宝爸宝妈们不要慌，想要宝宝们顺利且愉快地度过Trouble Two，首先我们来科学理解为什么这个阶段BB们这么trouble？根据儿童发展理论来说，2岁前后，宝宝们的自我意识逐渐觉醒，他们开始尝试着站起来，尝试着跟大人们交流甚至理论，自以为有能力了他们在尝试着爆发自己的小宇宙但实际心有余而力不足。
他们在生气、沮丧、伤心时哭喊、吵闹，是因为在他们这个年龄段的认知能力无法表达内心的真正需求，当大人没有完全解读之后，他们就会以哭闹的方式表达自己。
那理解了儿童发展的规律，作为爸妈的我们应该如何应对突发状况呢？首要任务就是自我情绪管理。
面对宝宝们的哭闹，最糟糕的情况莫过于对宝宝们大吼大叫发脾气。
孩子们对父母的情绪是特别敏感的，大吼大叫只会让他们觉得爸爸妈妈不爱我，会哭闹的更严重。
同时为人父母要以身作则，给孩子示范良好行为。
two lives故事梗概
two lives故事梗概
生长在同一个村子里的休和梅根相恋了，但两人家境相差悬殊，梅根的父亲根本看不上休。
由于哥哥的死，休和父亲要到加拿大去投奔叔叔并开始新的生活。
两个热恋中的人被迫分离。
50年后，梅根整理父母的东西时发现了休当年写给她的信，才知道自己误会了休。
信件让两个分开这么多年的人重新取得了联系。
可50年改变了很多东西，故乡也已发生翻天覆地的变化。
休的回来无疑是一石激起千层浪。
梅根和休能重新成为恋人吗？他们的女儿贝思能接受这个亲生父亲吗？正决定结婚步入新生活的梅根该如何面对自己的未婚夫保罗？。
two pairs of单复数的用法
two pairs of单复数的用法英语中的单数和复数形式是非常重要的，因为它们直接影响着句子的语法和意义。
在英语中，有很多单数和复数形式的变化规则，而“two pairs of”则是其中一种比较特殊的用法。
下面将详细介绍“two pairs of”在单数和复数形式中的用法。
一、两个复数名词当“two pairs of”后面接两个复数名词时，它们都是复数形式，例如：1. I bought two pairs of shoes yesterday.2. She has two pairs of earrings.这两个例子中，“shoes”和“earrings”都是复数形式，因此“two pairs of”后面也用复数形式。
二、一个复数名词和一个不可数名词当“two pairs of”后面接一个复数名词和一个不可数名词时，复数名词仍然是复数形式，而不可数名词则使用单数形式，例如：1. He ordered two pairs of pants and a glass of water.2. She bought two pairs of socks and a bottle of wine.这两个例子中，“pants”和“socks”是复数形式，而“water”和“wine”则是不可数名词，因此“two pairs of”后面的复数名词保持复数形式，而不可数名词则使用单数形式。
三、两个单数名词当“two pairs of”后面接两个单数名词时，这两个名词都要使用单数形式，例如：1. He has two pairs of scissors.2. She needs two pairs of glasses.这两个例子中，“scissors”和“glasses”都是单数形式，因此“two pairs of”后面也要使用单数形式。
四、总结总的来说，“two pairs of”后面接复数名词时，使用复数形式；接一个复数名词和一个不可数名词时，复数名词保持复数形式，不可数名词使用单数形式；接两个单数名词时，这两个名词都要使用单数形式。
twotruthstoliveby翻译原文
Two Truths to Live byBy Alexander M. SchindlerThe art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way: ''A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open. ''Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of the earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.A recent experience re-taught me this truth. I was hospitalized following a severe heart attack and had been in intensive care for several days. It was not a pleasant place.One morning, I had to have some additional tests. The required machines were located in a building at the opposite end of the hospital, so I had to be wheeled across the courtyard on a gurney.As we emerged from our unit, the sunlight hit me. That's all there was to my experience. Just the light of the sun, and yet how beautiful it was ---how warming, how sparkling, how brilliant!I looked to see whether anyone else relished the sun's golden glow, but everyone was hurrying to and fro, most with eyes fixed on the ground. Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.The insight gleaned from that experience is really as commonplace as was the experience itself: life's gifts are precious----but we are too heedless of them.Here then is the first pile of life's paradoxical demands on us: Never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life. Be reverent before each dawning day. Embrace each hour. Seize each golden minute.Hold fast to life...but not so fast that you cannot let go. This is the second side of life's coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn howto let go.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay, will, be ours. But then life moves along to confront us with realities, slowly but surely this second truth dawns upon us.At every stage of life we sustain losses---and grow in the process. We begin our independent lives only when we emerge from the womb and lose its protective shelter. We enter a progression of schools, then we leave our mothers and fathers and our childhood homes. We get married and have children and then have to let them go. We confront the death of our parents and our spouses. We face the gradual or not so gradual waning of own strength. And ultimately, as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests, we confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves, as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be.But why should we be reconciled to life's contradictory demands? Why fashion things of beauty when beauty is evanescent? Why give our heart in love when those we love will ultimately be torn from our grasp?In order to resolve this paradox, we must seek a wider perspective, viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity. Once we do that, we realize that though our lives are finite; our deeds on earth weave a timeless pattern.Life is never just being. It is a becoming, a relentless flowing on. Our parents live on through us, and we will live on through our children. The institutions we build endure, and we will endure through them. The beauty we fashion cannot be dimmed by death. Our flesh may perish, our hands will wither, but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come.Don't spend and waste your lives accumulating objects that will only turn to dust and ashes. Pursue not so much the material as the ideal, for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth.Add love to a house and you have a home. Add righteousness to a city and you have a community. Add truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school. Add religion to the humblest of edifices and you have a sanctuary. Add justice to the far-flung round of human endeavor and you have civilization. Put them all together, exalt them above their present imperfections, add to them the vision of humankind redeemed, forever free of need and strife and you have a future lighted with the radiant colors of hope.。
twowordstoavoidtwotoremember译文
生命中，再没有什么比内心深处灵光一闪，就脱胎换骨成为一个更好的人更让人兴奋与值得了。
这种时刻无疑是很珍稀的，但是的确会发生在我们身上。
这种时刻有时候来自于一本书，或一次布道，或一句诗歌。
有时候，则来自于朋友。
曼哈顿的一个冬日下午，当我坐在一家小的法国餐厅时，我感到挫败和消沉。
因为在我负责的部分中出了一些差错，导致我生命中一个非常重要的项目失败了。
即使要见到一个非常亲密的朋友（老伙计？，我私底下这样亲切的想到他），也不能像往常一样让我兴奋起来。
我坐在格子桌布前，品尝着事后才醒悟的苦涩。
终于，他穿过马路而来。
他被一件古老的大衣裹得密不透风，光秃的头上趴着一顶不成形的毛毡帽子，看上去更像一个充满活力的侏儒而不是心理医生。
他的诊所就在附近，我知道他刚刚才诊治完了今天最后的一个病人。
他将尽80岁了，但依然拿着一个装得满满的公文包，依然像一个大型工会的主管一样工作，依然那么热爱在任何可能的时间里，逃去上高尔夫球课。
在他向我走来并做到我身旁的时候，侍者已经带来了他永恒不变的麦芽酒。
我已经有几个月不曾见到他了，他看起来就如以往一般的坚韧不拔。
“好吧，年轻人，”他开门见山地问道，“你有什么困扰？”我从很久之前就不再为他敏锐的洞察力而感到惊讶了，我开始概述是什么让我烦恼。
带着一种从忧伤中衍生的自傲感，我试着保持绝对诚实。
我没有因为我的失望责怪任何人，除了我自己。
我分析了整件事，所有错误的决断，错误的步骤。
整个过程大概持续的15分钟，老伙计只是静静的啜饮他的麦芽酒。
当我说完了，他放下他的杯子，说道：“来吧，我们回我的办公室吧。
”“你的办公室？你忘记东西了么？”“没有，”他委婉地说道：“我希望你对一些东西做出回应，只是这样。
”外面开始下着冰冷的雨，但是他的办公室既温暖又舒适，而且很熟悉：排列在墙边的书，长皮革沙发，西格蒙德•弗洛伊德的签名照，放在窗边的磁带。
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A. Sound and sustainable macroeconomic policies;
B. A well developed public infrastructure; C. Effective market discipline; D. Mechanisms for providing an appropriate level of systematic protection (or public safety net).
4. Dealing with Weak Banks.
5. Securities Supervision. 6. Insurance Supervision.
I. Banking Supervision
1. Importance and Objectives of Banking Supervision
Ⅴ. Legal Risk: It includes inadequate or incorrect legal advice or
documentation resulting in unexpected decline or unexpected increase in the value of assets or liabilities. Ⅵ. Reputation risk: Reputation risk is particularly damaging for banks since the nature of their business requires maintaining the confidence of depositors, creditors and the general marketplace.
A. The Role of Banks and Importance of Banking Supervision • Banks occupy a central place in the payments mechanism for households, government and business; • Banks accept deposits, which are expected to be repaid in full, either on demand or at their due term; and which constitute part of society‟s financial assets; • Banks in market economies play a major role in the allocation of financial resources, intermediating between depositors of surplus funds and would-be borrowers. So, Strong and effective banking supervision is considered an essential component of strong economic environment ; On the other hand, the central bank usually acts as a lender of last resort to commercial banks against a temporary liquidity drain; Another safety takes the form of deposit insurance 2 fund to guarantee depositors.
Part Two
Main Topics: 1.
Supervision of Banking and Financial Institutions
Importance and Objectives of Banking Supervision Licensing Process
2.
3. Arrangements for Ongoing Banking Supervision
securities investments.
Ⅱ. Market Risk: It consists of foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk. Ⅲ. Liquidity Risk: It arises from the inability of a bank to accommodate
A. Phases of the Licensing Process ●an informal pre-filing stage - to discuss the requirements and the feasibility; ●the application stage - the organizing group submits a formal application to the licensing authority and receives preliminary approval ; ●the organizing stage - the organizing group hires the 4 management, establishes premises, raises its capital.
decreases in liabilities or to fund increases in assets.
Ⅳ. Operational Risk: The most important types of it involve breakdowns in internal controls and corporate governance.
6
3.
Arrangements for Ongoing Banking Supervision
A. Risks in Banking
Ⅰ. Credit Risk: This risk applies not only to loans but also to other on- and off- balance sheet exposures such as guarantees, acceptances and
B. Objectives of Banking Supervision (1) maintain stability and public confidence in the financial system; (2) ensure that banks operate in a safe and sound manner and hold capital and reserves sufficient to cover the risks; (3) protect depositors funds; (4) foster an efficient and competitive banking system; (5) ensure compliance with banking laws and regulations. C. Preconditions for Effective Banking Supervision
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பைடு நூலகம்
2. Licensing Process
In most countries banks must acquire a certificate in order to undertake banking business. The licensing process attempts to prevent destabilizing factors (such as inadequate financial resources, unqualified management, or excessive competition) from entering the banking system in the first place.
Establishment of a bank in China shall meet the requirements: ----have its statute in compliance with law. ----have the minimum registered capital defined by the law; ----have directors and senior managers with expertise and professional experience commensurate with their positions; and ----have the required business premise, safety measures and other facilities relevant with the business thereof. C. Basel Committee’s Requirements on Bank Licensing The Basel Committee was established by the central bank Governors of the G10 countries in 1978. In September 1997, the Basel Committee published Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. The Core Principles are a framework of minimum standards for sound supervisory practices and are considered universally applicable.
B. Factors Evaluated by the Chartering Authorities
In evaluating a charter application, the chartering authority generally considers four factors: ●the bank‟s prospects for future earnings; ●the qualifications of the bank‟s proposed management; ●the adequacy of the bank‟s capital structure; and ●the convenience and needs of the community. In addition, Regulators hopes to get the following items: (1) an operating plan; (2) personal and financial information on the proposed management for background investigations; (3) pro forma financial statements and projections for the proposed bank; and (4)information on the demand for banking products and 5 services and existing competition in the target market