DECIDER A System for Hierarchical Test Pattern Generation
基于团队的可用测试介绍英文PPT
the sales story
Stages of a usability test
Setting objectives Creating the test plan Creating questionnaires Selecting test participants Training the team Conducting the pilot test Conducting the tests
How plex is the product How much of the product are you going
to test
How long will the test take
How many test participants do you need to get the information you wantives
Usability overview Setting objectives Preparing the test plan Conducting the test
Usability
Usability means that the people who use the product can do so quickly and easily to acplish their own tasks
Emphasizes importance of having crossfunctional team
Focus on objective that are most important to the success of the product
Quality checklist(跨国公司质量检查记录大全)
Section 1: Quality SystemsSection 2: ReceivingSection 3: Incoming InspectionConfidential NEC HE OMPDConfidential NEC HE OMPDConfidential NEC HE OMPD Section 4: WarehouseConfidential NEC HE OMPDSection 5: SMT Process ControlSection 6: Sub-Assembly and Final Assembly Process ControlSection 7: Function Test & Final InspectionSection 8: Failure Analysis and ReworkSection 9: Out-Of-Box Audit (OBA)Section 10: On-going Reliability TestSection 11: Packing and Shipping ControlSection 12: Equipment ControlProcess: Balance Leak Test Particle Contamination (HDA) Yields points at: STW Down load Self Test Final Test Cumulative Yields Top 5 Parteo Items and corrective Action from Process Servo Quality Bode Plot Position Error Signal Recoverable Errors Unrecoverable Errors Latch Operation Time to Ready Access Time AcousticsAudits: Outgoing Quality Assessment - Out of Box Audit / Final Audit Drive Outgassing Test (required if sealed drive, no breather filter) On Going Reliability Test (ORT) Dell Acceptance Reliability Test (DART) Acoustics, seek and idle Storage Corrosion audits (minimum 7 day test)Process Contamination AuditsDI Water: Particulate Contamination Ionic Contamination Surfactant Concentration Water Temperature Resistivity Bacteria countClean Room: Magnetic Contamination Particulate Contamination Ionic Contamination Particle counters and Location i.e. workstations and work areas. Closest to or at work area.IQAFor FDD, does the critical components list includes,a.) Heads? Verify electrical performances?b.) Spindle motor? Verify electrical performances and mechanical dimensions?c.) Feeder motor? Verify electrical performances and mechanical dimensions?d.) Main PCB?e.) Main chassis?f.) Fron bezel?For CD-ROM and DVD, does the critical components list includes,a.) Pick-up?b.) Spindle motor?c.) Feeder motor?d.) Main PCB?e.) Main chassis?f.) Pick-up sub-frame?g.) Fron bezel/Push Button/Shutter?Sub-AssemblyFor CD-ROM sub assembly, is the unit tested to ensure:a.) Feeder current?b.) Feeder tension?c.) Jitter?d.) RF?e.) Focus offset (inner & outer)?f.) Focus offset difference?g.) Laser current?h.) G-sensor voltage?i.) Tray open/close time?j.) Skew (tangential & radial)?k.) Tracking error?l.) Firmware?Functional TestFor Floppy Disk Drive, is the product tested to ensure:a.) Offtrack error? What is the specifications?b.) Offtrack Hysteresis? What is the specifications?c.) Azimuth error? What is the specifications?d.) Index timing? What is the specifications?e.) Motor rise time? What is the specifications?f.) Step rate? What is the specifications?g.) Setting time? What is the specifications?h.) Bit assymetry? What is the specifications?i.) Time Margin? What is the specifications?j.) Resolution? What is the specifications?k.) Modulation? What is thespecifications?。
供应商审核检查表
供应商审核检查表(总12页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--供应商审核检查表ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES SUPPLIER AUDIT CHECKLIST供应商(SUPPLIER):___________________________________________地址(LOCATION):_____________________________________________AMD审核成员(AMD AUDITORS):__________________________________________________________________日期(DATE):________________现场审核(ON-SITE AUDIT)_____ 书面审核(MAIL AUDIT)______注意:审核员在每个空格将输入一些关键数字,应答者应回答YES或NO,如果不适用回答N/ANOTE:On-site auditors will enter the key number rating in each space. For mail auditsurveys, respondents will answer yes or no, or use the key number rating system ineach space. If aquestion does not apply, answer N/A.质量承诺(QUALITY COMMITMENT)1.1是否有质量方针、目标或质量手册?Is there a quality policy, statement, or manual?_____是否定期评审、更新质量方针及手册?Is the quality policy or manual updated regularly?_____质量方针或手册是否包括本检查单提及的基本系统?Does the policy or manual include basic systems as identified in this checklist? _____对质量有影响的人员的职责与权限有无明文规定?Is the Quality function's authority and responsibilities clearly defined in writing? _____有无组织结构图?Is there an organization chart which identifies quality function elements?_____是否负责质量的人员有权拒绝不符合规定要求的物品?Does the Quality function clearly have the authority to withhold items that have not met an acceptable quality standard?_____有无书面的持续改进计划?Is there a documented quality improvement plan?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________总体质量体系的要求(GENERAL QUALITY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS)有无定义了过程质量控制点的过程流程图?Is there a current process flow chart with process or quality inspection pointsdefined?_____有无追溯交付到原材料的系统并能贯穿在进出货检验、过程检验之中?Is there a system for lot traceability of materials that will trace materials from raw supplies to shipped product, which contains, quantity in/out, inspectionperformed?_____有无进料检验的管理程序?Is there a system which indicates the acceptance of material throughout the process? _____有无描述过程检验,使产品达到规定要求的整个生产过程的验收?Does the Quality function maintain a system for the use and control of inspectionstamps or an alternate method of indicating acceptance and identification of theperson making the decision?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________统计程序及质量控制(STATISTICAL PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL)有无书面的SPC系统文件?Is a SPC system defined and documented?_____是否有最高管理层参与评审SPC控制系统?Is there evidence of top management involvement?_____是否用统计的方法进行持续改进,以证明公司的质量方针、目标,是否达到?Do company policies/objectives reflect management's commitment to continuousimprovement through the use of statistical methods?_____是否建立了通过适当的特性来监控每个关键过程的程序,并且指明用何种统计技术?Have procedures and techniques been established to determine the appropriatecharacteristics to be monitored for each critical operation?_____是否有书面的文件规定当超出控制线时应提供适当的书面反应,并给予必要的行动?Is there a documented procedure defining out of control limits and significantpatterns within control limits which provides appropriate written responses foractions taken?_____有否使用控制图?Are control charts in use?_____控制图是否简明、扼要、清晰?Are the charts clear and concise?_____统计的控制线是否用于管制图中?Are statistical control limits used on the control charts? _____由谁发现失控情况?Who detects out of control condition(s)操作工operators_____ 主管supervisors_____ 维护人员maintenance_____工程师engineers_____ 经理managers__________谁对失控现象作出反应?Who responds to out of control condition(s)操作工operators_____ 主管supervisors_____ 维护人员maintenance_____工程师engineers_____ 经理managers__________当发生时有无及时的解决方案Is there prompt resolution of out of control conditions? _____有无制定记录控制图上的相关信息的程序,且被执行?Has a procedure been implemented for recording pertinent information on controlcharts?_____有无调整控制线的控制程序并执行?Has a procedure been implemented for establishing and adjusting control limits?_____有无建立减小过程变差的目标?Have goals been established to reduce variation in the process?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________人员培训及证明(PERSONNEL TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION)有无建立关键过程、操作、检验员工的培训程序?Are there training procedures for personnel assigned to work on critical processes, operations, and inspections?_____培训计划是否包括下列几个方面?Does the training procedure include the following?操作姿势指导及测试?Hands-on instruction and testing._____在特定的时期结束时或效果不好的特定时期,再测试和再培训?Retesting or retraining of personnel at the end of a specific time period or when performance indicates poor performance for a specified time period._____有无取消颁发能力资格证的标准规定?The criteria for decertifying and recertifying personnel._____培训记录及培训人员名单是可利用的、可保留的?Are training records and a list of trained personnel available and maintained?_____人员是否被培训在工作中用到的统计方法,Are personnel trained to use statistics within the job,especially SPC/SQC methods?_____人员达到了何种水平?What level of personnel?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________测量设备的控制(TEST AND MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT CONTROL)有无程序规定测量设备的周期性校验?Is there a documented system for the automatic recall and periodic calibration of test and measuring equipment and measurement standards?_____若员工被允许使用自已的量测设备、那么此设备是否在公司规定的控制之中?If employees are permitted to use their own test and measuring equipment, is such equipment incorporated in the system?_____测试及测量设备的标准的校对是否基于制造商的定期(时间间隔)统计数据的基础上?Are test and measuring equipment and standards calibrated based on an establishedmanufacturer's interval or upon current statistical data?_____关于测量设备及测量标准的校对是否有文件化规定?Are procedures documented for the calibration of test and measuring equipment andMeasurement standards?_____公差的定义是否已被文件化?Are tolerances defined and documented?_____这份文件是否定义了对于超出公差的纠正措施?Do the procedures specify corrective action for an out of tolerance condition?_____这些校验是否遵循NISN、ASTM等标准?Is calibration traceable to nationally acceptable standards such as NIST, ASTM, etc._____校验记录是否包含以下信息?Does the calibration record include the following information?校验日期Calibration date._____校验人Person who calibrated the equipment._____下次校验的时间Next calibration due date._____适用的条件Applicable environmental conditions._____超出公差的设备在校验前有无保存记录?For out of tolerance equipment,initial reading before and final readingafter calibration._____5.3.4.6超差的情况是否有相应的纠正措施?Corrective actions taken for out of tolerance conditions._____5.3.4.7校验使用的基准物质有否进行校验?Unique identifier of the equipment being calibrated._____5.3.4.8有无使用的校验程序?Reference to the calibration procedure used._____5.3.5在使用前是否重新做测试及验证?Are acquired or reworked test and measuring equipment inspected and calibratedprior to use?_____有无预防性维护程序与日程安排?Are there preventive maintenance procedures and schedules maintained in each area? _____对于测量设备是否经常做相关的措施?Are regular correlation tests for measurement equipment conducted?_____测量设备是否有标识注明:校验日期、校验人、下次校验时间?Are labels utilized on test and measuring equipment and measurement standards to show the current calibration date, next calibration due date, and the person whoperformed the last calibration?_____是否有标识或其它方法表明测量设备或测试标准是过期的或超出公差范围的?Is there a system which uses tags or another method to identify past due or out oftolerance test and measuring equipment and measurement standards?_____对超出公差的测量设备是否会缩短其校验周期?Is the calibration interval for test and measuring equipment subject to decreasewhen identified as out of tolerance?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________文件与资料变更的控制(DOCUMENTATION AND CHANGE CONTROL)书面化的资料是否包含以下各项?Are the following documented?主要的设计特性(适用时)Major design characteristics (if applicable)_____使用的材料Materials used._____过程控制程序Process procedures._____检验程序Inspection procedures._____有关成品的制造及测试所必须的程序和记录是否被控制?All other necessary procedures needed for manufacturing and testing of finished products._____有否建立文件变更的管理系统?Has a system been established to make changes in controlled documentation?_____有否建立文件变更的审批准则?Is there an established level of approval needed for documentation changes?_____更改内容、生效日期是否在图纸、程序等文件上标明或证实?Are change levels and effectivity dates indicated and verifiable on drawings,procedures, etc._____若允许,手工的改动是否有受控文件的控制?If permitted, are handwritten changes to controlled documentation limited?_____依靠什么手段?By what means_____________________________6.5.2在规定的期限内,文件总清单上是否被更新以反映经认可的手写变动?Are specification masters upgraded to reflectauthorized handwritten changeswithi n a specific time period?_____如何控制?How is this controlled________________________________________6.6现行的文件是否有有效文件总清单?Are there master document files for active specifications?_____6.7是否保留文件变更的记录?Is the revision history for specifications retained?_____有无一既定的方法用来清除所有生产、检验现场内作废的图纸的程序及说明?Is there a method for removing obsolete drawings, procedures, and specificationsfrom all production and inspection areas?_____对于受控文件及其它公司的记录是否建立或已有一个纠正措施程序?Have error correction procedures for controlled documentation and other companyrecords been establishedand implemented?_____程序是否包含以下各项?Does the procedure include the following:不允许使用修正液No use of correction fluid allowed._____不允许使用铅笔No use of pencil allowed._____不允许使用钢笔No use of felt-tip pens allowed._____不允许涂改错误No obliteration of errors allowed._____纠正人能识别Identification of person making the correction._____修正的日期(年、月、日)Date (month, day, year) of the correction?_____是否注明修正的原因Reason for correction if not obvious._____在自动分发系统中对可能会没有被接收的是否每年定期审阅?For specifications not received by automatic distribution, is there an annualreview of specifications that assures that only the latest specifications are in use? _____必要的标准、图纸是否在现场易于得到并被理解?Are necessary specifications, required drawings, and other drawings accessible toin-process personnel?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________记录保存(RECORD RETENTION)以下记录是否被保存至所列出的期限内?Are the following records retained for the minimum time periods listed?人员的培训及测试(一年内的有效保存在整个雇用期间的记录)Personnel training and testing (one year active file retention, then archived for entire period of employment)._____检验操作记录、生产过程记录、进料和过程记录(一年)Inspection operations: production processes, incoming, and in-process (oneyear)._____有关图片、认证、质量一致性的检验(五年)Screening, qualification, and quality conformance inspection (five years)._____不良记录及分析(五年)Failure reports and analysis (five years)._____有关设计、材料、过程变更的书面记录(五年)Initial documentation and subsequent changes in design, materials, andprocessing (five years)._____设备的校验记录(五年)Equipment calibration (five years)._____预防性维护记录(五年)Preventive maintenance (one year)._____有关过程、利用率及材料控制的记录(一年)Process, utility, and material control (one year)._____证明产品的记录(5年)Product lot identification (five years)._____追溯产品的记录(5年)Product traceability (five years)._____意见(COMMENTS):________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________异常时的纠正措施(NON-CONFORMANCE TO SPECIFICATION AND CORRECTIVE ACTION)不良材料是否被标识并隔离?Is non-conforming material identified and segregated from conforming material?_____不良材料是否定期做报告并提交管理层批阅?Are reports for non-conforming material regularly prepared and reviewed bymanagement for action?_____有无文件化的纠正措施系统?Is there a documented corrective action system?_____是否能提供预防同一问题再度发生的纠正措施?Does the system provide prompt, remedial action to prevent recurrence?_____对重大或重复发生的问题能否提供永久性的解决方案?Does the system provide permanent resolution to major or recurring problems?_____是否制定了所有纠正措施及措施被实施的跟进文件?Does the system provide documentation of and follow up on all corrective actions? _____有无MRB体统处理不良材料?Is there a Material Review Board (MRB) system to disposition non-conforming material?. SCAR,NCMR, etc.)_____所采取的纠正措施是否以内部检验结果及过程分析、自我审核、客户输入为基础?Are corrective actions and dispositions taken based upon internal material review,process analysis, self-audit results, and/or customer input?_____当不良品已被运往AMD时,供应商是否通知适当的AMD质量或采购人员?Does the supplier notify appropriate AMD Quality/Purchasing personnel when non-conforming material may have been shipped to AMD?_____若允许返工,是否有限制返工的不良材料的程序?If rework is permitted, are there documented procedures and limits for reworkingnon-conforming material?_____是否有返工、拒收材料的检验的书面程序?Are there documented procedures requiring the re-inspection of rejected or reworkedm aterial?_____是否对不良材料的最终处理权限做了书面规定?Is documentation available to provide authority for the final disposition of non-conforming material?_____内审是否以确保程序被完全执行为基础?Are internal audits conducted on a regular basis to assure continued compliance to procedures?_____内审的结果及反应是否报告并被维持?Are results and responses to internal auditsreported and maintained?_____意见(COMMENTS):______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________客户联络(CUSTOMER INTERFACE)是否将AMD采购要求转化为制造命令并被适当的控制?Is the system for converting AMD purchase order requirements into manufacturingorders properly controlled?_____有无合同规定评审以确保制造命令与AMD当前最新的要求相一致?Is there a customer purchase order and specificatio review system which assures thatmanufacturing orders are updated to AMD's current requirements?_____当重要材料、过程发生变化或制造厂址发生变化时是否具有预先通知AMD的系统?Is there a system for advanced notification to AMD of major material or processchanges or change in the manufacturing plant location?_____是否具有让步系统使不良材料在运往AMD之前通知并获得AMD质量部、必要的制造、工程代表的批准?Is there a waiver system which notifies and obtains prior approval from AMD Qualityand the appropriate manufacturing engineering representatives before making shipment of non-conforming material to AMD?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________采购控制、评定(CONTROL OF PURCHASED MATERIALS, CHEMICALS, AND SERVICES)是否定义了原料挑选、认证和供应商检讨的方法?Is the method of selection, qualification, and review of suppliers defined?_____质量功能是否进行资源检验、来料检验及供应商审核?Does the Quality function operate a source inspection,incoming inspection, or asupplier audit program?_____是否一批准的供应商名录?Is there an approved suppliers list?_____是否具有一能确保采购材料系统,包括物理、化学、视觉功能尺寸要求?Is there a system that provides assurance that purchased material meets physical, chemical,visual, functional, and dimensional requirements?_____对于易老化的、寿命、环境敏感的材料是否根据需要加以识别和维护?Are limited life, age controlled, or environmentally sensitive materials identified and maintained according to requirements?_____包装材料是否满足AMD的需求?Is packaging material controlled to AMD requirements?_____分包方处加工的材料是否满足AMD的要求?Are subcontractors used to process material to AMD requirements?_____有无确保每个分包商有能力加工、处理、满足AMD要求的材料系统在生意之间?Is there a system to assure that each subcontractor has the capability toprocess material to AMD requirements prior to placing business?_____有无一系统确保每个分包商有最新的标准及设备以满足所需的检验和实验?Is there a system to assure that each subcontractor has the latest applicablespecifications and the equipment available to perform required inspections and tests?_____每个分包商是否具有文件化的质量控制程序?Does each subcontractor have a documented quality control program?_____有无一系统能保证所有分包商的材料符合最新的标准?Is there a system to assure that all subcontracted material consistentlyconforms to the latest applicable specification?_____有无批准的分包商名单?Is there an approved subcontractors list?_____有无AMD已经批准的分包商加工AMD的材料?Has AMD approved subcontractors that handle processing of AMD materials?_____每个分包商未经AMD的允许不得泄露?Does each subcontractor have a non-disclosure agreement with AMD?_____意见(COMMENTS):____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________过程控制、检验方法及产品保证(PROCESS CONTROL, INSPECTION METHODS, AND PRODUCT ASSURANCE)过程检验是否被有效执行?Are in-process inspection activities performed?_____所必须的图纸、工程命令、标准及其它材料易于检验员得到?Do in-process inspectors have access to all required drawings, engineering orders, specifications, and other materials?_____成品的检验是否符合合同及图纸的要求?Is the finished product inspected to ensure that all contract requirements andcustomer drawings have been met?_____有无书面的检验指导书给QC?Are written instructions and procedures available to inspection personnel?_____有无书面的抽样方案?Is the sampling inspection plan defined and documented?_____检验程序中是否定义了检验、测量的设备?Is the test and measuring equipment required for inspections defined and documented in inspection procedures?_____是否具有检验及测试后的状态标识,以避免不良材料被投入使用?Is there a system for proper identification of the inspection status of in-processmaterials to prevent unauthorized use of non-conforming materials prior to approval for the move?_____过程是否被监控与要求一致?Are processes monitored to assure compliance with defined requirements?_____关键的工作区域中环境的要求是否被书面化并执行?Is environmental control and cleanliness documented and maintained in the critical work areas?_____意见(COMMENTS):________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________包装、鉴定及海运(PACKING, IDENTIFICATION, AND SHIPPING)运输动作与书面规定是否一致?Are shipping operations performed in accordance with written instructions?_____材料上有无适当标签以提供追溯、鉴别用?Are packages labeled for proper traceability and identification of materials?_____包装及运输是否与AMD的要求相一致?Are industry and/or AMD packaging and shipping requirements available and being met? _____有无AMD所要求的如检验证明、检验数据等包含在运输中?Are all required documentation (inspection data,C of C, C of A, etc.) as specifiedby AMD's purchase orders or material specifications included with the shipment?_____意见(COMMENTS):________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________总计(POINT TOTAL):________审核评分AUDIT SUMMARY SHEET质量承诺Quality Commitment_____ out of _____总体质量体系的要求General Quality System Requirements_____ out of _____统计程序及质量控制SPC/SQC_____ out of _____人员培训及证明Training and Certification_____ out of _____测量设备的控制Test/Measurement Equipment Control_____ out of _____文件与资料变更的控制Documentation and Change Control_____ out of _____记录保存Record Retention_____ out of _____异常时的纠正措施Corrective Action_____ out of _____客户联络Customer Interface_____ out of _____采购控制、评定Material Control_____ out of _____过程控制、检验方法及产品保证Process Control/Inspection_____ out of _____包装、鉴定及海运Shipping/Packaging_____ out of _____TOTAL SCORE: _____ out of _____OVERALL PERCENTAGE RATING: ____________________________Note: Use of this summary is at the discretion of the AMD auditor(s).。
半导体术语
半导体生产常用术语Action Taken……………………………………………………………………采行措施降低不良的发生度﹑影响度或提高不良的检出度所采取的行动AEC(Automotive Customer)……………………………………………汽车电子客户ALARM (Alarm)……………………………………………………………………告警Aluminum Bag ………………………………………………………………………铝袋Aluminum Board……………………………………………………………………铝板AM (Autonomous Maintenance)………………………………………………自主维护ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance)…………………………………………方差分析ANY WAY (Any Way)……………………………………………………如何,总之A.O (Assembly Order)……………………………………………………………装配单A Manufacturing order to an assembly department authorizing it to put components together into an assembly. (给装配部门的生产命令,授权其把原材料组装在一起)ASI (Annual Salary Increase)…………………………………………………年度加薪ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuits)………………………应用特种集成电路ASS’ Y (Assembly)…………………………………………………………………装配A group of subassemblies and/or parts that are put together and that constitute a major subdivision for the final product. An assembly may be an end item or a component of a higher level assembly. (把一些部件和/或组件组装在一起形成最终产品的主要组成部分的过程。
了解最新人工智能英语作文是哪次考试
了解最新人工智能英语作文是哪次考试Understanding which standardized test features the latest Artificial Intelligence (AI) in English essays requires a look at the major exams taken by students around the world. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial for students to be familiar with the AI systems used to grade their writing. This article will explore the latest developments in AI English essays in standardized testing.One of the most well-known standardized tests featuring AI in English essays is the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE). The GRE Analytical Writing section requires test-takers to write two essays - the Issue essay and the Argument essay. These essays are then graded by a combination of AI and human raters. The AI system used in the GRE analyzes the essays for structure, organization, coherence, and language use. It provides a score based on these factors, which is then adjusted by human raters.Another standardized test that utilizes AI in English essays is the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The TOEFL Integrated Writing task requires test-takers to read a passage, listen to a lecture, and then write an essay that synthesizes information from both sources. The essays are graded by AI systems that evaluate the content, organization, and languageuse. Human raters also review the essays to ensure the accuracy of the AI scores.The SAT essay is another example of a standardized test that incorporates AI in English essays. The SAT essay requirestest-takers to analyze a passage and write an essay that explains how the author builds an argument. The essays are scored by AI systems that assess the clarity of the argument, the analysis of evidence, and the use of language. Human raters review a sample of the essays to ensure the accuracy of the AI scores.In conclusion, understanding which standardized test features the latest AI in English essays is essential for students preparing for these exams. The GRE, TOEFL, and SAT are just a few examples of tests that use AI to grade essays. By familiarizing themselves with the AI systems used in these exams, students can better prepare for the writing tasks and improve their scores.。
CE marking and attestation of confirmity under the CPD
Performance requirements for construction products are set out in a European Product Standard (EN) or a European Technical Approval (ETA) and a manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that his product complies with the relevant specification. An EN which is accepted by the European Commission as addressing all the regulatory requirements of Member States and suitable for using in the attestation process for CE marking is termed a Harmonised Standard . The route that a manufacturer takes to demonstrate this compliance, the attestation of conformity , is described in the EN or ETA.Depending upon the system of attestation the involvement of a third party, a testing or certification body is required. Only those organisations identified by a Member State, and notified to the European Commission, can undertake these tasks. Such organisations are termed Notified Bodies .The different systems of attestation and the tasks of the various bodies are given on page 4. System 1+ is the most onerous and system 4 the least. Most products with a fire performance will be in systems 1 or 3.A manufacturer demonstrates that his product meets the identified requirements set out in annex Z of an EN or clause 8 of an ETA Guideline and has undergone the necessary attestation procedures by CE marking his product.A system of attestation is given for each identified essential characteristic for a particular product. (The essential characteristics have been established taking into account the regulatory needs in all EC Member States). A manufacturer, taking into account the end use application of his product, has to first select which essential characteristics are relevant. This then governs if he needs to approach a Notified Body, and if so it will be a - test laboratory, for system 3- inspection body, for system 2 & 2+, or-certification body, for system 1.For system 4 the involvement of a Notified Body is not necessary.The source of this information is, as stated above, set out in annex Z of a product standard or clause 8 of an ETA Guideline. The first table, e.g. table 1, sets out the essential characteristics for the product and the clause in the standard / ETA where these requirements are specified.CE marking and attestation of conformity under the CPDa summary of the basics from the EGOLF Secretary General Ruth BougheyTable 1 (EXAMPLE) Essential characteristics for widgetscharacteristicperformance requirements reaction to fire clause 4.1 resistance to fire clause 4.2 bullet resistanceclause 4.3 direct airborne sound reduction clause 4.4 surface slip resistanceclause 4.5Further information, e.g. table 2, sets out the system of attestation for each characteristic. A manufacturer then has to decide which essential characteristics he intends to claim for his product, this will take into account his market and legislative requirements in the countries in which he is placing his products on the market.Table 2 (EXAMPLE) System of attestation for widgetsintended uselevels or classes system of attestationwhere reaction to fire performance required see table 3see table 3 where resistance to fire performance requiredsee relevant part of EN 13501 1 for use in anti-bullet widgets- 1 where noise reduction is required - 3 for all other uses-4For reaction to fire performance the system of attestation further depends upon the reaction to fire classification (in accordance with EN 13501-1) anticipated by the manufacturer. This is explained in table 3 and wherever possible the EN or ETA Guideline should include guidance on the interpretation of the footnotes.Table 3 Attestation levels for reaction to fire(taken from EC Decision 2001/596/EC)product(s) intended use(s)level(s) or class(es)system of attestationA1*, A2*, B*, C* 1 A1**, A2**, B**, C**, D, E3 productfor uses subject toregulations on reaction tofire(A1 to E)***, F4*Products/materials for which a clearly identifiable stage in the production process results in an improvement of the reaction to fire classification (e.g. an addition of fire retardants or a limiting of organic material)** Products/materials not covered by footnote (*)*** Products/materials that do not require to be tested for reaction to fire (e.g. Products/materials of classesA1 according to Commission Decision 96/603/EC, as amended).Timescale for CE markingThe EC announces that an EN or ETA Guideline is acceptable for CE marking by announcing it in the Official Journal (OJ) of the EC. It is this announcement that establishes the EN as a ‘Harmonised Standard’. The following information is then given on the NANDO database on the EC’s website(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/construction).•the date of applicability i.e. when a manufacturer may start to CE mark the product•the end of the period of co-existence i.e. when a manufacturer must CE mark his productMarkets covered by CE markingOnce CE marking is mandatory for a particular product it cannot be placed on the market of a country of the EEA unless it is CE marked. However it is important to appreciate that under the CPD it is the attestation procedures (i.e. factory production control, inspection & testing) which are harmonized, the performance requirements for specific end uses in national regulations are not.system ofattestationtask for manufacturer task for notified body4 -initial type testing of product- factory production controlnone3 - factoryproductioncontrol - initial type of testing of product2 -initial type of testing of product- factory production control certification of factory production control on basis of- initial inspection2+ -initial type testing of product- factory production control-testing of samples according prescribedtest plan certification of factory production control on basis of- initial inspection- continuous surveillance, assessment and approval of production control1 - factoryproductioncontrol-further testing of samples accordingprescribed test plan certification of product conformity on basis of tasks of the notified body and the tasks assigned to the manufacturer-initial type-testing of the product-initial inspection of factory and of factory production control- continuous surveillance, assessment and approval of factory productioncontrol1+ - factoryproductioncontrol-further testing of samples accordingprescribed test plan certification of product conformity on basis of tasks of the notified body and the tasks assigned to the manufacturer-initial type-testing of the product-initial inspection of factory and of factory production control- continuous surveillance, assessment and approval of factory productioncontrol-audit-testing of samples taken at thefactory。
Closetest
Close test1.In contrast to merchandise trade, What the following are not the features of services:A TangibleB PerishableC Invisible C Simultaneous production and consumptionA2.The software services provided by a supplier in one country through electronic means belong to:A Cross-borderB Consumption abroadC Commercial presenceD Presence of natural personsAcation services belong to:A Cross-borderB Consumption abroadC Commercial presenceD Presence of natural personsB4.Establishing right related to:A Cross-borderB Consumption abroadC Commercial presenceD Presence of natural personsC5.FDI sevvices related to:A Cross-borderB Consumption abroadC Commercial presenceD Presence of natural personsC6.A doctor supplies his physical presence services in another country belong to:A Cross-borderB Consumption abroadC Commercial presenceD Presence of natural personsD7.The foreign employees of a foreign bank providing services on a temporary basis belong to:A Cross-borderB Consumption abroadC Commercial presenceD Presence of natural personsD8.The privatization of state monopolies without creating competition, the result may beA Lower pricesB Transfers of monopoly rentsC Improved qualityD Greater varietyB9.Services are highly regulated is because ofA Natural monopolyB Inadequate informationC ExternalityD Social equityB10.The common feature of roads and rails for land transport, cables and satellites for communications, and pipes for sewage and energy distribution is:A Natural monopolyB Inadequate informationC ExternalityD Social equityA11.The remedy of inadequate information problem in service should beA CompetitionB RegulationC Public monopoly C PrivatizationB12.Which is more efficient the following remedies of externality problem in service?2A Subsidy the poorB Entry restrictionC CompetitionD RegulationA13.What is the following measures not covered by GATS?A Measures taken by public authoritiesB Measures taken by government-mandated regulatorsC Measures taken by licensing bodiesD Measures taken by purely commercial decisionsD14.What is the following services covered by GATS?A Fire protection servicesB The operations of central banksC Insurance servicesD Police and security services C15.In which conditions can the commitments be modified or suspended?A Protect the poorB For social equityC Serious financial difficultiesD Insufficient InformationC16.What is the following the most probably unconditional obligationsfor a member?A Establish right to foreignersB Free movement of laborC Transparency obligationsD Capital account openingC17.What is the following limitations not quota-type limits on market accss?A Number of suppliersB Value of transactionsC Quantity of outputD foreign equity ceilings3D18.What is the following limitations quota-type limits on market accss?A Joint venture requirementsB Foreign equity ceilingsC Value of assetsD Foreign capital participation limitsC19.What does the following facilitate to competition in telecommunication services?A Partially privatizing the traditional monopolistB The great sunk cost.C The government regulation.D The network effectsA20.What is the following not true?Trade commitments can promote domestic market reformTrade commitments can be modified in specific conditionsTrade commitments can substitute for political willTrade commitments can be cancelled in specific conditionsC21.Services goods are seldom suffered from:A Discriminatory taxesB Trade tariffsC Domestic regulationsD Quota-type limitsB22.What does the following services require proximity between the consumer and producer?A Entertainment servicesB Information services4C Communication servicesD Construction servicesD23.The David Ricardo comparative advantage usually comes from:A Agglomeration effectsB Labor resourcesC Network effectsD Market niche effectsB24.Specialization gains usually comes from:A Agglomeration effectsB Arable landC Skilled laborD Capital resourcesA25.What is the following trade driven by comparative advantages?A Philippines Nannies move to Canada to provide childcare services.B An Chinese engineer move to Canada to provide engineering services.C Chinese students move to US to go to university.D China imports and exports cars in the same year.A26.What is the following trade driven by Specialization?A Philippines Nannies move to Canada to provide childcare services.B An Chinese engineer move to Canada to provide engineering services.C Europeans travel to Peru’s jungle as part of an eco-tourism package.D Call centers in India provide customer contact services for US firms.B27.The gains driven by the market-niche effect can not potentially generate:5A Variety of productsB Scale economiesC competitive effectsD Market-expansion effectsC28.What is the following the general concentration of Agglomeration?A The computer industry in Silicon ValleyB Wall StreetC The software industry in BangaloreD Shanghai FTZD29.What is the following the Specialized concentration ofAgglomeration?A The Science and Technology ParkB Wall StreetC The central business districtD Shanghai FTZB30.What does the following services have the typical networks effects?A TelecommunicationsB Hotel servicesC Restaurant servicesD Recreational servicesA31.What does the following services have the least networks effects?A TelecommunicationsB Hotel servicesC Financial servicesD Transportation servicesB32.The competitive advantage of a firm are mainly from:A The firm-specific fixed costsB The sunk costC The plant-level fixed costsD The variable cost A33.What is the following the most likely the firm-specific fixedcosts?A The investment in machinesB The investment in raw6materialsC The investment in researchesD The investment in plantsC34.What is the following the least the firm-specific assets?A Specialized knowledge of production processesB Distribution networksC Reputations for quality and reliability.D The tangible assets of the firmD35.In which account is the data of services trade displayed in BOP? The current account The capital accountThe financial account None of themA36.Which one of the modes of services supply data are hard to be found in BOP?A mode 1B mode 2C mode 3D mode 4 C38.Which one of the modes of services supply data are displayed in FATS?A mode 1B mode 2C mode 3D mode 4 C39.The primarily classification base in EBOPS is:A The product-based classificationB The country-base classificationC The sector-based classificationD The selective classificationA740.The FDI enterprise may be:A A subsidiaryB An associate,C A branchD All of themD41.The FATS statistics comprises:A subsidiaries and branchesB subsidiaries and associatesC branches and associatesD All of themA42.What are the breakdowns in FATS variables?A The geographical breakdownB The product breakdownC The industrial activity breakdownD All of themD43.Measurements of trade barriers in services can use information of:A prices & quantitiesB prices &tariffC tariff & quantitiesD All of themA44.In which case does the tariff equivalent equal the price change?A supply schedule is verticalB supply schedule is horizontalC Demand schedule is verticalD Demand schedule is horizontalB45.Limitation on the number of firms without regard to their nationality falls into:A discriminatory entry restrictionB discriminatory operations regulations8C nondiscriminatory entry restrictionD nondiscriminatory operations regulationsC46.Regulation that requires special performance by foreign providers falls into:A discriminatory entry restrictionB discriminatory operations regulationsC nondiscriminatory entry restrictionD nondiscriminatory operations regulationsB47.Regulations of ongoing operations will usually:A reduce the number of suppliersB increase their costs higher priceC Both of themD None of themB48.What are the barriers most commonly used to restrict FDI?A entry and operations restrictionsB Ownership and control restrictionsC Both of themD None of themC49.The sources of services trade preferences arise from:A Comparative advantageB SpecializationC Trade barriersD all of themC50.The costs of regulatory convergence in regionalism depend on:9A The adopted preferential policiesB similarity of regulatory preferences and compatibilityC adverse effects on non-membersD adverse effects on the multilateral trading systemB51.What is the approach towards the liberalization of trade and investment in services in the WTO?A the positive list approachB the negative list approachC the top-down approachD all of themA52.What is the approach towards the liberalization of trade and investment in services in Shanghai FTZ?A the positive list approachB the negative list approachC the bottom-up approachD all of themB53.What is the following the features of the positive list approach?A The listed is conforming measuresB The unlisted is conforming measuresC all sectors are to be liberalizedD governments make binding commitments to the listedD54.What is the following not the features of the negative list approach?A The listed is conforming measuresB The listed is unconforming measuresC The unlisted is liberalizedD most sectors are to be liberalized1055.The unstable of financial market is because of the problem:A Natural monopolyB Information asymmetryC ExternalityD Social problemsB56.Which of the following belongs to Deregulation of domestic financial services?A Free up market entryB Capital account openingC Removal of restrictions on intra-sectoral activitiesD All of themC57.Which of the following belongs to domestic financial reform?A Free up market entryB Capital account openingC Interest rates to be market-determinedD All of themC58.Policy coherence refers to:A trade policy reformB domestic financial reformC capital account openingD all of themD59.Which of the following belongs to trade policy reform?A Free up market entryB Privatizing state-owned banksC Interest rates to be market-determinedD Removal of restrictions on intra-sectoral activities1160.In principle, the sequencing of domestic reform, trade policy reform and capital account opening should be:A capital account opening, domestic reform, trade policy reformB capital account opening, trade policy reform, domestic reformC trade policy reform, capital account opening, domestic reformD domestic reform, trade policy reform, capital account openingD61.What is the following the competitive segment of the downstream of the bottleneck facility?A Water purificationB TV program productionC Electricity generationD Cellular servicesD62.What is the following the competitive segment of the upstream of the bottleneck facility?A electricity generationB electricity retailC distribution cellular servicesD ground-handling services A63.What is the following the most with the feature of competitive?A electricity transmissionB cellular servicesC local loopD runways and landing rightsB64.What is the following the most with the feature of a natural monopoly?A generation and retail distribution12B cellular servicesC runways and landing rightsD ground-handling servicesC65.Provision of maritime services from a home to consumers in anotheris:A mode 1B mode 2C mode 3D mode 4A66.Consumers buy tickets in a foreign country and consume airtransport services is:A mode 1B mode 2C mode 3D mode 4B67.A road transport operator from one country setting up a businessto supply services in another is:A mode 1B mode 2C mode 3D mode 4C68.The employment of foreign crews on ship is:A mode 1B mode 2C mode 3D mode 4D69.What is the following not the features of the economics of wired networks?A economies of scaleB scope in networksC agglomeration effectsD network externalitiesC70.What is the following not the principal modes fortelecommunications? A mode 1 B mode 2 C mode 3 D mode 41371.If the end-to-end international services jointly supplied by two national carriers, then:The transfer price = settlement rateThe settlement rate= accounting ratesettlement rate=2 accounting ratesettlement rate=1/2 accounting rateD1.In对比商品贸易,什么是以下情况不属于服务的特点:有形乙寂灭ÇÇ隐形同时生产和消费一在通过电子手段一个国家的供应商提供的二,软件服务属于:国外跨境乙消耗自然人C商业存在ð存在一3。
美国质量协会黑带认证考试大纲中英文版
CSSBB of ASQ(美国质量协会黑带认证考试大纲中英文版)CSSBB ExamObjective目的To provide recognized Six Sigma fundamental training and to prepare persons interested in taking the CSSBB examination.本书提供给认可的六西格玛的人的基础培训或有兴趣参加六西格玛黑带认证考试的人们.Certification认证Certification is the independently verified prescribed level of knowledge as defined through a combination of experience, projects and examination.本认证是通过综合规定的经验、项目和考试的知识水平进行独立的考核。
The CSSBBIs a professional who can carry out in responsible manner proven techniques which make up the body of knowledge recognized by those who are experts in Six Sigma.被认证的六西格玛黑带能够以负责任的方式执行被六西格玛专家认可而组成的知识主体的技术。
Eligibility资格CSSBB Participants must register with ASQ headquarters. Eligibility requires two completed projects with signed affidavits or one completed project with signed affidavit and three year work experience within the Six Sigma Body of Knowledge. No education waiver is given.参加认证的六西格玛黑带必须经过ASQ总部的注册。
Lightning Tests Avionics Test System 产品说明书
AvionicsTest System ghtningTestsE s t a b l i s h e d19812Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemStudies by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reveal that the average civil aircraft is struck by lightning every 1000 flight hours. It is therefore imperative that all aircraft should be tested to withstand the effects of lightning.Lightning events differ mainly in current amplitude, in the transferred charge and in the impulse shape of the lightning current. Two lightning events need to be simulated:− the direct strike (current and voltage) and− the induced currents and voltages within an aircraft resulting from a direct strike.Induced lightning current, voltage waveforms and impulse generator impedance values required to create these waveforms have been measured on avionic systems within aircraft subjected to direct strike events.Test standards including MIL-464 and DO-160 specify both direct and induced strike pulse sequences and levels. RTCA/DO-160 section 22 mandates that three sequences of pulses shall be used for induced lightning testing of avionics:- single stroke (SS),- multiple stroke (MS) and- multiple burst (MB).SS events are used for damage assessment on avionics subsystems and equipment. MS and MB events are applied to determine the electromagnetic compatibility of system, subsystems, and equipment. Multiple stroke and multiple burst events were specified for the first time in Revision 3 of DO-160 D; although they have been anticipated for a number of years and even recommended by the FAA Advisory Circular AC 20-136 and manufacturer specific testing protocols.In addition to the lightning induced transients, lower level transients caused by switching and other platform related phenomena are also a disturbance source within the avionic system. These phenomena are described in DO160 section 17, 19 and 25. For section 25 test equipment see our brochure “ESD Testers”.EMC PARTNER aircraft generators can replicate the following phenomena:- Multiple BurstThese pulses may result from lightning leader progression or branching. The pulses appear to be most intense at the time of initial leader attachment to the aircraft. Transient responses arising from the magnetic field of the external environment (component H) of the multiple burst waveform set will also occur in the induced multiple burst sequence. The predominant waveform responses are the damped sinusoidal waveform 3 in a frequency range between 1 to 10 MHz.- Multiple StrokeTypical lightning events include several high current strokes following the first re-turn stroke. These occur at intervals of several milliseconds as different pockets in the cloud feed their charge into the lightning channel. Another source is the swept channel process. If a fast moving aircraft experiences a direct strike, the points of arc attachment are likely to be swept backward along the aircraft since the lightning channel tends to remain stationary relative to the surrounding air.- Single StrokeSingle stroke events are used for damage assessment on avionic sub-systems and equipment. They can be divided into PIN injection and Cable bundle tests.PIN transients are applied directly to the system interface circuits and are used to assess the dielectric withstand voltage or damage tolerance of the interface com-ponents. Cable bundle tests are performed using an injection probe to couple tran-sients. Tests are performed on fully configured functioning equipment to determine equipment survivability.3Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System- Induced Signal SusceptibilityThese transients result from inductive switching and similar events within the installation, that are transmitted through interconnecting cables to an equipment interface.Such transients are mostly derived from the on-board power equipment and relate to the power supply frequencies and harmonics.- Voltage SpikeVoltage spikes can appear on the AC or DC power supply interfaces due to platform power supply switching transients. These are transmitted by interconnecting cables and appear at an equipment interface on the power supply pins. Disturbances on AC power lines could be synchronised to particular phase angles of the 400Hz supply.- Electrostatic DischargeThe low relative humidity and temperature in an aircraft together with extensive use of synthetic materials for floor and seat covering and plastic structures all contribute to the likelyhood of persons becoming electrostatically charged. Personnel can become charged to several tens of kilovolts. During normal operation or servicing, discharges from personnel could result in damage to electronic equipment.MIG0600SSMIG0600MS4Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System5Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemESD3000MIG2000-6MIG-OS-MB-EXTMIG-OS-MBMIG0618SS6Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System7Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System8Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System9Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System10Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System11Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemDN-LISN160-32NW-MS-LEVEL1I-PROBE-MSCN-GI-CICDN-BDBC13Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemCN-GI-CI-VCN-GI-CI-VCN-GI-CI-VCN-GI-CI-V2x CN-CI-V1 Array2x CN-CI-V1 + CN-CI-I114Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System15Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemCN-MIG-BTExample of a plug-inMIG-OS-MB-EXT16Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemAC-DC Decoupler Level 4 & 5I-PROBE-MB-P1CN-MIG-TTCN-MIG-BT3CN-MIG-BT117Lightning Tests: Avionics Test SystemRES10-400MRES20-400MCN-MIG-BT with three turned calibra-tion loopPredefined test routines for DO160For remote control of EMC PARTNER avionics generators, one of the following software packages is needed:- GENECS-MIG: This is a relatively simple program that reproduces generator front panel functions on a PC. In addition to remote programming and control of the gen-erators, test report information is available to word processing or other evaluation programs such as EXCEL.- TEMA Software: Comfortable control of EMC PARTNER generators from a PC.Enables several generator types to be included in the same test sequence. Gener-ates an enhanced level of test report.EMC PARTNER provide a FREE downloadable software which adds another dimension to testing. The DATABASE software is a high level program that provides hints and tips for users unfamiliar with avionics testing or the EMC PARTNER generators. Generator parameters are automatically downloaded into the corresponding instrument simply beselecting the test you wish to perfom.18Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System19Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System Hidden Heading to provoke a TOC entryLightning TestsA range of test equipment and accessories for aircraft, military and telecom applica-tions. Complete solutions including all hardware and software to meet the require-ments of RTCA / EUROCAE DO160 / ED14 for indirect lighting on aircraft systems,MIL-STD-461 tests CS106, CS115, CS116, for military vehicles, ITU-T .K44 basicrand enhanced tests for impulse, power contact and power induction, FCC part 68 fortelecom equipment testing.Component TestsModular impulse generat ors (MIG) for transient com ponent testing on: varistors, gasdischarge tubes (GDT), surge pro tective devices (SPD), X Y capacit ors, cir c uit breakers,watt-hour meters, protection relays, in sulation ma te rial, sup pressor di o des, connectors,chokes, fuses, resist ors, emc-gaskets, cables, etc. Manual or fully automated solutionsare available up to 100kA (8/20us) and 144kV (1.2/50us).Emission MeasurementsOne unit perf orms all measurements on the power sup plies of electronic equip m ent and r prod u cts for the CE-Mark. HAR1000 uses a novel techniques to deliver clean pow e r source for the EUT in a compact and lightweight form. The system includes all hardware A and software including line im p ed a nce net w orks, control and evaluation software. A basic 1-phase system can be easily extended to 3-phase by adding 2 further phases . HARCS Immunity soft w are further expands the system by addidng interharmonic tests, voltage variation and ripple on DC tests. Com p lies with IEC / EN 61000-3-2, -3 IEC / EN 61000-4-13, -14, Immunity TestsTransient Test System can be used to per f orms all EMC tests on elec t ron i c equip m ent. ESD, EFT, surge, AC dips, AC mag n et i c fi eld, surge mag n et i c fi eld, com m on mode, damped oscillatory and DC dips tests are available as stand-alone or combined test instruments. A large range of ac c es s o r ies for dif f er e nt ap p li c a t ions is avail a b le: three phase cou p lers up to 690V/100A, telecom and data line couplers, ver i fi c a t ion sets,magnetic fi eld coils. Immunity test systems fulfi lls IEC and EN 61000-4-2, -4, -5, -8, -9, -11, -12, -16, -18, -29.MIG2000-6 – a flexible solution for military andavionic applicationsMIG1212CAP – an automatic 8 bank capacitor test systemSystem AutomationAs addition to the basic generators, a range of accessories are available to enhance capability. Test cabinets, test pistols, adapters and software, simplify interfacing with the EUT.PS3 programmable source is an EMC hardened supply for frequencies form 16.7Hz to 400Hz. Frequency variation tests can be made using the PS3-SOFT-EXT. Complies with IEC / EN 61000-4-28HAR1000-3P and HARCS softwarea complete test systemPS3 - programmable source ideal for EMC applicationsTRA3000 and ESD3000 ideal for CE testing Easily extended to meet other applicationsFor further information please do not hesitate to contact EMC PARTNER’s representa-tive in your region. You will find a complete list of our representatives and a lot of otheruseful information on our website:The Headquarters in SwitzerlandEMC PARTNER AGBaselstrasse 160CH - 4242 LaufenSwitzerlandPhone: +41 61 775 20 30Fax: +41 61 775 20 59Email: sales@emc-partner.chWeb-Site: Your local representativeVersion 4. June 2010. Subject to change without notice.20Lightning Tests: Avionics Test System。
新视野大学英语读写教程2(第三版)第八单元练习答案
Unit 8Section A3 1 arresti ng2omits 6 twisted7 stung 4 - enceinterferenee -er thriller-ly scarce specificdecepti on in vasi on processi on6 decepti on7 scarce8 thrillers3 L4 K5 F6 D7 H8 N9 E 10 I2 have releva nee to3 beco ming aware of 5 in the n ame of6 make a con tributi on7 bee n occupied with 8tip the scales 9 世界自然基金会(WWF )是一个致力于有关保护、研究和修复环境议题的国际性非政 府组织。
该组织最初于 1961年被命名为世界野生动物基 金会。
1986年,它更名为世界自然基金会,以更好地反映其活动范围。
它是世界上最大的、 独立的自然保护组织,拥有世界各地超过500万的支持者,在100多个国家开展工作,并援助约1,300个自然和环境保护有关的项目。
它的任务是阻止破坏地球的生态环境,建立一个能使人类与自然和谐相处的未来。
目前,其大部分工作都集中在对海洋和海岸、森林、淡水的保护。
在其它问题上,它也关注濒危物种,污染和气候变化。
现在他们最需要的是资金, 以履行其使命和处理与自然保护有关的突发事件。
10 Since the founding of New China, especially since the econo mic reform and door-ope ning to the world, the Chin ese gover nment has made con siderable efforts in ecoen vir onmen tal protecti on and achieved effective progress. The gover nmenthas taken a series of important measures to protect and improve theecological en vir onment, such as actively promoti ng key ecological projects, enhancingecosystem con structi on and biodiversity con servati on, establishi ng a nu mber of n ature reservati ons, ecological dem on strati on zon es, sce nic spots and forest 5 1 in terfere nee 2 in vasi on 3 Con sumpti on 4 procession 3 opti onal 4 tran spla nted 5 hence 8 mi nute 9 imitate 10 evil -ion consumption5 specific 7 1 persisted inisolated fromparks. One of the importa nt goals of build ing a socialist harm onious society is to stre ngthe n ecological protecti on and con structi on and to achieve harm ony betwee n man and n ature. En vir onmen tal protecti on and ecological civilizati on con structi on have provided a solidfoun dati on for the susta in able developme nt of China ' s economy andsociety.Secti on B2 1 D 2 A3 C4 C5 D6 B7D8 C4 1 emitted 2 shoved 3 sn eak 4 symbol5 wake ned6 lagged7 ditch8 countdown9 discharged 10 rotated5 1 out2 with 3 in 4 between 5 from6 of7 with8 over6 1 People with sleep ing disorder cannot sleep much, as is the case with the people who get older.2 The new irrigation system would require farmers to apply for a planning permissi on, as is thecase with other commercial or in dustrial developme nts.3 We have see n en courag ing sig ns of improveme nt in our finan cialcon diti ons, as is the case with the overall economy accord ing to themedia reports.7 1 as enthusiastic and curious about it as he was at the start of his career.2 as in terested in these questi ons as ahe was whe n he first read them on li ne.3 as attentive toward his wife or children as she had expected.Warm-up 1 severely restricted 2 terrifyi ng effects 3subseque nt adva nces 4 damag ing impact 5 rema in un discovered2 subseque nt adva nces3 reas on able argume nt4 8 1 en tire field severelyrestricted6 suitable alter natives7 well-un derstood5 terrifyi ng effectsprin ciples9 supreme desire 10 moral compass 11 rema in8 Medical researchun discovered12 innocent ani mals。
专八英语阅读
英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册(1)(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的,邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地,仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫,蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地,假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库,蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的,灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池,残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的,意外的B. adventitious外加的,偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的,危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽,幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上,病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12.Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令,法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果,影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的,时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的,磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风,狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取,攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。
GDP良好的文件规范
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美国FDA分析方法验证指引中英文对照
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照八、、I.INTRODUCTIONThis guida nee provides recomme ndati ons to applica nts on submitt ing an alytical procedures, validati on data, and samples to support the docume ntati on of the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of drug substances and drug products.1.绪论本指南旨在为申请者提供建议,以帮助其提交分析方法,方法验证资料和样品用于支持原料药和制剂的认定,剂量,质量,纯度和效力方面的文件。
This guida nce is in ten ded to assist applica nts in assembli ng in formati on, submitt ing samples, and prese nti ng data to support an alytical methodologies. The recomme ndati ons apply to drug substa nces and drug products covered in new drug applicati ons (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applicati ons (ANDAs), biologics license applications (BLAs), product license applications (PLAs), and supplements to these即plicatio ns.本指南旨在帮助申请者收集资料,递交样品并资料以支持分析方法。
美国的教育英语作文
The American education system is renowned for its diversity and flexibility,offering a wide range of options to students from various backgrounds.Here,we will delve into the key features that make American education unique and influential on a global scale.1.Early Childhood Education:In the United States,early childhood education is highly valued,with programs like Head Start providing support to lowincome families.This focus on early learning helps to establish a strong foundation for childrens cognitive and social development.2.K12System:The K12system in the U.S.is divided into three main stages:elementary school Kindergarten to5th grade,middle school6th to8th grade,and high school9th to12th grade.This structure allows for a gradual transition and helps students to adapt to increasing academic demands.3.Curriculum Flexibility:Unlike many other countries,the U.S.does not have a national curriculum.Instead,each state has the autonomy to design its curriculum,which allows for a more tailored approach to education that can better meet the needs of local communities.4.Standardized Testing:Standardized tests,such as the SAT and ACT,play a significant role in the American education system.These tests are used for college admissions and help to provide a common measure of academic performance across different schools and states.5.Higher Education Opportunities:The United States is home to some of the worlds most prestigious universities and colleges.The higher education system in the U.S.is known for its research opportunities, diverse course offerings,and the flexibility to change majors or schools.6.Financial Aid and Scholarships:To make education accessible,the U.S.offers a variety of financial aid options,including federal loans,grants,and scholarships.This support helps to level the playing field for students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.7.Emphasis on Critical Thinking:American education places a strong emphasis on developing critical thinking skills. Students are encouraged to question,analyze,and form their own opinions,fostering a culture of intellectual curiosity and innovation.8.Extracurricular Activities:Participation in extracurricular activities is highly encouraged in the U.S.,with a wide range of options available,from sports to arts and community service.These activities help to develop wellrounded individuals and provide opportunities for social interaction and leadership development.9.Teacher Training and Professional Development:Teachers in the U.S.are required to have a bachelors degree and often a stateissued teaching license.There is a strong focus on ongoing professional development to ensure that educators are uptodate with the latest teaching methods and educational research. 10.International Students:The U.S.is a popular destination for international students,who contribute to the cultural diversity of campuses and enrich the learning experience for all students.Universities often provide support services to help international students adjust to life in the U.S.In conclusion,the American education system is characterized by its adaptability, emphasis on individual development,and the pursuit of excellence.It continues to be a model for educational systems around the world,inspiring innovation and fostering a global community of learners.。
《大学英语四级精讲》课件
Writing Skills Explanation
01
Essay Writing
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1. Thesis Statement: How to craft a clear and consensus thesis statement that summarizes the main argument of the essay
passage
Note taking
Use effective note taking techniques to capture important information during the listening
passage
A
B
C
D
Summarizing
Summarize the main idea of the listening passage to ensure comprehension
Exam diversity and pass rate
Difficulty
Due to the wide range of knowledge involved and the high requirement for practical English application ability, the difficulty is relatively high.
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Listening comprehension lecture
Analysis of listening comprehension question types
Main idea questions
Identify the main idea or central topic of a given passage
英语口语计算机考试系统
Evaluation function
User management
Management function
Maintain user accounts, manage user roles, and controls user access permissions
Exam result management
System configuration
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Technical implementation
Speech recognition algorithm
used to convert a candidate's spoken answers into text, ensuring that the computer can understand and analyze them.
Artistic intelligence technology
Data encryption
Ensure the security of exam data during transmission and storage, and prevent data leakage and tampering.
Download exam outline
Exam preparation
Enter the exam interface
After the user clicks to start the exam, the system will redirect to the corresponding exam interface.
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System architecture and functionality
大学是否应该使用标准化考试英语作文
大学是否应该使用标准化考试英语作文Many arguments have been made in regard to whether to abolish the standardized tests in the education system. One allegation against these tests is that standardized tests for college admission only measure a small portion of a student’s emtore academic pe rformance. Concern also arises about its inherent discrimination against financially inferior students, or the tendency that teacher have to “teach to test”. However, defenders for standardized tests often bring forth some of their advantages and positive effects, such as objectivity and equality.As far as I am concerned, it’s unwise to abolish standardized tests at present. On this issue, I would like to point out first that the fundamental function of a well designed standardize test is to provide an ass essment of an individual’s mastery of certain knowledge or skill. If standardized tests can be designed without bias, and to the greatest extent assess a student’s academic knowledge and skills precisely, there seems little doubt that we should maintain it in our education system.Our students come from different family backgrounds, different schools and taught by different teachers. Only standardized testing by far can equalize all these settings and offer the most objective insight in to many components o f a student’s eventual performance at school. It is also important to note that a well-constructed test will examine that test-takers’s rudimentary ability or skills to apply what they have learned tonovel problems and to make connections and inferences. For example, as with most cases of standardized testing, there is a limit time frame to answer all questions. Students are trained to improve their time management skills.In reality, standardized testing has its problems, but considering its current effect, abolishing it does not necessarily help generate a more objective way to assessing the academic should be the primary instrument to measure student progress in studying.。
2024公务员考试行测备考指南英文版
2024公务员考试行测备考指南英文版2024 Civil Service Exam Test Preparation GuideWelcome to the ultimate guide for preparing for the 2024 Civil Service Exam! This document will provide you with essential tips and strategies to help you succeed in the exam.Understanding the Exam FormatThe Civil Service Exam consists of various sections, including the verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, and situational judgment sections. It is crucial to familiarize yourself with the format of each section to effectively prepare for the exam.Time ManagementEffective time management is key to success in the Civil Service Exam. Make sure to allocate sufficient time for each section and practice answering questions within the allotted time frame to improve your speed and accuracy.Practice RegularlyConsistent practice is essential for improving your performance in the exam. Make use of practice tests and mock exams to assess your progress and identify areas for improvement.Develop Test-Taking StrategiesDeveloping effective test-taking strategies can significantly boost your performance in the exam. For example, learn how to eliminate incorrect answer choices and use educated guesses when unsure of the correct answer.Enhance Your Verbal and Numerical SkillsImproving your verbal and numerical reasoning skills is crucial for excelling in the exam. Consider practicing reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and basic mathematical concepts to enhance your skills in these areas.Stay Updated on Current AffairsStay informed about current events and developments in the political, social, and economic spheres. This knowledge can be beneficial for answering situational judgment questions and demonstrating your awareness of current affairs.Seek Support from Study GroupsJoining study groups or partnering with fellow exam takers can provide you with valuable support and resources for preparing for the exam. Collaborating with others can help you gain new perspectives and insights on exam preparation.Stay Positive and ConfidentMaintaining a positive attitude and believing in your abilities is essential for success in the Civil Service Exam. Stay confident in your preparation efforts and trust in your capabilities to tackle the exam with ease.ConclusionBy following the tips and strategies outlined in this guide, you can enhance your preparation for the 2024 Civil Service Exam and increaseyour chances of success. Stay focused, dedicated, and motivated throughout your preparation journey, and you will be well on your way to achieving your goal of passing the exam with flying colors.。
digestive and excretory systems test w. solutions
7 N 14.0 15 P 31.0 33 As 74.9 51 Sb 121.8 83 Bi 209.0
8 O 16.0 16 S 32.1 34 Se 79.0 52 Te 127.6 84 Po (209)
9 F 19.0 17 Cl 35.5 35 Br 79.9 53 I 126.9 85 At (210)
Looking at Figure 1, it can be seen that inside the cells, every H+ secreted into the lumen is countered by an HCO3– entering the extracellular fluid. Thus, the basic mechanism by which the kidneys regulate body fluid pH is by the titration of H+ with HCO3–.
catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from CO2 and H2O. The H2CO3 then dissociates into HCO3– and H+. The HCO3– enters the extracellular fluid, while the H+ is secreted into the tubule lumen via a Na+–H+
countertransport mechanism, which takes advantage of the Na+ gradient established by the Na+–K+ pump.
供应商评审报告(清单)
Dose the supplier inspect, test and identify product as required by the quality plan or documented procedures?供应商是否能按照既定之计划、文件对产品进行检验、测试、辨识?
1.20
Dose the supplier have the Final Inspection and testing?是否供应商有最终检验测试?
Dose the supplier ensure that incoming product is not used or processed until it has been inspected and verified as conforming to specified requirements?供应商是否能够确保进料经过检验符合明定的规格后才能被使用?
1。9
Does the management personnel responsible for the area take timely corrective action on the deficiencies found by the audit?是否相关管理负责人对于内部审核中发现的问题采取及时有效的改善行动?
1。4
Does the supplier conduct management reviews of the suitability and effectiveness of the quality management system at appropriate intervals?(i。e。does the quality system meet customer requirements?)供应商是否定期召开管理评审会议来评估品质管理系统的稳定性和有效性(例如:系统是否符合客户要求?)
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DECIDER: A System for Hierarchical Test Pattern GenerationJaan Raik, Raimund UbarTallinn Technical University, Estonia{jaan,raiub}@pld.ttu.eeAbstractA hierarchical test pattern generation system that uses register-transfer level VHDL and gate-level EDIF netlist descriptions as inputs is presented in current paper. The main novelty of the hierarchical ATPG tool lies in the fact that it implements internal representation of mixed-level (register-transfer and structural levels) decision diagram models. The system includes appropriate interfaces to synthesize Decision Diagram (DD) models, a DD based test pattern generator and a fault simulator to evaluate the quality of the generated tests. In the paper, the structure of the system is presented. Additionally, representation of different design abstraction levels using decision diagramsis explained. The performance of the system is comparedto other state-of-the-art tools for sequential circuit test generation. Experiments show that the proposed method allows to reach high fault coverages for circuits with complex sequential structures in a very short time.1. IntroductionAs the degree of integration in VLSI designs has been growing over the years, so has the need for automation of different design tasks. Design automation helps to shorten the time-to-market cycle and increases significantly designer’s productivity. Automation was first introducedon the lower levels of design tasks, such as placement and routing, and together with the growth of design complexities, moved gradually to higher levels, e.g. logic synthesis, high-level synthesis (HLS) and hardware/software co-design. Nowadays the goal is clearlyto automate the entire design cycle from conceptualizationto generation of silicon layout [1].During recent years, more-and-more high-level synthesis tools have become available. These tools are used by designers to automatically generate Register-Transfer Level (RTL) descriptions from design’s behavioral description. In the RTL descriptions the designis usually partitioned into a control part, i.e. a finite state machine, and a datapath part containing a network of interconnected functional units (FU). The HLS tools take into account several constraints, as speed, area, or testability, and allow the designer to quickly compare the trade-offs between alternative RTL implementations.Figure 1. Design and test flow of hierarchical ATPG With the appearance of high-level synthesis, a number of automated test generation approaches [2,3] were introduced that took advantage of register-transfer level information while generating tests for gate-level faults. Current paper presents a hierarchical test generation system that operates on RTL and gate-level model descriptions. At present, the system utilizes Design Compiler [4] from Synopsys Inc. for logic-level synthesis. In Figure 1, the basic design flow and the place of test generation in it is shown.Several techniques for solving the problem of gener-ating tests for structural faults in sequential circuits have been proposed over the years. On the gate-level, a number of deterministic test generation algorithms [5, 6] have been implemented. However, the execution times are extremely long and for medium and large circuits mostly rather low fault coverages have been achieved. Better performance has been reported of simulation based approaches [7, 8]. The above approaches are fast for smaller circuits only and become ineffective when number of primary inputs and sequential depth of the circuit increase.Test generation approaches [9, 10] that rely on functional fault models only do not guarantee satisfactory structural level fault coverages. As a solution, hierarchical approaches have been proposed which take advantage of high level information while generating tests for gate levelfaults. Recently, promising results based on software testing techniques combined with low level test have been published in [13]. The approach offers high fault coverages for small and medium sized benchmark circuits but the test generation takes relatively much time. Furthermore, the authors do not offer any formal method for generating the high-level test frames and the time needed to generate the frames has not been taken into account in the experiments.Current paper presents an alternative, very fast high-level path activation technique of hierarchical test pattern generation. The approach is based on using Decision Diagram (DD) models where, differently from known methods, control unit and datapath are handled in a uniform manner. The speed-up of the technique is achieved by implementing simplified propagation and constraint justification algorithms. The simplification can, in some cases, lead to decrease in fault coverage. However, as experiments show, for the given benchmark circuits this loss is minimal.The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives an overview of the general structure of the DECIDER system. Section 3 provides for the concept of decision diagrams. In Section 4, the hierarchical test generation algorithm is presented. In Section 5, results are given and finally, conclusions are made.2. General Overview of the SystemFigure 2 presents general structure of the DD-based test generation environment. It consists of DD interfaces from VHDL and EDIF formats, a hierarchical test pattern generator, a fault simulator and a number of libraries and scripts to support the DD synthesis. As an input for the system is design representation in RTL VHDL, where the circuit is partitioned into control and datapath parts. Similar representations can be synthesized by a HLS tool.Additionally, two libraries of Functional Units (FU) are provided: one in VHDL and the other in DD format. The VHDL FU library describes the behavior of FUs that is necessary for the high-level synthesis tool to map the behavior of the circuit into a netlist of FUs specified in the library. The library is also used, along with the RTL VHDL model, during logic synthesis by Design Compiler. The DD FU library is required by RTL decision diagram synthesis tool to substitute the modules in the RTL model with corresponding decision diagrams.Design Compiler performs logic synthesis and writes out gate-level EDIF netlists of the whole design and of each FU separately. Dedicated scripts for automating these tasks have been implemented. Subsequently, the netlists are converted into Structurally Synthesized BDD (SSBDD) models. (The concept of SSBDD model representations is briefly discussed in Section 3).The hierarchical Automatic Test Pattern Generator (ATPG) operates on the SSBDD models of the FUs and on the RTL DD model of the circuit. As an output the ATPG generates test patterns. However, the patterns do not offer precise information about achieved fault coverage. In order to measure the actual gate-level fault coverage of the generated tests, the test patterns have to be fault simulated on the structural level description of the whole device.3. Decision Diagram RepresentationsConsider a system S = (F,N) as a set of components F represented by functions y = f(x) and a network N connecting these components. A component (sub-network) f∈F of a system S is described by a function y=f(x) where y=(y1,…y n) and x=(x1,…x m) are vector variables. The function f is defined on X=X1×…×X m with values y ∈ Y = Y1×…×Y n, and both, the domain X and the range Y are finite sets of values. Here, x i, i = 1,2,…m, are input or state variables of the component f, whereas y j , j = 1,2,…n, are output or next state variables. The values of variables may be Boolean, Boolean vectors, integers.For representing the functions y=f(x) of components (or subnetworks) f∈F we use decision diagrams G y. Definition 1. A Decision Diagram (DD) G is a directed noncyclic graph G=(M,Γ,x). M is a set of nodes. Γ is a relation on M where Γ(m) ⊂ M denotes the set of successor nodes of m∈M. The nodes m∈M are marked by labels x(m). The labels can be: variables x i, algebraic expressions of x i, or constants. For nonterminal nodes m, where Γ(m) ≠∅, an onto function exists between the values of x(m) and the successors m e∈Γ(m) of m. m e denotes the successor of m for the value x(m)=e.Definition 2. The edge (m, m e) which connects nodes m and m e is called activated iff there exists an assignment x(m)=e. Activated edges which connect m i and m j make up an activated path l(m i,m j). An activated path l(m0,m T) from the initial node m0 to a terminal node m T is called full acti-vated path.Definition 3. Decision Diagram G y = (M,Γ,x)represents a function y = f(x) iff for each value of x, a full path in G y to a terminal node m T is activated, where x(m T) = y.A DD can represent a subnetwork of a datapath, and the output or next state logic of the control part. DDs can represent functions y = f(x) both on the RT and gate levels. On the gate level, y represents a binary variable and x is a binary vector. In this case we are dealing with binary decision diagrams (BDD). For representing a structure of a combinational circuit we use structurally synthesized BDDs (SSBDD) or alternative graphs [14].Definition 4. A set of DD-s G(S) ={G y}represent a digital system S = (F,N) if for each function y=f(x) in F there exists a graph G y = (M,Γ,x). The set G(S) ={G y} is called the DD-model for the system S.Figure 2. Data flow of the DECIDER system4. Hierarchical Test Generation on DDs4.1 Concept of constraintsThe concept of test generation constraints is presented below. The path activation technique is explained basing on the following definitions. The set of all variables x S of the DD model G(S) can be viewed as a partition x S = x I∪x R∪x L ∪x O, where x I is the subset corresponding to inputs, x R is the subset corresponding to registers, x L is the subset corresponding to internal lines, and x O is the subset corresponding to outputs of the circuit, respectively. Definition 5. A condition C = g(x), x ⊆ x S, where C is an integer, Boolean or symbolic value and g(x) is an expression on a subset of variables x of the DD model G(S) is refered to as constraint.Definition 6. A subset of variables x’ ⊆ x ∩ x I in g(x) is called justified variables. On the other hand, the subset x \ x’in g(x) is refered to as the set of unjustified variables of the constraint, respectively.Definition 7. Consider a constraint C = g(x1,..., x k, x’1,..., x’l), where x’i is the set of justified variables of the constraint. The process where variables x i , i =1,...,k in the expression g are replaced by other variables of the model G(S) is called updating the constraint. Updating the constraint C = g by replacing x k with a corresponding subexpression creates a new constraint C = g’(x1,..., x k-1, x”1,..., x”p). where g’ can be viewed as a superposition of functions on a set of variables x S.The constraints considered in current approach can be divided into two categories: path activation constraints and transformation constraints. Path activation constraints correspond to the logic conditions that have to be satisfied for the control part (FSM) in order to propagate symbolic values through the circuit. Transformation constraints, in turn, reflect the value changes along the activated paths. These constraints are necessary in order to calculate the local test patterns for the module under test. Both types of constraints can be represented by common data structures and manipulated by common procedures for creation,update, modeling and simulation.4.2. Introduction to the path activation algorithmTest generation for a component represented by a node m in graph G y begins with the fault manifestation pro-cedure. Two methods are used: scanning test generation (for terminal nodes) and conformity test generation (for nonterminal nodes). These methods are described in [15]. During the fault manifestation phase in graph G y , fault effect symbol D is assigned to the function variable y, y = D. In addition, symbolic transformation constraints are created in form of D i = x i , i = 1,...,n, where n is the number of variables in the expression x(m) i.e. the number of inputs of the Module Under Test (MUT). D i are symbolic values representing local test patterns applied to corresponding inputs of MUT and x i are the variables of DD model G(S) representing the inputs of MUT.Fault manifestation is followed by fault propagation. During the propagation stage we move forward in time (clock-cycles), fault effect symbol D is propagated towards primary outputs and path activation constraints are created whenever conditions in the FSM have to be satisfied. Subsequent to propagation, constraint justification starts. Justification moves backwards in time, starting from the clock-cycle where propagation ended. During this process existing constraints are updated and additional path activation constraints are created. Sections 4.3 and 4.4 explain on examples how the creation of path activation constraints during propagation and justification phases takes place. Updating constraints is discussed in section 4.4.a)inputs outputs … in1 pres. state next state A B … … … … … … …… 1 1 2 1 1 …… 0 1 1 0 X …… X 2 3 1 1 … … 1 3 4 1 0 … … 0 3 1 0 X … … … … … … … …b)Figure 3. Circuit fragment 4.3. Fault effect propagationThe goal of fault propagation procedure is to propagate the fault effect D from MUT to a primary output of the device. During the process, the state sequence required to propagate D to the output is calculated and path activation constraints are created. In the following, the algorithm for fault effect propagation is presented and explained on a small example. Prior to the algorithm description, we introduce the definition of consistent FSM terminal node. Definition 8. Let m T be a terminal node of the DD G F corresponding to the FSM. If the constant values of the vector variable x(m T ) are consistent with previously made variable assignments then node m T is refered to as consistent FSM terminal node .Algorithm 1.Let us denote by x i the variable where the fault effect has been propagated, x i = D .While (x i does not correspond to a primary output ) {Choose a datapath graph G y containing a terminal node m Tlabeled by x i (or a function whose one of the arguments is x i ).Activate a full path l (m 0,m T) in graph G y .Create constraints C i =x(m i ), where m i are the non-terminal nodes along the path l(m 0,m T) and C i are the values of x(m i ) activating the path . If (it is the first step of propagation ){Let G F be the graph corresponding to the FSM. Choose a consistent FSM terminal m T from G F .Activate a full path l (m 0,m T) in graph G F . } else{Activate the path to node m labeled by state variable q in graph G F . Let e be the present state value, i.e. q = e . Let m e be the successor node of m at this state. If (m eis a nonterminal node of G F ){If (exists a path l(m e ,m T ) from node m e to aconsistent FSM terminal m T ){Activate the path l(m e ,m T ).Create constraints C i =x(m i ), where m i are thenonterminal nodes on l(m e ,m T ) and C i are the values of x(m i ) activating the path . } else{ Backtrack. } } } /* End If */Fault effect has propagated to variable y corresponding to graph G y . i.e. y = D.Move to the next clock-cycle.} /* End While */Reg.MUX >Reg.Reg.Reg.Reg.Control Part FSM ……………enableselect =0=1in1MNK LY B AThe fault propagation algorithm described above is simple and fast. It activates the state sequence necessary for propagating the fault effect to primary outputs. No transparency rules for modules are applied and no exact calculation of the fault effect value is performed during the process. This helps us to avoid the detailed justification of values which have to be set in the datapath in order to create transparent paths through components [16]. The task of justifying such values may lead to very high number of backtracks because of conflicts if datapaths with complex sequential structure are considered. On the other hand, this simplification may sometimes lead to lower fault coverage. According to experiments presented in Section 8, the overall speed of the proposed approach is very high while the loss in fault coverage, when it exists, is minimal.A single step of the propagation algorithm is explained by the following example. Consider the circuit fragment depicted in Figure 3, where Figure 3a shows a slice of datapath connected to a control unit and Figure 3b describes a part of the state table of the control part FSM. The DD representation of the circuit is presented Fig. 2a.Let us assume that L is the variable in the model where the fault effect D has been propagated, L = D. We choose DD G Y whose one of the terminal nodes is labeled by variable L and activate the path to that node. By doing that, we obtain variable assignments A=1, B=0, Y=D. Subsequently, in G F corresponding to the FSM, the path to node m labeled by state variable q is activated. Assuming that current state value is 3, we activate the path to the node m3 labeled by logical condition M>N. We have to search for a terminal node m T in G F which is consistent with current control signal assignments (variables A and B represent control signals in our example). As an additional requirement it must be possible to activate a path l(m3, m T). In current example such node m T exists and the path l(m3, m T) is activated, resulting in the state variable assignment (for the next state) q=4. In addition, a constraint C=g(x) is created, where C is 1 and g(x) is M>N. In Figure 4a, all the paths which were activated during the propagation example are marked by bold arrows.4.4. Constraints justificationAs it was mentioned above, justification process starts from the clock-cycle where propagation finished. Justifi-cation traverses backwards the state sequence calculated by propagation phase until the clock-cycle of fault manifestation is reached. During this process, constraints previously created by propagation are updated. Starting from the clock-cycle of manifestation phase, a reverse state sequence is calculated, existing constraints are updated and additional constraints are created of the conditions in FSM that have to be satisfied. Note that at each clock-cycle, from all the created constraints only those are considered during justification that were created in a later clock-cycle than current one.During the clock-cycles earlier than the manifestation, each justification step consists of three consecutive stages. These are selection of current objective, justification of the objective and updating of existing constraints, respec-tively. Constraint updating is explained at the end of current section, basing on an example.Current justification objective is found as follows. If there exist unjustified variables in transformation con-straints then justification objective will be to justify first such variable. Otherwise, current justification objective will be to justify the first unjustified variable in path activation constraints. Justification ends when there are no constraints left containing unjustified variables.In the following, the algorithm for symbolic constraint justification is presented.Algorithm 2.While (exist constraints with unjustified variables){If (current clock-cycle is earlier than that ofmanifestation phase){Let current objective be to justify variable y.Choose a terminal node m T from the graph G y thatcalculates the value of y.Activate a full path l(m0,m T) in graph G y.Update constraints by substituting y with x(m T).Let G F be the graph corresponding to the FSM.If (exists consistent FSM terminal m T in G F){Activate a full path l(m0,m T) in graph G F.Let m be the node labeled by state variable q.Create constraints C i=x(m i), where m i≠ m and m iare the nonterminal nodes on l(m0,m T) and C i arethe values of x(m i) activating the path.}else{Backtrack.}} /* End If */Update all other constraints that were created at thelater clock-cycle than current one.Move to the preceding clock-cycle.} /* End While */An example in Figure 4b explains the justification process on DD model created from the circuit fragment shown in Figure 1. Let current objective be to justify variable Y of a constraint C=g(x), Y∈x. We choose a terminal node m T from the graph G Y that calculates the value of Y, and activate a path to that node. From the activated path we obtain variable assignments A=1, B=1.c)Figure 4. Path activation on decision diagramsTable 1. Benchmark circuitsFSMstates Circuit Gates Faults PIs POs Flip-flopsgcd 227 844 9 4 15 8 mult8x8 1058 3915 17 16 95 8diffeq 4195 15,836 81 48 115 6 Table 2. Test generation resultsDECIDER GATEST [3] HITEC [1]Fault cover, % Time, s Fault cover, % Time, s Fault cover, % Time, s gcd 89.6 1.2+0.6 91.0 75.0 81.1 195.6 mult8x8 73.3 6.8+20.4 69.2 821.6 65.9 1243.1 diffeq 96.0 9.7+85.4 96.0 4850 95.1 > 4 hWe already know the state value of q calculated by previous justification step. Let us assume that it was q=2. Subsequently, we look for a terminal node m T in G F which is consistent with the above value assignments, where G F is the graph corresponding to the FSM. We activate the full path l(m0,m T) to the node m T in G F. Activating this path gives us assignment q=1, which corresponds to present state value.During each justification step all the unjustified variables in the constraints, that were created at a clock-cycle later than current time step, are updated according to present state and control vector. In Figure 4c DD representation of the fragment in Figure 3 is shown, which explains how the unjustified variables in the constraints are replaced by new ones during the update process. Let variable Y be an unjustified variable in a constraint. Assuming that current state is equal to 2, values of the variables A and B in currently active control vector determine an activated path to the terminal node m T labeled by variable K in the DD corresponding to Y. Hence K replaces Y in all of the constraints containing Y. 5. Experimental resultsIn Table 1, main characteristics of the benchmark cir-cuits are presented. Table 2 shows a recent comparison of test generation results of three ATPG tools. These are DECIDER, GATEST [7] and HITEC [5], respectively. GATEST is a genetic algorithm based test generator. HITEC is a deterministic gate-level ATPG. Both of the tools have been developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In [15] indirect comparison of results of the three test generators were published. In current paper, the tools are compared on the same hardware and exactly the same circuits for the first time.The experiments were run on a 366 MHz SUN UltraSPARC 60 server with 512 MB RAM under SOLARIS 2.8 operating system. Actual stuck-at fault coverages of the test patterns generated by all the three tools were measured by the fault simulator from TURBO TESTER (TT) system, created at Tallinn Technical University, Estonia. The test generation times for DECIDER include both, test generation and exact evaluation of the gate-level stuck-at fault coverage by the TT fault simulator.As it can be seen from Table 2, HITEC offers the poorest performance, both, in terms of fault coverage and test generation time on all the three example circuits. Fault coverages achieved by GATEST and DECIDER are almost equal. GATEST reaches 1.4 % higher fault coverage for the gcd circuit and only slightly better coverage for diffeq. DECIDER in turn has a 4.1 % advantage in the case of mult8x8 example. However, the test generation times of the two tools differ greatly. DECIDER spends 30 - 50 times less CPU time for test pattern generation process than GATEST, even if the evaluation of test patterns by separate stuck-at fault simulator is taken into account. Though this must not be taken as a rule, for the chosen set of examples, the difference in speed tends to increase with the size of circuits.6. ConclusionsIn current paper, the role of hierarchical test pattern generation in an automated design cycle is explained. The general structure of a hierarchical test generation system, called DECIDER, is presented. In order to support automated test pattern generation for hierarchical systems, a number of diagnostic tools and appropriate interfaces have been implemented.In addition, a hierarchical test generation method and its implementation based on using decision diagrams is described. DDs provide a joint description of structural properties, functions, and faults. Differently from known methods both, higher and lower design abstraction levels, and both, control and data paths are handled by uniform fault models and by uniform fault propagation procedures.A novel concept of mixed-level combination of deter-ministic and simulation-based techniques in test gen-eration is introduced. On the RT-level, deterministic path activating is combined with simulation-based techniques used in constraints solving. The gate-level local test patterns for components are randomly generated driven by high-level constraints and partial path activation solutions.The dramatic increase in the speed of test generation was reached by simplifying the fault propagation procedure, which in some cases may lead to lower fault coverage. For the given benchmark circuits, however, the loss in fault coverage was minimal.References[1] D. Gajski, N. Dutt, A. Wu, S. Lin. High-Level Synthesis:Introduction to Chip and System Design. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.[2] J. Lee and J. H. Patel. Architectural level test generation formicroprocessors. IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1288-1300, Oct. 1994.[3] J. Lee, J. H. Patel. Hierarchical test generation under intensiveglobal functional constraints. 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