No.8 2014.3.14 七年制chest2
北雅名师夏欣怡三星级重点机经
V30090S4Section 4讲一个调查，新西兰研究儿童健康情况的报告1先说了两个部门Health Department University (已给）2-3研究的三个方面food intake eating patternphysical activity (已给）4-7是选择4这个调查是怎么选的学校选at random 5在哪接受调查选at home6young children 比old children 我选的是做更多运动那项/wide range of7old children 更易...想不起来了A 容易被同龄人影响more easily to be influenced by their peers 8-10是填空8某些孩子缺少Vitamin A (不确定好多人都这么说我忘了自己写的什么了）9Pacific 的孩子吃more fish than European children10除了政府social workers 之外schools 也应该关注该问题V30086S1是一个女生在看完local exhibition 后发现很多绘画作品来自于当地的学生，于是想咨询一下报一个班。
1.第一个课程什么什么的...选sense 风景。
2.第二门课程主要是improve 选existing skills3.那个男人认为自己制作卡片是因为C.seem expensive 买卡片很贵A attrac tive,B personal,C.seem expensive4.题课程包括访问罗马France 的什么地方。
以下是填空5.女的name:Mard ie (原文男的问is that Mardy?女的说不是，是end by ie instead of y)6.住在40Long Road 。
7.postcode:OX109QR8.女的以前参加过IT course 9.reference No 1131710pay in cash V30086S2Section2是有关于一年一度的长跑的11.在哪里举行castle 12.距离7miles13.young people （under 16)不能参加14.有奖品是sport equipment 15.到town hall 报名16.终点station17.不要忘记带jacket 18-20是赛前建议，选：Se l i n a X i a 's Ha n d ou tcompete with a friend time yourselfrun all kinds of pathV30085S3Section3音乐对人饮食的影响，两个学生给一个老师报告。
2014年全国卷2英语试题答案及详细解析
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷英语参考答案第一部分1—5 BCDCC 6—10 ADADD 11—15 ADBBA 16—20 BGCAF第三部分21—25 CADBD 26—30 CDADB 31—35 ACBAC 36—40 BDACB41.being 42. and 43. disappointed 44. to 45. caught46. to stop 47. riding 48.Did 49. me/mine 50. suddenly第四部分My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. They are three lessonTherein the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so many homework.don’t muchTherefore , we have more time with after-school activities. For example, we can do readingforfor one and a half hour and play sport for one hour every day.hoursMy dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowerslooksand trees around the classroom, buildings. We can lie on the grass for a rest, sat by thesit lake listenin g∧music. The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only ourto helpfulteachers but also our friends.书面表达One Possible VersionI often imagine what my life will be like in the future. I think my life will be very different in ten years. I will be twenty-eight years old by then. I will have my own family. Probably with a lovely child. I hope I will work in a computer company as a program designer. I will enjoy my work and get along well with my colleagues, I will do a good job in whatever I do. In my free/spare time, I will continue to take regular exercise, such as swimming, running and various ball games. On my holidays, I will travel around the world. In a word, my life will be much richer and more colorful.2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷解析➢阅读理解A篇genre美[ˈʒɑnrə]体裁 a story about kindness of people in Sydney 体现人性的真、善、美B篇topic:environmental protection(环保)C篇hot topic（热门话题）: Chinese Fever(汉语热)au pair [,əu'pεə][法语][英国英语](尤指外地来的)以帮做家务换取食宿的年轻女佣工；“互裨[bì]”姑娘(以授课、协助家务等只换取膳宿、学习英语、不取报酬的外国女子)D篇地铁小手册/指南考查学生快速查找提取有用信息的能力➢信息匹配题关于在繁忙中如何烹饪的小建议，难度适宜。
diagnosis七年制中英文
What is diagnosis? 什么叫诊断？Diagnosis is investigation and judgment. 诊断就是诊察和判断Investigation is data collecting. 诊察是收集疾病信息Judgment is synthesis and analyze data to determine the nature of illness. 判断是综合分析信息确定所患疾病The diagnosis is taking about the method of data collecting and how to make a correct judgment. 诊断学讲述收集信息和正确判断疾病的方法Steps of Diagnosis诊断步骤Data collecting history intervewing physical examination laboratory examination assistant examinationData analyzingDetermination of the nature of the illness收集信息资料采集病史体格检查实验室检查辅助检查推理分析判断确定所患疾病Classification of Clinical Diagnosis临床诊断的分类Etiologic diagnosis Virus hepatitis Rheumatic heart disease Pathological-anatomic diagnosis Aortic regurgitation Liver cirrhosisPathophysiologic diagnosis Shock Uremia病因诊断病毒性肝炎风湿性心脏病病理解剖诊断主动脉瓣关闭不全肝硬化病理生理诊断休克尿毒症Inquiry问诊Inquiry is one method from the interview between doctor and patient or relative for disease history, and making the clinical determination by analyzing history.通过对患者或相关人员的询问获取病史资料经过综合分析作出临床判断Contents of Questioning 问诊的内容Identifying informationSource and reliabilityChief complaintsPresent illnessPast medical historyPersonal historyMarital history Menstrual and obstetric history in womenFamily history患者个人信息叙述者和可信度主诉现病史既往史个人史婚姻史月经生育史家族史Identifying Information 患者个人信息NameSex and AgeNative placeBirth placeNationalityMarriageAddress Work placeOccupation 姓名性别和年龄籍贯出生地国籍或民族婚姻住址工作地点职业Others Information其他相关信息Chief Complaint主诉Main discomfort and its durationMake sure to be: concise sequential persisting headache for 3 daysMake sure to avoid using: onset time of the disease diagnostic terms dialects主要痛苦+经过时间书写注意要简明扼要要按时间先后顺序持续头痛3天三不要不要用起病时间不要用诊断术语不要用方言土语Present Illness现病史Further description of the main complaint, including the whole disease processOnset and duration and Predisposing factorsCharacters of the main symptom, progression and evolvementAccompany symptomsManagements and effectsEffects on daily life对主诉的进一步阐述起病情况和诱发因素主要症状特点和疾病的演变伴随症状诊疗经过对日常生活的影响Past Medical History既往史Past health statusPast illnessHistory of injuryHistory of surgeryHistory of allergyHistory of blood transfusionHistory of vaccinationSystemic review既往健康状况既往所患疾病既往外伤史手术史过敏史输血史预防接种史系统回顾Personal History个人史Homeplace, inhabitation place, epidemic disease or travel experience to epidemic areaSmoking and alcohol intakeWorkHousing conditionLifestyleSex history出生地居留地是否到过疫区烟酒嗜好职业特点居住条件生活习惯不洁性交史Marital History婚姻史Marriage age 结婚年龄Health status of the spouse 爱人健康状况Marital attachment 夫妻感情Menstrual and Obstetrical History月经生育史Formula for recording menses intermenstrual period (day)Menarche age ————menopause age menstrual cycle or LMPMenses: volume, color, leucorrhea, dysmenorrhealObstetrical: number of pregnancy and delivery, history of operative delivery, difficult labor, abortion月经记录格式行经期(天)初潮年龄————末次月经日期月经周期或绝经年龄行经情况月经量颜色有无白带痛经孕产情况孕次产次有无手术产流产难产Family History家族史Health status of three sequential generationsCauses of deathExisting the same diseaseHereditary diseasesInfectious diseases三代人健康状况父母兄妹子女(几男几女)死亡原因有无同类疾病遗传病传染病Basic Examination Techniques基本检查法视诊inspection 触诊palpation 叩诊percussion 听诊auscultation 嗅诊olfactory Palpation触诊Light palpation 浅部触诊法Deep palpation 深部触诊法Deep slipping palpation 滑行触诊法Bimanual palpation 双手触诊法Deep press palpation 深压触诊法Ballottement 冲击触诊法Percussion Notes叩诊音Tympany: gas Hyperresonance: increased gas in lung tissue Resonance: lung tissueDullness: gas and tissueFlatness: essential organ or fluid 鼓音: 气体过清音: 肺组织含气增多清音: 肺组织浊音: 气体与组织实音: 实质脏器或液体General Examination一般检查Vital signs 生命体征Development 发育Habitus 体型Nutritional status 营养Consciousness 意识Facial features and expressions 面容和表情Vital Sign (T, P, R) 生命征Temperature Normal axillary T: 36~37℃Fever: T>37℃Hypothermia: T<35℃Pulse Frequency: 60~100/min Rhythm: RegularRespiration Normal: 16~18/min体温正常(腋窝)体温: 36~37℃发热: T>37℃体温不升脉搏脉率: 60~100/min节律: 整齐呼吸频率: 16~18/minDisturbance of Consciousness意识障碍Somnolence 嗜睡Confusion 意识模糊Stupor 昏睡Coma 昏迷Delirium 谵妄Facial Features and Expression面容与表情mitral face二尖瓣面容Acute disease expression 急性病容Chronic disease expression 慢性病容Special face 特殊面容Graves Disease甲亢面容Mooned Face Induced by Cushing’s库兴氏满月脸Hippocratic Facies 恶病质Myxedema粘液水肿Acromegaly肢端肥大症Position体位Relaxed position 自主体位Positive position 被动体位in depletion or unconscious patient 极度衰竭意识丧失Compulsive position 强迫体位to relieve discomfort 减轻痛苦被迫采取的体位Gait步态Normal: calm and pithinessAbnormal:Waddling gaitDrunken man gaitAtaxic gaitFestinating gaitsteppage or footdrop gait scissors gaitIntermittent claudicationspastic hemiparesis正常: 平稳有力异常:蹒跚步态醉酒步态共济失调步态慌张步态跨阈步态剪刀步态间歇性跛行划圈步态、Subcutaneous Hemorrhage皮下出血Wine color and won’t fade when pressed 暗红色压之不褪色Petechia: <2mm 瘀点: <2mmPurpura: 3~5mm 紫癜: 3~5mmEcchymosis: >5mm 瘀斑: >5mmHematoma: 血肿: 片状出血伴皮肤隆起Spider Angioma蜘蛛痣Highly branched stellate arterial lesions which pulsate and blanch on pressure. Distributed commonly on face, neck, or chest. May be associated with pregnancy, chronic liver disease, or estrogen therapy, or may be normal.定义: 小动脉末端分支性扩张特点: 中央受压血管消失机制: 雌激素增多部位: 上腔静脉区域面部颈部和胸部病因: 妊娠慢性肝脏病变雌激素治疗Record content记录内容Normal node: 2~5 mm, soft, smooth, no tenderness and adhesion.Record if enlarged: location, size, number, hardness,tender, mobility, adhesion, superficial skin.正常淋巴结2~5mm 质软光滑无压痛无粘连肿大时记录部位大小数目硬度压痛活动度粘连Pupil Size瞳孔大小Normal: 3~4mm Dilation: glaucoma, atropinizationContraction: organophosphorus poisoning, drug reaction, narcotic takingPlatycoria: dying正常: 3~4mm扩大: 青光眼阿托品中毒缩小: 有机磷中毒药物反应安眠药过量双侧散大: 濒死状态Compare Both Pupil比较双侧瞳孔Normal:SymmetryAnisocoria: Pathology anywhere from the reception of light through the optic nerves to the brain stem, the third cranial nerve, sympathetic, or parasympathetic pathwaysCerebral hernia正常:等大等圆不等大视神经至脑干病变动眼神经受压交感神经受压副交感神经受压脑疝表面皮肤情况Sinuses鼻窦Location 部位frontal sinuses 额窦ethmoid sinuses 筛窦maxillary sinus 上颌窦Sphenoid sinuses tenderness & percussion pain: sinusitis 鼻窦区压痛叩击痛: 鼻窦炎Tongue Size舌体Enlarged: inflammation, myxedema, tumor, acromegaly 舌体肿大: 炎症黏液性水肿肿瘤肢端肥大症Shrinked: severe dehydration 舌体干小: 严重脱水Appearance of Tongue 舌象Geographic and wrinkled or fissured tongue: riboflavin deficiencyStrawberry tongue: long feverBeefy tongue: niacin deficiencySmooth tongue: iron or Vit B12 deficiency Black hairy tongue: fungus infection地图舌和裂纹舌: 黄色斑片和横向裂纹提示核黄素缺乏草莓舌: 舌乳头肿胀长期发热牛肉舌: 舌面绛红菸酸缺乏镜面舌: 光滑红色铁或维生素B12缺乏黑毛舌: 黑黄褐色毛真菌感染Pharynx and Tonsil咽和扁桃体Pharynx 咽Turkey red accompanied by swelling: Acute pharyngitis 红肿: 急性咽炎Wine accompanied by follicle: Chronic pharyngitis暗红滤泡: 慢性咽炎Tonsil 扁桃体degree of tonsil swelling Ⅰ°不超过腭咽弓Ⅱ°超过腭咽弓未达中线Ⅲ°达到超过咽后壁中线purulent 化脓性扁桃体炎Palpation of the Trachea触摸气管位置Indicate the location of mediastinum 指示纵隔位置Location: normally in the middle 正常居中Shifting to the health: large pleural effusion, pneumothorax 移向健侧: 大量胸腔积液气胸Shifting to the disaster: emphysema 移向患侧: 肺不张The Degree of Thyroid Gland Swelling甲状腺肿大的分度Ⅰ: invisible but palpable 不能看到能触到Ⅱ: visible and palpable 能看到又能触到Ⅲ: exceeding the out margin of sterno-mastoid muscle 超过胸锁乳突肌外缘Abnormal Intercostal Space肋间隙改变Recessed or narrowed depressed when inspirating: air way obstruction one-side depression: atelectasis, pleural adhesionWide or swelling general intense when expirating: emphysema, bronchial asthma one-side intense: pleural effusion, pneumothorax凹陷或变窄(容积缩小) 吸气时凹陷:大气道阻塞一侧变窄凹陷: 肺不张胸膜粘连膨隆或增宽(容积增大) 呼气时膨隆: 肺气肿支气管哮喘一侧增宽膨隆: 胸腔积液气胸Abnormal Lung Border肺界异常Kronig’isthmus:Widening: emphysemaNarrowing (unilateral): tuberculosis, tumorInferior border:Lowered: emphysemaRised: atelectasis, increased intra-abdominal pressureUndetectable: Pleural effusion, pneumothorax肺上界增宽: 肺气肿变窄: 肺结核肺肿瘤肺下界下降: 肺气肿升高: 肺不张腹压增高叩不出: 胸腔积液气胸、Abnormal Diaphragmatic Excursion肺下界移动范围异常Decreased: <4cm 减弱: <4cmUnilateral: atalectasis, pleural adhension 单侧: 肺不张胸膜粘连Bilateral: emphysema, lung fibrosis 双侧: 肺气肿肺纤维化Abnormal Intercostal Space肋间隙改变Recessed or narrowed depressed when inspirating: air way obstruction one-side depression: atelectasis, pleural adhesionWide or swelling general intense when expirating: emphysema, bronchial asthma one-side intense: pleural effusion, pneumothorax凹陷或变窄(容积缩小) 吸气时凹陷:大气道阻塞一侧变窄凹陷: 肺不张胸膜粘连膨隆或增宽(容积增大) 呼气时膨隆: 肺气肿支气管哮喘一侧增宽膨隆: 胸腔积液气胸Chest shape胸廓形态Normal: Ap : T=1 : 1.5Abnormal:Flat chest and Barrel chestRachitic chest Pigeon chest Rachitic rosary Funnel chest Harrison grooveRegional transfigurationThorax-vertebrae-malformation-induced胸廓正常形态前后径:横径1 : 1.5胸廓形态异常扁平胸和桶状胸佝偻病胸鸡胸串珠胸漏斗胸肋膈沟局部变形胸椎严重畸形Pathological Conditions异常改变Weaken or disappear: Obstructive atelectasis, emphysema, Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysemaEnhanced: Consolidation of lung tissue: lobar pneumonia, pulmonary infarction. Large cavity in the lung, esp. near the pleura: lung abscess, cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis.减弱或消失阻塞性肺不张肺气肿胸腔积液气胸皮下气肿增强肺实变: 大叶肺炎肺梗死近胸膜肺空洞: 肺脓肿空洞型肺结核Clinical Significance临床意义Localized crackles: regional diseasesBilateral crackles in lower field of the lungs with rhonchi: bronchitis with lung infectionCrackles in bilateral bases of the lungs: pulmonary congestion caused by heart failureGeneralized coarse crackles in bilateral lung fields: acute pulmonary edema局部湿啰音: 肺局部炎症两下肺散在干湿啰音: 支气管炎并感染两肺底对称性湿啰音: 左心功能不全两肺满布湿啰音:急性肺水肿、Emphysema肺气肿Pathology: air trapping in the lung Inspection: barrel chestPalpation: decreased dynamic events of respiration and tactile fremitusPercussion: hyperresonce; Down-shifting of the inferior border of the lungAuscultation: decreased breath sounds and vocal resonance机制双肺含气增多视诊桶状胸触诊呼吸动度减弱语颤减弱叩诊过清音肺下界下移听诊呼吸音减弱语音共振减弱Atelectasis肺不张Pathology: the airway is obstructed and the lung holds no airInspection: the affected chest wall is flattenedPalpation: decreased dynamic events of respiration and tactile fremitus;The trachea is shifted to the affected sidePercussion: dullness or flatnessAuscultation: breath sounds and vocal resonance disappear.机制气道阻塞肺不含气视诊患侧胸廓凹陷触诊患侧呼吸动度减弱语颤减弱气管移向患侧叩诊患侧浊音或实音听诊患侧呼吸音消失、语音共振消失Lobar Pneumonia 肺炎性实变Pathology: too much fluid in alveoliInspection: normal chestPalpation: decreased dynamic events of respiration, increased tactile fremitus.Percussion: dullness or flatnessAuscultation: tubular breath sound, crackles, increased vocal resonance机制气道通畅肺泡腔充满液体视诊患侧呼吸运动减弱触诊患侧呼吸动度减弱病变区语颤增强叩诊病变区浊音或实音听诊管状呼吸音湿啰音语音共振增强、、Pneumothorax气胸Pathology: air is trapped in pleural cavityInspection: over-inflation of the affected sidePalpation: decreased dynamic events of respiration and tactile fremitus; the trachea is shifted to the unaffected sidePercussion: tympanyAuscultation: breath sounds and vocal resonance disappear 机制胸腔气体存积视诊患侧饱满触诊患侧呼吸动度减弱语颤减弱气管移向健侧叩诊患侧鼓音听诊患侧呼吸音消失语音共振消失Pleural Effusion胸腔积液Pathology: fluid is trapped in pleural cavityInspection: over-inflation of the affected sidePalpation: decreased dynamic events of respiration and tactile fremitus; the trachea is shifted to the unaffected sidePercussion: dullness or flatnessAuscultation: breath sounds and vocal resonance disappear 机制胸腔液体存积视诊患侧饱满触诊患侧呼吸动度减弱语颤减弱气管移向健侧叩诊患处浊音或实音听诊患处呼吸音消失语音共振消失Abnormal Lung Border肺界异常Kronig’isthmus:Widening: emphysemaNarrowing (unilateral): tuberculosis, tumorInferior border:Lowered: emphysemaRised: atelectasis, increased intra-abdominal pressureUndetectable: Pleural effusion, pneumothorax肺上界增宽: 肺气肿变窄: 肺结核肺肿瘤肺下界下降: 肺气肿升高: 肺不张腹压增高叩不出: 胸腔积液气胸Abnormal Diaphragmatic Excursion肺下界移动范围异常Decreased: <4cm 减弱: <4cmUnilateral: atalectasis, pleural adhension 单侧: 肺不张胸膜粘连Bilateral: emphysema, lung fibrosis 双侧: 肺气肿肺纤维化Classify of Breath Sound呼吸音分类Normal and abnormal 正常和异常呼吸音Bronchial breath sounds 支气管呼吸音Vesicular breath sounds 肺泡呼吸音Bronchovesicular breath sounds 支气管肺泡呼吸音Inspection of the Heart心脏视诊precordium shape 心前区外形normal apical impulse 正常心尖搏动abnormal apical impulse 异常心尖搏动precordial abnormal impulse 心前区异常搏动Precordium Shape心前区外形Precordial bulge 心前区隆起Features: bony bulge 特点:骨骼突起Clinical importance: Congenital heart disease with ventricular enlargement 提示:先天性心脏病右室大Precordial satiety 心前区饱满Features: intercostal region sticking out 特点:肋间软组织外突Clinical importance: mass of pericardial effusion 提示:大量心包积液Normal Apical Impulse正常心尖搏动Location: 0.5~1 cm to the left midclavicular line at the 5th ICS outside LSB. Range: 2~2.5cmDirection: outward when ventricular systole begins位置: 第5肋间左锁骨中线内0.5~1cm范围: 2~2.5cm方向: 收缩时向外搏动意义: 提示心尖位置代表收缩期提示心脏大小Abnormal Dullness Heart Border心界叩诊异常(1)heart variation 心脏改变L.V enlargement: boot-shaped heart 左室扩大: 靴形心L.A enlargement: pear-shaped heart 左房扩大: 梨形心B.V enlargement: general enlarged heart 双室扩大: 普大心R.V enlargement: cor pulmonal 右室扩大: 先心肺心Pericardial effusion: flask-shaped heart心包积液: 烧瓶心、Abnormal Dullness Heart Border心界叩诊异常(2)chest and lung diseases 胸肺疾病Pleural effusion or lung consolidation: dullness border undetectable 胸腔积液或肺实变: 叩不出Emphysema: “shrinked”dullness border 肺气肿: 心浊音界缩小abdominal disorders 腹部疾病Diaphragm elevation: acrossing heart 膈升高: 横位心Boot-shaped Heart靴形心Mechanism: L.V enlargementFeatures: the left border extends to the inferior left, waist of the heart is deepened.Causes: aortic insufficiency, hypertensive heart disease机制: 左室扩大特点: 心左界向左下扩大心腰加深病因: 主动脉瓣关闭不全高血压心脏病Pear-shaped Heart梨形心Mechanism: L.A enlargement and distension of pulmonary arteryFeatures: dullness heart border in the 2nd, 3rd ICS on the LSB extends outside, waist of the heart bulges outCauses: mitral stenosis机制: 左房扩大肺动脉扩大特点: 胸骨左缘2, 3肋间心浊音界向外扩大心腰饱满或膨出病因: 二尖瓣狭窄General Enlarged Heart普大心Mechanism: both left and right ventricle are enlargedFeatures: the dullness border extends to both sides, the left border extends to inferior leftCauses: cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, whole heart failure机制: 左右心室扩大特点: 心浊音界向双侧扩大左界向下扩大病因扩张型心肌病克山病重症心肌炎全心衰竭Flask-shaped Heart烧瓶心Mechanism: pericardial effusionFeatures: Sitting position: triangular dullness borderSupine: widened dullness border of the base机制: 心包积液特点:坐位时心浊音界呈三角形仰卧位心底部浊音区增宽随体位心界改变First Heart Sound, S1 第一心音Signaling the beginning of systole. 提示收缩期开始It has characters of low pitch, long duration. 音调低时间长“咚”It can be heard best in the apex area. 在心尖部听诊最清楚Second Heart Sound, S2第二心音Signaling the beginning of diastole. 提示舒张期开始It is high-pitched, low-intensity, shorter and brisker. 高调低强度时间短轻脆“嗒”It can be auscultated best at the base of the heart. 在心底部听诊最清楚S1 第一心音S2 第二心音Pitch 音调Low 低High 高Intensity 强度High 强Low 弱Quality 音质Blunter 低钝Brisker 清脆Duration 持续时间Long 长Short 短Interval 两者间隔S1-S2 长< S2-S1 短Apical impulse 心尖搏动Concomitant 一致Post 之后Best site 最响部位Apex 心尖Base 心底Changes of Quality 心音性质改变Changes of S1 quality: S1 same as S2 (blankness) 第一心音性质改变: 第一心音与第二心音相同(单调)Diastolic phase shorten: same as systolic (single rule) 舒张时限缩短: 收缩期与舒张期时限相同(单律)Characteristic: pendular rhythm, embryocardia 听诊特点: 钟摆律胎心律Clinical meaning: myocardial damage severely, as acute myocardial infarction, severe myocarditis,. 提示: 心肌严重受损如急性心肌梗塞重症心肌炎Wide Splitting顺分裂Typical at the end of inspiration 吸气末分裂明显Physiologic splitting: deep inspiration 生理分裂: 吸气相回右心血量增加General splitting 通常分裂Delayed P2: pulmonary hypertension, mitral stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, right bundle branch block. 肺动脉瓣关闭延迟: 肺动脉高压二尖瓣狭窄肺动脉瓣狭窄右束支阻滞Early A2: mitral insufficiency, IVSD 主动脉瓣关闭提前: 二尖瓣关闭不全室间隔缺损Fixed Splitting固定分裂Splitting is unaffected by respiration分裂不受呼吸影响Mechanism: delayed closure of the pulmonic valve (output of the right ventricle is greater than that of the left) 机制: 肺动脉瓣关闭延迟Blood flow from left atrium to the right passing through septal defects amortized affection of respiration. 房间隔缺损处血液左向右分流缓冲呼吸影响Common diseases: large atrial septal defects and right ventricular failure. 病因: 大的房间隔缺损并右心功能不全Reversed Splitting逆分裂Typical at the end of expiration 呼气末分裂明显Paradoxical Splitting: P2 occurs firstly, followed by A2 反常分裂: 肺动脉瓣第二音出现在主动脉瓣第二音之前Mechanism: closure of the aortic valve is delayed 机制: 主动脉瓣关闭明显延迟Common diseases: Left bundle branch block, Aortic stenosis. 病因: 左束支传导阻滞主动脉瓣狭窄Extra Heart Sounds额外心音systolic extra heart sounds 收缩期额外心音diastolic extra heart sounds 舒张期额外心音Extra Heart Sounds额外心音SystolicEarly systole: ejection soundsMid-/Late systole: clickDiastolicEarly diastole: opening snap, pericardial knock Mid-diastole: third heart soundLate diastole: fourth heart soundgallop rhythm收缩早期喷射音中晚期喀喇音舒张早期开瓣音心包叩击音中期第三心音晚期第四心音奔马律Gallop奔马律Mechanism: decreased compliance of the ventricle caused by severe myocardial damage 机制: 心肌严重受损致室壁顺应性差Classification: 分类Protodiastolic gallop (Ventricular gallop, S3 gallop) 舒张早期奔马律(室性奔马律第三心音奔马律)Late diastolic gallop (atrial gallop, S4 gallop) 舒张晚期奔马律(房性奔马律第四心音奔马律)Quadruple rhythm and summation sound 四音律和重叠奔马律Physical S3 & Pathological S3生理性与病理性第三心音的区分Quadruple Rhythm and Summation Sound四音律和重叠奔马律Mechanism: pathological S3 & S4. 同时出现病理性第三和第四心音During tachycardia, the diastolic filling time shortens and the S3 and S4 move closer together. 心率加速时舒张期缩短第三和第四心音重叠They sound superimposed in mid-diastole, and one loud, prolonged, summated sound can be heard, often louder than either S1 or S2. 特点: 舒张中期较长响亮心音强于第一或第二心音Characterization of Murmurs杂音听诊要点LocationDurationPitch and QualityIntensity and Timing Transmission or radiationEffect murmurs of factor杂音的部位杂音的时期杂音的性质杂音的强度杂音的传导影响杂音的因素Location杂音部位Apical area: mitral valveAortic area: aortic valvePulmonic area: pulmonic valveInferior sternum: tricuspid valve3rd, 4th ICS, LSB: ventricular septal defect2nd, 3rd ICS, LSB: patent ductus arteriosus杂音出现和最响部位与病变部位血流方向传导介质相关心尖部: 二尖瓣主动脉瓣听诊区: 主动脉瓣肺动脉瓣听诊区: 肺动脉瓣胸骨下端: 三尖瓣胸骨左缘 3 4 肋间: 室间隔胸骨左缘 2 3 肋间: 动脉导管Duration杂音时期Systolic murmur (SM)HolosystolicEarlyMidsystolicLateDiastolic murmur (DM)HolodiastolicEarlyMiddiastolicLate (presystolic)Continuous收缩期杂音全收缩期收缩早期收缩中期收缩晚期舒张期杂音全舒张期舒张早期舒张中期舒张晚期连续性杂音Distinguish Duration时期的区分systolic murmur 收缩期杂音appear between S1 and S2, same as apical impulse 在第一心音与第二心音之间出现与心尖搏动一致diastolic murmur 舒张期杂音appear between S2 and S1, nonsame as apical impulse在第2 心音与第1 心音之间出现与心尖搏动不一致Intensity of Systolic Murmur收缩期杂音强度GradeⅠ: barely audible in quiet room 1 级: 仔细听方可听到GradeⅡ: quiet but clearly audible 2 级: 容易听到但不响亮GradeⅢ: moderately loud 3 级: 较响亮GradeⅣ: loud, associated with thrill 4 级: 粗糙且响亮伴传导震颤GradeⅤ: very loud, thrill easily palpable 5 级: 震耳GradeⅥ: very loud, audible with stethoscope not in contact with chest, thrill palpable and visible 6 级: 离开胸壁亦可闻及Functional and Organic Murmurs收缩期杂音的鉴别Functional功能性Organic器质性Age 年龄Young儿童青少年Unlimited 不定Location 部位Pulmonic/apical 肺动脉瓣或心尖部Any area各部位Character 性质Soft, smooth 柔和Coarse, high pitch粗糙高调Duration 时间Short 短Long (whole systole)长（全收缩期）Intensity 强度<3/6 > or =3/6 Thrill 震颤no 无Yes 有Transmission传导Localized 局限extensive 传导Systolic murmur in left sternum intercostal 3~4: ventricular septal defect 胸骨左缘3 4肋间收缩期杂音: 室间隔缺损Continuous machine-like in left sternum intercostal 2: patent ductus arteriosus 胸骨左缘第2肋间连续型杂音: 动脉导管末闭Peripheral Vascular Sign周围血管征Vascular sign: 征象Water-hammer Pulse 水冲脉Carotid artery impulse 颈动脉搏动Nodding spasm 点头运动Capillary pulsation 毛细血管搏动征Pistol shot sound 枪击音Duroziez double murmur 杜氏双重杂音Clinical meaning: aortic insufficiency, hypertension, Hyperthyroidism提示: 主动脉瓣关闭不全高血压甲状腺机能亢进Heart Disease心脏疾病mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄aortic insufficiency 主动脉瓣关闭不全Mitral Stenosis二尖瓣狭窄(1)L.A enlargement Pulmonary artery dilation R.V enlargement 左房增大→肺动脉扩张→右室增大Inspection: Mitral face (malar flush), apical impulse left 视诊: 二尖瓣面容心尖搏动向左移位Palpation: diastolic thrill at the apex area 触诊: 心尖部舒张期震颤Percussion: pear-shaped heart 叩诊: 梨型心Mitral Stenosis Auscultation二尖瓣狭窄(2)Apex area: 心尖部Heart sounds: Accentuation of S1 第一心音亢进Extra sound: opening snaps 开瓣音Murmurs: mid- or late-diastolic rumbling in quality, decrescendo- crescendo, usually localized, heard more clearly with the patient recumbent or on his left side or after moderate exercise. 舒张中晚期隆隆样杂音Pulmonic area: 肺动脉瓣区Heart sounds: Accentuation and splitting of S2 第二心音亢进分裂Murmur: Graham-steell G-S杂音Aortic Insufficiency主动脉瓣关闭不全(1)Inspection: Apical impulse to left inferior 视诊: 心尖搏动向左下移位carotid artery impulse 颈动脉搏动Palpation: lifting apical impulse 触诊: 抬举性心尖搏动water-hammer pulse 水冲脉Percussion: boot-shaped heart 叩诊: 靴型心Aortic Insufficiency Auscultation 主动脉瓣关闭不全听诊(2)Aortic area:主动脉瓣区Heart sounds: S2↓第二心音减弱Murmur: early diastolic, high pitch, blowing, radiating to the apex 舒张期递减型叹气样杂音Apex area: 心尖部Heart sounds: S1↓第一心音减弱Murmurs: Austin-Flint A-F杂音Distension腹部膨隆Abdominal wall disorders 腹壁改变Tumor: appeared clearly in force 肿物: 腹部用力时肿物明显Incrassation: hilum depressed such as obesity 增厚: 脐部凹陷如肥胖Abdominal cavity increase 腹腔增大Full distension: normal pregnancy and abnormal 全腹膨隆: 正常妊娠和异常Local distension 局部膨隆Measure surround of abdomen 测量腹围Around the abdomen through hilum by soft ruler 仰卧位用软尺绕脐一周Common Causes of Distension常见膨隆原因Fat 肥胖Fluid 腹水Feces 粪块Fetus 妊娠Flatus 胃肠胀气Fibroids 子宫平滑肌瘤Fatal tumor 恶性肿瘤.Remember:5FContour: Protuberant Abdomen全腹膨隆Ascites: frog shape of abdomen, accompanied hilum hernia. 腹水: 蛙状腹常伴脐疝causes: hepatocirrhosis, serious heart failure, pericarditis, renal disease syndrome, peirtoneum cancer. 病因: 肝硬化严重心衰缩窄性心包炎肾病综合征腹膜癌Gases distention of the intestines: sphericity of abdomen 肠胀气: 球形腹causes: ileus, intestinal paralysis. 病因: 肠梗阻肠麻痹Organomegaly: enormous ovary cyst and teratoma. 肿瘤: 巨大卵巢囊肿畸胎瘤Local DistensionDirection of the Blood flow血流方向检查Use two fingers on appeared vein 用两手指并拢压在静脉上Two fingers press and dis part 两手指加压分开Loosen superior finger 松开上端手指Faster show blood flow downwards 充盈快示血流向下Repeat above action 重复以上动作Loosen inferior finger 松开下端手指Faster show blood flow upwards 充盈快示血流向上Obstruction of Vena Cava腔静脉阻塞Varicosity on the flanks曲张静脉在侧腹部Obstruction of superior vena cava: blood stream to downwards. 上腔静脉回流受阻血流方向向下Obstruction of inferior vena cava: blood stream to upwards. 下腔静脉回流受阻血流方向向上Rebound Tenderness (Blumberg sign) 反跳痛Examination method: press deeply and slowly, let slip suddenly. 检查方法: 逐渐深压腹壁突然松开Positive finding: pain prick up in loose. 阳性: 松开时疼痛加剧Clinical meanings: inflammation in the parietal peritoneum. 提示: 炎症波及壁层腹膜Peritoneal Irritation Sign腹膜刺激征Three sign same appear:Tenderness Rebound tendernessGuarding 三联征: 压痛反跳痛腹肌紧张Clinical meaning: acute peritonitis 提示: 急性腹膜炎Measure of Enlarged Spleen肿大脾脏的测量The first line: between costal margin and low edge of spleen in left midclavicular line 1 线(甲乙线): 左锁骨中线上肋缘至脾下缘The second line: between the point of the left midclavicul cross costal margin and the point of spleen apoapsis. 2 线(甲丙线): 左锁骨中线肋缘点至脾最远点The third line: between right side of spleen and midline, express with positive or negative 3 线(丁戊线): 脾右缘至正中线以(＋)(－)表示Spleen Enlargement Degrees脾脏肿大分度Mild enlargement: <2 cm under the rib 轻度肿大: 肋下<2cmModerate enlargement: not exceed the level of umbilicus 中度肿大: 不过脐Severe enlargement: exceed the level of umbilicus or mid line 高度肿大: 过脐或中线Murphy’s Sign莫非氏征Technique: Hold your fingers under the liver border. 手指放于肝脏下缘Positive sign: As the descending liver pushes the inflamed gallbladder onto the examining hand, the person feels sharp pain and abruptly stops inspiration midway. 阳性: 吸气时肝脏和胆囊下移手指触及炎性胆囊时被检者因剧痛中止吸气Characteristics of Palpation 触诊要点Location: relation to organsSize: diameter in long, wide and thickContour: shape, margin and surfaceTexture: soft, firm and hardTenderness: inflammation, liver swelling Pulsation: dilative and conductive Movability: shift by respiration or hand部位: 所在部位与该处脏器多相关连大小: 纵长横宽深厚可用实物比喻轮廓: 形状边缘表面质地: 柔软中等硬度质硬压痛: 炎症肝肿大搏动: 膨胀性和传导性移动度: 随呼吸移动用手推动Fluid Thrill液波震颤Technique: move flank wall by hand 检查方法: 用手推动一侧腹壁Positive: the other hand feels liquid wave 阳性征象: 对侧手掌感到液体波动Meaning: large volume of ascites, usually >3000ml 临床意义: 大量腹水在3~4升以上Percussion of Ascites腹水叩诊Shifting dullness: 移动性浊音free fluid causes air-containing gut to float up to the most superior position 液体流动使含气脏器位于最高位置volume of ascites usually exceeds 1000ml if detectable 腹水量在1000ml以上Puddle sign: 水坑征free fluid in the most inferior position in elbow-knee posture 肘膝位腹水位于最低位a way to detect small amounts of fluid 用于发现少量腹水腹水和卵巢囊肿的鉴别Signs 征象Ascites 腹水Ovarian cyst 卵巢囊肿Dorsal position仰卧位Umbilicus 脐Percussion sound 叩诊音Shifting dullness 移动性浊音Ruler pressing test 尺压试验Side distension 侧腹膨隆Extrude 突出Middle tympany side dullness 中部鼓音两侧浊音Positive 阳性No jumpiness 无跳动Middle distension 中腹膨隆Flat 平坦Middle dullness side tympany 中部浊音两侧鼓音Negitive 阴性Rhythm jumpiness 有节奏跳动Auscultation of Abdomen腹部听诊bowel sounds 肠鸣音vascular sounds 血管杂音friction rub 摩擦音scratch sound 搔弹音splashing sound 振水音Scratch Sound搔弹音Mechanism: sound wave conductive diversity in differ medium made noise alteration. Aids in static border definition 机制: 声波在不同介质中传导的差异致声响改变有助于确定实质脏器或液体边界Technique: put the stethoscope in central and the hand scratch to it, when sound suddenly increased indicate the border. 方法: 听诊器置于中央手边搔弹边向听诊器移动声响突然增强为其边界Meaning: confirm inferior border of the liver and ascites (<120ml) 意义: 确定肝脏下界和小量腹水范围Cirrhosis of Liver肝硬化Small liver to percussion but a hard edge may be palpable under the xiphoid 剑突下触及边钝质硬缩小的肝脏Spleen palpable 脾脏肋缘下可触及Varicosity and ascites 脐周静脉曲张和腹水征palmar erythema, spider angioma and Gynaecomastia 肝掌蜘蛛痣男性乳房发育Gastrointestinal haemorrhage 消化道出血Ascites Sign腹水征Inspection: frog shape of abdomen in dorsal position, hypogastrium region distension with hilum hernia in stand. 视诊: 仰卧位蛙状腹直立位下腹膨隆脐突出Palpation: fluid thrill (ascites large than 3000 ml) 触诊: 液波震颤(腹水量>3000ml)Percussion: shifting dullness (ascites large than 1000 ml), puddle sign (small amounts of fluid) 叩诊: 移动性浊音(腹水量>1000ml) 水坑征(少量腹水)Auscultation: umbilicus scratch sound in elbow-knee posture (ascites<120ml) 听诊: 脐部搔弹音(腹水量<120ml)Acute Perforated Gastric or Duodenal Ulcer急性胃十二指肠穿孔Suddenly epigastric pain, forced supine position and twin lower limbs flection 突发上腹痛强迫仰卧位双下肢屈曲Acute peritonitis signs, tenderness and rebound pain in epigastrium or round umbilicus quarter 急性腹膜炎征象压痛反跳痛位于上腹部和脐周Hepatic dullness region decrease or disappear 肝浊音区缩小消失shifting dullness in abdomen 腹部移动性浊音Physical Examination Point 急性胃肠穿孔检体要点Gas in abdominal cavity: dullness area of liver disappear 腹腔气体: 肝浊音区缩小消失Liquid in abdomen: shifting dullness 腹腔液体: 腹部移动性浊音Inflammation in abdomen: acute peritonitis sign, serious in epigastric and umbilical region. 腹部炎症反应: 急性弥漫性腹膜炎征象压痛反跳痛位于上腹部和脐周forepart: acute ache face, compulsive supine position, lower limbs flection 早期: 急性痛苦面容冷汗强迫仰卧位双下肢屈曲anaphase: high fever, pulse frequence 后期: 高热失水精神萎靡面色灰白眼球凹陷脉搏频数Acute Peritonitis Signs急性腹膜炎征象Inspection: general depression in abdomen, decreased or disappeared abdominal respiration 视诊: 腹部凹陷腹部呼吸运动减弱消失Palpation: tenderness, rebound tenderness, rigid abdominal wall 触诊: 压痛和反跳痛腹壁呈板状硬Percussion: shifting dullness 叩诊: 可有移动性浊音Auscultation: decreased or absence of bowel sounds 听诊: 肠鸣音减弱消失Intestinal Obstruction肠梗阻Symptom: bellyache, vomiting, no defecate and anus exhaust 症状: 腹痛呕吐无排便和肛门排气Inspection: full distension, intestine form and peristaltic wave 视诊: 腹部膨隆肠型可见肠蠕动波Palpation: rigid abdominal wall, tenderness and rebound pain 触诊: 腹肌紧张压痛及反跳痛Percussion: tympany region increased 叩诊: 鼓音范围增大Auscultation: mechanical ileus accompanied sharp bowel sound and decreased or absence of bowel sounds in paralysis ileus 听诊: 机械性肠梗阻肠鸣音亢进麻痹性肠梗阻肠鸣音减弱或消失Muscle Power肌力Force by muscle contraction produced 肌肉收缩产生的力量Muscle power decreasing or disappearing called partial or complete paralysis 肌力下降或消失称为不完全或完全瘫痪Paralysis divided hemiparalysis, crossed paralysis, paraplegia and single limb paralysis by pathologic position 根据瘫痪的部位分为偏瘫交叉瘫截瘫和单瘫Paralysis divided central and peripheral by location of nervous injury 根据神经损伤位置分为中枢性瘫痪和周围性瘫痪The grading of muscle strength肌力分度Absent (0 degree): no contraction detected. 0 级(不动): 完全瘫痪Trace (1 degree): slight contraction detected. 1 级(肌动): 肌肉可收缩不能产生运动Weak (2 degree): movement with gravity eliminated. 2 级(平动): 床面上可移动不能抬离Fair (3 degree): movement against gravity. 3 级(抬动): 能抬离床面不能抗阻力Good (4 degree): move against gravity with some resistance. 4 级(弱抗动): 能抗阻力但较正常差Normal (5 degree): movement against gravity with full resistance. 5 级(正常): 正常肌力Tremor震颤Static tremor: embitter in whisht and mitigate in movement, seen in paralysis agitans 静止性: 静重动轻见于震颤麻痹Intentional tremor: embitter in movement and mitigate in whisht, seen in cerebel disorders 意向性: 动重静轻见于小脑疾患Senile tremor: nodded and hand tremble, seen in arteriosclerosis 老年性: 点头手抖见于动脉硬化Flutter tremor: flicker in wrist and palm, seen in hepatic coma 扑翼样: 腕掌扑动见于肝昏迷Tremor of fingers: fine twitter, seen in hyperthyroidism 手指细颤: 细小抖动见于甲状腺机能亢进症Physical Reflex生理反射Superficial reflex: induced by the stimulation of mucocutaneous receptors 浅反射: 刺激皮肤粘膜感受器引起反应Included: corneal reflex, abdominal reflex, cremasteric reflex, plantar reflex 包括: 角膜反射腹壁反射提睾反射跖反射Deep reflex: induced by the stimulation of periosteal and tendon receptors 深反射: 刺激骨膜肌腱感受器引起反应Included: biceps reflex, triceps reflex, brachioradialis reflex, patellar reflex, achilles tendon reflex 包括: 肱二头肌反射肱三头肌反射桡骨骨膜反射膝(腱)反射跟腱反射Pyramidal Sign锥体束征Upper limbs pathological reflex: Hoffmann Sign usually seen in cervical region disorders of spinal cord 上肢病理反射: 霍夫曼征多见于颈髓病变Lower limbs pathological reflex: Babinski sign, Chaddock sign, Oppenheim sign, Gordon sing 下肢病理反射: 巴宾斯基征查多克征奥本海姆征戈登征Clonus: rhythmical contraction of the muscle made the limb or foot movement by stimulation 阵挛: 刺激使肌肉有节奏的收缩致肢体运动Meningeal Stimulation Sign脑膜刺激征Definition: signs induced by disorders with meninges such as pathological changes, inflammation, arachnoid low cavity bleeding, encephalic hypertension, etc. 定义: 脑膜病变脑膜炎蛛网膜下腔出血颅内压增高等(除外颈椎疾患) Neck rigidity: resisting in raise neck 颈项强直: 抬颈抵抗Kernig sign: angle of knees joint can be drived up less than 135 degree with bended thigh 克匿格征: 屈腿抬高<135º(正常可达135º)Brudzinski sign: going down on knees when raise neck 布鲁金斯基征: 抬颈时屈膝Grade of Fever发热分度Slight fever 低热37.3~38℃Moderate fever 中等度热38.1~39℃Hyperpyrexia 高热39.1~41℃Ultrahyperpyrexia 超高热>41℃Fever Types高热热型Persistent high feverContinuous feverRemittent feverIntermittent high feverIntermittent feverRecurrent feverUndulant feverIrregular fever持续高热热型稽留热弛张热间断高热热型间歇热回归热波状热不规则热Clinical Types of Edema水肿的临床类型Cardiac EdemaNephritic EdemaHepatic EdemaMalnutritional EdemaDrug-induced EdemaOthers Myxedema Premenarche edema心原性水肿肾原性水肿肝原性水肿营养不良性水肿药物性水肿其他黏液性水肿经前期水肿Clinical Features临床特点Area: related to location of the pathological changesNature: lancinating, drilling, burning, colicOnset: continuous, paroxysmal, intermittentReferred painFactors triggering。
2014年高考英语试卷(新课标ⅱ)(含解析版)
2014年全国统一高考英语试卷（新课标Ⅱ） 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分40分)阅读下列列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。
并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
AArriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often senda warm wish their way.21. What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney? A. Go shoppingB. Find a houseC. Join his familyD. Take his family22. The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from .A. a friend of his familyB. a Sydney policemanC. a letter in his papersD. a stranger in Sydney23. What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean? A. ShowedB. Sent outC. DeliveredD. Gave back24. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. From India to Australia.B. Living in a a New Country.C. Turning Trash to Treasure.D. In Search of New Friends.BSince the first Earth Day in 1970, American have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment. “We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many, many times,” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first According to US government reports, emissions (排放) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “Green thinking” has become part of practices.Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school thatdoes not have such a kind of program.” Until we do that, nothing else will change!” say Bruce Anderson.25. According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about .A. the social movementB. recycling techniquesC. environmental problemsD. the importance of Earth Day26. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from? A. The grass-roots levelB. The business circleC. Government officialsD. University professors27. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection? A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.B. They have settled their environmental problems.C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.28. What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph? A. EducationB. PlanningC. Green livingD. CO reductionCOne of the latest trend（趋势）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamford, for example, has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs from aero to around 4,000 since 2004. And that’s true all across the country.“I thought it would be useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age” Joseph Stocke, the managing director of s company, says of his 2-year-old son. “I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.” After only six months of being cared by 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China. She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots. “Because I am Chinese, my husband and Iwanted the children to keep exposed to (接触) the language and culture.” she says.“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children. “But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders. Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”The popularity if au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children who want their children to learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.29. What does that term “au pair” in the text mean? A. A mother raising her children on her own.B. A child learning a foreign language at home.C. A professor in language education of children.D. A young foreign woman taking care of children.30. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them .A. to live in China some dayB. to speak the language at homeC. to catch up wit other childrenD. to learn about the Chinese culture31. What can we infer from the text? A. Learning Chinese is becoming popular in America.B. Educated woman do better in looking after children.C. Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.D. Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.DMetro Pocket GuideMetrorail (地铁)Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out. Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer.Farecard machines are in every station. Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 inchange.Get one ticket of unlimited Metrorall rides with a One Day Pass. Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations. Use it after 9:30 a.m. until closing on weekdays, and all day on weekends and holidays.Hours of serviceOpen: 5a.m. Mon.---Fri. 7a.m. Sat.---Sun.Close: midnight Sun.---Thur. 3a.m. Fri.---Sat. nightsLast train times vary. To avoid missing the last train, please check the last train time posted in the station.MetrobusWhen paying with exact charge, the fare is $1.35. When paying with a SmarTripⓇ card, the fare is $1.25.Fares for the senior/ disabled customersSenior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare. On Metrorail and Metrobus, use a senior/disabled farecard or SmarTripⓇ card. For more information about buying senior/disabled farecards, farecard or SmarTripⓇcards and passes, please visit or call 202-637-7000 and 202-637-8000.Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorall services by calling 202-962-1100.Travel tips (提示)•Avoid riding during weekday rush periods---before 9:30 a.m. and between 4 and 6 p.m.•If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.32. What should you know about farecard machines? A. They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.B. They are connected to change machines.C. They offer special service to the elderly.D. They make change for no more than $5.33. At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday? A. At midnightB. at 3 a.m.C. at 5 a.m.D.at 7 p.m.34. What is good about a SmarTrip® card? A. It is convenient for old people.B. It saves money for its users.C. it can be bought at any time.D. it is sold on the Internet.35. Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro? A. 202-962-1195B. 202-962-1100C. 202-673-7000D. 202-673-8000第二节（共5小题：每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
2014年专八真题
TEM-8 (2014)PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)TEXT AMy class at Harvard Business School helps students understand what good management theory is and how it is built. In each session, we look at one company through the lenses of different theories, using them to explain how the company got into its situation and to examine what action will yield the needed results. On the last day of class, I asked my class to turn those theoretical lenses on themselves to find answers to two questions: First, How can I be sure I’ll be happy in my career? Second, How can I be sure my relationships with my spouse and my family will become an enduring source of happiness? Here are some management tools that can be used to help you lead a purposeful life.1. Use Your Resources Wisely. Your decisions about allocating your personal time, energy, and talent shape your life’s strategy. I have a bunch of “businesses” that compete for these resources: I’m trying to have a rewarding relationship with my wife, raise great kids, contribute to my community, succeed in my career, and contribute to my church. And I have exactly the same problem that a corporation does. I have a limited amount of time, energy and talent. How much do I devote to each of these pursuits? Allocation choices can make your life turn out to very different from what you intended. Sometimes that’s good: opportunities that you have neverplanned for emerge. But if you don’t invest your resources wisely, the outcome can be bad. As I think about my former classmates who inadvertently invested in lives of hollow unhappiness, I can’t help believing that their troubles related right back to a short-term perspective.When people with a high need for achievement have an extra half hour of time or an extra ounce of energy, they’ll unconsciously allocate it to activities that yield the most tangible accomplishments. Our careers provide the most concrete evidence that we’re moving forward. You ship a product, finish a design, complete a presentation, close a sale teach a class, publish a paper, get paid, get promoted. In contrast, investing time and energy in your relationships with your spouse and children typically doesn’t offer the same immediate sense of achievement. Kids misbehave every day. It’s really not until 20 years down the road that you can say, “I raised a good son or a good daughter.” You can neglect your relationship with your spouse and on a daily basis it doesn’t seem as if thing are deteriorating. People who are driven to excel have this unconscious propensity to under invest in their families and overinvest in their careers, even though intimate and loving family relationships are the most powerful and enduring source of happiness. If you study the root causes of business disasters, over and over you’ll find this predisposition toward endeavors that offer immediate gratification. If you look at personal lives through that lens, you’ll see that same stunning and sobering pattern: people allocating fewer and fewer resources to the things they would have once said mattered most.2. Create A Family Culture.It’s one thing to see into the foggy future witha acuity and chart the course corrections a company must make. But it’s quite another to persuade employees to line up and work cooperatively to take the company in that new direction.When there is little agreement, you have to use “power tools” –coercion, threats, punishments and so on, to secure cooperation. But if employee’s ways of working together succeed over and over, consensus begins to form. Ultimately, people don’t even think about whether their way yields success. They embrace priorities and follow procedures by instinct and assumption rather than by explicit decision, which means that they’ve c reated a culture. Culture, in compelling but unspoken ways, dictates the proven, acceptable methods by which member s of a group address recurrent problems. And culture defines the priority given to different types of problems. It can be a powerful management tool.I use this model to address the question, How can I be my family becomes an enduring source of happiness? My students quickly see that the simplest way parents can elicit cooperation from children is to wield power tools. But there comes a point during the teen years when power tools no longer work. At that point, parents start wishing they had begun working with their children at a very young age to build a culture in which children instinctively behave respectfully toward one another, obey their parents, and choose the right thing to do. Families have cultures, just a companies do. Those cultures can be built consciously.If you want your kids to have strong self-esteem and the confidence that they can solve hard problems, those qualities won’t magically materialize in high school. You have to design them into family’s culture and you have think about this very early on. Like employees, children build self-esteem by doing things that are hard and learning what works.11. According to the author, the key to successful allocation of resources in your life depends on whether youA. can manage your time wellB. have long-term planningC. are lucky enough to have new opportunitiesD. can solve both company and family problems12. What is the r ole of the statement “Our careers provide the most concrete evidence that we’re moving forward”with reference to the previous statement in the paragraph?A. To offer further explanationB. To provide a definitionC. To present a contrastD. To illustrate career development13. According to the author, a common cause of failure in business and family relationships isA. lack of planningB. short-sightednessC. shortage of resourcesD. decision by instinct14. According to the author, when does culture begin to emergeA. When people decide what and how to do by instinctB. When people realize the importance of consensusC. When people as a group decide how to succeedD. When people use “power tools” to reach agreement15. One of the similarities between company culture and family culture is thatA. problem-solving ability is essentialB. cooperation is the foundationC. respect and obedience are key elementsD. culture needs to be nurturedText BIt was nearly bed-time and when they awoke next morning land would be in sight. Dr. Macphail lit his pipe and, leaning over the rail, searched the heavens for the Southern Cross. After two years at the front and a wound that had taken longer to heal than it should, he was glad to settle down quietly at Apia (阿皮亚，西萨摩亚首都) for twelve months at least, and he felt already better for the journey. Since some of the passengers were leaving the ship next day at Pago-Pago they had had a little dance that evening and in his ears hammered still the harsh notes of the mechanical piano. But the deckwas quiet at last. A little way off he saw his wife in a long chair talking with the Davidsons, and he strolled over to her. When he sat down under the light and took off his hat you saw that he had very red hair, with a bald patch on the crown, and the red, freckled skin which accompanies red hair; he was a man of forty, thin, with a pinched face, precise and rather pedantic; and he spoke with a Scots accent in a very low, quiet voice.Between the Macphails and the Davidsons, who were missionaries, there had arisen the intimacy of shipboard, which is due to propinquity rather than to any community of taste. Their chief tie was the disapproval they shared of the men who spent their days and nights in the smoking-room playing poker or bridge and drinking. Mrs. Macphail was not a little flattered to think that she and her husband were the only people on board with whom the Davidsons were willing to associate, and even the doctor, shy but no fool, half unconsciously acknowledged the compliment. It was only because he was of an argumentative mind that in their cabin at night he permitted himself to carp (唠叨).‘Mrs. Davidson was saying she didn’t know how they’d have got through the journey if it hadn’t been for us,’ said Mrs. M acphail, as she neatly brushed out her transformation (假发). ‘She said we were really the only people on the ship they cared to know.’‘I shouldn’t have thought a missionary was such a big bug (要人、名士) that he could afford to put on frills (摆架子).’‘It’s not frills. I quite understand what she means. It wouldn’t have been very nice for the Davidsons to have to mix with all that rough lot in the smoking-room.’‘The founder of their religion wasn’t so exclusive,’ said Dr. Macphail with a chuckle.‘I’ve asked you over and over again not to joke about religion,’ answered his wife. ‘I shouldn’t like to have a nature like yours, Alec. You never look for the best in people.’He gave her a sidelong glance with his pale, blue eyes, but did not reply. After many years of married life he had learned that it was more conducive to peace to leave his wife with the last word. He was undressed before she was, and climbing into the upper bunk he settled down to read himself to sleep. When he came on deck next morning they were close to land. He looked at it with greedy eyes. There was a thin strip of silver beach rising quickly to hills covered to the top with luxuriant vegetation. The coconut trees, thick and green, came nearly to the water’s edge, and among them you saw the gra ss houses of the Samoaris (萨摩亚人); and here and there, gleaming white, a little church. Mrs. Davidson came and stood beside him. She was dressed in black, and wore round her neck a gold chain, from which dangled a small cross. She was a little woman, with brown, dull hair very elaborately arranged, and she had prominent blue eyes behind invisible pince-nez (夹鼻眼镜). Her face was long, like a sheep’s, but she gave no impression of foolishness, ratherof extreme alertness; she had the quick movements of a bird. The most remarkable thing about her was her voice, high, metallic, and without inflection; it fell on the ear with a hard monotony, irritating to the nerves like the pitiless clamour of the pneumatic drill.‘This must seem like home to you,’ said Dr. Macph ail, with his thin, difficult smile.‘Ours are low islands, you know, not like these. Coral. These are volcanic. We’ve got another ten days'' journey to reach them.’‘In these parts that’s almost like being in the next street at home,’ said Dr. Macphail facetiously.‘Well, that’s rather an exaggerated way of putting it, but one does look at distances differently in the J South Seas. So far you’re right.’Dr. Macphail sighed faintly.16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that Dr. MacphailA. preferred quietness to noiseB. enjoyed the sound of the mechanical pianoC. was going back to his hometownD. wanted to befriend the Davidsons17. The Macphails and the Davidsons were in each other’e company because theyA. had similar experienceB. liked each otherC. shared dislike for some passengersD. had similar religious belief18. Which of the following statements best DESCRIBES Mrs. Macphail?A. She was good at making friendsB. She was prone to quarrelling with her husbandC. She was skillful in dealing with strangersD. She was easy to get along with.19. All the following adjectives can be used to depict Mrs. Davidson EXCEPTA. arrogantB. unapproachableC. unpleasantD. irritable20. Which of the following statements about Dr. Macphail is INCORRECT?A. He was sociable.B. He was intelligent.C. He was afraid of his wife.D. He was fun of the Davidsons.Text CToday we make room for a remarkably narrow range of personality styles. We're told that to be great is to be bold, to be happy is to be sociable. We see ourselves as a nation of extroverts—which means that we've lost sight of who we really are. One-third to one-half of Americans are introverts—in theother words, one out of every two or three people you know. If you're not an introvert yourself, you are surely raising, managing, married to, or coupled with one.If these statistics surprise you, that's probably because so many people pretend to be extroverts. Closet introverts pass undetected on playgrounds, in high school locker rooms, and in the corridors of corporate America. Some fool even themselves, until some life event---a layoff, an empty nest, an inheritance that frees them to spend time as they like---jolts them into taking stock of their true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to find that the most unlikely people consider themselves introverts.It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal—the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is gregarious, alpha, and comfortable in the spotlight. The archetypal extrovert prefers action to contemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, certainty to doubt. He favors quick decisions, even at the risk of being wrong. She works well in teams and socializes in groups. We like to think that we value individuality, but all too often we admire one type of individual—— the kind who's comfortable "putting himself out there." Sure, we allow technologically gifted loners who launch companies in garages to have any personality they please, but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly to those who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so.Introversion---along with its cousins sensitivity, seriousness, and shyness---is now a second-class personality trait, somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology. Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are like women in a man's world, discounted because of a trait that goes to the core of who they are. Extroversion is an enormously appealing personality style, but we've turned it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel we must conform.The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though this research has never been grouped under a single name. Talkative people, for example, are rated as smarter, better-looking, more interesting, and more desirable as friends. Velocity of speech counts as well as volume: we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. Even the word introvert is stigmatized---one informal study, by psychologist Laurie Helgoe, found that introverts described their own physical appearance in vivid language, but when asked to describe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture.But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly. Some of our greatest ideas, art, and inventions---from the theory of evolution to van Gogh's sunflowers to the personal computer---came from quiet and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their inner worlds and the treasures to be found there.21. According to the author, there exists, as far as personality styles are concerned, a discrepancy betweenA. what people say they can do and what they actually canB. what society values and what people pretend to beC. what people profess and what statistics showD. what people profess and what they hide from others22. The ideal extrovert is described as being all the following EXCEPTA. doubtfulB. sociableC. determinedD. bold23. According to the author, our society only permits ___ to have whatever personality they like.A. the youngB. the ordinaryC. the artisticD. the rich24. According to the passage, which of the following statements BEST reflects the author’s opinion?A. Introversion is seen as an inferior trait because of its association with sensitivity.B. Extroversion is arbitrary forced by society as a norm upon people.C. Introverts are generally regarded as either unsuccessful or as deficient.D. Extroversion and introversion have similar personality trait profiles.25. The author winds up the passage with a____ note.A. cautiousB. warningC. positiveD. humorousText DSpeaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding ou t, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles. The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual ex perience improves the brain’s so-called executive function ?a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning,solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind ? like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often ? you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activityin parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learna second language later in life).26. According to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilingualism differ mainly inA. its practical advantagesB. its role in cognitionC. perceived language fluencyD. its role in medicine27. The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means thatA. it has led to unexpectedly favourable resultsB. its potential benefits have remained undiscoveredC. its effects on cognitive development have been minimalD. only a few researchers have realized its advantages28. What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation to Paragraph Three?A. It provides counter evidence to Paragraph Three.B. It offers another example of the role of interference.C. It serves as a transitional paragraph in the passage.D. It furtherillustrates the point in Paragraph Three.29. Which of the following can account for better performance of bilinguals in doing non-inhibition tasks?A. An ability to monitor surroundings.B. An ability to ignore distractions.C. An ability to perform with less effort.D. An ability to exercise suppression.30. What is the main theme of the passage?A. Features of bilinguals and monolinguals.B. Interference and suppression.C. Bilinguals and monitoring tasks.D. Reasons why bilinguals are smarter.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)31. Which of the following is the French-speaking city in Canada?A. VancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. Toronto32. Which of the following are natives of New Zealand?A. The MaorisB. The AboriginalsC. The Red IndiansD. The Eskimos33. The established or national church in England isA. the Roman Catholic ChurchB. the United Reformed ChurchC. the Anglican ChurchD. the Methodist Church34. The 13 former British colonies in North America declared independence from Great Britain inA. 1774B. 1775C. 1776D. 177735. “Grace under pressure” is an outstanding virtue of ____ heroes.A. Scott Fitzgerald’sB. Ernest Hemingway’sC. Eugene O’Neill’sD. William Faulkner’s36. Widowers’ House was written byA. William Butler YeatsB. George Bernard ShawC. John GalsworthyD. T. S. Eliot37. Who wrote The Canterbury Tales?A. William ShakespeareB. William BlakeC. Geoffrey ChaucerD. John Donne38. Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.)/ suspect(n.)C. convict (v.) / convict (n.)D. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)39. Which of the following sentences has the “S+V+O” structure?A. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. Mary enjoyed parties.D. She became angry.40. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverbial?A. The lion’s shareB. Heart and soul.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions(1) ______have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area:(2) ______●Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (3) ______●What is the explanation for the fact adults have(4) ______more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?●What motivates people to acquire additional language?●What is the role of the language teaching in the(5) ______acquisition of additional languages?●What social-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying the learning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all(6) ______the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do(7) ______so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under(8) ______focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning(9) ______or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers.(10) ______PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH当我在小学毕了业的时候，亲友一致的愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲。
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(课标全国卷I)-译者宋媛媛 -审译张琼
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷I）英语第二部分阅读理解第一节A剑桥科学节好奇心挑战赛敢于接受好奇心挑战！剑桥科学节(CSF)很高兴通知您第六届年度好奇心挑战大赛的召开。
这次大赛邀请甚至激励那些年龄在5至14岁的在校学生创作艺术品或文章，以此展示他们的好奇心以及如何在好奇心的激发下探索世界。
这次大赛激励学生们通过作画、写文章、拍照、或写诗来表达自己所好奇的事物。
要想参加这次挑战大赛，所有的艺术作品或文章都需要在2月8日星期五之前寄给剑桥艺术节，地址是剑桥区，麦斯大街265号，麻省理工博物馆，邮编02139。
参与好奇心挑战大賽并被选为获胜者的学生将在4月21日剑桥艺术节的一个特殊仪式上接受表彰。
特邀发言人也将为学生们颁发奖品。
获奖作品将出版成书。
同时也将展出学生们的参赛作品并给学生们发放奖品。
参与比赛的学生家人也可以参加庆典活动，并且庆典活动提供早午餐。
3月10日至3月15日期间，将通知每位获奖者有关闭幕式和好奇心挑战大赛庆典活动的具体流程和细节。
活动指南以及其他相关信息可登陆http:// . 进行查询。
B旅鸽曾经在美国大部分地区的上空飞翔过，其数量多得令人难以置信。
18世纪到19世纪的文字记载中曾经描述过成群旅鸽飞行时遮天蔽日长达好几个小时的场景。
据计算，旅鸽数量最多时达30 多亿，占美国鸟类数量总和的24%至40%，甚至可能是当时全世界数量最多的鸟类。
即使是在1870年，旅鸽数量已然减少时，也有人在辛辛那提附近看到有1英里宽、320英里长（大约515千米）覆盖面积的旅鸽群。
不幸的是，可能正是旅鸽巨大的数量导致了它们种群的灭亡。
在旅鸽数量极为庞大的地区，人们认为旅鸽很多，可以源源不断地供应，因此成千上万的旅鸽被捕杀。
商业猎杀者用谷物把它们吸引到小的开阔地，一旦等到旅鸽走过去进食，便向它们洒下大网，这样一次可以捕捉到几百只旅鸽。
这些旅鸽被船运到大城市，接着又被卖到餐厅。
在19世纪的最后几十年，由于美国对木材的需要，人们伐掉了旅鸽曾经筑巢的阔叶林，成群的旅鸽被驱散并被迫飞往更远的北部，那里的低温和春季风暴导致它们数量下降。
Hand-outNo.2[Sevenstandardsoftextuality]
![Hand-outNo.2[Sevenstandardsoftextuality]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/9c5c201653ea551810a6f524ccbff121dd36c50b.png)
King Saud UniversityCollege of languages and TranslationText-linguistics for students of translationThe English ProgramHand-out No.2The Seven Standards of TextualityText has been defined as a communicative occurrence/event which meets seven standards of textuality (cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality). Linguists confirm that if any of these standards of textuality is not to have been satisfied, the text will not be communicative.1. CohesionThe first standard of textuality is called cohesion. Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations that provide links between various parts of a text. These relations or ties organise a text by requiring the reader to interpret words and expressions by reference to other words and expressions in the surrounding sentences and paragraphs. Moreover, cohesion is seen as a non-structural semantic relation, as for example, between a pronoun and its antecedent in a preceding sentence, expressing at each stage in the discourse the point of context with what has gone before. A cohesive device is the interpretative link between, for example, a pronoun and its antecedent, or two lexically linked NPs, and a series of such ties (having the same referent) is referred to as a ‘cohesive chain’.Halliday and Hasan (1976) establish five cohesion categories: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctions, and lexical cohesion. In clarifying the notion of‘cohesion’ and ‘cohesive device’, Halliday and Hasan (1976: 1) present the following examples:a. Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into afireproof dish.b. My axe is blunt. I have to get a sharper one.c. Did you see John? - Yes Ø.d. They fought a battle. Afterwards, it snowed.Here, the two sentences, in each example, are linked to each other by a cohesive link; in each instance a different cohesive item is implemented. In example (a), the two sentences are linked by the pronoun ‘them’, in the second sentence, which refers anaphorically to the noun phrase ‘six cooking apples’, in the first sentence. In (b) this relation is established bythe presence of the substitute ‘one’ in the second sentence, which is a counter of the noun‘axe’ in the first sentence of the same example; in (c) the cohesive relation is achieved by the omission of some element in the second sentence that presupposes the first sentence. In example (d) none of the above relations exist; the conjunction or conjunctive adjunct‘afterwards’ is not an anaphoric relation like the previous ones; it does not instruct the reader to search for the meaning of the element to interpret it as in reference, or the replacement of some linguistic element by a counter or by a blank, as are substitution and ellipsis, “but a specification of the way in which what is to follow is systematically connected to what has gone before” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 227).As for the main cohesion category called lexical cohesion, Halliday and Hasan present the following examples:“There is a boy climbing the tree”a. The boy’s going to fall if he does not take care.b. The lad’s going to fall if he does not take care.c. The child’s going to fall if he does not take care.d. The idiot’s going to fall if he does not take care.In example (a), there is a repetition of the same lexical item: ‘boy’, in (b), the reiteration takes the form of a synonym or nearsynonym ‘lad’; in (c), of the superordinate the term ‘child’; and in (d), of a general word ‘idiot’.All these instances have in common the fact that one lexical item refers back to another, to which it is related by having a common referent.2. CoherenceLike cohesion, coherence is a network of relations which organise and create a text: cohesion is the network of surface relations which link words and expressions to other words and expressions in a text, and coherence is the network of conceptual relations which underlie the surface text. Both concern the way stretches of language are connected to each other. In the case of cohesion, stretches of language are connected to each other by virtueof lexical and grammatical dependencies. In the case of coherence, they are connected by virtue of conceptual or meaning dependencies as perceived by language users. Hoey (1991: 12) sums up the difference between cohesion and coherence as follows:"We will assume that cohesion is a property of the text andthat coherence is a facet [i.e. side] of the reader's evaluationof a text. In other words, cohesion is objective, capable inprinciple of automatic recognition, while coherence issubjective and judgements concerning it may vary fromreader to reader."We could say that cohesion is the surface expression of coherence relations, that it is a device for making conceptual relations explicit. For example, a conjunction such as'therefore' may express a conceptual notion of 'reason' or 'consequence'. However, if the reader cannot perceive an underlying semantic relation of 'reason' or 'consequence' between the propositions connected by 'therefore', he will not be able to make sense of the text in question; in other words, the text will not 'cohere' for this particular reader. Generally speaking, the mere presence of cohesive markers cannot create a coherent text; cohesive markers have to reflect conceptual relations which make sense. Enkvist (1978b: 110-11) gives an example of a highly cohesive text which is nevertheless incoherent:I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs.The fact that we cannot make sense of stretches of language like the one quoted above, in spite of the presence of a number of cohesive markers, suggests that what actually gives texture to a stretch of language is not the presence of cohesive markers but our ability to recognise underlying semantic relations which establish continuity of sense. The main value of cohesive markers seems to be that they can be used to facilitate and possibly control the interpretation of underlying semantic relations.The coherence of a text is a result of the interaction between knowledge presented in the text and the reader's own knowledge and experience of the world, the latter being influenced by a variety of factors such as age, sex, race, nationality, education, occupation, and political and religious affiliations. Even a simple cohesive relation of co-reference cannot be recognised, and therefore cannot be said to contribute to the coherence of a text.Coherence can be illustrated by causality, as in: (A) Jack fell down and (B) he broke his crown. Here, (A) is the cause of (B).Coherence can be illustrated by enablement or reason, as in: Jack (A) spent two days working on the problem and he (B) found the solution. (A) enabled (B) or (A) is the reason that led to (B).While cohesion and coherence are to a large extent text-centred, intentionality is user-centred. A text-producer normally seeks to achieve a purpose or goal (e.g. persuasion, instruction, request, information, etc.) based on a given plan. Obviously, cohesion and coherence are taken into consideration while planning and executing one's plan. Speakers or writers vary in the degree of success in planning and achieving their purposes.4. AcceptabilityThe receiver's attitude is that a text is cohesive and coherent. The reader usually supplies information that is missing or unstated. Acceptability is very much sensitive to the social activity the text is fulfilling. A legal contract does not leave much room for inference. It contains what, otherwise, is called redundancies. Poetic language will be viewed as such because it calls on for inferences.Acceptability is very much affected by the reader's social and cultural background. The joke of the priest who, on shaving his beard in the morning cut his chin because he was thinking of the sermon he was about to give, and the advice his fellow priest gave him, "Cut your sermon and concentrate on your beard", was not very much appreciated by some students belonging to different culture.5. InformativityA text has to contain some new information. A text is informative if it transfers new information, or information that was unknown before. Informativity should be seen as a gradable phenomenon. The degree of informativity varies from participant to participant in the communicative event. Situationality contributes to the informativity of the text. A book written in 1950 has an informativity that was high appropriate then.6. SituationalityA text is relevant to a particular social or pragmatic context. Situationality is related to real time and place. Communicative partners as well as their attitudinal state are important for the text's meaning, purpose and intended effect. Scientific texts share a common situationality, while ideological texts have different situationalities across languages and cultures.The seventh standard of textuality is called intertextuality. A text is related to other texts. Intertextuality refers "to the relationship between a given text and other relevant texts encountered in prior experience." (Neubert and Shreve, 1992: 117). These include textual conventions and textual expectations. Some text features have become more and more international, e.g. medical texts. They exhibit many features that are English-like, even they are written in Arabic. There is a fine line between plagiarism and intertextuality.。
2014高考英语听力真题原文及答案(全国卷、北京卷、湖南卷、湖北卷、pets2)
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What does the woman want to do?A.Find a place.B.Buy a map.C.Get an address.2.What will the man do for the woman?A.Repair her car.B.Give her a ride.C.Pick up her aunt.3.Who might Mr.Peterson be?A.A new professor.B.A department head.C.A company director.4.What does the man think of the book?A.Quite difficult.B.Very interesting.C.Too simple.5.What are the speakers talking about?A.Weather.B.Clothes.C.News.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6.Why is Harry unwilling to join the woman?A.He has a pain in his knee.B.He wants to watch TV.C.He is too lazy.7.What will the woman probably do next?A.Stay at home.B.Take Harry to hospital.C.Do some exercise.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
2014年全国新课标英语卷II详细解析
2. 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(全国新课标卷Ⅱ)【名师简评】本套试题难易适中，没有太多的难点。
阅读理解题涉及叙事故事，环境，文化和交通等。
在选材上具有鲜明的教育性和实用性，话题广泛，所选文章贴近生活，体现人文，易于理解。
试题难度适中，以细节题为主，兼具推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意题。
阅读材料长度和词汇难度适中，少有生词，整体难度不高。
注重考查考生通过阅读获取信息并对所读取信息进行推理判断的能力。
七选五阅读的题目设置中等难度，没有难找的线索。
分别考察考生对信息概述、总结和承转的理解。
七选五文章一段集中于一个意思，做题时先抓段落大意，再对照选项。
七选五注意代词(如it，this)，选项的句内关系(如因果、转折)及重现(文章与选项的复现提示)，选择时要特别注意空白处与前文的关系。
完形填空是一篇记叙文。
故事情节紧凑，做题时注意上下文的逻辑关系，巧用关联词。
第一部分: 阅读理解第一节A【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。
讲述的是Rashid的重要文件被当作垃圾扔掉，然后又重新被找到的过程，作者失而复得的不只是文件，还得到了人和人之间的信任。
这段经历变成作者的财富。
1．【考点】细节理解题【答案】B【解析】根据第一段末while 1ooking for a house for me and our children可知，Rashid打算到悉尼给作者和孩子找房子。
2．【考点】词义推断题【答案】C【解析】根据第五段最后一句At last they had seen a half-written letter-to a friend可知我丈夫把新的电话号码写在了一封末完成的给他朋友的信里。
干扰项A，女孩的父母没有跟Rashid的朋友联系，所以不可能从他的朋友那得到号码。
3．【考点】细节理解题【答案】D【解析】根据文章的内容可知，作者的手提箱失而复得，所以restore有“重新获得，归还”之意。
故选D。
2024上海静安区高三英语二模
静安区2023学年第二学期期中教学质量调研高三英语试卷(完卷时间：120分钟满分：140分)2024年4月考生注意：1. 试卷满分140分，完卷时间120分钟。
2. 本调研设试卷和答题纸两部分，全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
第I 卷(共100分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a grocery store. B. At a florist's stand.C. At a bank counter.D. At an electronic shop.2. A. Sign up for a fitness class. B. Shop for fitness equipment.C. Have a fitness test.D. Watch a fitness video.3. A. Pay the ticket right away. B. Challenge the ticket.C. Ignore the ticket.D. Apologize to the parking officer.4. A. She is available on Saturday. B. She will cancel her dentist appointment.C. She can not cover the man's shift.D. She forgot about the shift.5. A. The woman had better give him an extension on the deadline.B. The woman had better draft the proposal by herself.C. The woman had better approve the proposal.D. The woman had better give insights on the budget section.6. A. She doesn't like animals from the shelter.B. She prefers buying pets from breeders.C. She thinks adopting a pet is a bad idea.D. She supports the idea of adopting a pet.7. A. Either of them is an experienced chef.B. Both of them have experienced failures in the kitchen.C. Neither of them are fond of cooking.D. Both of them are concerned about the new recipe.8. A. Bungee jumping is safeB. Bungee jumping is thrilling.C. Bungee jumping might have risks.D. Bungee jumping is sure to be regrettable.9. A. The man should borrow the book several days later.B. The woman urgently needs the book back.C. The man does not need to return the book quickly.D. The woman is unwilling to lend the man the book.10. A. The woman's parents will not appreciate a surprise party.B. The woman should prioritize her parents' preferences for the party.C The man dislikes the idea of a surprise party.D. The woman should plan a party based on her own preferences.Section BDirections: In Section B,you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation,you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through I3 are based on the following speech.11. A. A pupil in need of help. B. A person promising to donate money.C. A member from a charity.D. A teacher in the Semira Region.12. A. 10%. B. 35%. C. 50%. D. 65%.13. A. To train teachers for the disabled. B. To help a pupil with special needs.C. To pay for a walking holiday.D. To organize a charity club for the disabled.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. To distract other students from doing well.B. To impress his friends with the shining ring.C. To improve his chances in the exam.D. To honor his grandfather by wearing a ring.15. A. By having enough time for breaks.B. By breaking down learning into portions.C. By informing teachers of the study habits.D. By wearing lucky objects.16. A. Start revision ahead of time.B. Reward oneself during revision.C. Consider different learning styles.D. Stay up late for the exam.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. To inquire about travel recommendations.B. To discuss cultural festivals in Southeast Asia.C. To plan a solo travel adventure to Thailand.D To learn about Mr. Patel's travel experiences.18. A. Europe and Africa. B. Thailand and VietnamC. South America and Australia.D. Japan and China.19. A. Solely cultural exploration.B. Primarily outdoor adventures.C. A mix of cultural and outdoor experiences.D. Luxurious and private accommodations.20. A. It is ideal for meeting fellow travelers.B. It offers exclusive travel experiences.C. It is a more comfortable and secure stay.D. It offers authentic cultural immersion.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Beethov-hen's first symphonyOn a grey Friday morning at a Hawke's Bay farm,members of New Zealand's symphony orchestra dressed in black to perform their latest composition in front of a large crowd.The music contained many marks of traditional classical music,but as it began,the instruments started to make loud,rough sounds more commonly __21__(hear)in chicken coops than in an auditorium.However,no feathers were angered by this departure from tradition, ___22__the audience that gathered to listen to the concert last week was,in fact,a couple of thousand chickens.The piece of music-Chook Symphony No. 1-__23__(create)specifically for the birds out of an unlikely partnership between the orchestra and an organic free-range chicken farm which wanted a piece of chicken-friendly music to enrich its flocks' lives.“We've been playing classical music for the chickens for some years now because ___24 ___ is well researched that the music can calm the chickens down,”says Ben Bostock,one of the two brothers who__25(own)the Bostock Brothers farm. Research has shown animals can respond positively to classical music,and chickens are particularly responsive to baroque(巴洛克格),according to some studies.The composer,Hamish Oliver,__26__used the baroque tradition as a starting point and drew inspiration from composers such as Corelli,Bach,and Schnitke,wanted the piece to be playful by including sounds from a chicken's world. “The trumpet imitates the c hicken …the woodwind instruments are the cluckiest,especially if you take the reeds off. ”The early stages of composition were spent _______(test)out which instruments and sounds the chickens responded to best.“They didn't like any big banging. ”Bostock said,adding that when the birds respond positively to themusic,they tend__28__(wander)farther among the trees. Bostock now hopes chicken farmers around the world will use the piece of music to calm their own birds.For Oliver,having input from the farmers about __ 29__the chickens were responding to particular sounds and instruments was a highlight of the project.The symphony has searched exhaustively __30__any other examples of orchestras making music specifically for chickens and believes this to be a world-first,says Peter Biggs,the orchestra's chief executive.Section BDirections :Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note thatA new way to reduce poachingResearchers are working on a pilot program backed by Russia's Rosatom Corp to inject rhino horns(犀牛角)with radioactive material,a strategy that could discourage consumption and make it easier to detect illegal trade.Poachers(偷猎者)killed 394 rhinos in South Africa for their horns last year,government data shows,with public and private game __31__lacking the resources needed to monitor vast tracts of land and protect the animals that live there.While the toll was a third lower than in 2019 and the sixth __32_drop,illegal hunting remains the biggest threat to about 20,000 of the animals in the country —the world's biggest population.Thousands of__33__sensors along international borders could be used to detect a small quantity of radioactive material____34___into the horns,according to James Larkin,a professor at the University of Witswatersrand in Johannesburg,who has a background in radiation protection and nuclear security. “A whole new_35_of people could be able to detect the illegal movement of rhino horn,"he said. Some alternate methods of discouraging poaching,including poisoning, dyeing and removing the horns,have raised a variety of opinions as to their virtue and efficacy.Known as The Rhisotope Project,the new anti-poaching __36__started earlier this month with the injection of an amino acid(氨基酸)into two rhinos' horns in order to detect whether the compound will move into the animals' bodies. Also,__37__studies using computer modeling and a replica rhino head will be done to determine a safe dose of radioactive material. Rhino horn is used in traditional medicine,as it is believed to cure disease such as cancer,__38__as a show of wealth and given as gifts."If we make it radioactive, these people will be hesitant to buy it,"Larkin said. "We're pushing on the whole supply chain. "Besides Russia's state-owned nuclear company,the University of Witwatcrsrand. scientists and private rhino owners are involved in the project. If the method is ___39__feasible,it could also be used to curb illegal trade in elephant ivory.“Once we have developed the whole project and got to the poi nt where we completed the proof of concept,then we will be making this whole idea ____40_to whoever wants to use it. " Larkin said.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B. C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.City air is in a sorry state. It is dirty and hot. Outdoor pollution kills 4. 2m people a year, according to the World Health Organization. Concrete and tarmac meanwhile,absorb the sun's rays rather than reflecting them back into space,and also ___41 ___plants which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration(蒸腾作用). The never-ceasing__42_of buildings and roads thus tums urban areas into heat islands,discomforting residents and worsening dangerous heatwaves.A possible answer to the twin problems of pollution and heat is trees. Their leaves may destroy at least some chemical pollutants and they certainly __43__tiny particles floating in the air. which are then washed to the ground by rain. Besides transpiration,they provide __44___.To cool an area effectively, trees must be planted in quantity. Two years ago, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that American cities need 40%tree___45___to cut urban heat back meaningfully. Unfortunately,not all cities —and especially not those now springing up in the world's poor and middle-income countries —are __46___with parks, private gardens or a sufficient number of street trees. And the problem is likely to get worse. At the moment,55%of people live in cities. By 2050 that share is expected to reach 68%.One group of botanists believe they have at least a partial ___47___to this lack of urban vegetation. It is to plant miniature simulacra(模拟物)of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth. Over the course of a career that began in the 1950s,their leader,Miyawaki Akira, a plant ecologist at Yokohama National University in Japan. has developed a way to do this starting with even the most___ 48___deserted areas. And the Miyawaki method is finding increasing___ 49___around the world.Dr Miyawaki's insight was to deconstruct and rebuild the process of ecological succession, by which ___50___land develops naturally into mature forest. Usually,the first arrival is grass, followed by small trees and,finally. larger ones.The Miyawaki method___51 ___some of the early phases and jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood.Dr Miyawaki has__52__the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests,first in Japan,then in other parts of the world. Wherever they are planting,though,gardeners are not restricted to__53 __nature's recipe book to the letter. Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements. A popular choice__54__ is to include more fruit trees than a natural forest might support,thus creating an orchard that requires no maintenance.If your goal is to better your __55__surroundings,rather than to save the planet from global warming,then Dr Miyawaki might well be your man.41. A. thrive B. nourish C. displace D. raise42. A. assessment B. maintenance C. spread D. replacement43. A. release B. trap C. reflect D. dissolve44. A. attraction B. shadow C. interaction D. shade45. A. consumption B. coverage C. interval D. conservation46. A. blessed B. lined C. piled D. fascinated47. A. treatment B. obstacle C,warning D. solution48. A. unnoticed B. unpromising C. untested D. unfading49. A. criticism B. favor C. sponsor D. anxiety50. A. bare B. graceful C. faint D. mysterious51. A highlights B. skips C. improves D. pushes52. A. accessed B. spotted C. supervised D. ranked53. A. disturbing B. balancing C. following D. reducing54. A. for example B. in essence C. on the other hand D. after all55. A. suburban B. leisure C. scenic D. immediateSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)From Marie Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors to Disneyland's Haunted Mansion(鬼屋)to horror-themed escape rooms,haunted house attractions have terrified and delighted audiences around the world for more than 200 years.These attractions turn out to be good places to study fear. They help scientists understand the body's response to fright and how we perceive some situations as enjoyably thrilling and others as truly terrible. One surprising finding;having friends close at hand in a haunted house might make you more jumpy,not less so.Psychologist and study co-author Sarah Tashjian,who is now at the University of Melbourne, and her team conducted their research with 156 adults,who each wore a wireless wrist sensor during their visit. The sensor measured skin responses linked to the body's reactions to stress and other situations. When the sensor picked up,for example,greater skin conductance —that is,the degree to which the skin can transmit an electric current —that was a sign that the body was more aroused and ready for fight or flight. In addition to this measure,people reported their expected fear (on a scale of 1 to 10)before entering the haunted house and their experienced fear (on the same scale)after completing the haunt.The scientists found that people who reported greater fear also showed heightened skin responses. Being with friends,Tashjian and her colleagues further found,increased physiological arousal during the experience,which was linked to stronger feelings of fright. In fact,the fear response was actually weaker when people went through the house in the presence of strangers.Other investigators have used haunted houses to understand how fear and enjoyment can coexist. In a 2020 study led by Marc Malmdorf Andersen,a member of the Recreational Fear Lab at Aarhus University in Denmark,scientists joined forces with Dystopia Haunted House. The Danish atraction includes such terrifying experiences as being chased by "Mr. Piggy",a large, chain-saw-wielding man wearing a bloody butcher's apron and pig mask. People between the ages of 12 and 57 were video recorded at peak moments during the attraction,wore heart-rate monitors throughout and reported on their experience. People's fright was tied to large-scale heart-rate fluctuations;their enjoyment was linked to small-scale ones. The results suggest that fear and enjoyment can happen together when physiological arousal is balanced "just right".56. Studing haunted house attractions helps scientists to learn about _____.A. the psychological effects of fear on individualsB. the history of horror-themed entertainmentC. the body's response to material rewardsD. the impact of technology on people's enjoyment57. How did Sarah Tashjian and her team conduct their research on haunted house experiences? A. By surveying participants.B. By analyzing historical records.C. By employing wireless wrist sensors.D. By using virtual reality simulations.58. What did Tashjian and her colleagues discover in their study?A. Being with fiends elevated level of physiological arousal.B. The fear reaction was stronger in the company of strangers.C. Psychological effect was unrelated to intensified feelings of fright.D. Those reporting lightened fear showed increased skin responses.59,It can be concluded from the 2020 study led by Marc Malmdorf Andersen that ____.A. fear and enjoyment can not happen at the same timeB. large-scale heart-rate fluctuations were linked to enjoymentC. the age of the participants was not related to the study's findingsD. fear and enjoyment can coexist under certain conditions(B)Is an electric vehicle right for you?Many people will ask themselvesthat question for the first time this year.Prices are falling,battery range is risingand mainstream brands are adding new EVs at a breakneck pace.Here are three things anybody seriously considering buying an EV should know:1. The price to install a 240v chargerAnybody who owns an electric vehicle needs a 240-volt charger at home. With one,you can recharge overnight,so you start every day with the equivalent of a full tank.Just a few years ago,home 240v EV chargers cost $2,500-$3,000,including installation,but prices have declined as competition grows with the number of EVs on the road.2. The time it takes to chargeAbout 80%of miles driven in EVs are powered by electricity charged at home,but you'll need to charge elsewhere occasionally. That's when charging time becomes a big deal,but how long it takes depends on a couple of factors.First,voltage from the charger. Getting 250 miles of range in seven hours from a 240v charger is fine when you're charging overnight at home,but it's a deal breaker if you're going 300 miles for a weekend getaway. In that case,you'll want to look for a 400v DC fast charger. They're not as common as 240v public chargers yet,but they're becoming more widespread.There's another factor:the on-board charger. It regulates how fast the battery can accept electricity. A vehicle with a higher-capacity on-board charger accepts electricity faster.3. Where to chargeGood route-planning apps will help you find chargers on a road trip.“Most people have no idea how many public charging stations are within,say,a 10-or 15- mile radius(半径)because they're small,people don't look for them or even don't know what to look for,and they're rarely signposted,"said journalist John Voelcker,who has studied EVs and charging exhaustively.4. On the horizonIf an EV doesn't meet your needs now, watch this space. They're coming closer,but large numbers of gasoline vehicles will remain in production for years. Beyond that,companies will keep making spare parts for oil-burners for decades.60. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The price of installing a home EV charger has remained stable in the past few years.B. It's quite easy to identify the public charging stations with the help of striking signposts.C. Popular brands are introducing new EVs at an incredibly fast rate.D. An electric vehicle can't provide the same amount of energy as a completely filled fuel tank.61. The underlined phrase "watch this space" in the last paragraph probably means" _______ ”.A. give up the plan to purchase an EVB. make space for an EVC. find an alternative to EVD. keep an eye out for future developments62. This passage is mainly intended to _______ .A illustrate the factors charging time depends onB. offer advice on purchasing an electric vehicleC. look forward to the future of electric vehiclesL explain the reason for the falling prices of electric vehicles(C)Flinging brightly coloured objects around a screen at high speed is not what computers' central processing units were designed for. So manufacturers of arcade machines invented the graphics-processing unit (GPU),a set of circuits to handle video games' visuals in parallel to the work done by the central processor. The GPU's ability to speed up complex tasks has since found wider uses:video editing, cryptocurency mining and most recently,the training of artificial intelligence.AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI,which digests inputs of text,image,audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most,argues Andreessen Horowitz,a venture-capital(VC)firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content:consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting Al assistants to chum it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets.AI represents an "explosion of opportunity"and could drastically change the landscape of game development. Making a game is already easier than it was:nearly 13,000 titles were published last year on Steam,a games platform,almostdouble the number in 2017. Gaming may soon resemble the music and video industries in which most new content on Spotify or YouTube is user-generated. One games executive predicts that small firms will be the quickest to work out what new genres are made possible by Al. Last month Raja Koduri,an executive at Intel,left the chip maker to found an Al-gaming startup.Don't count the big studios out,though. If they can release half a dozen high-quality titles a year instead of a couple,it might chip away at the hit-driven nature of their business,says Josh Chapman of Konvoy,a gaming focused VC firm. A world of more choices also favors those with big marketing budgets. And the giants may have better answers to the mounting copyright questions around Al. If generative models have to be trained on data to which the developer has the rights,those with big back-catalogues will be better placed than startups. Trent Kaniuga,an artist who has worked on games like "Fortnite",said last month that several clients had updated their contracts to ban Al-generated ant.If the lawyers don't intervene,unions might. Studios diplomatically refer to Al assistants as “co-pilots”,not replacements for humans.63. The original purpose behind the invention of the graphics-processing unit (GPU)was to______A. speedup complex tasks in video editing and cryptocurency miningB. assist in the developing and training of artificial intelligenceC. disrupt the industry and create new outputs using generative AID. offload game visual tasks from the central processor64. How might the rise of AI-gaming startups affect the development of the gaming industry?A. It contributes to the growth of user-generated content.B. It facilitates blockbuster dependency on big studios.C. It decreases collaboration between different stakeholders in the industry.D. It may help to consolidate the gaming market under major corporations.65. What can be inferred about the role of artificial intelligence in gaming?A. AI favors the businesses with small marketing budgets.B. AI is expected to simplify game development processes.C. AI allows startups to gain an edge over big firms with authorized data.D. AI assistants may serve as human substitutes for studios.66. What is this passage mainly about?A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs).B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry.C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units(GPUs).D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can beTime to end Santa's 'naughty list'?Many of us have magical memories of Santa secretly bringing gifts and joy to our childhood homes —but is there a darker side to the beloved Christmas tradition?I was —and I'm happy to admit it —a loyal believer of Santa. I absolutely loved the magic of Christmas,especially Santa Claus,and my parents went above and beyond to encourage it. However,as I begin to construct my own Santa Claus myth for my daughter,I can't help but feel guilty. Could it undermine her trust in me?_____67______Backin1978,a study published in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry(矫正精神医学)found that 85%of four-year-olds said they believed in Santa. In 2011,research published in the Journal of Cognition and Development found that 83%of 5-year-olds claimed to be true believers.I guess it's not all that surprising. _____68 _____He features in every Christmas TV show and movie. Each year the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD)allows you to track Santa's journey on Christmas Eve. To reassure children during the pandemic in 2020,the World Health Organization issued a statement declaring that Santa was “immune”from Covid 19. And it's precisely this effort on behalf of parents,and society in general,to create such seemingly overwhelming evidence for the existence of Santa Claus that David Kyle Johnson,a professor of philosophy at King's College in Pennsylvania,describes as 'The Santa Lie' in his book The Myths That Stole Christmas. He highlights how we don't simply ask children to imagine Santa,but rather to actually believe in him. _____69 _____The 'Santa lie' can reduce trust between a parent and a child. _____70 _____It is the creation of false evidence and convincing kids that bad evidence is in fact good evidence that discourages the kind of critical thinking we should be encouraging in children in this era. “The ‘Santa lie' is part of a parenting practice that encourages people to believe what they want to believe,simply because of the psychological reward,”says Johnson. “That's really bad for society in general. ”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Exploring the Appeal of VintageToday,the term“vintage”applies to almost everything. Vintage is more recent than an antique (古董)which is defined as 100 years old or more. It basically means reviving something old- fashioned or filled with memories. For an object to be considered vintage,it must be unique and genuine enough to retain at least some of its original charm.We buy vintage because it creates a sense of personal connection for us:it speaks to our childhood memories and that feels good. We also buy vintage because we're rebels. Vintage is a protest against modern mainstream culture. In an age of technology,buying vintage is a refuge from our fast-paced,high-tech world. We want our children to make the most of their creativity and know how to entertain themselves without electronic gadgets. Ironically,early video games are now considered vintage.Of all the vintage objects,vintage toys are forever attractive for both adults and children. Although some toys have emotional value,others have high market value and are expensive to collect. Vintage toys that were made in small quantities often bring a higher value than those that were mass produced. That means,if you own one of the 2,000 “Peanuts”royal blue beanie baby elephants that were manufactured with a darker blue coat than originally intended,you might have something valuable on your hands. In fact,due to a manufacturer error,this is the most collectible beanie baby around —and worth about f3,000.If you're motivated and feeling lucky,you can find deals on vintage toys by browsing charity shops,secondhand stores,community centers,flea markets and garage sales. You never know what kind of treasures are hiding at the bottom of a mixed box in someone's basement,garage or attic.第Ⅱ卷(共40分)V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English. using the words given in the brackets.72. 他在升旗仪式上的演讲得到了高声喝彩。
Division II Notes
专用词与注释Division TwoThe Old Testament1. Judaism 犹太教2.Christianity 基督教巴勒斯坦3. Palestine [Holyland]4. Hebrew 希伯来人5.Canaan 迦南，《圣经》故事中称其为上帝赐给以色列人祖先的“应许之地”（the promised land），巴勒斯担和叙利亚、黎巴嫩等地的古称。
6. the Old Testament《旧约圣经》，希伯来人古代文献的汇编，主要讲述有关上帝和上帝法令，一共39部，其中最古老最重要的五部称为“摩西五书”。
7. Jesus Christ 耶稣基督8. the Pentateuch “摩西五书”，有《创世记》（Genesis）、《出埃及记》（Exodus）、《利未记》（Leviticus）、《民数记》（Numbers）和《申命记》（Deuteronomy）五卷组成。
9. Adam and Eve 亚当和夏娃伊甸园10. the Garden ofEden11. Paradise 伊甸乐园、天国12. Noah’s Ark诺亚方舟，传说亚当、夏娃违北上帝后，人类也变得越来越腐化，上帝因此后悔创造了人类，决定毁灭地球上的一切。
据说诺亚对上帝十分虔诚，于是上帝授予意他制造一只大方舟。
诺亚和他的三个儿子造好大方舟后，一家人搬了进去，而且还带有一公一母的各种动物。
7天后，暴雨连降了40天，大地上的一切都淹没了，无垠的水面只剩下诺亚方舟。
13. Moses 摩西，古代希伯来人首领、先知、利未部落人14.Yahweh 耶和华15. Ten Commandments十条戒命，又称“摩西十戒”。
上帝在西奈山上亲自授予摩西，作为同以色列人订立的约法。
摩西十戒有令：（1）耶和华是所有以色列人惟一信奉的神；（2）不得雕塑和崇拜任何偶像；（3）不得滥用上帝的名义；（4）纪念安息日，守为圣日，六天劳作，第七日休息；（5）孝顺父母；（6）不得杀人；（7）不得通奸；（8）不得偷盗；（9）不得作伪证陷害他人；（10）不得贪恋他人之妻子、房产、仆婢和牛羊等。
2014年英语专八真题及答案
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2014)GRADE EIGHTPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Now, listen to the mini-lecture.How to Reduce StressLife is full of things that cause us sress. Though we may notlike stress, we have to live with it.I. Definitionof stressA. (1)reactioni.e.force exerted between two touching bodiesB. human reactioni.e. response to (2) on someonee.g. increase in breathing, heart rate,(3) , or muscle tension II. (4) ,A. positive stress where it occurs:Christmas, wedding, (5) B.negative stress where it occurs: test-taking situations, friend’s deathIII. Ways to cope with stressA.recoginition of stress signals—monitor for (6) of stress—find ways to protect oneselfB.attention to body demand—effect of (7)C.planning and acting appropriately—reason for planning—(8) of planningD.learning to (9)—e.g. dlay caused by trafficE.pacing activities—manageable task—(10)SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. According to the interviewer, which of the following best indicates the relationship between choice and mobility?A.Better education→ greater mobility→more choices.B.Better education→more choices→greater mobility.C.Greater mobility→better education→more choices.D.Greater mobility→more choices→better education.2. According to the interview, which of the following details about the first poll is INCORRECT? A. Shorter work hours was least chosen for being most important.B.Chances for advancement might have been favoured by young people.C.High income failed to come on top for being most important.D.Job security came second according to the poll results.3. According to the interviewee, which is the main difference between the first and thesecond poll? A. The type of respondents who were invited.B.The way in which the questions were designed.C.The content area of the questions.D.The number of poll questions.4. What can we learn from the respondents' answers to items 2, 4 and 7 in thesecond poll? A. Recognition from colleagues should be given less importance.B.Workers are always willing and ready to learn more new skills.C.Psychological reward is more important than material one.D.Work will have to be made interesting to raise efficiency.5. According to the interviewee, which of the following can offer both psychological and monetary benefits? A. Contact with many people.B.Chances for advancement.C.Appreciation from coworkers.D.Chances to learn new skills.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.6. According to the news item, "sleepboxes" are designed to solve theproblems of A. airports.B.passengers.C.architects.panies.7. Which of the following is NOT true with referenceto the news? A. Sleepboxes can be rented for differentlengths of time.B.Renters of normal height can stand up inside.C.Bedding can be automatically changed.D.Renters can take a shower inside the box.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.8. What is the news item mainly about?A.London's preparations for the Notting Hill Carnival.B.Main features of the Notting Hill Carnival.C.Police's preventive measures for the carnival.D.Police participation in the carnival.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.9. The news item reports on a researchfinding about A. the Dutch famine andthe Dutch women.B.early malnutrition and heart health.C.the causes of death during the famine.D.nutrition in childhood and adolescence.10. When did the research team carry outthe study? A. At the end of World WarII.B.Between 1944 and 1945.C.In the 1950s.D.In 2007.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) TEXT AMy class at Harvard Business School helps students understand what good management theory is and how it is built. In each session, we look at one company through the lenses of different theories, using them to explain how the company got into its situation and to examine what action will yield the needed results. On the last day of class, I asked my class to turn those theoretical lenses on themselves to find answers to two questions: First, How can I be sure I’ ll be happy in my career? Second, How can I be sure my relationships with my spouse and my family will become an enduring source of happiness? Here are some management tools that can be used to help you leada purposeful life.e Your Resources Wisely. Your decisions about allocating your personal time, energy, and talent shape your life’s strategy. I have a bunch of “businesses” that compete for these resources: I’m trying to have a rewarding relationship with my wife, raise g reat kids, contribute to my community, succeed in my career, and contribute to my church. And I have exactly the same problem that a corporation does. I have a limited amount of time, energy and talent. How much do I devote to each of these pursuits?Allocation choices can make your life turn out to very different from what you intended. Sometimes that’s good: opportunities that you have never planned for emerge. But if you don’ t invest your resources wisely, the outcome can be bad. As I think about my former classmates who inadvertently invested in lives of hollow unhappiness, I can’ t help believing that their troubles related right back to a short-term perspective.When people with a high need for achievement have an extra half hour of time or an extra ounce of energy, they’ ll unconsciously allocate it to activities that yield the most tangible accomplishments. Our careers provide the most concrete evidence that we’re moving forward. You ship a product, finish a design, complete a presentation, close a sale teach a class, publish a paper, get paid, get promoted. In contrast, investing time and energy in your relationships with your spouse and children typically doesn’ t offer the same immediate sense of achievement. Kids misbehave every day. It’ s really not until 20 years down the road that you can say, “ I raised a good son or a good daughter.” You can neglect your relationship with your spouse and on a daily basis it doesn’t seem as if thing are deteriorating. People who are driven to excel have this unconscious propensity to under invest in their families and overinvest in their careers, even though intimate and loving family relationships are the most powerful and enduring source of happiness.If you study the root causes of business disasters, o ver and over you’ll find this predisposition toward endeavors that offer immediate gratification. If you look at personal lives through that lens, you’ ll see that same stunning and sobering pattern: people allocating fewer and fewer resources to the things they would have once said mattered most.2.Create A Family Culture. It’s one thing to see into the foggy future with a acuity and chart the course corrections a company must make. But it’s quite another to persuade employees to line up and work cooperatively to take the company in that new direction.When there is little agreement, you have to use “ power tools” – coercion, threats, punishments and so on, to secure cooperation. But if employee’ s ways of working together succeed over and over, consensus begins to form. Ultimately, people don’t even think about whether their way yields success. They embrace priorities and follow procedures by instinct and assumption rather than by explicit decision, which means that they’ ve created a culture. Culture, in compelling but unspoken ways, dictates the proven, acceptable methods by which member s of a group address recurrent problems. And culture defines the priority given to different types of problems. It can be a powerful management tool.I use this model to address the question, How can I be my family becomes an enduring source of happiness? My students quickly see that the simplest way parents can elicit cooperation from children is to wield power tools. But there comes a point during the teen years when power tools no longer work. At that point, parents start wishing they had begun working with their children at a very young age to build a culture in which children instinctively behave respectfully toward one another, obey their parents, and choose the right thing to do. Families have cultures, just a companies do. Those cultures can be built consciously.If you want your kids to have strong self-esteem and the confidence that they can solve hard problems, those qualities won’t magically materialize in h igh school. You have to design them into family’s culture and you have think about this very early on. Like employees, children build self-esteem by doing things that are hard and learning what works.11. According to the author, the key to successful allocation of resources in your life depends on whether youA. can manage your time wellB. have long-term planningC. are lucky enough to have new opportunitiesD. can solve both company and family problems12. What is the role of the statement “ Our careers provide the most concrete evidence that we’re moving forward” with reference to the previous statement in the paragraph?A. To offer further explanationB. To provide a definitionC. To present a contrastD. To illustrate career development13. According to the author, a common cause of failure in business and family relationships isA. lack of planningB. short-sightednessC. shortage of resourcesD. decision by instinct14. According to the author, when does culture begin to emergeA.When people decide what and how to do by instinctB.When people realize the importance of consensusC.When people as a group decide how to succeedD.When people use “ power tools” to reach agreement15. One of the similarities between company culture and family culture is thatA. problem-solving ability is essentialB. cooperation is the foundationC. respect and obedience are key elementsD. culture needs to be nurturedText BIt was nearly bed-time and when they awoke next morning land would be in sight. Dr. Macphail lit his pipe and, leaning over the rail, searched the heavens for the Southern Cross. After two years at the front and a wound that had taken longer to heal than it should, he was glad to settle down quietly at Apia (阿皮亚，西萨摩亚首都) for twelve months at least, and he felt already better for the journey. Since some of the passengers were leaving the ship next day at Pago-Pago they had had a little dance that evening and in his ears hammered still the harsh notes of the mechanical piano. But the deck was quiet at last. A little way off he saw his wife in a long chair talking with the Davidsons, and he strolled over to her. When he sat down under the light and took off his hat you saw that he had very red hair, with a bald patch on the crown, and the red, freckled skin which accompanies red hair; he was a man of forty, thin, with a pinched face, precise and rather pedantic; and he spoke with a Scots accent in a very low, quiet voice.Between the Macphails and the Davidsons, who were missionaries, there had arisen the intimacy of shipboard, which is due to propinquity rather than to any community of taste. Their chief tie was the disapproval they shared of the men who spent their days and nights in the smoking-room playing poker or bridge and drinking. Mrs. Macphail was not a little flattered to think that she and her husband were the only people on board with whom the Davidsons were willing to associate, and even the doctor, shy but no fool, half unconsciously acknowledged the compliment. It was only because he was of an argumentative mind that in their cabin at night he permitted himself to carp (唠叨).‘Mrs. Davidson was saying she didn’t know how they’d have got through the journey if it hadn’t been for us,’ said Mrs. Macphail, as she neatly brushed out her transformation (假发). ‘She said we were really the only people on the ship they cared to know.’‘I shouldn’t have thought a missionary was such a big bug (要人、名士) that he could afford toput on frills (摆架子).’‘It’s not frills. I quite understand what she means. It wouldn’t have been very nice for the Davidsons to have to mix with all that rough lot in the smoking-room.’‘ The founder of their religion wasn’ t so exclusive,’ said Dr. Macphail with a chuckle.‘ I’ ve asked you over and over again not to joke about religion,’ answered his wife. ‘ I shouldn’ t like to have a nature like yours, Alec. You never look for the be st in people.’He gave her a sidelong glance with his pale, blue eyes, but did not reply. After many years of married life he had learned that it was more conducive to peace to leave his wife with the last word. He was undressed before she was, and climbing into the upper bunk he settled down to read himself to sleep.When he came on deck next morning they were close to land. He looked at it with greedy eyes. There was a thin strip of silver beach rising quickly to hills covered to the top with luxuriant vegetation. The coconut trees, thick and green, came nearly to the water’ s edge, and among them you saw the grass houses of the Samoaris (萨摩亚人); and here and there, gleaming white, a little church. Mrs. Davidson came and stood beside him. She was dressed in black, and wore round her neck a gold chain, from which dangled a small cross. She was a little woman, with brown, dull hair very elaborately arranged, and she had prominent blue eyes behind invisible pince-nez (夹鼻眼镜). Her face was long, like a sheep’s, but she gave no impression of foolishness, rather of extreme alertness; she had the quick movements of a bird. The most remarkable thing about her was her voice, high, metallic, and without inflection; it fell on the ear with a hard monotony, irritating to the nerves like the pitiless clamour of the pneumatic drill.‘ This must seem like home to you,’ said Dr. Macphail, with his thin, difficult smile.‘ Ours are low islands, you know, not like these. Coral. These are volcanic. We’ve got another ten days'' journey to reach them.’‘ In these parts that’ s almost like being in the next street at home,’ said Dr. Macphail facetiously.‘ Well, that’s rather an exaggerated way of putting it, but one does look at distances differently in the J South Seas. So fa r you’ re right.’ Dr. Macphail sighed faintly.16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that Dr. MacphailA. preferred quietness to noiseB. enjoyed the sound of the mechanical pianoC. was going back to his hometownD. wanted to befriend the Davidsons17. The Macphails and the Davidsons were in each other’ e company because theyA. had similar experienceB. liked each otherC. shared dislike for some passengersD. had similar religious belief18. Which of the following statements best DESCRIBES Mrs. Macphail?A. She was good at making friendsB. She was prone to quarrelling with her husbandC. She was skillful in dealing with strangersD. She was easy to get along with.19. All the following adjectives can be used to depict Mrs. Davidson EXCEPTA. arrogantB. unapproachableC. unpleasantD. irritable20. Which of the following statements about Dr. Macphail is INCORRECT?A. He was sociable.B. He was intelligent.C. He was afraid of his wife.D. He was fun of the Davidsons.Text CToday we make room for a remarkably narrow range of personality styles. We're told that to be great is to be bold, to be happy is to be sociable. We see ourselves as a nation of extroverts—which means that we've lost sight of who we really are. One-third to one-half of Americans are introverts—in the other words, one out of every two or three people you know. If you're not an introvert yourself, you are surely raising, managing, married to, or coupled with one.If these statistics surprise you, that's probably because so many people pretend to be extroverts. Closet introverts pass undetected on playgrounds, in high school locker rooms, and in the corridors of corporate America. Some fool even themselves, until some life event---a layoff, an empty nest, an inheritance that frees them to spend time as they like---jolts them into taking stock of their true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to find that the most unlikely people consider themselves introverts.It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal—the omnipresent belief that the ideal self is gregarious, alpha, and comfortable in the spotlight. The archetypal extrovert prefers action to contemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, certainty to doubt. He favors quick decisions, even at the risk of being wrong. She works well in teams and socializes in groups. We like to think that we value individuality, but all too often we admire one type of individual—— the kind who's comfortable "putting himself out there." Sure, we allow technologically gifted loners who launch companies in garages to have any personality they please, but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly to those who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so.Introversion---along with its cousins sensitivity, seriousness, and shyness---is now a second-class personality trait, somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology. Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are like women in a man's world, discounted because of a trait that goes to the core of who they are. Extroversion is an enormously appealing personality style, but we've turned it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel we must conform.The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though this research has never been grouped under a single name. Talkative people, for example, are rated as smarter, better-looking,more interesting, and more desirable as friends. Velocity of speech counts as well as volume: we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. Even the word introvert is stigmatized---one informal study, by psychologist Laurie Helgoe, found that introverts described their own physical appearance in vivid language, but when asked to describe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture.But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly. Some of our greatest ideas, art, and inventions---from the theory of evolution to van Gogh's sunflowers to the personal computer---came from quiet and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their inner worlds and the treasures to be found there.21. According to the author, there exists, as far as personality styles are concerned, a discrepancy betweenA.what people say they can do and what they actually canB.what society values and what people pretend to beC.what people profess and what statistics showD.what people profess and what they hide from others22. The ideal extrovert is described as being all the following EXCEPTA. doubtfulB. sociableC. determinedD. bold23. According to the author, our society only permits ___ to have whatever personality they like.A. the youngB. the ordinaryC. the artisticD. the rich24. According to the passage, which of the followin g statements BEST reflects the author’ s opinion? A. Introversion is seen as an inferior trait because of its association with sensitivity.B.Extroversion is arbitrary forced by society as a norm upon people.C.Introverts are generally regarded as either unsuccessful or as deficient.D.Extroversion and introversion have similar personality trait profiles.25. The author winds up the passage with a____ note.A. cautiousB. warningC. positiveD. humorousText DSpeaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism throughmuch of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’ s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a hand icap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function ? a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind ? like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “ Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often ? you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another languag e,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain. “ It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life).26. According to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilingualism differ mainly inA. its practical advantagesB. its role in cognitionC. perceived language fluencyD. its role in medicine27. The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means thatA. it has led to unexpectedly favourable resultsB. its potential benefits have remained undiscoveredC.its effects on cognitive development have been minimalD.only a few researchers have realized its advantages28. What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation toParagraph Three? A. It provides counter evidence toParagraph Three.B.It offers another example of the role of interference.C.It serves as a transitional paragraph in the passage.D.It further illustrates the point in Paragraph Three.29. Which of the following can account for better performance of bilinguals in doing non-inhibition tasks? A. An ability to monitor surroundings. B. An ability to ignore distractions.C. An ability to perform with less effort.D. An ability to exercise suppression.30. What is the main theme of the passage?A. Features of bilinguals and monolinguals.B. Interference and suppression.C. Bilinguals and monitoring tasks.D. Reasons why bilinguals are smarter.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)31. Which of the following is the French-speaking city in Canada?A. VancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. Toronto32. Which of the following are natives of New Zealand?A. The MaorisB. The AboriginalsC. The Red IndiansD. The Eskimos33. The established or national church in England isA. the Roman Catholic ChurchB. the United Reformed ChurchC. the Anglican ChurchD. the Methodist Church34. The 13 former British colonies in North America declared independence from Great Britain inA. 1774B. 1775C. 1776D. 177735. “ Grace under pressure” is an outstanding virtue of ____ heroes.A. Scott Fitzgerald’ sB. Ernes t Hemingway’ sC. Eugene O’ Neill’ sD. William Faulkner’ s36. Widowers’ House was written byA. William Butler YeatsB. George Bernard ShawC. John GalsworthyD. T. S. Eliot37. Who wrote The Canterbury Tales?A. William ShakespeareB. William BlakeC. Geoffrey ChaucerD. John Donne38. Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.) / suspect (n.)C. convict (v.) / convict (n.)D. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)39. Which of the following sentences has the “ S+V+O” structure?A. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. Mary enjoyed parties.D. She became angry.40. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverbial?A. The lion’ s shareB. Heart and soul.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors．Each indicated line contains a maximum ofONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved．You should proof-read thepassage and correct it in the following way：For a wrong word，underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line．For a missing word．mark the position of the missing word with a "^" signand write the word you believe to be missing in the blankprovided at the end of the line．For an unnecessary word，cross the unnecessary word with a slash”／”and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line．EXAMPLEWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit，(1) an it never buys things in finished form andhangs (2) never them on the wall．When anatural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it．(3) exhibitThere is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions (1) ______(2) ______ have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area:●Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (3) ______●What is the explanation for the fact adults have more(4) ______ difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?●What motivates people to acquire additional language?。
河北省衡水中学2024-2025学年高三上学期综合素质评价二英语
英语学科
（考试时间：120分钟）
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共5小题；每小题1. 5分，满分7. 5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
3 redcrowned crane birds hatched at the station through his artificial program in 1996. But despite tasting success, Zhao and his team encountered hardships the following year. In1997, not a single redcrowned crane bird hatched.And in 1998, only one redcrowned crane chick hatched through artificial breeding, but it died soon after.
·Explore how to make simple films with your pupils
·Consider how to use filmmaking as a tool for assessment
·Learn how to evaluate the filmmaking process ensuring progression
How is the class arranged?
Duration 3 weeks
Weekly study 3 hours
中国原油价格争取成为国际基准指标的进程研判
战略与决策中国原油价格争取成为国际基准指标的进程研判中国原油价格争取成为国际基准指标的进程研判田洪志1,3，姚峰丨，2,罗浩1，李慧1(1.西北大学经济管理学院，陕西西安710127;2.曰本香川大学经济学部，曰本高松7608523;3.西北大学中国西部经济发展研究院，陕西西安710127)摘要:针对研判中国原油期货价格争取成为国际基准油价指标进程中遇到的理论支撑不足问题，基于多变量时间序列因果分析理论，提出国际基准油价指标的价格发现机制、价格影响机制与价格公认机制等概念。
计量经济分析结果显示：上海国际能源交易中心（IN E)油价在不同周期内均对北美原油市场的西德克萨斯（WTI)油价、欧洲原油市场的布伦特油价、东亚原油市场的东京商品交易所（T C E)油价等产生了显著的单方向因果影响，具备了影响机制；同时受到其他油价的单方向因果作用微小，正在逐步形成价格发现机制；在持仓量、媒体报道、学术征引等方面目前尚未获得价格公认机制。
关键词：大宗商品；国际定价权；单方向因果测度；原油期货中图分类号：F832 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005 - 0566(2020)12 - 0011 -11.Study and Judgethe Process of China' s Oil Price Striving toBecome the International Benchmark IndexTIAN Hong-zhi1'3, YAO Feng1'2, LUO H ao', LI Hui1(1. School of Economics and Management, Northwest University ^XV an 710127, China；2. Faculty of Economics, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 760S523 , Japan；3. China Western Economic Development Research Institute, Northwest University, X i' an 710127, China)Abstract ：Faced with insufficient theoretical support to study and judge the process of China * s crude oil futures price to become an international benchmark oil price index, based on the theory of multivariate time series causality analysis, the concepts of price discovery mechanism, price influence mechanism and price recognition mechanism of international benchmark oil price index are proposed. The results of econometric analysis show that the Shanghai International Energy Exchange (INE) oil price has a significant one-way causal effect on the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil price, the Brent oil price of the European crude oil market and the Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TCE) oil price of the East Asian crude oil market during different periods and thus has an impact mechanism. At the same time, the one-way causal effect of other oil prices is small, and the price discovery mechanism is gradually forming；the price recognition mechanism has not been obtained in terms of position, media report, academic citation, etc.Key w ords：bulk commodities；international pricing rights；one-way effect causal measure；crude oil futures收稿日期:2020 - 09 - 05 修回日期:2020 - 10 - 30基金项目：西北大学2020年度“国家社科基金孵化项目”（20XNFH011);日本文部科学省科研基金基盤研究（C) (19K01583)。
2014年高考英语试卷(新课标Ⅰ)(含解析版)
2014年全国统一高考英语试卷（新课标Ⅰ）第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60分）第一节（共15小题；每小题3分，满分45分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AThe Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity ChallengeDare to Take the Curiosity Challenge!The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.Students are being dared to draw a picture, write an article, take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about. To enter the challenge, all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival, MIT Museum, 265 Mass Avenue. Cambridge 02139 by Friday, February 8th.Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday, April 21st. Guest speaker will also present prizes to the students. Winning entries will be published in a book. Student entries will be exhibit and prizes will be given. Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served.Between March 10th and March 15th, each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration. The program guidelines and other related information are available at: .21. Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge? A. School studentsB. Cambridge localsC. CSF winnersD. MIT artists22. When will the prize-giving ceremony be held? A. On February 8thB. On March 10thC. On April 21stD. On March 15th23. What type of writing is this text? A. An exhibition guide.B. An art show review.C. An announcement.D. An official report.BPassenger pigeons（旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood, which scattered（驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in September 1, 1914.24. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons .A. were the biggest bird in the worldB. lived mainly in the south of AmericaC. did great harm to the natural environmentD. were the largest bird population in the US25. The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ .A. escapeB. ruinC. liberationD. evolution26. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons? A. To seek pleasureB. To save other birdsC. To make moneyD. To protect crops27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan? A. It was ignored by the publicB. It was declared too lateC. It was unfairD. It was strictCA typical lion tamer（驯兽师）in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip （鞭）and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention, but it’s mostly for show. In reality, it’s the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face, the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided, the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion? How often do you have something you want to achieve（e.g. lose weight, start a business, travel more）--- only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things, and so we take less action, make lessprogress, and stay the same when we could be improving.It doesn’t have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: All you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go, something you want to accomplish, someone you want to become … take immediate action. If you’re clear about where you want to go, the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.28. Why does the lion tamer use a chair? A. To show off his skills.B. To trick the lion.C. To get ready for a fight.D. To entertain the audience.29. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair? A. They feel puzzled over choices.B. They hold on to the wrong things.C. They find it hard to make changed.D. They have to do something for show.30. What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3? A. TolerantB. DoubtfulC. RespectfulD. Supportive31. When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to .A. wait for a better chanceB. break your old habitsC. make a quick decisionD. ask for clear guidanceDAs more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations--- UNESCO and National Geographic among them---have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in thattradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.Documenting the Tangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayans reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials---including photographs, films, tap recordings, and field notes---which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.Now, through the two organizations that he has founded---the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project---Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world, available not just to scholars but to the youngers.Generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet. Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.32. Many scholars are making efforts to .A. promote global languageB. rescue disappearing languagesC. search for language communitiesD. set up language research organizations33. What does “that tradition” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. Having full records of the languages.B. Writing books on language teaching.C. Telling stories about language users.D. Living with the native speakers.34. What is Turin’s book based on? A. The cultural studies in India.B. The documents available at Yale.C. His language research in Bhutan.D. His personal experience in Nepal.35. Which of the following best describes Turin’s work? A. Write, sell and donate.B. Record, repair and reward.C. Design, experiment and report.D. Collect, protect and reconnect.第二节（共5小题，每小题3分，满分15分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
2024年英语专八真题及参考答案
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2024)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 150MINLISTENING COMPREHENSION PART ISECTION A (25MIN)MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture.You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening to the mini-lecture,complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now,listen to the mini-lecture.When it is over,you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear TWO interviews.At the end of each interview,five questions will be asked about what was said.Both the interviews and the questions will be read ONCE ONLY.After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause,you should read the four choices of A,B,C and D,and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now,listen to the first interview.Questions1to5are based on the first interview1. A.It is more demanding.C.It is too theoretical.2. A.It is more memorable.C.It is limited to the time of writing.3. A.Readership. B.It is quite relaxing.D.It is more aesthetic.B.It focuses on aesthetic issues.D.It has different themes and subjects.B.Viewpoint.D.Theme.B.Minor novels.D.Novels of CentralC.Purpose.4. A.Gothic novels.Europe.C.Science fiction.5. A.There will still be a few options.B.Confusion will continue among readers.C.Novels will certainly become a rarity.D.People will go on buying literary books.Now,listen to the second interview.Questions6to10are based on the second interview.6. A.Three feet.C.Six inches.7. A.Number of satellites. B.Eight inches.D.Six feetB.Height of ice surface.D.Gravity in Antarctica.B.Changes in height. D.Increase inC.Amount of snowfall.8. A.Decrease in ice sheet.snowfall.C.Changes in gravitational pull.9. A.Eliminating carbon in the atmosphere.B.Reducing climate pollution emissions.C.Continuing height measurement.D.Producing more accurate predictions.10.A.Climate change and its consequences.B.Effects of climate change on coastal areas.C.New findings from satellite data.D.Proposals to slow down climate change.PART II READING COMPREHENSION(45MIN) SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions.For each multiple choice question,there are four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)If the properties of human language make it such a unique communication system,quite different from the communication systems of other creatures,then it would seem extremely unlikely that other creatures would be able to understand it.Some humans,however,do not behave as if this is the case.There is,after all,a lot of spoken language directed by humans to animals,apparently under the impression that the animal follows what is being said. Riders can say Whoa to horses and they stop.Should we treat these examples as evidence that non-humans can understand human language?Probably not.The standard explanation is that the animal produces a particular behavior in response to a particular sound-stimulus or noise,but does not actually“understand”what the words in the noise mean.(2)In an early attempt to teach a chimpanzee to use human language,in the1930s,two scientists(Luella and Winthrop Kellogg)raised an infant chimpanzee together with their baby son.The chimpanzee,called Gua,was reported to be able to understand about a hundred words,but did not“say”any of them.In the1940s,a chimpanzee named Viki was reared by another scientist couple(Catherine and Keith Hayes)in their own home,exactly as if she were a human child.These foster parents spent five years attempting to get Viki to“say”English words by trying to shape her mouth as she produced sounds.Viki eventually managed to produce some words,rather poorly articulated versions of“mama”,“papa”and“cup”.In retrospect,this was a remarkable achievement since it has become clear that non-human primates do not actually have a physically structured vocal tract which is suitable for articulating the sounds used in speech.(3)Recognizing that a chimpanzee was a poor candidate for spoken language learning,another scientist couple (Beatrix and Allen Gardner)set out to teach a female chimpanzee called Washoe to use a version of American Sign Language.This sign language has all the essential properties of human language and is learned by many congenitally deaf children as their natural first language.From the beginning,the Gardner’s and their research assistants raised Washoe like a human child in a comfortable domestic environment.Sign language was always used when Washoe was around and she was encouraged to use signs.In a period of three and a half years,Washoe came to use signs for more than a hundred words.Even more impressive was Washoe’s ability to take these forms and combine them to produce“sentences”of the type“gimme tickle”,“more fruit”and“open food drink”.Some of the forms appear to have been inventions by Washoe,as in her novel sign for“bib”and in the combination“water bird”(referring to a swan),which would seem to indicate that her communication system had the potential for productivity.(4)At the same time as Washoe was learning sign language,another chimpanzee named Sarah was being taught (by Ann and David Premack)to use a set of plastic shapes for the purpose of communicating with humans.These plastic shapes represented“words”that could be arranged in sequence to build“sentences”.The basic approach was quite different from that of the Gardner’s.Sarah was systematically trained to associate these shapes with objects or actions.She remained an animal in a cage,being trained with food rewards to manipulate a set of symbols.Once she had learned to use a large number of these plastic shapes,Sarah was capable of getting an apple by selecting the correct plastic shape(a blue triangle)from a large array.Sarah was also capable of producing“sentences”such as “Mary give chocolate Sarah”and had the impressive capacity to understand complex structures such as“If Sarah put red on green,Mary give Sarah chocolate”.(5)A psychologist Herbert Terrace argued that chimpanzees simply produce signs in response to the demands of people and tend to repeat signs those people use,yet they are treated as if they are taking part in a“conversation”.As in many critical studies of animal learning,the chimpanzees’behavior is viewed as a type of conditioned response to cues provided by human trainers.(6)Important lessons have been learned from attempts to teach chimpanzees how to use forms of language.We have answered some questions.Were Washoe and Sarah capable of taking part in interaction with humans by using asymbol system chosen by humans and not chimpanzees?The answer is clearly“Yes.”Could Washoe and Sarah go on to perform linguistically on a level comparable to a two-year-old child?The answer is just as clearly“No.”In arriving at these answers,we have also had to face the fact that,even with our list of key properties,we still don’t seem to have a non-controversial definition of what counts as“using language”.It has to be fair to say that,in both cases,we observe the participants“using language”.However,there is a difference.Underlying the two-year-old’s communicative activity is the capacity to develop a highly complex system of sounds and structures,plus a set of computational procedures,which will allow the child to produce extended discourse containing a potentially infinite number of novel utterances.No other creature has been observed“using language”in this sense.It is in this more fundamental or abstract sense that we say that language is uniquely human.11.What can we learn from the two attempts in Para.2?A.Being raised with a human child is essential.B.Mouth shaping is crucial in language learning.C.Time length is an important factor in experiments.D.Non-human creatures are different in vocal tracts.12.Which of the following statements about Washoe and Sarah is INCORRECT?A.They were taught in different approaches.B.They were raised in similar environments.C.They were somewhat innovative in expression.D.They were non-human primates for experiments.13.Which of the following is a conditioned response to human cues?A.“Mama”and“cup”(Viki).C.“Water bird”(Washoe).14.What is the topic of the B.“Open food drink”(Washoe).D.“Mary give chocolate Sarah”(Sarah).passage?A.Animal behavior and language.C.Animals and human language.B.Animal communication system.D.Animals and human behavior. PASSAGE TWO(1)It was well past midnight this past July and the round-the-clock Arctic sun was shining on Mercy Bay. Exhausted Parks Canada archaeologist Ryan Harris was experiencing a rare moment of rest on the rocky beach, looking out over the bay’s dark,ice-studded water.Around him,a dozen red-and-yellow tents lined the shoreline—the only signs of life.Every day for the previous two weeks,work had started by mid-morning and continued nonstop for16hours.Night and day had little relevance in the murky,near-freezing waters.Along with Parks Canada’s chief of underwater archaeology,Marc-Andre Bernier,Harris has overseen more than100dives at this remote inlet of Banks Island in Aulavik National Park,exploring the wreck of HMS Investigator,a British vessel that has sat on the bottom of the bay for more than160years.(2)Harris and a small team of archaeologists had discovered Investigator in2010and returned in2011with a larger team to dive,study,and document the wreck,which holds a critical place in the history of Arctic exploration. Twenty-five feet below the surface,Investigator sits upright,intact,and remarkably well preserved.Silt covers everything below the main deck,entombing the officers’cabins,the ship’s galley,and a full library.The archaeologists had intended to leave the wreck and its artifacts where they had lain since the polar ship was abandoned, trapped in ice,on June3,1853.Artifact recovery was not part of their original plan,but that plan changed after their first few dives.(3)The team was instantly surprised by the number of artifacts they saw—muskets(火枪),shoes,and hunks of copper sheathing rested on Investigator’s upper deck,dangled off the hull,or lay haphazardly on the sediment. Leaving these artifacts behind in Mercy Bay would have made them vulnerable to the icebergs that regularly scour the bay’s floor,including the ones the six-man dive team had been dodging since their arrival.(4)Each piece fished from the water was a clue to life at sea aboard a ship during a period of British fervor for Arctic exploration.The captain of Investigator,Robert McClure,was originally sent to find and rescue two ships, HIMS Erebus and HMS Terror,that Sir John Franklin had led into the Arctic in1845to discover the long-sought Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Investigator’s voyage ended,without sight or word of Franklin’s ships or crew,when it was set upon by ice in Mercy Bay.After39months at sea,the listing ship sat,slowly being crushed on all sides,for three frigid years—with no Inuit encounters,no British search parties,and no relief. For much of that time,McClure and his crew of60were desperate and under constant threat of starvation,until a surprising rescue in the spring of1853.Fifty-five men survived the ordeal.(5)In July2010,after months of study to pinpoint Investigator’s resting place,the actual discovery of the wreck took just a few minutes.Harris was in the bay in an inflatable boat testing sonar equipment when the wreck came into range.The four hours of video gathered on that trip showed that the ship was,in essence,frozen in time,protected by the cold water and opaque,light-blocking ice cover.It would be a year before they could return with cold-water diving equipment to have a closer,more detailed look.Over that year,the Parks Canada team pored over photographs and examined glowing gold ultrasound images that showed timber from the wreck scattered across the upper deck like matchsticks.They sought and received the blessing for a more intensive exploration of the wreck site from the136 residents of Sachs Harbour,an Inuvialuit(Inuit from the western Arctic)community on the southwestern tip of Banks Island,the closest permanent community,some125miles away.In addition to the underwater work to document the wreck,archaeologist Henry Cary led a land-based survey and excavation team of Inuvialuit archaeologists, conservation officers,and park staff.It fell upon Cary to shuttle the8,820pounds of equipment up to the74th parallel, including tents,a three-week supply of food,two boats,diving gear,compressors,recording equipment,surveying tools,and20barrels for collecting fresh drinking water.(6)The archaeologists came prepared for delays,nasty weather,and polar bears—but they weren’t prepared for the number of artifacts that needed recovery.Harris,Bernier,Cary,and their crews had packed cameras,lasers,and measuring tapes to document the sites but fewer items to help them retrieve,excavate,or transfer artifacts.Recovering the wreck’s finds quickly used up their small toolkit for stabilizing artifacts:foam padding,tongue depressors,and gauze bandages.(7)“We had not really envisioned the number of artifacts that were visible and exposed on the deck.So,basically, we had to improvise,”says Bernier.(8)Someone ripped the lid of a large black storage case off its hinges to use as a cradle to lift a bent and corroded musket from the frigid waters.A large food cooler was loaded with a shredded,twisted,oxidized sample of the copper sheathing used by the British navy to reinforce their Arctic fleet for contact with icebergs.To protect a fragile rectangle of encrusted felt—a novel addition to Investigator that was intended to keep the ship watertight—Harris fashioned a cover out of absorbent chamois(鹿皮),ripped up an old black T-shirt to place underneath it,and sandwiched the artifact between floorboards taken from the boat that had shuttled them between land and the wreck. The artifacts then made a more than4,000-mile journey,by helicopter and commercial airliner,to the Parks Canada conservation lab in Ottawa,where they are being conserved and studied today.15.Which of the following details about the underwater exploration is CORRECT?A.Work started on the ship wreck during the team’s second trip.B.The original plan was to explore the ship and retrieve the artifacts.C.The team spent their nights near a local residents’community.D.The team began exploring the ship wreck soon after its discovery.16.What can we learn about Investigator?A.It was sent to discover a new sea passage.B.Its actual discovery was time-consuming.C.It got in touch with Erebus and Terror.D.It got stuck in ice and was later abandoned.17.Why did Bernier say that they had to improvise(Para.7)?A.They had to fight against the treacherous weather.B.They had little time to pack and stabilize those artifacts.C.They did not have proper tools to excavate so many artifacts.D.They had no idea what those artifacts were used for on board.18.Which of the following words best describes the archaeologists’way of protecting the retrieved artifacts?A.Incredible.B.Innovative.C.Imaginable.D.Inefficient.19.The last paragraph mentions all the following EXCEPT______A.who made the artifacts.C.what artifacts were recovered.B.where the artifacts were sent.D.how the artifacts were protected. PASSAGE THREE(1)My father was,I am sure,intended by nature to be a cheerful,kindly man.Until he was thirty-four years oldhe worked as a farmhand for a man named Thomas Butterworth whose place lay near the town of Bidwell.He had then a horse of his own and on Saturday evenings drove into town to spend a few hours in social intercourse with other farmhands.In town he drank several glasses of beer and stood about in Ben Head’s saloon—crowded on Saturday evenings with visiting farmhands.Songs were sung and glasses thumped on the bar.At ten o’clock father drove home along a lonely country road,made his horse comfortable for the night and himself went to bed,quite happy in his position in life.He had at that time no notion of trying to rise in the world.(2)It was in the spring of his thirty-fifth year that father married my mother,then a country school teacher,and inthe following spring I came wriggling and crying into the world.Something happened to the two people.They became ambitious.The passion for getting up in the world took possession of them.(3)It may have been that mother was responsible.Being a school teacher she had no doubt read books andmagazines.She had,I presume,read of how some people rose from poverty to fame and greatness and as I lay beside her—in the days of her lying-in—she may have dreamed that I would someday rule men and cities.At any rate she induced father to give up his place as a farmhand,sell his horse and embark on an independent enterprise of his own.She was a tall silent woman with a long nose and troubled grey eyes.For herself she wanted nothing.For father and myself she was incurably ambitious.(4)The first venture into which the two people went turned out badly.They rented ten acres of poor stony landon Griggs’s Road,eight miles from Bidwell,and launched into chicken raising.I grew into boyhood on the place and got my first impressions of life there.From the beginning they were impressions of disaster and if,in my turn,I am a gloomy man inclined to see the darker side of life,I attribute it to the fact that what should have been for me the happy joyous days of childhood were spent on a chicken farm.(5)One unversed in such matters can have no notion of the many and tragic things that can happen to a chicken.It is born out of an egg,lives for a few weeks as a tiny fluffy thing such as you will see pictured on Easter cards,then becomes hideously naked,eats quantities of corn and meal bought by the sweat of your father’s brow,gets diseases called pip,cholera,and other names,stands looking with stupid eyes at the sun,becomes sick and dies.A few hens and now and then a rooster,intended to serve God’s mysterious ends,struggle through to maturity.The hens lay eggs out of which come other chickens and the dreadful cycle is thus made complete.It is all unbelievably complex.Most philosophers must have been raised on chicken farms.One hopes for so much from a chicken and is so dreadfully disillusioned.Small chickens,just setting out on the journey of life,look so bright and alert and they are in fact so dreadfully stupid.They are so much like people they mix one up in one’s judgments of life.If disease does not kill them they wait until your expectations are thoroughly aroused and then walk under the wheels of a wagon—to go squashed and dead back to their maker.Vermin infest their youth,and fortunes must be spent for curative powders.(6)For ten years my father and mother struggled to make our chicken farm pay and then they gave up thatstruggle and began another.They decided to move into the town of Bidwell,and embarked in the restaurant business. 5After ten years of worry with incubators that did not hatch,and with tiny—and in their own way lovely—balls of fluff that passed on into semi-naked pullethood and from that into dead henhood,we threw all aside,packed our belongings on a wagon and drove down Griggs’s Road toward Bidwell,a tiny caravan of hope looking for a new place from which to start on our upward journey through life.(7)We must have been a sad looking lot,not,I fancy,unlike refugees fleeing from a battlefield.Mother and I walked in the road.The wagon that contained our goods had been borrowed for the day from Mr.Albert Griggs,a neighbor.Out of its sides stuck the legs of cheap chairs and at the back of the pile of beds,tables,and boxes filled with kitchen utensils was a crate of live chickens,and on top of that the baby carriage in which I had been wheeled about in my infancy.Why we stuck to the baby carriage I don’t know.It was unlikely other children would be born and the wheels were broken.People who have few possessions cling tightly to those they have.That is one of the facts that make life so discouraging.(8)Father rode on top of the wagon.He was then a bald-headed man of forty-five,a little fat and from long association with mother and the chickens he had become habitually silent and discouraged.All during our ten years on the chicken farm he had worked as a laborer on neighboring farms and most of the money he had earned had been spent for remedies to cure chicken diseases.There were two little patches of hair on father’s head just above his ears.I remember that as a child I used to sit looking at him when he had gone to sleep in a chair before the stove on Sunday afternoons in the winter.I had at that time already begun to read books and have notions of my own and the bald path that led over the top of his head was,I fancied,something like a broad road,such a road as Caesar might have made on which to lead his legions out of Rome and into the wonders of an unknown world.(9)One might write a book concerning our flight from the chicken farm into town.Mother and I walked the entire eight miles—she to be sure that nothing fell from the wagon and I to see the wonders of the world.20.The author describes his mother as______A.knowledgeable.B.responsible.C.imaginative.D.aspiring.21.What is Para.5intended to show?A.The specific steps of chicken raising.B.The difficulties of chicken raising.C.The excitement of the family.D.The expectations of the family.22.What does“our upward journey”in Para.6indicate?A.Their worries.B.Their struggle.C.Their ambition.D.Their resourcefulness.23.What is the relation between the two italicized sentences in Para.7?A.Temporal.B.Causal.C.Illustrative.D.Additive.24.Which of the following sentences in Paras.8and9indicates the author’s sense of hope?A.“...I to see the wonders of the world”.B.“I had at that time already begun to read books...”.C.“I walked the entire eight miles...”.D.“...a book concerning our flight from the chicken farm into town”.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in Section A.Answer each question in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25.What does“this”in Para.1refer to?26.How did Washoe demonstrate the potential of productivity(Para.3)?PASSAGE TWO27.What does the word “ones”in Para.3refer to?28.What was Sir John Franklin’s mission?29.List two preparations the team made for their trip (Para.5). PASSAGE THREE30.Describe in your own words the personality of the author’s father before marriage (Para.1).31.Describe in your own words the author’s childhood on a chicken farm (Para.4).32.What does the chickens’fate imply about the author’s family?PART IIILANGUAGE USAGE (15MIN) The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each cas e,onlyONE word is involved.You shouldproofread the passage and correct it in thefollowing way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. mark the position of the missing word with a “/\”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end ofthe For a missingword,line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLE When /\art museum wants a new exhibit, (1)it never an buys things in finished form and hangs (2)neverthem on the wall.When a natural history museum wants an exhibition,it must often build it. (3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructed.PART IV TRANSLATION(20MIN) Translate the underlined part of the following text from Chinese into English.Write your translation onANSWER SHEET THREE.中国科幻小说在国际上越来越受欢迎，已成为一种新的国际交流方式。
2014年第7～8期参考答案
【阅读理解分类练习参考答案】应用文:Passage 11~5ACDDB Passage 21~5CADBCPassage 31~5CDABD Passage 41~5CCBAB 记叙文:Passage 11~5ACBAD Passage 21~5DDAAC Passage 31~5ABCDA Passage 41~5CBDBC 说明文:Passage 11~5CBABBPassage 21~5BBADC Passage 31~5CBABB Passage 41~5CADBB 议论文:Passage 11~5CDADDPassage 21~5DDACC Passage 31~5BDCAA Passage 41~5BACAD【完形填空分级演练参考答案】初级:Passage 11~5BBADA 6~10BCCBB Passage 21~5BDDCA 6~10CBAAC Passage 31~5DBCAC 6~10BDACB Passage41~5ACBCB 6~10DCDAD中级:Passage 11~5BADCB6~10CACBDPassage 21~5CABDA6~10BCAAA Passage 31~5BCCAB 6~10DBDBA 11~15BBADD Passage 41-5CADDB 6-10CBADB 11-15ACDAB 高级:Passage 11~5ADCBA 6~10BACDC 11~15CBABD Passage 21~5DDACD 6~10BCCAB 11~15CBCBD Passage 31~5ACBAD 6~10DCBAA 11~15DBCBC Passage41~5CDABA6~10DCBAC11~15BDCAC 【阅读理解填词参考答案】初级:Passage 1:1.shown2.Chinese3.attracted4.them5.well6.see7.wonderful8.makes9.eating10.want Passage 2:1.been 2.cars 3.was 4.encouraged 5.would 6.foot 7.said 8.thought 9.children 10.Walking Passage 3:1.themselves 2.Family 3.different 4.said 5.accept 6.easier 7.children 8.having 9.people 10.believe 中级:Passage 1:1.makee3.phones4.be5.says6.months7.preparing8.shares9.said 10.looking Passage 2: 1.special 2.looking 3.said 4.lost5.Luckily6.found7.though8.stand9.deciding 10.nearly Passage 3:1.must2.tallest3.create4.hope5.deep6.like7.water8.below9.tools10.because答案专页. All Rights Reserved.高级:Passage 1:1.most2.visit3.floor4.built5.high6.building7.more 8.reach 9.said 10.exciting Passage 2: 1.program 2.celebrate 3.during 4.made 5.show 6.presented 7.Chinese 8.traditional 9.reach 10.next Passage 3: 1.want 2.give 3.chance 4.words 5.was6.show7.way8.want9.hear 10.includes Passage 4:1.believe2.artist3.lot4.created5.carefully6.student7.younger8.wash9.Drawing 10.goes话题作文(一)One possible version:Students in our school have one thing in common —an interest in sports.But different stu-dents have different reasons for taking part in sports.Many students have sports when they feel tired after study.They just want to relax them-selves and have fun.Most boys love sports.They take part in all kinds of sports in order to be-come stronger.They join in the sports that interest them most,such as soccer,basketball and volleyball.Girls also like sports.Some of them they want to lose weight,to be slim and pretty by doing sports.In my opinion,no matter what reasons we have,we all can get a lot from sports.话题作文(二)One possible version:Rules of My SchoolThere are lots of rules in my school.For example,we must clean our classroom every morn-ing.I think it ’s very necessary for us to keep it clean.And it ’s good for our health.We have to wear school uniform every day.I think the uniforms are ugly.In my opinion,we should be al-lowed to choose our own clothes.We can ’t talk in the classroom.As far as I am concerned,keeping quiet is good for studying.话题作文(三)One possible version:How should We Treat Foreign Festivals?Nowadays,more and more foreign festivals are coming into China,such as Christmas Day,Valentine ’s Day and April Fool ’s Day.Some of them are arousing increasing attention yearly in China.So some people are worried whether these foreign festivals will replace the Chinese traditional festivals.In my opinion,we should celebrate some meaningful foreign festivals because these festivals help us Chinese to know more about the culture of different countries.I think we should love our own traditional festivals and never give them up.At the same time,why not try to introduce them to foreign countries?话题作文(四)One possible version:How to Make a Study PlanWe really need a plan for our study.It is useful for us to study well.It can help us save more time.What should we do?First,we should prepare a small notebook and write down what to答案专页. All Rights Reserved.答案专页do during a day or a week.Next,make them in good order and put them on a timetable so that itwill be clear for our study.Then we can stick it on the desk or on the wall.This way,we can re-member what we will do.A good plan will make us work better.应用文(一)One possible version:Dear Daming,I know your problem.You’ve made two mistakes.First,you used your classmate’s penwithout her permission.Secondly,when you broke the pen,you didn’t tell her the truth.In myopinion,you must tell her as soon as possible.If you tell her the truth,perhaps she’ll be stillangry with you,but at least you can prove you are honest.Then I think you should offer to pay.You can use your pocket money to buy a new pen forher.She will realize that you’re truly sorry.I hope the advice can help you.I’m sure you will get on well with her soon.Yours,Tom.应用文(二)One possible version:Good afternoon,everybody.My name is Zhang Hua,from Class1,Grade3.I’m very pleased to make a speech here.Asa Junior3student,I’d like to be a volunteer and do something for the Australian student visi-tors.. All Rights Reserved.I have learnt English for more than five years.I’m good at speaking English and alwaysready to help others.I often take part in different social work.I’ve learnt to how to communicatewith foreigners.So,I hope you can give me a chance and I’ll try my best to work well.Thank you!应用文(三)One possible version:I Want to Be A Volunteer of Protecting AnimalsHello,everyone.I am Li Ming.I want to be a volunteer of protecting animals.I am glad tomake a speech here.As we know,animals are our good friends.However,some animals,espe-cially rare animals,are becoming fewer and fewer.In order to protect these animals,I want to be a volunteer.I like animals,and I often takepart in the activities of protecting animals.To be a good volunteer,I need to do more,I will read some books about animals.Mean-while,I will join a club whose aim is to protect animals.I believe I can do the work well,I hope you can give me the chance.That’s all.Thank you.应用文(四)One possible version:I’m under too much pressure.My parents want me to be a top student and get into the keyhigh school,and I was sent to all kinds of after—school classes on weekends.All these make meupset,and I can’t eat well or sleep well.What’s worse,these have bad influence on my studies,答案专页and I don ’t want to communicate with others,I just want to stay alone.Time flies;I ’m afraid I can ’t get high marks in the entrance exams.What should I do?How can I relieve these pres-sure?I ’m looking forward to hearing from you !图表作文(一)One possible version:I got up very late that day.I was riding my bike to school much faster than usual.When I was riding round the corner,I suddenly found a child in front of me.I tried to pass him,but I fell off my bike.I hurt myself badly.I couldn ’t move any longer.The policeman took me to the hospital.I ’m getting better and better now.图表作文(二)One possible version:Dear Jim,How is it going?Things are fine here.I got my report card today.Luckily I did OK this time.My English teacher said I was good at English,but my listening is much better than speaking.My math teacher said I was hard-working and my PE teacher said I was one of the best boys in my class.However my history teacher said I could do better.Another disappointed result was in science.My science teacher said I was a lazy student.Well,that ’s all about the news I have for you now.I will have to work harder at science.Love,Tom 图表作文(三)One possible version:My Good HabitMy good habit is early to bed and early to rise.Two years ago,when I was a Grade 7stu-dent,I liked reading books in bed.Everyday after I finished my homework,I lay in bed until 24:00o ’clock.The next day I couldn ’t get up on time.I used to be late for school,and I felt tired in class.It was too bad.With the help of my teacher and my parents,I give up the bad habit.Ever since then,I go to bed early and get up early.I never go to school late again.As a result,I am much stronger and doing better in school now.图表作文(四)One possible version:Last week our class had a parents ’meeting.At the meeting,all the parents talked about whether doing a lot of homework was useful or not.Many parents thought that doing much home-work was useful.They thought by doing a lot of homework,the students could review what they had learned.It would also help to develop the students ’minds and stop them playing computer games.But a few parents thought that too much homework was useless.Because doing much home-work took a lot of time and thus students could not have a good rest.What ’s more,they could not do the things they liked.In my opinion,doing some suitable homework is necessary and helpful.. All Rights Reserved.。
Unit07ASonsRestlessJourney
The
District of Columbia, although having no representative in Congress, has three electors. Altogether there are 538 electoral votes.
With the exception of Maine and Nebraska, which divide their Electoral College votes according to who wins in each congressional district, all of each state's electoral votes go to the candidate winning the most votes in that state no matter how slim the margin.
In
1933 the 20th Amendment went into effect, moving the inauguration date up to January 20. At the inaugural ceremony, the new president recites an oath: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.
7-year program student -回复
7-year program student -回复在回答之前，我们先来了解一下什么是7年制的学生。
7年制学生指的是在某个国家的教育体系中，学生从小学开始，一直到高中毕业，共计七年的学制。
在这篇文章中，我们将一步一步回答关于7年制学生的问题，并探讨其优缺点以及对学生的影响。
第一步：什么是7年制学生？7年制学生是指一种学制，学生从小学一年级开始，到高中三年级毕业，共计七年时间。
这种学制通常适用于某些国家的教育体系，如日本和德国等。
第二步：7年制学生的教育模式如何？7年制学生的教育模式相对于传统的12年学制略有不同。
在这种模式下，学生在小学的前四年会接受基础教育，包括语文、数学、科学等学科的学习。
之后，学生会进入中学，继续学习各种学科，并根据兴趣和能力选择不同的方向专业。
第三步：7年制学生的优点是什么？7年制学生的优点之一是可以更加全面地培养学生的能力。
相对于传统的12年学制，7年制学生在小学阶段获得更长的时间来构建知识的基础，并在中学阶段更深入地学习特定的学科。
这有助于学生更好地发现自己的兴趣和潜力，并为将来的职业规划打下坚实的基础。
此外，7年制学生的学制较短，可以在早期让学生更早地接触到实际的社会环境。
这有助于学生更早地适应社会和培养解决问题的能力。
第四步：7年制学生的缺点是什么？然而，7年制学生也存在一些缺点。
首先，这种学制可能会给学生带来较大的学业压力。
因为学生需要在较短的时间内完成相同或更多的学习内容，所以可能会对学生的身心健康产生影响。
此外，由于学制较短，学生可能在某些学科上缺乏深入的学习。
因此，对于一些更加专业化的领域，学生可能需要在高等教育阶段进一步深造。
第五步：7年制对学生的影响是什么？7年制学生对学生的影响是复杂的。
这种学制可以激发学生的学习兴趣和潜力，并有助于他们更早地适应社会。
然而，由于学制较短，学生可能面临更大的学业压力。
因此，教育机构和家长需要更加关注学生的心理健康，并提供适当的支持和指导。
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Lung neoplasm
Neoplasm type central type
peripheral type
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
Lung neoplasm
According to type of growth Central type:
Lung neoplasm
Lung carcinoma(cancer)
SCLC(small cell lung cancer) NSCLC(non-small cell lung cncer)。
Adenocarcinoma
squamous cell
compound carcinoma。 bronchioloavelar carcinoma。
Lung neoplasm
SCLC(small cell lung cancer)
Small cell carcinoma is a rapidly growing tumor that has the most irrefutable association with smoking. Like squamous cell carcinoma, it is predominantly a central tumor (90%), but growth is mainly along anatomic tissue planes. Small cell carcinoma metastasizes early; systemic spread is present in two-thirds of cases at presentation.
Filling defect
Central tumor
Mouse tail
Filling defect
Bronchial stenosis
Central tumor
Indirect sign of bronchial carcinoma: Partial or complete atelectasis is a common finding in bronchial carcinoma. Segments, lobes, or an entire lung are no longer aerated and undergo partial (dystelectasis) or complete collapse (atelectasis). This is manifest as patchy or homogeneous pulmonary opacification of lobar or segmental distribution.
bronchial carcinoma
The clinical features of bronchial carcinoma generally are elderly, with 75% of cases occurring in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Although some patients are asymptomatic and tumors are detected incidentally, most patients (up to 90%) are symptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Most bronchial carcinomas arise within airways, producing cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain
lung mass Bronchial lumen : Bronchial stenosis, Since most bronchial carcinomas exhibit either endoluminal or transmural growth, bronchial stenosis and associated distal parenchymal changes are a common finding. Occasionally, bronchial stenosis is directly visible on the chest radiograph.
compound carcinoma。 bronchioloavelar carcinoma grows mainly within the alveoli respecting interstitial boundaries,may be unifocal of multifocal, and, when multifocal, it may produce alveolar cell carcinosis.
Distal pneumonia presents as lobar or segmental consolidation, which may partially resolve with antibiotic therapy. In patients with appropriate risk factors and recurrent or persistent pneumonia, further evaluation to exclude a central endobronchial tumor is merited.
Lung neoplasm
Pulmonary hamartomas are uncommon in patients younger than 30 years of age and have a peak incidence in the sixth decade (range, 0 to 76 years). Most patients with hamartomas are asymptomatic; symptoms typically are present with central endobronchial lesions and include hemoptyisis, recurrent pneumonia, and dyspnea.
Lung neoplasm
NSCLC(non-small cell lung cncer)。
squmous cell carcinoma is most commonly a central tumor developing at the level of the segmental and subsegmental bronchi in 66% of cases. These tumors are frequently lobulated and have a tendency to cavitate.
Central tumor: mass in the right low lober and right hilar enlarge,
Central tumor
lung mass in the hilum
Bronchail lumen
Mouse tail
Cup like
Irregular stenosis
Bronchial Carcinoma
Bronchial carcinoma is the most common malignancy in our country these days. The strongest risk factor for bronchial carcinoma development is cigarette smoking. Environmental and occupational exposure have been implicated in an estimated 3% to 17% of cases of bronchial carcinoma. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and focal scarring have been reported to increase the risk for bronchial carcinoma.
Inter-tuber Wall of tuber Extra-tuber Mass inflammation Diffuse
Peripheral type:
Imaging manifestation of lung neoplasm
Central tumor
Direct sign of bronchial carcinoma
bronchial carcinoma
About 33% of patients with bronchial carcinoma present with symptoms related to extrathoracic metastases, most commonly to the bones and central nervous system (CNS). Metastases can produce local symptoms, although this depends on the site and tumor burden. Patients with metastases to the adrenal glands, liver, abdominal lymph nodes, and lung can be asymptomatic.
Right upper lobe atelectasis
left upper lobe atelectasis
Left low lobe atelectasis