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研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)__课文翻译与课后题解答

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)__课文翻译与课后题解答

Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题.[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功.与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关.位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说:"如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗."[ 3 ]"你的能力固然重要,"匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,"但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功,"在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望.[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例.宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察.他们发现,存工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额.机新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20%.[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10%.[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢?据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的"解释方式".出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责.他说:"我不善于做这种事,我总是失败."乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人.他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好.当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸. [ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血¨.当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时,悲观者说:"我干不了这事."乐观主义者则对自己说:"我需要试试另种方法."[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极,都是一种自我实现的预言.安德森说:如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能."[ 9 ] 据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石.乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运.如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点.悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉.既然认为毫无办法.他便不去寻求指点.[10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机.匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究.对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆.在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早. [11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疚病.在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史.所有这些人部是班上的好学生,并且健康状况良好.他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者.20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多.[ 12 ] 许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统.密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己.他消极被动,不会避开生活中的打击,无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临.他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯.[ 13 ] 在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一.塞利格曼说,这是一种所谓早在"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极的或消极的话语.过多的"不许"及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧,以及悲观.[ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等.家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义. [ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服.在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作.她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从"我准是很笨"变成"我学习还不够努力"——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了.[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命.在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助.试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果.现在正计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展.[17] 因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来.你能改变自己.以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法:[18]一、当坏事发生时,仔细留意自己的想法,把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.[19] 二、然后,来做一个试验.做一件同任何消极反应相反的事.比如说,你工作XX了问题.你是这么想的吗:我讨厌我的工作,可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动,就像完全不是这么回事一样:向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路.[20]三、继续关注事情的发展.你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说:"如果你的想法使你裹足不前,那就改变这些想法.这是一种试错法,不能确保成功,但应给你自己一个机会."[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应.如证据所表明的,你对世界抱有什么样的希望,你就很可能得到什么样的结果.4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.划线部分为主谓倒装句,是比较句型常见形式.本句译文:他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37%的保险额.参见课文第五段第二句.[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. Impressed在此为过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语为the company.本句译文:公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this."从句中they指代主句主语pessimists,划线部分意为:"When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood."本句译文:当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说:"我干不了这事."[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.划线部分意为:"overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are".本句译文:乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己--有时正是这一点使他们充满活力.[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee",says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions orencouragements, negative statements or positive ones.at one’s mother’s knee 意为"在母亲膝下",在此指孩提时代.grow out of 有"产生于"的意思.划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语.本句译文:塞利格曼说,这是一种早在所谓"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极或消极的话语.[18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.动词censor本意为"检查并删减",uncensored即"无删减的";unedited和uncensored在此均为过去分词,作the first thing的非限定性定语.本句译文:把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. A2. B3. B4. D5. D6. C7. B8. B9. A 10. D Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. A8. B9. D 10. CB.11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C Ⅲ. Cloze1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. BⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>有没有一种"成功性格",即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合?如果有的话,这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么?并且,这种性格是否能培养出来?在盖洛普公司中,我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象,探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征.他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的.被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位,而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就.我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征,其中最重要的五点是:由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力.如果你培养这些性格特征,你就很可能会成功.而且,你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.1> What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.2> You can't justify what you did with what you told him.3> What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.2.1> Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?2> Do you think they would not persecute him religiously onaccount of his connection with the Bishop?3> Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop?3.1> Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.2> Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.3> Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.4.1> The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.2> The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.3> Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success.5.1> The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.2> Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.3> How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails.6.1> In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.2> Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior.3> Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activityin which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place.Supplementary ReadingⅠ.1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. DⅡ.1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭,那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭,因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心,而不会鼓励你、支持你.2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她,草草记录下她的思想活动,特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况.3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好,但父亲很溺爱他,灌输他满脑子的烦心事.4. 如果你害怕坐飞机,那么在飞机起飞或降落时,你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧.5. 应该养成一个习惯:即记住自己最美好的时刻,也就是记住你想做的那种人.Unit two癌症和化学物质——我们走得太远了吗?玛拉·孔恩[ 1 ] 去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会,开始执行第65号提案,即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案.这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.有些人宣称,新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签.[ 2 ] 原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气.[ 3 ] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时,他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象:金丝边双光眼镜,皱褶的西服,蓬乱的头发,菜色的面庞,显示出他总是呆在实验室里而很少享受加州的阳光.当某人振振有词地大谈致痛机理时,爱姆兹开始打断他,插进来陈述自己的观点.[ 4 ] "整个世界都充满了致癌物",爱姆兹宣称."啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇,比水中的任何物质都要危险1 000倍.如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味,那是否意味着你必须向你周围10英尺以内的所有人发出警告?"[ 5 ] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里,爱姆兹带来了不同的信息:大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低.与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微.[ 6 ] 爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人.他59岁,是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一.他的简历中尽是各种荣誉,包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖<这是痛症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一>.他还是国家科学院的院士.甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就.这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法,它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症.[ 7 ] 但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东曲.他对环境保护运动的观点提出不同看法,有些人把这一运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.例如,1987年4月,他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和露易·斯沃斯基·戈尔德,在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告,列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险.以将近1 000种化学物质作的动物试验所得到的数据表明,每日所消耗的普通花生酱XX治中含有的微量黄曲霉素<花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物>比我们每同从食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍.一杯硅谷污染最严重的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1 000倍.他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒.他所说的是,大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的.现在不清楚它们中有多少有真正的危险.这曲种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨人危险的注意力.[ 8 ] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是25年前以一袋炸薯条开始的.当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作.在看到袋上列出的成分时,他突然想到还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响,而要了解这些还没有简易的方法.[ 9 ] 那时,科学家为了测试致癌性,不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验.细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致痛物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果.现在在世界上已被广泛应用.[ 10 ] 1974年的一天,当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样家用产品进行检测.使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时几乎一夜之间,他就成了环保界的英雄.[ 11 ] 随后10年间,公众对致癌物越来越关注.爱姆兹说"于是我开始意识到有些不对头."同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了:水果汁,芥菜,芹菜,欧芹等.实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用.[ 12 ] 起初,爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题.他的试验并没有错.他的错误在于他象很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.他现在要问:"为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?"[ 13 ] 支持加州65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点."当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时,我认为那是不负责任的."他说, "那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑.你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质."[ 14 ] 在加州参议院委员会作证时,爱姆兹举出丁一个例子:由于用氯消毒,自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三..咖啡含有两种天然致癌物,每一种都是大约[ 15 ] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.他不为化学公司、药品公司、食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询.他没有接受来自商界的任何好处.十亿分之四千,而由于正常的新陈代谢,人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三干.[ 16 ] 环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点.他们说,我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物."不知为什么他认为要进行选择."峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说:"如果我们不得不在饮用水中的TCE<一种可疑的致癌溶剂>和有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话,可能他是对的.但是我们不是非去选择不可."[ 17 ] 爱姆兹的回答是, "你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾,但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质.你能除去它,但花费巨大.如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上,你就会看不到重要的危险."[ 1 ] This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer <carcinogens> or birth defects into water supplies.划线部分为本句基本结构.过去分词短语suspected…defects作chemical的定语,cancer or birth defects是causing的宾语.本句译文:这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.[ 2 ] A day of esoteric science and incomprehensible jargon waspredicted.本句可理解为:Some people predicted that on that day, the discussions would be full of esoteric scientific theories and incomprehensible jargons.本句译文:原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语. [ 7 ] But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He's taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,修饰the environmental movement.single常与形容词或副词的最高级连用,表示强调.本句译文:但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西.他正向环境保护运动的观点进行挑战,有些人把环保运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.[ 9 ]Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. Armed with the knowledge为过去分词短语,在此作伴随状语.划线部分是两个由连词that引导的从句,作knowledge的同位语.木句译文:细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.[ 10 ]To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, asdid a flame retardant used in children's pajamas.划线部分为倒装句,其主语为a flame retardant, used in children’s pajamas为过去分词例组,在此作定语修饰a flame retardant.did替代谓语动词及其表语tested positive.本句译义:使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.划线部分可看作省略的状语从句,完整从句"when they are given…to rats and mice".本句译文:实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用. [12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. 划线部分为had been的表语,形容词common和naive均修饰assumption.本句译文:他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.[12] "Why assume nature is benign?" he now says.划线部分为省略句,完整句为"Why do we assume nature is benign?".本句译文:他现在要问:"为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?" [15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,which的先行词为a stooge for the chemical industry.本句译文:有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. CB.11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. AⅢ. Cloze1. B2. A3. D4. B5. D6. C7. A8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. DⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去,都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要.一个人可能在18年中比另一个在80年中活得更有意义.对于生活,我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验,而是应该过好每天的时光,就好像它是唯一的一天.我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦,同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.The politician was armed with many facts and figures.The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon. Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition.2.It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there.I think we did learn much there.I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there.3.The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago.4.According to the law of the People's Republic, parents areobligated to send their children to school.Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.5.He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts. He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision.His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts.6.①Scientific research continues to open up previouslyundreamed of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography.Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.6.②Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilitieswhich were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamedof such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago. Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.Supplementary Reading1. T2. F3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.4. F5. T6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative.7. F 8. T 9. TUnit3鼠与人——"不能解决"的问题S. I. 早川[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生"神经官能症"的实验.首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个.如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里;如果鼠向左跳,左门就会打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物.等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时,就改变情况:把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了.<实验者也可采用其他变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门.> 如果鼠弄不懂新规则,它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了.最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳.到这步,麦耶博士说,"许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择."[ 2 ] 第二步,对鼠施以强大气流或电击,赶它,强迫它做出选择."处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物",麦耶博士说,"最后总是定局到一个特定的反应上<比如只向左跳>,不顾结果如何它都总是做出这一反应.……这种条件下所做出的反应便固定不变了’.……一旦出现了这种固态,动物也就无法学会应变能力了’."一旦<鼠> 向左跳的反应固定下来时,可以敞开右门,使食物呈现在它眼前.可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳,并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安.实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时,鼠开始惊厥不安,四下狂奔,弄伤爪了,撞上桌椅,然后浑身剧烈颤抖,直到昏迷不醒.在这种被动状态下,鼠拒绝进食,对一切不感兴趣:你可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它,它都无动于衷.这时的鼠已是"神经崩溃"了.[ 3 ] 鼠所面临问题的"不可解决性"导致了它的神经崩溃,而麦耶博士对心理失常的小孩和成人所做的研究报告表明,鼠和人经历的各个阶段XX小异.首先是两者都受训练,在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择;然后,发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时,两者都大吃一惊:在此,不论出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫,两者都会执著于最初的选择,不管结果,一意孤行;接着,悻悻然拒绝采取行动;而。

Is Harvard Worth It

Is Harvard Worth It

使用缩写词(initials)和简缩词 (abbreviations)



缩写词和简缩词由于其简单的形式和 确定的意义在报刊英语的标题中十分活 跃。经常出现的缩写词主要是组织机构、 事物名称和人们的职务或职称。如: OPEC:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (欧佩克或石油输出 国组织), IPR:Intellectual Property Rights(知识 产权)等等。
Alumni


Harvard has produced many famous alumni. Among the best-known are American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama 竺可桢 梁实秋
可见,英文报刊中常用简单明了的词汇 来代替复杂或生僻的词汇以节约篇幅, 节省时间,并且使文章更加简洁紧凑, 浑然一体,给人以美的享受。
世界名校 - 哈佛大学 Harvard University



private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. It is also the first and oldest corporation in North America.

比尔盖茨在哈佛大学的演讲(双语版)

比尔盖茨在哈佛大学的演讲(双语版)

比尔盖茨在哈佛大学的演讲(双语版)(2)比尔盖茨在哈佛大学的演讲(双语版)We don’t read much about these deaths. The media covers what’s new – and millions of people dying is nothing new. So it stays in the background, where it’s easier to ignore. But even when we do see it or read about it, it’s difficult to keep our eyes on th e problem. It’s hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don’t know how to help. And so we look away.我们并没有很多机会了解那些死亡事件。

媒体总是报告新闻,几百万人将要死去并非新闻。

如果没有人报道,那么这些事件就很容易被忽视。

另一方面,即使我们确实目睹了事件本身或者看到了相关报道,我们也很难持续关注这些事件。

看着他人受苦是令人痛苦的,何况问题又如此复杂,我们根本不知道如何去帮助他人。

所以我们会将脸转过去。

If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.就算我们真正发现了问题所在,也不过是迈出了第一步,接着还有第二步:那就是从复杂的事件中找到解决办法。

Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring. If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks "How can I help?," then we can get action – and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted. But complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares — and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.如果我们要让关心落到实处,我们就必须找到解决办法。

Is Harvard Worth It_译文

Is Harvard Worth It_译文

读哈佛值得吗?普通的看法说值得。

但是自美国最著名的大学和其它名牌私立大学获得学位的价格超过125000美元后,很多家庭和一些经济学家不再如此确定。

下面是一些相关的证据。

对美国的中学高年级学生来说,4月是最残酷的月份。

因为那时,在大学新生班级获得一席之位的消息将充斥了整个邮政系统。

对于相当数量的家庭来说,等待他们的是一个艰难的抉择:花125000美元让孩子在名牌私立大学读书划得来吗?不然,如果她去了一个不太昂贵的学校,她的前途还会那样光明吗?这些问题很难作答。

当然,杂志上的排名,测试预备过程和学校指南,这些都不是你从5亿美元一年的大学录取产业上获得的印象。

当然很多出生期高峰的父母----和他们过度紧张,忙着准备简历的青少年孩子们----想当然的认为,最好还是选择哈佛,而不选州立大学。

就是因为哈佛的看似优良的教育环境,更佳的校友联宜网和更有利的在大学校园招募机会。

事实是大型法律公司,主要示教医院和投资银行,----甚至财富杂志的办公室-----满是常春藤联盟者。

同样真实的是如果你想要在下面这些美国企业----Sullivan&Cromwell,McKainsey,戈德曼〃萨克斯-----谋取一份职业的话,一个带金边的毕业证书将会使你处于有利地位。

然而,许多名人的轶事表明,名牌大学的教育并不非必须。

史蒂夫〃钱伯斯从里德辍学。

杰克〃韦尔奇求学于马萨诸塞大学,华伦-巴菲特求学于内布拉斯加大学。

1990年财富调查表明,多数最高级别的首席执行长官都没有读名牌大学(虽然不相称的数额去的是名牌大学)。

因此125000美元的投资的报偿将是什么呢?它怎样与在一个不那么昂贵、不那么有声望的大学的教育报偿相比呢?学术证据是含糊的。

从基础方面讲:大学教育生利。

现在,平均来说,获得学士学位的大学生所挣的工资几乎是获得高中毕业证的人的工资的两倍,在1975时是1.5倍。

以名牌私立大学,相对于一般大学而言毕业生所获得的报偿为依据而做的经济调查报告,却并非如此令人信服。

大学英语外报阅读复习lesson-4-Is-an-Ivy-League-Diploma-Worth-it

大学英语外报阅读复习lesson-4-Is-an-Ivy-League-Diploma-Worth-it
由于就业市场不景气许多美国大学生毕业后难以找到工资足够高的工作来偿付贷款而学生贷款不能像其他贷款一样能通过破产来注销
Lesson Four ----ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้--------------------------
• caption n.图片说明 • caricature n.漫画 • carry vt.刊登 • cartoon n.漫画 • censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件),新闻审查 • chart n.每周流行音乐排行版 • clipping n.剪报
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• SAT: Scholastic Assessment Test • ACT: American College Test
#
Part two: summary and the author
• 美国在经济低迷时,曾消减教育拨款,高校学费 节节攀升,大学生及其家庭负担日益加重。 2011年底,美国学生贷款债务已突破万亿美元 大关。截至2012年5月,美国攻读本科学位的人 士中,约有94%需要通过借贷支付学费,人均欠 债额达到2.7万美元。2012年12月,美国学生贷 款拖欠率升至20%。由于就业市场不景气,许多 美国大学生毕业后难以找到工资足够高的工作来 偿付贷款,而学生贷款不能像其他贷款一样能通 过破产来注销。因此,有媒体评论说,学生贷款 问题有可能引起美国下一次的次贷危机。
• (para. 4) • Because student-loan default rates go up and
college graduates fail to secure jobs, more and more students are stating that if they go to a less-expensive school tather than an elite school, they can still achieve the same goals. What's more, they do not need to borrow money for their tuition. • default rates违约率 • land jobs: to secure jobs工作有着落;找到工作 • take on debt: to accept debt

2003年9月大学英语六级真题及答案

2003年9月大学英语六级真题及答案

B) She thinks it worthwhile to try Santerbale’s C) She knows a less expensive place for a haircut. D) She would like to make an appointment for the man. 6. A) The woman doesn't want Io cook a meal. B) The woman wants to have a picnic. C) The woman has a poor memory.
☺☞ 英语老师不想告诉你的网站☜
学习爱上问学堂——中国领先的教育 B2C 平台。
C) The Asian elephant is less popular with tourists. D) The Asian elephant produces ivory of a better quality. 15. A) From the captured or tamed elephants. B) From the British wildlife protection group. C) From elephant hunters in Thailand and Burma. D) From tourists visiting the Thai-Burmese border. 16. A) Their taming for circuses and zoos. B) The destruction of their natural homes. C) Man's lack of knowledge about their behavior. D) The greater vulnerability to extinction than other species. Passage Three Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard. 17. A) They had lost their jobs as a result of the Industrial Revolution. B) They had been suffering from political and religious oppression. C) They wanted to flee from the widespread famine in Northern Europe. D) They wanted to make a fortune there by starting their own businesses. 18. A) They might lose control of their members because of the increase in immigration. B) Their members might find it difficult to get along with the newcomers. C) The working condition of their members might deteriorate. D) Their members might lose their jobs to the newcomers. 19. A) To impose restrictions on further immigration. B) To improve the working conditions of immigrants. C) To set a minimum wage level for new immigrants. D) To put requirements on languages for newcomers. 20. A) They were looked down upon by European immigrants. B) They had a hard time seeking equal job opportunities. C) They worked very hard to earn a decent living. D) They strongly opposed continued immigration. Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions at unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sole sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

比尔盖茨哈佛演讲中英

比尔盖茨哈佛演讲中英

比尔盖茨哈佛演讲中英第一篇:比尔盖茨哈佛演讲中英Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world’s worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty … the prevalence of world hunger … the scarcity of clean water …the girls kept out of school the children who die from diseases we can cure?哈佛是否应该鼓励教授解决世界上存在的严重不平等?哈佛的学生是不是应该多关注一些全球贫富不均、粮食短缺、水资源稀缺、女童辍学的问题?以及那些因无法接受有效治疗而死亡的孩子?Should the world’s most privileged people learn about the lives of the world’s least privileged?世界上最衣食无忧的人是否应该了解那些挣扎在死亡边缘的人们的生活?These are not rhetorical questions – you will answer with your policies.这并非言语修辞,这些问题只能用行动回答。

My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here – never stopped pressing me to do more for others.A few days before my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda.My mother was very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: ―From those to whom much is given, much is expected.‖我的母亲一直为我考上哈佛而自豪,也一直督促我回报社会。

双语J·K·罗琳在哈佛大学08年毕业典礼上的演讲

双语J·K·罗琳在哈佛大学08年毕业典礼上的演讲

她的演讲题目是《失败的好处和想象的重要性》(The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and theImportance of Imagination)。

她几乎没有谈到哈里波特,而是说了年轻时的一些经历。

虽然J·K·罗琳现在很有钱,是英国仅次于女皇的最富有的女人,但是她曾经有一段非常艰辛的日子,30岁了,还差点流落街头。

她主要谈的是,自己从这段经历中学到的东西。

我只找到了一部分中文翻译,有兴趣的朋友可以看下面的原文和视频。

二、她首先回忆了自己大学毕业的情景:I was convinced that the only thing I wanted to do, ever, was to write novels. However, my parents, both of whom came from impoverished backgrounds and neither of whom had been to college, took the view that my overactive imagination was an amusing personal quirk that could never pay a mortgage, or secure a pension.当时,我只想去写小说。

但是,我的父母出身贫寒,没有受过大学教育。

他们认为,我那些不安分的想象力只是一种怪癖,根本不能用来还房贷,或者挣来养老金。

They had hoped that I would take a vocational degree; I wanted to study English Literature. A compromise was reached that in retrospect satisfied nobody, and I went up to study Modern Languages. Hardly had my parents’ car rounded the corner at the end of the road than I ditched German and scuttled off down the Classics corridor.他们希望我再去读个专业学位,而我想去攻读英国文学。

考研英语押题(精华版)1

考研英语押题(精华版)1

2010考研英语(二)模拟试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word (s )for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points )Among the thousands of business schools now operating around the world you would be hard-pressed to find one that doesn't believe it can teach the skills of entrepreneurship.However,of the people who immediately 1to mind when one thinks of entrepreneurs——Bill Gates,Richard Branson or Oprah Winfrey,for example—few have done more than 2a speech at a business school.3,a recent study by King's College in London has suggested what many intuitively 4:that entrepreneurship may actually be in the blood—more to do with genes than classroom experience.All of which 5the question—does an entrepreneur really need a business-school education?Not surprisingly some of the best-known schools in the field have a 6answer to this:they don't actually profess to create entrepreneurs,7they nurture innate ability.Or as Timothy Faley of the entrepreneurial institute atMichigan's Ross School of Business 8it:“A good idea is not enough.You need to know how to 9a good idea into a good business.”Schools do this in a number of ways.One is to 10that faculty are a mix of classic academics and businesspeople with experience of 11their own successful firms.They can also create “incubators”where students 12ideas and rub shoulders on a day-to-day basis with the external business world,receiving both advice and hard cash in the form of investment.Arguably such help is now more important than ever.The modernentrepreneur is faced with a more 13world than when Richard Branson began by selling records out of a phone box.According to Patrice Houdayer,head of one of Europe's best-known entrepreneurship schools,EMIYON in France,new businesses used to move through a 14series of growth steps—what he terms garage,local,national and international.Now however,15the communications revolution,they can leapfrog these stages and go global more or lessstraightaway—encountering a whole new 16of problems and challenges.In this 17Professor Houdayer maintains that the increasingly 18nature of MBA classes can help the nascent entrepreneur in three ways:by plugging them into an 经典考资祝福你考试成and opportunities 19with dealing across different cultures and by 20them to the different ways that business is conducted around the globe.1.[A ]bring [B ]call [C ]spring [D ]apply 2.[A ]report [B ]deliver [C ]prepare [D ]compose 3.[A ]Indeed [B ]Likewise [C ]Therefore [D ]Furthermore 4.[A ]conclude [B ]assume [C ]neglect [D ]suspect 5.[A ]stirs [B ]arouses [C ]proves [D ]invites 6.[A ]ready [B ]unique [C ]positive [D ]favorable 7.[A ]yet [B ]rather [C ]nor [D ]nevertheless 8.[A ]states [B ]makes [C ]puts [D ]interprets 9.[A ]shift [B ]transfer [C ]modify [D ]transform 10.[A ]ensure [B ]assure [C ]affirm [D ]enlighten 11.[A ]carrying on [B ]setting up [C ]working out [D ]turning around 12.[A ]convey [B ]cherish [C ]nurture [D ]impart 13.[A ]complex [B ]complicated [C ]complementary [D ]fantastic 14.[A ]variable [B ]obvious [C ]imperative [D ]distinct 15.[A ]thanks to [B ]but for [C ]for all [D ]next to 16.[A ]bulk [B ]host [C ]set [D ]magnitude 17.[A ]position [B ]context [C ]perspective [D ]dimension 18.[A ]similar [B ]differential [C ]diverse [D ]versatile 19.[A ]interacted [B ]combined [C ]confronted [D ]associated 20.[A ]entitling [B ]exposing [C ]leading [D ]committingSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1What's a label worth?A lot,it seems.Michael Hiscox and Nicholas Smyth,two Harvard University researchers,conducted an experiment on two sets of towels in an upmarket New York shop.One lot carried a label with the logo “Fair and Square”and the following message:These towels have been made under fair labour conditions,in a safe and healthy working environment which is free of discrimination,and where management has committed to respecting the rights and dignity of workers.The other set had no such label.Over five months,the researchers observed the impact of making various changes such as switching the label to the other set of towels and raising prices.The results were striking:not only did sales of towels 经典考资祝福你考试成each time the price was raised.No wonder companies are keen to appeal to ethically (i.e.morally )minded consumers,whether on labour standards or green credentials.Timberland,a New Hampshire outdoor-gear company,is introducing detailed "Green Index”labels on its shoes.Tesco,M &S and Wal-Mart have all launched initiatives that bet on the rise of the ethical consumer.M &S estimates that about three-quarters of British consumers areinterested in the green theme in some way.But even the keenest ethical consumer faces complicated situations,and sometimes the apparently obvious ethical choice turns out to be the wrong one.Surely it must be greener for Britons to buy roses from the Netherlands than ones air-freighted from Kenya?In fact,a study showed that related green house gas to the Dutch roses to be six times as large because they had to be grown in heated greenhouses.Joel Makower,editor of ,says that,given a choice,mostconsumers will choose the greener product—provided it does not cost any more,comes from a trusted maker,requires no special effort to buy or use and is at least as good as the alternative.“That's almost an impossible barrier for any product,”he notes.So shoppers will still flock to shops selling cheap products of decent quality,ignoring how these are made.They will often buy more if a product is attractively presented,never mind that the packaging may be wasteful.And when companies try to do the right thing,consumers will not always go along with them.The lesson for companies is that selling green is hard work.And it is no good getting too far ahead of the customer.Half a step ahead is about right.Much more,and you won't sell.Any less,and you won't lead.21.The experiment on the towels indicated that ______.[A ]consumers liked to purchase labeled products[B ]consumers would buy goods when prices rose[C ]consumption was influenced by green labels[D ]ethical concern may influence consumption22.According to the text,consumers’ethical choice ______.[A ]determines the production of commodities[B ]forces companies to sell green products only[C ]leads companies to modify business activities[D ]leads to higher labour and green standards23.We may infer from the fourth paragraph that ______.[A ]green buying may be at higher environment cost[B ]green production is actually complicated business[C ]Dutch rose growth is greener than Kenya ones[D ]British consumers actually oppose green farming24.According to Joel Makower,most consumers will ______.[A ]buy greener products when given a choice[B ]reject greener products for various reasons 经典考资祝福你考试成[D ]refuse to follow the activities of companies 25.Companies may learn the lesson that ______.[A ]it is not worthwhile leading the customers [B ]the customers are not easily to be misled [C ]green policy is not effective for marketing [D ]companies need a balanced green policy Text 2There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another.Three basic ways may be described as the market system,the administered system and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact amongeach other in the marketplace.It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them.In a market,transactions may take place via barter or money exchange.In a barter economy,real goods such as automobiles,shorts,and pizzas are traded against each other.Obviously,finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task.Hence the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably.In the modern market economy,goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by someagency over all transactions.This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced,exchanged,and consumed by each economic unit.Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy.The central plan,drawn up by the government,shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption.This is an example of complete planning of productionconsumption,and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society,production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition:every person's place within the economic system is fixed by parentage,religion and custom.Transactions take place on the basis of tradition,too.People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for otherpersons,provide them with food and shelter,care for their health,and provide their education.Clearly,in a system where every decision made on the basis of tradition alone,progress may be difficult to achieve.A stagnant society may result.26.What is the main purpose of the passage?[A ]To outline contrasting types of economic.[B ]To explain the science of economic systems.[C ]To argue for the superiority of one economic system.[D ]To compare barter and money-exchange markets.27.In the second paragraph,the word “real”in “real goods”could best be replaced by which of the following?[A ]High quality.[B ]Concrete.经典考资祝福你考试成28.According to the passage,a barter economy can lead to ______.[A ]rapid speed of transactions [B ]misunderstandings [C ]inflation [D ]difficulties for the traders 29.According to the passage,who has the greatest degree of control in an administered system?[A ]Individual households.[B ]Small businesses.[C ]Major corporations.[D ]The government.30.Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person's place in a traditional society?[A ]Family background.[B ]Age.[C ]Religious beliefs.[D ]Custom.Text 3If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills,American firms have a problem.Human-resource management is considered an individual bour is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy.In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command.The post of head of human-resourcemanagement is usually a specialized job,off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy.The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO ).By way of contrast,in Japan the head of human-resources management is central—usually the second most important executive,after the CEO,in the firm's hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces,in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese of German firms.The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.And the limitedinvestments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result,problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.If American workers,for example,take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do ),the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States.More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.The result is a slower pace of technologicalchange.And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half.经典考资祝福你考试成management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.31.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?[A ]They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.[B ]They see the gaining of skills as their employees'own business.[C ]They attach more importance to workers than equipment.[D ]They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.32.What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?[A ]He is one of the most important executives in the firms.[B ]His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.[C ]He is directly under the chief financial executive.[D ]He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.33.The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.[A ]workers who can operate new equipment [B ]technological and managerial staff [C ]workers who lack basic background skills [D ]top executives 34.According to the passage,the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.[A ]the introduction of new technologies [B ]the improvement of worker's basic skills [C ]the rational composition of professional and managerial employees [D ]the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees 35.What is the main idea of the passage?[A ]American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.[B ]Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.[C ]The head of human-resource management must be in the centralposition in a firm's hierarchy.[D ]The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.Text 4The public holiday on the last Monday of August marks,in most British minds,the unofficial end of summer.A vast migration takes place,as millions take advantage of the long weekend to visit seaside resorts or fly to Europe in a final sun-seeking cheer.Once the festivities are over,gloom descends:workers face four months of uninterrupted labor until Christmas Eve,their next official day off.This depression often provokes calls for more public holidays,and this year the clamor has been louder than usual.David Cameron's new Conservatives have been forced to deny rumors that they would recommend three new public holidays.经典考资祝福你考试成intended to inspire civil pride.On August 27th the Institute for Public PolicyResearch,a worthy think-tank,called for a new day off to “celebrate community heroes”.To the idlers,the case for more time off looks persuasive.By Europeanstandards at least,Britain is a nation of workaholics,with only the Austrianslabouring as many hours per week.Workers are entitled to 20working days of leave a year,the European Union's required minimum.Other countries are more generous.France and Denmark give at least 25days in leave,and many Finns get 30.Britons celebrate a miserably eight national holidays a year;in Europe only the Romanians,with five,have fewer.Even significant national events are celebrated grudgingly.:the British were given two days off to celebrate the queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002,but had to forfeit an existing public holiday to make up for it.National holidays are illogical as well as scarce.The queen's official birthday (a moveable holiday unrelated to her date of birth )is seen as a good excuse for a holiday in most of Britain's former colonies,but not in Her Majesty's homeland.Distribution is also badly distorted:seven of the eight holidays fall between December and May,leaving only August's to break up the rest of the year.There are plenty of things that a new holiday might celebrate.Patriotssuggest that England should honour St George (the patron saint of the place ),just as Scotland takes time off for St Andrew.The historically minded argue for a Magna Carta (The charter of liberties )day,whereas the politically correct suggest holidays celebrating “communities”and “volunteering”.Sadly,not everyone is keen on increasing public holidays.The CBI,abusiness lobbying group,points out that legal leave is already planned to rise to 28working days by 2009,and says that an extra public holiday would cost up to £6billion ($12.1billion ).In the face of such tough objections,concerns about leisure and the quality of life may seem vague and idealistic.36.What is the passage mainly talking about?[A ]Different attitudes towards public holidays in Britain.[B ]The increase of national holidays in Britain.[C ]The problem of public holidays in Britain.[D ]The call for more public holidays in Britain.37.The calls for more public holidays in Britain could be the results of______.[A ]the economic depression[B ]the 4-month work without a rest[C ]the long wait for an official day off[D ]recommendation of two ministers38.What does the word “workaholics”most probably mean (Line 2,Paragraph 3)?[A ]Compulsive workers.[B ]Idle workers.[C ]Lazy workers.经典考资祝福你考试成39.According to the passage,the increase of British working days of leave ______.[A ]is supported by all British people [B ]is planned by CBI to be carried out by 2009[C ]is challenged by some opponents [D ]is likely to result in economic recession 40.Which of the following conclusions can we draw from the text?[A ]From June to December,there is only one British national holiday.[B ]British national holidays are unsatisfactory for the quantity and the allocation.[C ]The queen’s official birthday is celebrated in England.[D ]People suggest new holidays for their own convenience.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points )Most people may drink only two liters of water a day,but they consumeabout 3,000liters a day if the water that goes into their food is taken into account.The rich gulp down far more,since they tend to eat more meat,which takes far more water to produce than grains.So as the world's population grows and incomes rise,farmers will need a great deal more water to keep everyone fed:2,000more cubic kilometers a year by 2030,according to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI ).Yet in many farming regions,water is scarce and likely to get scarcer as global warming worsens.The world is facing not so much a food crisis as a water crisis,argues Colin Chartres,IWMI's director-general.The solution,Mr Chartres and others contend,is more efficient use of water or,as the sloganeers put it,“more crop per drop”.Some 1.2billion people live in places that are short of water.Farming accounts for roughly 70%of human water consumption.So when water starts to run out,farming tends to offer the bestpotential for thrift.But governments rarely charge farmers a market price for water.So they are usually more wasteful than other consumers—even though the value they create from the water is often less than households or industry would be willing to pay for it.The pressing need is to make water go further.Antoine Frérot,the head of the water division of Veolia Environment,promotes recycling of city wastewater to be used in industry or agriculture.This costs less and cuts pollution.Yet as Mr Frérot himself concedes,there are many even cheaper ways to save water.As much as 70%of water used by farmers never gets to crops,perhaps lost through leaky irrigation channels or by draining into rivers or groundwater.经典考资祝福你考试成savings.Farmers in poor countries can usually afford such things only if they are growing cash crops,says David Molden of IWMI.Even basic kit such as small rainwater tanks can be lacking.Ethiopia,for example,has only 38cubic meters of storage capacity per inhabitant,compared to almost 5,000in Australia.Yet modest water storage can hugely improve yields in rain-fed agriculture,by smoothing over short dry spells.Likewise,pumping water into natural aquifers for seasonal storage tends to be much cheaper than building a big dam,and prevents the great waste of water through evaporation.Agronomists are beginning to devise tools to help monitor the efficiency of water use.Some have designed algorithms that use satellite data on surface temperatures to calculate the rate at which plants are absorbing and transpiring water.That allows governments and development agencies to concentrate their efforts on the most prodigal areas.Raising yields does not always involve greater water consumption,especially when farms are inefficient.It would take little extra water to double cereal output in many parts of Africa,Mr Molden argues.IWMI reckons that some three-quarters of the extra food the world needs could be provided simply by bringing yields in poor countries closer to those of rich ones.That is more realistic than the absolute alternative:giving up meat and other thirsty products altogether.[A ]cultivating cash crops 41.The world is meeting with challenges more from [B ]leaking irrigation system 42.Farmers waste more water due to [C ]expenses and efficiency 43.Farmers in poor countries can pay for irrigation improvement by [D ]surface temperature data 44.Building big dams is less effective for their [E ]low water price 45.The water use rate of plants is computed with [F ]water shortage[G ]food crisisPart CDirections:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points )The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best interests to take the action the advertiser is recommending.The action may be to purchase a product or use a service.Advertising as a business developed most rapidly in the United States,the country that uses it to the greatest extent.In 1980advertising expenditure in the 经典考资祝福你考试成product.While advertising brings the economics of mass selling to the manufacturer,it produces benefits for the consumer as well.Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far less than one sold through personal sales people.Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market.Finally,advertising pays for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers.Section III WritingPart A47Write a letter to invite your best friend Jane to take part in your mother's 60-year-old birthday and inform her of your arrangement.Begin your letter as follows:Dear Jane,You should write about 100words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name,using "Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B 48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table.In your essay,you should1)describe the table and,2)state your opinions drawn from it.You should write at least 150words.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points )Financial Sources of College StudentsFinancial Sources American students Chinese students Parents 50%90%Part-time jobs 35%5%Scholarship 15%5%经典考资祝福你考试成2010考研英语(二)模拟试卷答案Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C ]spring【解析】上下文含义题。

Is college still worth it

Is college still worth it

Is College Still Worth It?As soaring costs make the decision more complicated than ever, the answer for most people is not whether to go, but where to go.By Brian KellyL et me start by saying that here at U.S. News, we rankcolleges and universities, we don’t promote them.Which is a good thing, because this year in particular, college would seem like a very difficult product to sell? What we’ve done for many years is use hardnumbers and extensive reporting to help students andtheir families make sense of the nation’s hundreds of institutionsof higher learning. In our rankings, we look at a variety of factorsthat measure academic quality, from student selectivity to faculty resources to peer assessment. We talk to students, parents,and educators. We crunch the numbers, we evaluate how the schools stack up, then we present the results incharts, lists, and stories. In addition to our list of BestNational Universities, we examine liberal arts colleges,regional colleges, public universities, specialtyprograms,and more. We compare similar schools to oneanother. What we don’t do is tell a student where to go.Whether to go to college is another matter entirely,and one that has gotten very perplexing in recent years.Let me answer the question in the headline right now:For most people, we think college is still worth it. Theevidence about earnings is pretty clear. College gradsmake more money, people with advanced degreesmake a lot more, and youcan’t get an advanced degreewithout a bachelor’s.The demand for educatedworkers is only going togrow. And there are benefitsbeyond just paychecks. But which college andwhich type of college?That’s where things havegotten increasingly complicatedin recent years andmay even be at some kindof tipping point of consumerchange. The traditional higher-ed marketplace that has evolved since the end ofWorld War II—one in which a four-year college degreewas seen as the ticket to success and society’s goal wasto provide every citizen with a chance at one—seemspoised for a massive shake-up. Some analysts are predictingthat higher-ed is the next economic bubble,headed for a crash. I don’t see such a drastic outcome,but it’s hard to believe the system can sustain itself asit is for much longer. The industry should know it has aproblem when the only thing worse than a parent findingout his kid didn’t get into that “prestigious” privatecollege is finding out that he did.It’s the story of our age that the wonderful accomplishmentof a college acceptance has become overwhelmedby the angst over its cost. The sticker pricefor many private colleges has now topped the once-unthinkable $50,000 a year. That’s $200,000 for fouryears, roughly the median price of a home in somemetropolitan areas. That’s the price that Harvard Universitycharges, as well as many schools that appearmuch farther down our lists. Public school tuitions,while lower, have been rising at an even faster rate.And the average student who graduates with debt owesabout $20,000, but that’s sure to grow.Before people spend that kind of money and take onthat large of a long-term obligation, they had better besure they know what they are getting into. And it willneed to be a more mercenary calculation than just thechance to convene with Aristotleunder an oak tree.Unfortunately, what’snot clear is whether theproduct—an education—is getting any better orany easier to evaluate.Numerous studies showthat tuition, which has faroutpaced the cost of living,has been spent on thingsother than classroomteaching. Administrativestaffs and lavish facilitiestop the list. After years ofbuilding palatial campuses,states faced with budgetcuts now find that theyare stuck with the fancyathletic center and haveto slash faculty, resultingin packed classrooms detrimentalto the learning experience.And despite the fact that tenure—the sacred pact oflifetime employment, lengthy sabbaticals, and limitedundergraduate teaching for professors who clear thebar—is starting to come under some sustained criticism,it remains a startling example of expensive inefficiencyin a world that has learned to thrive on leanness. An increasingnumber of college courses are taught by graduateassistants or adjuncts—non-faculty members whowork for low pay.If colleges were businesses, they would be ripe forhostile takeovers, complete with serious cost-cuttingand painful reorganizations. You can be sure thosebusiness analysts would ask: Is the consumer gettingthe product we promised? What do you actually learnhere? Can you guarantee a job? Admission to graduate school? There are ways to gauge these things, butcolleges have just recently fended off a movement todemand such outcomes measures.So yes, the product has some problems. It also hasa powerful argument in its favor: the long-establishedtrend lines showing that people with a college degreeearn significantly more money over their lifetimes thanthose without a college degree. Over the years, thosewith college degrees have earned about double whatthose with a high school education have taken in, andthe gap seems to be growing, according to the CensusBureau (and those with professional degrees earn substantiallymore). Some recent theory hascontemplated whether thatgap will remain between,say, a four-year school anda specialized one- or two-yearprogram that teachesa specific skill. What if youinvested half your tuitionmoney in the stock market,got a computer repair certificate,and went to work?Would you be better off in15 or 20 years? But are youwilling to take that chance?And remember, too, thatwhen college critics pointto the fact that Bill Gateswas a Harvard dropout,they fail to mention that hemet some of the guys whohelped him start Microsoftin his dorm. The networkingaspect of college should not be undervalued.Of course, common sense says that college shouldnot be all about the money. How do you put a priceon becoming an educated person? What’s the value ofbeing able to appreciate ancient Greek drama, Chinesehistory, or differential equations? True, for many peoplethat ideal can seem like quite a luxury when the priceis as high as it is today. But beyond the aesthetic, thepoint of a classic liberal education is to teach you howto think. What’s the value of that in a rapidly changing,technological world where narrow skills can be lucrativeone day and obsolete the next? Hiring managerswill tell you that creative intelligence and an ability tocommunicate are more useful in the long term. As isa proven work ethic, which is why persisting through four years of college is an admirable credential in itself.The challenge comes down to finding the right collegeat a cost you can afford, andthen making the most ofit. It might not be a four-year brick-and-mortar institutionwith an illustrious name—or a high rank on the U.S. News Best Colleges list (yes, we are sometimes partof the problem). Among the worst outcomes would besomeone who arrives wholly unprepared at a demandingschool and ends up quitting after a year or two, with onlyloan payments to show for it. On average, more than 40percent of college students drop out (and clearly manyof them are stepping on campus without having attainedthe skills and knowledge intheir primary and secondaryschooling to succeed,but that’s another story).Maybe a two-year degreeis a better place to start.If it works, move on to afour-year program. In fact,it has become much morecommon in recent years fortwo-year schools to work intandem with public collegesto make it possible, evenseamless, to transfer andgraduate within four years.So much depends on how much a student actually hasto pay. Beyond the sticker price, there is a fair amountof competition among schools, usually by less esteemedinstitutions trying to attract better quality students. Aschool may seem outrageous at $50,000, but a comfortablechoice at $25,000. Some of the highest-rankedschools also have the most sc holarship money, allowingthem to “meet full need”—that is, offering low-to-no tuitionto qualified, needy students. And maybe this chaospoints to the start of a revolution. Maybe one day wewill see actual price competition, with schools acrossthe spectrum a dvertising their lower costs. It’s hard tobelieve that higher education will be able to defy thelaws of economics forever. But that’s not much help ifyou’re looking to go to college right now.。

Is Harvard Worth It的英文注释选读

Is Harvard Worth It的英文注释选读

1. Conventional wisdom says yes.conventional wisdom—the generally accepted attitude or opinion; popular belief (通常的看法或见解,普遍的看法)2. That’s when colleges flood the postal system with the news of who has won a place in next fall’s freshman class.意为:这是因为4月份,美国的邮政部门将被雪片般的大学录取通知书所淹没。

这是对前句―for America’s high school seniors, April is the cruelest month‖的一个解释。

也就是说,4月份将决定高中学生是否被大学录取的月份,也是他们要选择去哪所大学的月份。

flood—fill sth. in large quantity, crowd3. Is it worth paying some $ 125,000 to give their child an education at an elite private college?意为:花125,000美元让孩子在名牌私立大学读书划得来吗?This article deals with a popular issue in the United States –college cost, to be more exact, the correlation between college selectivity and future income of college graduates. Generally speaking, higher education in America is accessible to everyone, regardless of sex, age, and race. What matters is the choice of university. The 3,000 –odd universities of the country fall basically into two groups: private and state-run. It is very easy to distinguish between private and state-run universities since most of the state-run, or public universities take the name of the state, such as the University of Massachusetts, MichiganStateUniversity, and the University of California. While many state-run universities have won wide recognition, most of the oldest and most prestigious universities are private, run by an individual or a group (most are not profit-oriented), such as HarvardUniversity, YaleUniversity and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). It is the aspiration of most high school students to win a place in these elite universities, but the tuition there is always exceptionally high as well. So here lies the dilemma.The following is a brief introduction to the 15 most competitive private universities, some mentioned in the article.Amherst: Amherst College, Amherst (地名),Mass (州名). It was founded in 1821, and is now regarded as the premier liberal arts college (人文学院)in the U.S.BowdoinCollege: Brunswick, Maine, founded in 1799.BrownUniversity: Providence, Rhode Island, opened in 1765 as Rhode IslandCollege, renamed for one of its major trustees Nicholas Brown in 1804California Institute of Technology: Pasadena, CA, founded in 1871.Colombia University: New York, NY, founded in 1754 as King’s College by grant of King George II, the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.Cornell: CornellUniversity, Ithaca, NY, founded in 1865.Dartmouth College: founded in 1769 in Lebanon, Conn., later moved to Hanover, New Hampshire, where it is now located. It is America’s ninth oldest college and the last institution of higher learning established under Colonial rule.Denison: DenisonUniversity, Granville, Ohio. It was founded in 1831 and is one of the most important liberal arts colleges.DukeUniversity: Durham, North Carolina, opened in 1838.Georgetown: GeorgetownUniversity, located in Georgetown, Maryland, close to WashingtonD.C. It was founded in 1789, a Catholic institution in the essence.HarvardUniversity: located in Cambridge, Mass., Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, established in 1636, and named for its first benefactor, John Harvard of Charlestown, a young minister.MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., opened in 1865.PrincetonUniversity: Newark, NJ, founded in 1747. It is the fourth college established in America.Reed: ReedCollege, Portland, OR, founded in 1908, private.StanfordUniversity: Stanford, CA., opened in 1891 as LelandStanfordJuniorUniversity (still the legal name).SwarthmoreCollege: Philadelphia, Penn. It was founded in 1864 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and still reflects many Quaker traditions and values although it is non-sectarian today; a private college of liberal arts and engineering.Wharton: WhartonSchool of Business, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, founded in 1740, private.YaleUniversity: founded in 1701, New Haven, Conn., the second oldest university in the United States.4.Or would her future be just as bright if she went to a less expensive school?意为:如果上一所学费较低的大学,她会不会也能拥有同样光明的未来?5.Of course, that’s not the impression you get from the $ 500-million-a-year college-admissions industry, with its magazine rankings, test prep courses, and guidebooks.意为:虽然对于学生家长来说,决定送孩子去哪里上大学不是件容易事,可从每年有5亿美元进帐的大学录取业来看,这事似乎并不难,因为它每年都在杂志上登出大学排名,开设考前辅导班,还有各种指导报考的书籍,好像一切都有章可循。

哈佛大学简介英文版

哈佛大学简介英文版

• To thanks the college in its early years to give generous support pastor John Harvard, in March 1639 was renamed Harvard College; 1780, officially renamed Harvard University. • (为纪念在成立初给予学院支持的约翰·哈佛牧师,于1639年3月更名为哈佛学
Catalog
• • • • •
Introduce History Library The presidents from Harvard The beautiful place
Do you know the first university in American history?
DO you know this school sign ?
Harvard University Museum of natural history
The scenery in Harvard University is very beautiful
The statue
哈佛大学校园路上的一盘国际象棋
Some church
院;1780年,哈佛学院正式改称哈佛大学。)
The library of Harvard University • The largest collection in the world, the largest university library, in the development of more than 400 years, has a total collection volume 15000000
世界上藏书最多、规模最大的大学图书馆,在四百多年的发展中,共拥有馆藏 1500万卷

英语报刊阅读Is Harvard Worth It

英语报刊阅读Is Harvard Worth It

Para 3. supporting and counter evidence
supporting evidence: *It’s true that big law firms, major teaching hospitals, and investment banks—heck, even the offices of FORTUNE –are stuffed with Ivy Leaguers. *It also true that if you want to a career at what passes for the American establishment—a giltedged diploma is a distinct advantage. heck— is the euphemism of Fortune Ranking Chart: The Fortune 500; The Fortune 500 Outside the U.S stuff with—to fill tightly, crowd sth to into. Establishment gilt-edged diploma: counterevidence: anecdotal evidence Steve Jobs; Jack Welch; Warren Buffett The majority of top CEOs surveyed by FORTUNE in 1990 did not attend an elite college.
Para 6: Research limitations: The studies (para 5) do not measure how an individual’s earnings are affected by the choice of college. *selective schools Supposed Research Question: If student X gets into, say, Amherst and Michigan State, and choose to go to Michigan State, will X be shut out of Amherst-style earning potential? Related research: looking at students with similar SAT scores who attended different kinds of schools.

The Cult of Celebrity Professors翻译

The Cult of Celebrity Professors翻译

Unit 7Text AThe Cult of Celebrity Professors—Celebrity professors are a good thing. Really!Few species have as many natural enemies as the celebrity professor. Other academics envy their money and fame; journalists dislike their cleverer-than-thou airs; and everybody hates their determination to have it all—the security of academic tenure and the glitz of media stardom. So these are happy days for the rest of us. Plagiarism, lying, waffle-mongering: hardly a week goes by without some academic celebrity or other biting the dust, his reputation in tatters.Stephen Ambrose was arguably America’s favorite historian, a man who wrote bestsellers faster than most people read them. An inspirer of Hollywood blockbusters, he can also claim credit for two of the best presidential biographies around, on Eisenhower and Nixon. But it now turns out that five of his books contain extensive “borrowings” from other historians. (“I’m not writing a PhD”, he has offered as an explanation—an unsurprising claim, as he would not get one for somebody else’s work.)Mr. Ambrose must be grateful that attention has shifted to another cutter and paster, Doris Kearns Goodwin. She was a fixture on American television, always ready with a telling anecdote on, say, Lyndon Johnson (whom she knew) or Abraham Lincoln (the subject of her next blockbuster).Her handling of the plagiarism charges against her has arguably been worse than the charges themselves. In the last 1980s she quietly mollified one of her chief victims, paying her some money. Now she explains her behavior by the fact that she relied on handwritten notes—something other historians have managed to do without such dire consequences. Amazingly, Ms. Goodwin remains on Harvard’s board of overseers, despite the fact that she committed sins that might get an undergraduate expelled.The hunt is now on for the next serial plagiarist. Meanwhile, other charges are also being hurled at celebrity professors. T ake compulsive lying. Joseph Ellis, the author of a first-rate study of the Founding Fathers, told the students that he had fought in Vietnam when the closest he came to combat was sitting in a university library. Or take hypocrisy. Paul krugman, a professor of economics at Princeton University, used his column in the New York Times to Savage the Bush administration for its links to Enron, when the fearless professor had himself received $37,500 from the energy firm. Or take general flatulence. A squabble between Larry Summers, Harvard’s combative new president, and Cornel West, a profess or of black students , alerted the world to the latter’s recent work, which turns out to be a mixture of post-structuralist mumbojumbo, religious rhetoric and rap music. More should be expected from one of only 17 people to hold the exaltedtitle of university professor at Harvard.Is this a case of a few bad apples? In public intellectual (Harvard University Press) Richard Posner, a federal judge, argues that it is the whole barrel. Although the book looks at all sorts of thinkers(not just whorish academics),Mr. Posner suggests that celebrity professors owe their influence to a fraud. They build their reputations tilling some minuscule academic field, and then pontificate on Charlie Rose about everything under the sun.All true. Yet the judge, himself a leading intellectual for hire, is a little too harsh. Each celebrity professor may be a nauseous beast. Yet there are two big arguments in favor of what they do. Most obviously, they help to circulate ideas. They give educated laypeople a chance to get their information from real authorities rather than mere journalists. They give universities a chance to pay back some of their debt to the societies that nurture them. The fact that America’s bestseller lists feature works written by academic authorities amongst the ghost-written memoirs and celebrity suck-up jobs should be cause for rejoicing.The second point is that they help to keep talented people in academia. Some noble souls will always be willing to put up with low salaries in exchange for a chance to pursue the truth :it is hard to imagine John Rawls hustling for a bit of extra cash. But others are inevitably attracted to money and bright lights. A bit of moonlighting is a relatively easy way for universities to keep some of their smarter faculty happy.What about the costs of this moonlighting? Don’t academic superstars short-change their universities? Well, a bit. Yet the ostentatiously ludicrous Mr. West has undoubtedly helped to attract bright students to Harvard in the same way that those rather more serious once did. Surveys suggest that academics who engage in outside activities are actually more likely to do their share of teaching than those who don’t. Besides, the link between popular success and lower academic standards is not sharp. Mr. Ambro se and Ms. Goodwin both started “borrowing” other people’s work before they hit the big time.Fundamentally, the besetting sin of American academia is not celebrity professors but hyper-specialization. Academics have a bit of crawling along the frontier of knowledge with a magnifying glass, blind to the wide vistas opening up before them, and often reducing the most engaging subjects to tedious debates about methodology. By looking at the big picture, populists restore the excitement of intellectual life. Who has done more for literary studies in the United States: Harold Bloom or the thousands of post-structuralists and their insufferable conferences? Who has more to advance the understanding of American business: Peter Drucker, who has never been employed by an Ivy League university, or the entire list of contributors to the Journal of Supply Chain Management?And the market does work. The same media machine that turned Mr. Ambrose and Ms. Goodwin into superstars is now trashing their reputations. The honest majority of celebrity professors improve the world by spreading the fruits of academic research. The dishonest minority pay for their sins with the loss of their cherished reputations.名家热当名家是名利双收的好事,一点不假!没有几个物种会像名家那样树敌众多。

哈佛大学成功金句25则中英文对照

哈佛大学成功金句25则中英文对照

1、正确的思考先正确的评判自己,才有能力评断他人。

2、行动观察走在你前面的人,看看他为何领先,学习他的做法。

3、相信相信你做得到,你一定会做到。

不断告诉自己某一件事,即使不是真的,最后也会让自己相信。

4、警觉对于那些使狗和儿童感到畏惧的人应提高警觉。

5、挑战如果你想要更上一层楼,就为别人提供超出预期更多更好的服务。

6、主要目标你的人生想要什么?你能付出什么作为回馈?7、合作请求比命令能得到更好的结果。

8、勇气勇敢的承认自己不知道的事情,才能学习并进步。

9、批评一事无成的无名小卒才能免于批评。

10、行为真正伟大的人,别人会从他的善行感受出来。

11、明确的目标明确的了解自己想要什么,致力追求。

12、教育或学习教育是开发内在的力量。

所有的教育都靠自己的体会;没有人能够教育另外一个人。

13、言之有物记住,别人从你所说的每一个字,了解你所知的多寡。

14、热诚当热诚变成习惯,恐惧和忧虑即无处容身。

15、多做一点每次你多做一些,别人就欠你一些。

16、失败爱迪生失败一万次才发明灯泡。

失败一次不必担心。

17、公平不要忽视小节,宇宙由原子构成。

18、信心信心愈用愈多。

19、恐惧虚张声势往往显示极深的恐惧。

20、朋友有求于人才会去找朋友,很快就没有朋友。

21、抱怨如果你非要抱怨,那么你小声一些,以免吵到别人。

22、健康和习惯如果你感觉无精打采,等到饿了再去吃东西。

23、残障一位中国西北大学的盲生以速记抄录讲义,卖给视力正常的同学,完成学业。

24、快乐有些人累积金钱换取财富,智者累积快乐,与人分享仍取之不竭。

25、和谐和谐使宇宙运转不停。

1. DeliberationYou are not eligible for judging others until you can make the correct judgment on yourself.2. ActionTo observe people who walk ahead of you, thinking why he takes the leader’s position and learning how he achieves success.3. BeliefYou are bound to success as long as you have confidence in yourself. 4. AlertnessWe should be alert with those who make dogs and children fear.5. ChallengeIf you expect to reach the higher level, you have to offer more and better service beyond others’ expectation.6. TargetWhat is your life goal? And what can you do in return for the goal?7. CooperationThe result of requiring is better than command.8. BraveryYou can’t learn and make progress unless you confess bravely what you do not know.9. CriticismA person who often has nothing to do is free from criticism.10. BehaviorReally great man often makes people understand his kind behavior.11. Specific aimClearly know what you want, and then devote to pursuit.12. Education or learningEducation is the strength to inspire one’s internal power. One should study with his own heart, and no one can teach the other.13. Having substance in speechRemember that people can conclude how much your knowledge is from your words.14. EnthusiasmYou will be fearless and optimistic when enthusiasm becomes your hobby.15. Doing moreThe more you do, the more others owe.16. FailureEdison invented the bulb through ten thousands failures, so do not worry about your one failure.17. EquityDon’t neglect any detail, for the huge universe is composed of tiny atoms.18. ConfidenceThe more you use it, the more confidence you will have.19. FearBravado often covers deep fears.20. FriendsYou will lose all friends soon if you only visit friends when you are in trouble.21. ComplaintYour voice should be so lower that others won’t be bothered if you really want to complain.22. Health and hobbyDon’t eat food until you feel hungry if your spirit is not good.23. Physical disabilityA blind student from North-West University completes his education depending on selling notes to normal students. The notes are written in fast speed by hands.24. HappinessSome people accumulate money to exchange wealth, while wits save happiness and share them with others.25. HarmonyHarmony makes the world move without stop.(注:素材和资料部分来自网络,供参考。

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No longer worth it?
Which graduate is more attractive in today's job market? Sorry, Ivy Leaguers. This is where state schools win out. A survey released this week bolstered the argument that the luster of private elite colleges might be fading. Under pressure to cut costs and simplify hiring efforts, U.S. companies are increasingly recruiting from large state schools over private elite institutions, according to The Wall Street Journal's survey of recruiting executives in nearly 30 industries including finance, consulting, marketing and technology. Graduates from elite schools may argue that they're more likely to earn higher incomes upon graduation, but historical research proves that's not the case. In a study featured at the National Bureau of Economic Research by economists Alan B. Krueger and Stacy Berg Dale, selectivity of schools generally had little effect on incomes once other factors, such as SAT scores, were taken into account. In other words, students with the same test score would earn roughly the same income, regardless of the school they attended.
Return?
What kind of return is there likely to be on that investment? And how does it compare with the return on a less expensive but also less prestigious education? The academic evidence is murky.
Doubt—Does an elite college really pay?
Harvard or Yale can cost a fortune, but the theory goes that the cost of a prestigious diploma will pay off in future earnings. Many who've studied the numbers disagree. 【Link】 A Student’s Dilemma Yesterday I got my acceptance package from Harvard law school. I'm Canadian and I also got accepted to the University of Toronto, which is a really good school and about a quarter as expensive. If I accept at Harvard, I will have to finance law school almost entirely through loans, and will be really in debt by the time I graduate. Plus, I don't think I'm interested in working in a high-paying, Wall Street-type job. I'm more interested in typically low-paying public interest or academic work. But people I talk to keep saying that I have to go to Harvard because of all the "opportunities" it'll provide me--that I can do "anything" after graduating from there. So, my question is this: Is it worth it to pick Harvard over another really good school, even if it means racking up enormous debt? Is a Harvard degree really that much more impressive to employers than another degree?
It? Is Harvard Worth It?
Background
Is Harvard Worth It? Conventional wisdom says yes. But with the price of a degree from America's most famous university and other elite private colleges now surpassing $125,000, many families--and a number of economists--aren't so sure. For years, economists have wrestled with the question of whether the hefty cost of an Ivy League or equivalent private college is worth the differential in economic terms. Will attending the elite University of Pennsylvania result in higher future earnings than attending Penn State? And will the higher earnings exceed the higher cost? These questions have no easy answers.
Students’ Qualities Speak Louder ’
Krueger and Dale concluded that smart, talented kids who attended less selective schools did just as well in their careers as their counterparts at elite colleges. There was no difference in average earnings. The same traits that made the students desirable candidates for admission to Yale--ambition, intelligence, wit--carried over to the workplace, where they were duly (and comparably) rewarded, even though they had turned down an elite education. Krueger says this is because the positive characteristics attributed to selective colleges were actually characteristics of the students, not of the schools.
A prestigious undergraduate degree does pay off
Dan A. Black, an economist at Syracuse University who has studied such questions, says you will make more by attending an elite college, "but it comes out awfully close to what you’d get in the stock market" if you invested the difference in price between a top college and a lesser state school. But Hoxby, who specializes in the economics of education, has come up with some different answers. She figures student aptitude accounts for somewhere between two-thirds and three-quarters of the earnings difference; yet even allowing for this, she finds that it pays to go to the most selective college you caБайду номын сангаас. "People who invest in education at a more selective college generally earn back their investment several times over during their careers,”
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