英语任务书
英语专业任务书(模板)
毕业设计（论文）课题任务书
（2009----2010学年）
学院名称：外国语学院
课题名称
计算机网络与英语自主学习培养
学生姓名
郑婷婷
专业
英语语言文学
学号
20061244
指导教师
任务书下达时间
2009年10月11日
课题概述：
随着科学技术的迅猛发展，新技术逐渐被人们接纳并应用。新技术的发展对外语教学一直有着很深刻的影响。作为教学辅助工具，计算机和多媒体的应用，使得新的教学理念和教学方法得以彻底的实施。在当今社会，网络多媒体技术的发展已经带来一定程度的影响且影响将会越来越大。有了新技术的帮助，自主语言学习能力的培养也有了确实的依托，但是在二者的结合上，仍然存在着不少理论与与实践上的盲区。计算机网络与英语自主学习主要体现在计算机的辅助教学与英语自主学习上。本研究旨在探讨新的教学工具与实践外语教学的关系，从理论角度与实践角度来探讨如何依托现代化信息技术培养学生的英语自主学习能力。
[11]陆欣.大学英语网络自主学习的实证研究(MA) .东北林业大学.2009-09-07
[12]肖坤学.多媒体辅助教学的策略研究(MA) .首都师范大学.2009-08-22
[13]王亚娟.计算机辅助教学系统的开发与应用(MA) .新疆师范大学.2009-07-15
论文任务书和开题报告模板
2014届毕业设计（论文）课题任务书系(部)：外语系专业：英语本科班级：2009级班
注：本任务书一式三份，由指导教师填写，经教研室审批后一份下达给学生，一份由指导教师保留，一份交系部存档。
长沙学院
本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告
（ 2014 届）
2014年2月日（填17-22）
说明：开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一，此报告应在导师指导下，由学生填写，将作为毕业设计（论文）成绩考查的重要依据，经导师审查后签署意见生效。
长沙学院
毕业设计（论文）中期报告
长沙学院2014 届毕业设计（论文）指导教师评阅表系（部）：外语系
说明：各项成绩的百分比由各系部自己确定，但应控制在给定标准的20％左右。
长沙学院2014届毕业设计（论文）评阅教师评阅表系（部）：外语
说明：各项成绩的百分比由各系部自己确定，但应控制在给定标准的20％左右。
长沙学院毕业设计（论文）答辩评审表
说明：最终评定成绩＝A+B+C，三个成绩的百分比由各系部自己确定，但应控制在给定标准的20％左右。
[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
英语版汽车设计任务书
英语版汽车设计任务书1. BackgroundOur company, XYZ Automotive, is a leading manufacturer of automobiles with a commitment to creating innovative and stylish vehicles. We are looking to develop a new car model that will cater to the needs and desires of modern consumers. This car should embody the latest technology, safety features, and aesthetics that embody our brand's values and appeal to a wide range of potential customers.2. ObjectivesThe primary objective of this project is to design a car that meets the following criteria: - Innovative and modern design that sets it apart from competitors- Ergonomic and comfortable interior that enhances the driving experience- Incorporation of the latest technology and safety features to ensure a competitive edge - Environmental sustainability and fuel efficiency- Targeted to appeal to a wide range of customers, from young professionals to families 3. SpecificationsThe car should be designed with the following specifications in mind:- It should be a compact sedan or SUV, with a focus on maximizing interior space while maintaining a sleek and modern exterior profile.- The car should be equipped with the latest technology, including a touchscreen infotainment system, smartphone integration, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).- Safety features should include autonomous emergency braking, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and a strong and durable vehicle safety structure.- The car should be fuel-efficient, with a range of hybrid or electric powertrain options available to cater to environmentally conscious consumers.- The interior should be designed with high-quality materials, comfortable seating, and ample storage space for passengers and cargo.4. Design FeaturesThe following design features should be considered when developing the new car model:- A sleek and aerodynamic exterior design that reflects modern and innovative aesthetics while maximizing fuel efficiency.- LED lighting technology for the headlights, taillights, and interior illumination to ensure visibility and energy efficiency.- A spacious and ergonomic interior layout that encourages comfort and practicality for both the driver and passengers.- Customizable options for interior and exterior color schemes, materials, and trims to cater to individual customer preferences.- Integration of sustainable materials and manufacturing processes to ensure a reduced environmental impact throughout the lifecycle of the product.5. Target MarketThe new car model should be designed to appeal to the following target market segments: - Young professionals looking for a stylish and innovative car that suits their urban lifestyle and driving needs.- Families seeking a practical and safe vehicle with ample interior space and advanced safety features for their daily transportation needs.- Environmentally conscious consumers who are interested in a fuel-efficient or electric vehicle option that reduces their carbon footprint.6. TimelineThe development of the new car model should adhere to the following timeline:- Research and Concept Development: 6 months- Design and Engineering: 12 months- Prototyping and Testing: 6 months- Production and Launch: 9 months7. ConclusionIn conclusion, our company's new car model project aims to create an innovative, modern, and environmentally friendly vehicle that appeals to a wide range of consumers. The design team is encouraged to think creatively and push the boundaries of automotive design to ensure the success of this project. We look forward to seeing the results of your hard work and dedication in bringing this new car model to life. Thank you for your commitment to this exciting project.。
任务书和开题报告范例
南京林业大学2010 届毕业论文任务书填表须知：[1]本任务书所列各项由指导教师详细填写，以便学生全面了解和正确执行。
本任务书经学院、系(教研室)审定后，送教学科一份，发给学生一份。
[2]学生接到任务书后，应制订好工作计划，填写开题报告，认真撰写毕业论文，并按规定时间完成。
任务书所列各项内容不得涂改，因特殊情况需要变动的必须经系(教研室)负责人、教学院长审核同意。
[3]本任务书中“[ ]”内容为填表解释。
毕业论文完成后，本任务书装订在论文前面，交学院存档。
一、基本情况1、学院专业：外国语学院英语专业。
2、选题名称：An Analysis of Poe’s Theory of Effect Applied in Ligeia3、指导教师：胡斐；指导教师职称：副教授。
4、协助指导教师：；协助指导教师职称：。
5、学生学号：0673229 ；学生姓名：赵晶。
6、导师团成员：。
[助教及助教以下职称的指导教师需导师团成员指导]7、作业期限：2009 年12 月1 日至2010 年5 月31 日。
8、作业地点：南京林业大学。
910、选题出处：[填写毕业论文选题的具体来源，例如科研项目名称、生产项目名称等]自选。
二、审批情况1、系(教研室)意见：2、学院审批意见：三、毕业论文任务1、总体要求撰写毕业论文的时间为16周。
学生结合生产单位、管理部门或指导教师的科研课题，进行试验、调查研究，或广泛收集资料进行深入分析论证，在经过总结分析得出结论后，独立撰写并答辩。
2、论文内容及具体要求[主要包括对前言、方案拟定、实验数据采集与处理、结果分析、结论、附表等的要求]3、指定阅读的参考文献[要求中文文献不低于10篇，外文文献不低于5篇]4、备注[指导教师对学生的其他要求及说明等]南京林业大学毕业设计(论文)开题报告。
刘畅的任务书
毕业论文任务书毕业论文题目：Analysis of the Image of Sister Carrie选题意义、创新性、科学性和可行性论证：本课题主要采用文献综述法来搜集中外相关文献并综合、消化资料；同时采用文本解读法及人物分析法等方法对作品进行深入分析及论证。
图书馆期刊及网络资源丰富的文献资料使材料收集途径可靠。
依据文艺批评理论和文本解读分析方法，对本论文课题适用。
充足的准备及撰写论文时间，在指导教师的悉心指导下，在预计安排期限内完成本论文是可行的。
主要内容：《嘉莉妹妹》是美国自然主义作家德莱塞的第一部长篇小说。
本文从人物分析入手，结合了自然主义理论，重点研究了嘉莉妹妹这一形象的独特性格特点，并阐释了女主人公的悲剧命运，也昭示着美国梦的幻灭。
目的要求：通过毕业论文的写作，利用所学理论，联系实际，进行总结分析。
不断提升自己的专业素养，使自己具备初步的科研能力。
将自身所学知识运用于实际，使自己的专业和学术能力均有提高。
通过此篇论文了解自然主义文学理论，并探讨德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义风格和嘉莉妹妹形象特征，从而进一步揭示嘉莉最终的人生悲剧和美国梦的破灭。
拟解决的关键问题：探讨嘉莉妹妹的性格特点。
计划进度：1.2010年 12月 20 日前：指导教师与学生见面，指导收集资料，确定选题2．2011 年1月10日前：上交论文提纲、完成开题报告3. 2011年3月8日前：完成初稿4. 2011年4月8日前：完成修改稿5. 2011年4月10日：完成定稿指导教师签字：主管院长（系主任）签字：年月日任务书部分填写要求如下：题目用英语计划进度按所提供统一时间，无需自己填。
1．字号为宋体、小四、不加粗2．单倍行距3．版面请参照模版。
英语正文和任务书
摘要咖啡在欧洲人的生活中很常见。
就如同茶文化对中国人的影响一样，咖啡文化是根植在欧洲人的思想和生活中的，逐渐形成必不可少的一部分。
然而，不同的国家有不同的咖啡历史，人们喝咖啡的习惯也不同。
也就是说，欧洲不同国家都有他们自己本国的咖啡文化。
与此同时，咖啡对于欧洲人的日常生活也有很大影响。
本文探讨了欧洲不同国家的咖啡文化，这些国家在欧洲的咖啡消费总占有重要的地位。
本文也试图找出咖啡文化对欧洲各国，乃至整个欧洲的影响。
关键词：咖啡咖啡文化欧洲影响AbstractCoffee is common to find in the life of European people. Just like tea, which influences the Chinese, coffee culture is deeply rooted in the mind and life of European people, forming a necessary part. However, different countries in Europe have different history of drinking coffee, and also, people hold different habits of drinking coffee. That is to say different countries in Europe have the special coffee culture of their own. At the same time, coffee holds a strong influence to people’s daily life in Europe. This article studies coffee culture of different countries in Europe, which hold an important status in coffee consumption in Europe, and try to find the influences of coffee culture in each country and also in Europe.Key words: coffee coffee culture Europe influenceContentsChapter 1 Introduction: General Description of Coffee Culture in Europe (1)Chapter 2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Different Countries in Europe (4)2.1 Coffee Culture in Italy (4)2.1.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Italy (5)2.1.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Italy (6)2.2 Coffee Culture in France (6)2.2.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in France (7)2.2.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in France (8)2.3 Coffee Culture in Britain (8)2.3.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Britain (9)2.3.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Britain (10)2.4 Coffee Culture in Belgium (11)2.4.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Belgium (11)2.4.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Belgium (12)2.5 Coffee Culture in Germany (13)2.5.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Germany (13)2.5.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Germany (14)Chapter 3 Conclusion: The Importance of the Influence of Coffee Culture in Europe (15)The Influence of Coffee Culture in EuropeChapter 1 Introduction:General Description of Coffee Culture in EuropeAnyone who has visited Europe will have noticed what is often referred to as the coffee culture. European coffee culture is famous for its long history and excellent making techniques.Generally speaking, for five centuries the western world has been brewing the coffee bean into a rich and fragrant serum – waking up the world to its medicinal ability to engage the conscience.Coffee houses also make up of part of coffee culture in Europe. The first "penny universities" opened in 17th century London. The coffee house was often called a “penny university” because a person could buy a cup for 1 cent and learn more at the coffee house than in class. The coffee house boom is nothing new, and its rooting in Europe goes back to the 1600s. There are cultural processes that shaped early capitalism into a global machine of market exchange. The coffeehouse was a European phenomenon. Before the office age, coffeehouses were places where business could be accomplished. They were bustling, noisy places where merchants, therapists and newspaperman came and went to do their business or sell their goods. Like their modern counterparts, specific 17th-century coffeehouses attracted certain clientele. Garraway's and Jonathan's, known for the businessmen who frequented them, helped give birth to the London Stock Exchange, which will be stated in the following part of this article.It was not until 1615, that Europe was formally introduced to coffee. Venetian traders, who had strong trade links with the Levant (historical term referring to a large area of the Middle East incorporating the countries of: Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria), started to import coffee into Italy. Once in Europe, the consumption of coffeesoon spread. However, the introduction of coffee into Europe was not without its controversy. According to many accounts, a group of Christian clerics tried to have coffee banned before it had become widely available. They came to Pope Clement VIII (1535-1605), claiming that coffee was for Satan's followers, and that Christians who drank it might lose their souls to the Devil. But before Pope Clement would ban coffee he insisted on tasting it. After drinking his first cup, the Pope was so impressed with the flavour, that he reasoned that such a drink could not possibly be the work of Satan and instead declared that coffee should be baptized to make it a true Christian drink.The first person recorded in history to brew coffee in Europe was an international student named Nathaniel Conopios from Crete, who was studying at Balliol College, Oxford. This simple act, which happened in May 1637, was recorded by both; scholar John Evelyn and historian Anthony Wood. Although, shortly afterwards Conopios was expelled from college, his influence had a lasting effect on Oxford, as it was in Oxford that the first English coffeehouse was opened in 1650 by Jacob, a Lebanese Jew. Even though Jacob moved to London a few years later to repeat his success, he had begun a trend that saw many more coffeehouses open in Oxford during that decade. (Michaele Wesissman,203)The most significant of these coffeehouses, was the one open by Arthur Tillyard in 1655. Tillyard's coffeehouse became a meeting point for a group who were known as the Oxford Coffee Club. This group was made up of Oxford's leading scientists, including Sir Robert Boyle, and their students, who would meet to discuss their theories and research and share ideas. It is from the Oxford Coffee Club which the world famous Royal Society, one of the leading scientific societies in the world, evolved from.The early growth of coffeehouses was largely due to support by doctors, promoting coffee for its supposed healing abilities. Before the introduction of coffeehouses, there was a widespread problem with public drunkenness as beer was consumed with almost every meal. But with public knowledge of the health benefits of coffee, and with coffee being significantly cheaper then beer, coffeehouses began to replace the tavern as the meeting place of choice. Needless to say, tavern owners were not going to let their profits dwindle without a fight, and many of the most aggressive attacks against coffeecame from them. They claimed that coffee was an Arabic drink not suitable for well-mannered Christian men, unlike beer which had been brewed by Monks' for centuries.Café’s in the 19th-century provided an important meeting place for artists, writers, and intellectuals. News, gossip, and ideas were shared as coffee was poured and pipes, cigars, and cigarettes were smoked. What was it that made writers in France seek out cafés as places to work? Some writers nowadays may want to live the café life in the 16th in Paris. Café at that time had the necessary comforts provided for tranquil writing.A writer could walk every morning to his favorite café where he would have lunch and for the rest of the day sit with a glass of coffee, writing. That may be why coffee culture sometimes is associated with accomplishment and famous persons in literature.Europe has the most coffee houses than any other part of the world. People love to drink coffee outside in their favorite coffee house which provides a satisfying service for each guest. One may also arrive at one of coffeehouses and not have a partner to converse with, hang out at the bar where your barista dwells and chances are conversation will strike up, as he finds that coffee bar attendants are some of the most interesting and artistic individuals. Also many people may prefer grinding beans at home and using his drip machine every time that he wants a cup of coffee. This doesn’t change the subject of loving for coffee. They choose another coffee culture and a different life but coffee is the common ground and remains a necessary part of human life.In this modern day, the typical nice, friendly, wooden but modern interior is a pleasant place to sit, relax, read, and even debate. Pricing can be fairly high but so is the quality. Café’s usually come with a selection of edibles such as bagels, cakes, cookies, muffins, scones and so on.There is even a coffee lingo that enthusiasts use: Aftertaste - the taste left in the mouth after coffee is swallowed; Aged - beans stored for a year or more before being roasted; Bouquet - a medley of aroma, fragrance, and aftertaste of a coffee; Burnt - a term sometimes used for very dark-roasted coffees with bitter taste; Buttery - a full flavored coffee with an oily feeling in the mouth that may bring to mind the richness ofbutter; Fragrance - the smell of brewed coffee, described with terms such as nutty, spicy, and fruity; Rich - coffee with luxurious aroma and intense flavors; Toasty - a coffee with an appealing taste and scent that may bring to mind toast; Woody - a coffee that has flavors and scents of wood, caused by storage in a wooden structure.For writers who adore the cafélife, there are positive pleasures. Writing, unlike most other arts, doesn't require much of a budget. Writing can make some writers sometimes feel as if they were physically confined in their rooms, their condos, there dining room tables, and may possibly make them feel as if they were trapped in the prison of the mind. To go to the cafe is to see other people exist, to hear conversation, to feel life, which may serve as wonderful stimulation for many. That is the coffee culture of Europe which is a true rich storage for people in Europe and even people all over the world.Chapter 2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Different Countries in Europe2.1 Coffee Culture in ItalyThe coffee culture has quite a long history in Italy. About seven hundred years ago, the magic drinking of Italy was introduced to other countries like France. It is said that the coffee of Europe begins with Italy and the coffee of Italy begins with Espresso. Espresso is a kind of condensed coffee, made by the process of distilling. (W.D.Ling. 169) That is to say, compared with other coffee, Espresso is five or six times more condensed. That is the unique charm of Italian coffee. Many kinds of coffee, like CaffèLatte, are made by mixing Espresso and milk.2.1.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in ItalyItaly has a long history. It has the world famous city Venice, which was built on the river and always told a beautiful and ancient story. It is like a romantic dream and a poetic picture. Such an old city witnesses every moment of the development of Italian coffee. It would be hard to think of Italy without coffee. Coffee is loved by Italians and even by people all over the world.It is known that coffee was not invented in Italy, but coffee culture as we know it did originate in Italy. Most of the world's coffee today comes from either South America or Indonesia, but coffee originated in the highlands of Ethiopia and did not reach Europe for thousands of years. It was not until the 16th century that the introduction of coffee to Europe took place. Coffee arrived from the Middle East where it had achieved a cult, with the first coffeehouses being established in Istanbul. Once accepted by Islamic law, the beverage followed the spread of Islam across Africa and Eastern Europe. Venice, which relied heavily upon trade with the Muslim east, was first introduced to the invigorating coffee in the 1570's. However coffee would remain a luxury item at this time and not drunk for refreshment, but as a medicinal drink. However, once coffee was transplanted to European colonies in Asia and South America, the bean thrived and became accessible to the public.Nowadays, Italian coffee and Italian coffee culture has spread all over the world. Each one who loves coffee very much is familiar with the term Espresso which is a unique name belongs to Italy. The habits of taking a cup of coffee before breakfast or drinking a cup of coffee at home have taken the rest of the world by storm. After all Italy is a country of coffee funs who will not tolerate an establishment that has bad coffee. Italian coffee culture establishes its place in the world both for its history and its love for coffee.2.1.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in ItalyThe style of coffee in Italy is famous for its condensed one, the Espresso. People inItaly prefer Espresso because of their culture and conventions. In Italy, what is the most impressive thing for the foreign visitors is always man and coffee. As the Italian saying goes, man should like coffee, full of force and passion. Espresso is the presentation of Italian coffee culture.Another factor of the Italian coffee culture is the speed. It represents its quickness both in the process of making and in the process of drinking, each no more than ten seconds. Normally, the first thing after they got up is to make a cup of coffee. During the day, from morning till night, men or women would like to drink many cups of coffee in small bar even without a seat. The Italians will drink about 20 cups of coffee each day. Due to its small amount, even though Espresso is so condensed, it will not do harm to one’s stomach or even good for di gestion. Till now, the quick speed has become a feature of Italian coffee culture. (Emma Hu 78)The Espresso expresses the character and conventions of Italians. Italians cherish a quick way of life. They love passion and force just like what is contained in the Espresso. The coffee culture of Italy represents the culture and people’s basic ideas and opinions toward life. If one wants to understand Italy, coffee culture is a point of view. The reason for its popularization and the unique habit of drinking all serves as the factors for representing the Italian way of life. The bar is an important part of Italian life, and it also presents a vivid picture of how Italians spend each day. Coffee culture is one of the important facets of the whole Italian culture. (D.C.Zhang 72)2.2 Coffee Culture in FranceSince the ancient time, eating, wearing and living are the fundamental problems in human life which cannot be derived from people’s life. However, in France, coffee is also a necessary part of life and cannot be derived.(Zhang Yao 211) This is really a puzzle for the Chinese people of eastern world, but it is reasonable when one reviews the history of France since the renaissance and considers the way of living of modern French.2.2.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in FranceThe development of coffee is not smooth going when it first appeared in France. The first café appeared in France in 1643 which was even too small to be a café. It was really a hard time for such a café, since people took coffee as the reason for diseases and weakness of the body. Though people nowadays may take it as a joke, French people of 1640s held a strong belief on this saying and was even afraid of drinking coffee. Thus one can simply figure out that the first café in France was n’t received by people and won a cold welcome from the very beginning.While this kind of situation lasted for several years, coffee began to be a fashion in France in 1669. An ambassador from the Ottoman Empire propagandized coffee to the royal family of France every day. Le Roi Soleil, Louis XIV at that time was totally captivated by the charm of coffee. Hearing this news, the major of Holland sent him a coffee tree which was cherished very much by the emperor.From then on, coffee was always popular in France, especially in the rich people and café also found its important status in the society. One could find that the café and the theatre were on the same street. From the first of the performance, the caféwas crowded with actors and spectators. Coffee and fruits in the café were quite welcomed at that time. It was also common to see that the lofty ladies stopped outside the café and left after sending her servants to buy a cup of coffee. Besides its popularity, café had also been a base for the famous thinkers and literary giants, such as V oltaire and Rousseau. Many of their great works were written in caféwhich made cafévery important in the literary history of France.French revolution serves as the activator for the development of café. Café appears to be more popular and the coffee culture reached its peak in French history. From then on, there were also many changes of café in France but coffee always kept its central status in the life of French people. French cherish coffee in their daily life, especially when they are working. When studding the culture of France, one has to pay great attention to the influences of coffee culture.2.2.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in FranceCoffee is so popular in France that almost everyone takes it a necessary part of life. In 1991, when the Gulf War broke out, France also took part in the war. Many people in the country worried about the supply of the commodity, so they rushed to purchase thing of daily use in the supermarket. It is found that goods they took most were coffee and sugar. Though many people may laugh at the scene, it really exists in France and serves as an evidence for French love of coffee.French people had their own way of drinking. They seem to care more about the environment and atmosphere than the coffee itself. Most of the time, they prefer drinking coffee outside instead of staying at home although it is much more expensive there. And also, drinking coffee for them is not only a process, but also a process of tasting. They may spend much time in café which is the time of enjoyment. This habit of the French people expresses a kind of graceful, romantic and enjoyable view of life. It is also the most unique way of French coffee culture.Due to the French habit of drinking coffee, it is easy to find a café everywhere in France, besides the street or on the bank. Café, as the most familiar and friendly corner of France, belongs to every French including both the rich and the poor. People may have his or her own preferred one or even the preferred seat in the café. This is a French way of life. Almost every café has a quiet atmosphere even when it is full of guests. People like to spend the afternoon time in café, which make caféquite a center to communicate ideas and opinions. In history, caféis an important place where many famous political thinking was born, like the Renaissance in France. （Alessandro Messe 63）Nowadays, the political factors of café had been minimized than before. Café is more a place to express love between the lovers. With the fragrance of coffee and the romantic atmosphere in café, the love stories are more likely to happen in such a place. Besides, café is always associated with literature and arts in France. Famous artists like Picasso and Rousseau, had associated their way with café. Paris is famous for being an important center of art and literature in the history, and also caféin Paris record theefforts of those famous people and servers as a unique scene in France.Since coffee and café is so popular and influencing in France, it is fair to say that one has to understand the coffee culture of France before they wanted to understand the French people.2.3 Coffee Culture in BritainBritain has a special physical status in Europe, so does its coffee culture. Compared with Italy and France, Britain didn’t exhibit such an interest on coffee or the coffee maker. However, coffee represents a new trend of grace and new way of life which is welcomed by young man in Britain. That is equal to say, British coffee culture is on its way of further development.2.3.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in BritainBritain is a country with a long history. It is always famous for the grace of gentleman, the strictness of study and the beauty of British castle. From a certain points of view, British people wouldn’t like to receive things newly appeared, which make the earlier history of coffee culture quite different from the European continent.In Britain, the first coffee house was opened beside the Oxford University in 1650 which was welcomed by the students there. Two years later, a merchant saw the possibility in dealing with the business of coffee. Surely, it would be a hard time at the very beginning, since people in Britain had the habit of drinking in a tavern instead of drinking coffee. Due to the successive propaganda of the merchant, coffee was received by people in Britain little by little. From then on, many merchants imitate this action, and set up café themselves. Thus, by 1700 there were 3,000 coffee houses in London. Every man of the upper middle classes went to his coffee house daily to learn the latest news.There are many cafés in its history of development, but it lasted for a short periodof time. People of Britain didn’t like drinking coffee at home. It is seemed that most people of Britain take the process of making coffee as complex and fussy. It would be more suitable for them to pour boiled water directly on tea. But coffee is surely popular in Britain. It is said that Britain is one of the first countries to import coffee. Even today, the import amount of coffee in Britain is still rank the second compared with the other goods in this country.Coffee drinking spread to the colonies and was indeed taken to Virginia, USA but it would not have become so popular in America had it not been for the Boston Tea Party. Americans turned their back on Britain and tea and instead adopted coffee as their national beverage. Nowadays, the famous company, Starbucks which began from America is welcomed in Britain.2.3.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in BritainIt is fair to say that coffee houses influence the social communication and commercial activities in the following two hundred years after the establishment of café. And also, it has aroused a storm in the political world of Britain. At the very beginning of the coffee house in London, café presented many obvious characteristics of social gathering places. Each coffee house had its own resource of guests, such as Puritans, Protestants, Catholics, writers, merchants, lawyers and even the doctors. Some coffee house had also become the clinic for the patients. Some coffee house might give services mainly for the merchants and seafarers like Edward Lloyd's coffee house. It was founded in 1668 and attracted many seafarers and merchants. They had small talks and collected information of entering of leaving the port and sold insurance for sea transportation. For the convenience of the guests, Edward always prepared many tables to record the ships which the guests had made a insurance. And eventually this coffee house became Lloyd’s of London, the world-famous insurers. Till now, in the headquarters of this company, the name and clothing of the receptionists isn’t changed. Similarly, Jonathon’s Coffee House became the London Stock Exchange.Unlike the Italian people, British people would like to drink coffee with milk.They seemed to dislike the original taste of coffee, and took a kind of drinking by mixing 1/4 coffee and 3/4 milk. Anyway, coffee serves as an important part of British life. One cannot separate British people with coffee in their life.One may say that such a large part of British people love tea more than coffee. Though it is a fact, what is surprising is that it is the coffee house who firstly introduces tea to British people. The coffee house also provided tea to their guests which became popular later all over Britain.Besides, 80% of the coffee consumption in Britain is the instant coffee. However, the sale of coffee has exceeded the sale of tea in Britain. It is generally believed that young men love coffee while men of the old generation still prefer tea. In Britain, today, coffee represent a kind of rebelling spirit in pursuit of the European taste in some way. Like the other countries, more and more people in Britain tend to buy coffee of large brand. There is also special building for the coffee making only. That is to say, today, people in Britain care more about the quality of coffee, which makes the coffee more popular and the coffee culture more complete.2.4 Coffee Culture in BelgiumBelgium is a very coffee specialized country due to different factors, such as the famous Belgian coffee pot and the special making process. All the special ways making Belgian coffee one of the most famous and tasteful kinds of coffee in the world. That is to say, Belgian coffee culture constitutes an important part in the whole coffee culture of Europe and even of the world.2.4.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in BelgiumBelgium is famous for its coffee pot which is made quite exquisitely. It is invented by Weidy in Herb Market Street and still inherits the tradition of Europe. The royal coffee pot of Belgium kept the best technology of roasting and delicate arts. That is tosay, the royal coffee pot itself is a piece of art work and at the same time it has an almost perfect coffee making process. It has to consider many elements like fire, vapor, and stress, which made the whole process of making coffee a beautiful scene. When coffee is boiled in the coffee pot, it is the brightest part of the night. Due to its dainty appearance and arts, nowadays, the coffee pot of Belgium is world famous.Today, Belgian coffee pot keeps its tradition and serves an important role in defining and shaping coffee culture in Belgium. Though Belgian coffee pot is only part of Belgian coffee culture, it is an important representation. Behind such a delicate coffee pot and such a making process, one can figure out the attitude of Belgian people towards coffee. Coffee to them is somewhat a kind of art not only a kind of drinking.2.4.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in BelgiumUnlike coffee in Italy, Belgian coffee always carries with it a lighter flavor. In its making process, there is a filter in the coffee maker which makes Belgian coffee unique in the world. People can have Belgian coffee while talking with the others which is an attracting point and charm of Belgian coffee.Besides, Belgium establishes its status in the coffee world both for the quality of coffee and the amount of coffee trade. It has one of the largest coffee ports Antwerp, which holds more coffee than any port in the US. Moreover, there are more than 120 coffee roasters in Belgium, compared to about 15 large ones in Holland. Belgium has several coffee roasters who roast for brands all over Europe. Besides, most of Belgian roasters are small though and very specialized. They provide coffee that is typical for that region.People in Belgium love coffee and take it as part of their life. An important feature of Belgian coffee culture is that they don't have an outdoor coffee culture. Belgium doesn't have Starbuck, Costa Coffee and those hip coffee bars. People in Belgium drink it at home.2.5 Coffee Culture in GermanyCoffee culture of Germany constitutes an important part in Europe. Germany has a growing amount of coffee consumption. People in Germany love coffee and may even leave a period of time for coffee during the working hours. One should not neglect coffee and coffee culture when studying the culture of Germany and communicating with Germans2.5.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in GermanyGermany has a long history of coffee making. In 1675, a doctor of Holland firstly introduced coffee to the northern part of Germany. At almost the same time, many caféappeared in Bremen, Hanover and Hamburg. For a long period of time, Germans spent their time on discuss ing whether coffee was good to people’s health, so café appeared in Germany in a large amount until 1721. However, coffee was taken as a beverage of nobility as the very beginning. Not until the early 18th century, the middle class and the low class began to drink coffee, while drinking coffee at home made its way though out the country a long period of time later.At that time, since most of the caféare for males only, females had only the opportunity of founding a club called Kaffeekranzschen. The working class was even forbidden to drink coffee by the king for the reason that coffee may cause sterility. This policy only led to the flourishing of the black market. At last, the King forbade his people to make coffee at home and send officials to find out the source of the fragrance of coffee. However, these kinds of situations just lasted for a short period of time. Till the early 19th century, coffee began to have its right status in the country.At present, the consumption of coffee in Germany is more than the other countries in Europe. Germany ranks the second in the consumption of coffee, with the consumption per capita much higher than the American one. Coffee is important to people in Germany and coffee culture is an important part of the whole culture of。
英语专业任务书模版
青岛理工大学
毕业设计（论文）任务书
院（系）：外国语学院
专业：英语专业
学生姓名:张玉欣学号: 200608221
设计(论文)题目：The Dark Side of Human Nature as Illustrated
by Lord of the Flies
浅析《蝇王》体现的人性黑暗面
起迄日期: 2009年10月至2010年7月
设计(论文) 地点:一号教学楼
指导教师:
教研室主任：何岩柳
发任务书日期: 2009年 11月 25日
任务书填写要求
1．毕业设计（论文）任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写，经教研室负责人审查、院（系）领导签字后生效。
此任务书应在毕业设计（论文）开始前一周内填好并发给学生；
2．任务书内容按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务论坛上下载）打印，不得随便涂改或潦草书写，禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴；
3．任务书内填写的内容，必须和学生毕业设计（论文）完成的情况相一致，若有变更，应经过主管教学院长（系主任）签字同意方可重新填写；
4．任务书内有关“院（系）”、“专业”等名称的填写，应写中文全称，不能写数字代码。
学生的“学号”要写全号，不能只写最后2位或1位数字；
5．任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写，应按照国标GB 7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》的要求书写，不能有随意性；
6．有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 7408—94《数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法》规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。
如“2003年4月2日”或“2003-04-02”。
毕业设计（论文）任务书。
英语阅读教学任务书
湖南民族职业学院实训（实习）教学进度表全期总课时 72 课时周次教学的具体内容和教时的具体安排1 Integrated Skills Development :Passages A. Seniors Find Fun on the Web2 Applied writing: Application Form; Grammar focus: Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses3 Passages A:selling styles;4 Applied writing: Envelope and business letter layoutGrammar focus: relative pronouns :whom and whose5Passages A: Fruitful Interview6 Applied writing: Resume Grammar focus:Subjunctive Mood7 Passages A:Self Discovery and Stereotypes in New Zealand8 Applied writing: Letter of application Grammar focus:V.+to do and V.+doing9 Passages A: As leaders, Women Rule10 Applied writing: Advertisements; Grammar focus: Participial Absolute Structures11 Passages A: Improving Communication Skills12 Applied writing:Contract of employment Grammar focus: Antecedent it13 Passages A: The Most Dramatic Cup Final Wembley B: The Professional Footballer14 Applied writing: Timetable and ProgramGrammar focus: Adverbial Clauses of Cause, Result,and Purpose15Passage A: Eat Like French WomenGrammar focus: Present and Pat Participles Used asAttributive16Passage A: Online Smiley FaceGrammar focus: Infinitives as Object, Adverbial andAttributive17Passage A: Overload: More Time Is Less TimeGrammar focus: Object Complement18 复习迎考19202122注明：此计划书一式三份，教务处交一份，系部交一份，个人自备一份湖南民族职业学院国贸系（部）学期授课计划书任教科目英语阅读任教班级商英1302、商英1303 任教老师吴杰敏任教时间 2014 年下学期教研室主任（签名）系（部）主任（签字）湖南民族职业学院教务处制湖南民族职业学院教学计划教学情况分析由于商英1302和商英1303班的学生是属于中职层次的，他们英语水平较差。
软件测试英语术语缩写
软件测试常用英语词汇静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing或Static testing 代码走查：Walkthrough代码审查：Code Inspection技术评审：Review动态测试：Execution-Based Testing白盒测试：White-Box Testing黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing软件质量保证SQA：Software Quality Assurance软件开发生命周期：Software Development Life Cycle冒烟测试：Smoke Test回归测试：Regression Test功能测试：Function Testing性能测试：Performance Testing压力测试：Stress Testing负载测试：Volume Testing易用性测试：Usability Testing安装测试：Installation Testing界面测试：UI Testing配置测试：Configuration Testing文档测试：Documentation Testing兼容性测试：Compatibility Testing安全性测试：Security Testing恢复测试：Recovery Testing单元测试：Unit Test集成测试：Integration Test系统测试：System Test验收测试：Acceptance Test测试计划应包括：测试对象：The Test Objectives测试范围： The Test Scope测试策略： The Test Strategy测试方法： The Test Approach,测试过程： The test procedures,测试环境： The Test Environment,测试完成标准：The test Completion criteria测试用例：The Test Cases测试进度表：The Test Schedules风险：Risks接口：Interface最终用户：The End User正式的测试环境：Formal Test Environment确认需求：Verifying The Requirements有分歧的需求：Ambiguous Requirements运行和维护：Operation and Maintenance.可复用性：Reusability可靠性： Reliability/Availability电机电子工程师协会IEEE：The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 正确性：Correctness实用性：Utility健壮性：Robustness可靠性：Reliability软件需求规格说明书：SRS （software requirement specification ）概要设计：HLD （high level design ）详细设计：LLD （low level design ）统一开发流程：RUP （rational unified process ）集成产品开发：IPD （integrated product development ）能力成熟模型：CMM （capability maturity model ）能力成熟模型集成：CMMI （capability maturity model integration ）戴明环：PDCA （plan do check act ）软件工程过程组：SEPG （software engineering process group ）集成测试：IT （integration testing ）系统测试：ST （system testing ）关键过程域：KPA （key process area ）同行评审：PR （peer review ）用户验收测试：UAT （user acceptance testing ）验证和确认：V&V （verification & validation ）控制变更委员会：CCB （change control board ）图形用户界面：GUI （graphic user interface ）配置管理员：CMO （configuration management officer ）平均失效间隔时间：（MTBF mean time between failures ）平均修复时间：MTTR （mean time to restoration ）平均失效时间：MTTF （mean time to failure ）工作任务书：SOW （statement of work ）α测试：alpha testingβ测试：beta testing适应性：Adaptability可用性：Availability功能规格说明书：Functional Specification软件开发中常见英文缩写和各类软件开发文档的英文缩写：英文简写文档名称MRD market requirement document （市场需求文档）PRD product requirement document （产品需求文档）SOW 工作任务说明书PHB Process Handbook (项目过程手册)EST Estimation Sheet (估计记录)PPL Project Plan (项目计划)CMP Software Management Plan( 配置管理计划)QAP Software Quality Assurance Plan （软件质量保证计划）RMP Software Risk Management Plan （软件风险管理计划）TST Test Strategy（测试策略）WBS Work Breakdown Structure （工作分解结构）BRS Business Requirement Specification(业务需求说明书)SRS Software Requirement Specification(软件需求说明书)STP System Testing plan (系统测试计划)STC System Testing Cases （系统测试用例）HLD High Level Design (概要设计说明书)ITP Integration Testing plan (集成测试计划)ITC Integration Testing Cases （集成测试用例）LLD Low Level Design (详细设计说明书)UTP Unit Testing Plan ( 单元测试计划)UTC Unit Testing Cases （单元测试用例）UTR Unit Testing Report （单元测试报告）ITR Integration Testing Report （集成测试报告）STR System Testing Report （系统测试报告）RTM Requirements Traceability Matrix (需求跟踪矩阵)CSA Configuration Status Accounting （配置状态发布）CRF Change Request Form （变更申请表）WSR Weekly Status Report （项目周报）QSR Quality Weekly Status Report （质量工作周报）QAR Quality Audit Report(质量检查报告)QCL Quality Check List(质量检查表)PAR Phase Assessment Report （阶段评估报告）CLR Closure Report （项目总结报告）RFF Review Finding Form (评审发现表)MOM Minutes of Meeting （会议纪要）MTX Metrics Sheet （度量表）CCF ConsistanceCheckForm（一致性检查表）BAF Baseline Audit Form（基线审计表）PTF Program Trace Form（问题跟踪表）领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网软件测试中英文对照术语表A• Abstract test case (High level test case) ：概要测试用例• Acceptance：验收• Acceptance criteria：验收标准• Acceptance testing：验收测试• Accessibility testing：易用性测试• Accuracy：精确性• Actual outcome (actual result) ：实际输出/实际结果• Ad hoc review (informal review) ：非正式评审• Ad hoc testing：随机测试• Adaptability：自适应性• Agile testing：敏捷测试• Algorithm test (branch testing) ：分支测试• Alpha testing：alpha 测试• Analyzability：易分析性• Analyzer：分析员• Anomaly：异常• Arc testing：分支测试• Attractiveness：吸引力• Audit：审计• Audit trail：审计跟踪• Automated testware：自动测试组件• Availability：可用性B• Back-to-back testing：对比测试• Baseline：基线• Basic block：基本块• Basis test set：基本测试集• Bebugging：错误撒播• Behavior：行为• Benchmark test：基准测试• Bespoke software：定制的软件• Best practice：最佳实践• Beta testing：Beta 测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Big-bang testing：集成测试• Black-box technique：黑盒技术• Black-box testing：黑盒测试• Black-box test design technique：黑盒测试设计技术• Blocked test case：被阻塞的测试用例• Bottom-up testing：自底向上测试• Boundary value：边界值• Boundary value analysis：边界值分析• Boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖率• Boundary value testing：边界值测试• Branch：分支• Branch condition：分支条件• Branch condition combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖率• Branch condition combination testing：分支条件组合测试• Branch condition coverage：分支条件覆盖率• Branch coverage：分支覆盖率• Branch testing：分支测试• Bug：缺陷• Business process-based testing：基于商业流程的测试C• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ：能力成熟度模型• Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ：集成能力成熟度模型• Capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具• Capture/replay tool：捕获/重放工具• CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) ：电脑辅助软件工程• CAST (Computer Aided Software Testing) ：电脑辅助软件测试• Cause-effect graph：因果图• Cause-effect graphing：因果图技术• Cause-effect analysis：因果分析• Cause-effect decision table：因果判定表• Certification：认证• Changeability：可变性• Change control：变更控制• Change control board：变更控制委员会• Checker：检查人员• Chow's coverage metrics (N-switch coverage) ：N 切换覆盖率• Classification tree method：分类树方法• Code analyzer：代码分析器• Code coverage：代码覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Code-based testing：基于代码的测试• Co-existence：共存性• Commercial off-the-shelf software：商用离岸软件• Comparator：比较器• Compatibility testing：兼容性测试• Compiler：编译器• Complete testing：完全测试/穷尽测试• Completion criteria：完成标准• Complexity：复杂性• Compliance：一致性• Compliance testing：一致性测试• Component：组件• Component integration testing：组件集成测试• Component specification：组件规格说明• Component testing：组件测试• Compound condition：组合条件• Concrete test case (low level test case) ：详细测试用例• Concurrency testing：并发测试• Condition：条件表达式• Condition combination coverage：条件组合覆盖率• Condition coverage：条件覆盖率• Condition determination coverage：条件判定覆盖率• Condition determination testing：条件判定测试• Condition testing：条件测试• Condition outcome：条件结果• Confidence test (smoke test) ：信心测试（冒烟测试）• Configuration：配置• Configuration auditing：配置审核• Configuration control：配置控制• Configuration control board (CCB) ：配置控制委员会• Configuration identification：配置标识• Configuration item：配置项• Configuration management：配置管理• Configuration testing：配置测试• Confirmation testing：确认测试• Conformance testing：一致性测试• Consistency：一致性• Control flow：控制流• Control flow graph：控制流图• Control flow path：控制流路径• Conversion testing：转换测试• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf software) ：商业离岸软件• Coverage：覆盖率• Coverage analysis：覆盖率分析领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Coverage item：覆盖项• Coverage tool：覆盖率工具• Custom software：定制软件• Cyclomatic complexity：圈复杂度• Cyclomatic number：圈数D• Daily build：每日构建• Data definition：数据定义• Data driven testing：数据驱动测试• Data flow：数据流• Data flow analysis：数据流分析• Data flow coverage：数据流覆盖率• Data flow test：数据流测试• Data integrity testing：数据完整性测试• Database integrity testing：数据库完整性测试• Dead code：无效代码• Debugger：调试器• Debugging：调试• Debugging tool：调试工具• Decision：判定• Decision condition coverage：判定条件覆盖率• Decision condition testing：判定条件测试• Decision coverage：判定覆盖率• Decision table：判定表• Decision table testing：判定表测试• Decision testing：判定测试技术• Decision outcome：判定结果• Defect：缺陷• Defect density：缺陷密度• Defect Detection Percentage (DDP) ：缺陷发现率• Defect management：缺陷管理• Defect management tool：缺陷管理工具• Defect masking：缺陷屏蔽• Defect report：缺陷报告• Defect tracking tool：缺陷跟踪工具• Definition-use pair：定义-使用对• Deliverable：交付物• Design-based testing：基于设计的测试• Desk checking：桌面检查领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Development testing：开发测试• Deviation：偏差• Deviation report：偏差报告• Dirty testing：负面测试• Documentation testing：文档测试• Domain：域• Driver：驱动程序• Dynamic analysis：动态分析• Dynamic analysis tool：动态分析工具• Dynamic comparison：动态比较• Dynamic testing：动态测试E• Efficiency：效率• Efficiency testing：效率测试• Elementary comparison testing：基本组合测试• Emulator：仿真器、仿真程序• Entry criteria：入口标准• Entry point：入口点• Equivalence class：等价类• Equivalence partition：等价区间• Equivalence partition coverage：等价区间覆盖率• Equivalence partitioning：等价划分技术• Error：错误• Error guessing：错误猜测技术• Error seeding：错误撒播• Error tolerance：错误容限• Evaluation：评估• Exception handling：异常处理• Executable statement：可执行的语句• Exercised：可执行的• Exhaustive testing：穷尽测试• Exit criteria：出口标准• Exit point：出口点• Expected outcome：预期结果• Expected result：预期结果• Exploratory testing：探测测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Fail：失败• Failure：失败• Failure mode：失败模式• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) ：失败模式和影响分析• Failure rate：失败频率• Fault：缺陷• Fault density：缺陷密度• Fault Detection Percentage (FDP) ：缺陷发现率• Fault masking：缺陷屏蔽• Fault tolerance：缺陷容限• Fault tree analysis：缺陷树分析• Feature：特征• Field testing：现场测试• Finite state machine：有限状态机• Finite state testing：有限状态测试• Formal review：正式评审• Frozen test basis：测试基线• Function Point Analysis (FPA) ：功能点分析• Functional integration：功能集成• Functional requirement：功能需求• Functional test design technique：功能测试设计技术• Functional testing：功能测试• Functionality：功能性• Functionality testing：功能性测试G• glass box testing：白盒测试H• Heuristic evaluation：启发式评估• High level test case：概要测试用例• Horizontal traceability：水平跟踪领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Impact analysis：影响分析• Incremental development model：增量开发模型• Incremental testing：增量测试• Incident：事件• Incident management：事件管理• Incident management tool：事件管理工具• Incident report：事件报告• Independence：独立• Infeasible path：不可行路径• Informal review：非正式评审• Input：输入• Input domain：输入范围• Input value：输入值• Inspection：审查• Inspection leader：审查组织者• Inspector：审查人员• Installability：可安装性• Installability testing：可安装性测试• Installation guide：安装指南• Installation wizard：安装向导• Instrumentation：插装• Instrumenter：插装工具• Intake test：入口测试• Integration：集成• Integration testing：集成测试• Integration testing in the large：大范围集成测试• Integration testing in the small：小范围集成测试• Interface testing：接口测试• Interoperability：互通性• Interoperability testing：互通性测试• Invalid testing：无效性测试• Isolation testing：隔离测试• Item transmittal report：版本发布报告• Iterative development model：迭代开发模型K• Key performance indicator：关键绩效指标领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Keyword driven testing：关键字驱动测试L• Learnability：易学性• Level test plan：等级测试计划• Link testing：组件集成测试• Load testing：负载测试• Logic-coverage testing：逻辑覆盖测试• Logic-driven testing：逻辑驱动测试• Logical test case：逻辑测试用例• Low level test case：详细测试用例M• Maintenance：维护• Maintenance testing：维护测试• Maintainability：可维护性• Maintainability testing：可维护性测试• Management review：管理评审• Master test plan：综合测试计划• Maturity：成熟度• Measure：度量• Measurement：度量• Measurement scale：度量粒度• Memory leak：内存泄漏• Metric：度量• Migration testing：移植测试• Milestone：里程碑• Mistake：错误• Moderator：仲裁员• Modified condition decision coverage：改进的条件判定覆盖率• Modified condition decision testing：改进的条件判定测试• Modified multiple condition coverage：改进的多重条件判定覆盖率• Modified multiple condition testing：改进的多重条件判定测试• Module：模块• Module testing：模块测试• Monitor：监视器• Multiple condition：多重条件• Multiple condition coverage：多重条件覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Multiple condition testing：多重条件测试• Mutation analysis：变化分析• Mutation testing：变化测试N• N-switch coverage：N 切换覆盖率• N-switch testing：N 切换测试• Negative testing：负面测试• Non-conformity：不一致• Non-functional requirement：非功能需求• Non-functional testing：非功能测试• Non-functional test design techniques：非功能测试设计技术O• Off-the-shelf software：离岸软件• Operability：可操作性• Operational environment：操作环境• Operational profile testing：运行剖面测试• Operational testing：操作测试• Oracle：标准• Outcome：输出/结果• Output：输出• Output domain：输出范围• Output value：输出值P• Pair programming：结队编程• Pair testing：结队测试• Partition testing：分割测试• Pass：通过• Pass/fail criteria：通过/失败标准• Path：路径• Path coverage：路径覆盖• Path sensitizing：路径敏感性• Path testing：路径测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Peer review：同行评审• Performance：性能• Performance indicator：绩效指标• Performance testing：性能测试• Performance testing tool：性能测试工具• Phase test plan：阶段测试计划• Portability：可移植性• Portability testing：移植性测试• Postcondition：结果条件• Post-execution comparison：运行后比较• Precondition：初始条件• Predicted outcome：预期结果• Pretest：预测试• Priority：优先级• Probe effect：检测成本• Problem：问题• Problem management：问题管理• Problem report：问题报告• Process：流程• Process cycle test：处理周期测试• Product risk：产品风险• Project：项目• Project risk：项目风险• Program instrumenter：编程工具• Program testing：程序测试• Project test plan：项目测试计划• Pseudo-random：伪随机Q• Quality：质量• Quality assurance：质量保证• Quality attribute：质量属性• Quality characteristic：质量特征• Quality management：质量管理领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Random testing：随机测试• Recorder：记录员• Record/playback tool：记录/回放工具• Recoverability：可复原性• Recoverability testing：可复原性测试• Recovery testing：可复原性测试• Regression testing：回归测试• Regulation testing：一致性测试• Release note：版本说明• Reliability：可靠性• Reliability testing：可靠性测试• Replaceability：可替换性• Requirement：需求• Requirements-based testing：基于需求的测试• Requirements management tool：需求管理工具• Requirements phase：需求阶段• Resource utilization：资源利用• Resource utilization testing：资源利用测试• Result：结果• Resumption criteria：继续测试标准• Re-testing：再测试• Review：评审• Reviewer：评审人员• Review tool：评审工具• Risk：风险• Risk analysis：风险分析• Risk-based testing：基于风险的测试• Risk control：风险控制• Risk identification：风险识别• Risk management：风险管理• Risk mitigation：风险消减• Robustness：健壮性• Robustness testing：健壮性测试• Root cause：根本原因S• Safety：安全领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Safety testing：安全性测试• Sanity test：健全测试• Scalability：可测量性• Scalability testing：可测量性测试• Scenario testing：情景测试• Scribe：记录员• Scripting language：脚本语言• Security：安全性• Security testing：安全性测试• Serviceability testing：可维护性测试• Severity：严重性• Simulation：仿真• Simulator：仿真程序、仿真器• Site acceptance testing：定点验收测试• Smoke test：冒烟测试• Software：软件• Software feature：软件功能• Software quality：软件质量• Software quality characteristic：软件质量特征• Software test incident：软件测试事件• Software test incident report：软件测试事件报告• Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) ：软件可用性调查问卷• Source statement：源语句• Specification：规格说明• Specification-based testing：基于规格说明的测试• Specification-based test design technique：基于规格说明的测试设计技术• Specified input：特定输入• Stability：稳定性• Standard software：标准软件• Standards testing：标准测试• State diagram：状态图• State table：状态表• State transition：状态迁移• State transition testing：状态迁移测试• Statement：语句• Statement coverage：语句覆盖• Statement testing：语句测试• Static analysis：静态分析• Static analysis tool：静态分析工具• Static analyzer：静态分析工具• Static code analysis：静态代码分析• Static code analyzer：静态代码分析工具• Static testing：静态测试• Statistical testing：统计测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Status accounting：状态统计• Storage：资源利用• Storage testing：资源利用测试• Stress testing：压力测试• Structure-based techniques：基于结构的技术• Structural coverage：结构覆盖• Structural test design technique：结构测试设计技术• Structural testing：基于结构的测试• Structured walkthrough：面向结构的走查• Stub: 桩• Subpath: 子路径• Suitability: 符合性• Suspension criteria: 暂停标准• Syntax testing: 语法测试• System:系统• System integration testing：系统集成测试• System testing：系统测试T• Technical review：技术评审• Test：测试• Test approach：测试方法• Test automation：测试自动化• Test basis：测试基础• Test bed：测试环境• Test case：测试用例• Test case design technique：测试用例设计技术• Test case specification：测试用例规格说明• Test case suite：测试用例套• Test charter：测试宪章• Test closure：测试结束• Test comparator：测试比较工具• Test comparison：测试比较• Test completion criteria：测试比较标准• Test condition：测试条件• Test control：测试控制• Test coverage：测试覆盖率• Test cycle：测试周期• Test data：测试数据• Test data preparation tool：测试数据准备工具领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Test design：测试设计• Test design specification：测试设计规格说明• Test design technique：测试设计技术• Test design tool: 测试设计工具• Test driver: 测试驱动程序• Test driven development: 测试驱动开发• Test environment: 测试环境• Test evaluation report: 测试评估报告• Test execution: 测试执行• Test execution automation: 测试执行自动化• Test execution phase: 测试执行阶段• Test execution schedule: 测试执行进度表• Test execution technique: 测试执行技术• Test execution tool: 测试执行工具• Test fail: 测试失败• Test generator: 测试生成工具• Test leader:测试负责人• Test harness：测试组件• Test incident：测试事件• Test incident report：测试事件报告• Test infrastructure：测试基础组织• Test input：测试输入• Test item：测试项• Test item transmittal report：测试项移交报告• Test level：测试等级• Test log：测试日志• Test logging：测试记录• Test manager：测试经理• Test management：测试管理• Test management tool：测试管理工具• Test Maturity Model (TMM) ：测试成熟度模型• Test monitoring：测试跟踪• Test object：测试对象• Test objective：测试目的• Test oracle：测试标准• Test outcome：测试结果• Test pass：测试通过• Test performance indicator：测试绩效指标• Test phase：测试阶段• Test plan：测试计划• Test planning：测试计划• Test policy：测试方针• Test Point Analysis (TPA) ：测试点分析• Test procedure：测试过程领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Test procedure specification：测试过程规格说明• Test process：测试流程• Test Process Improvement (TPI) ：测试流程改进• Test record：测试记录• Test recording：测试记录• Test reproduceability：测试可重现性• Test report：测试报告• Test requirement：测试需求• Test run：测试运行• Test run log：测试运行日志• Test result：测试结果• Test scenario：测试场景• Test script：测试脚本• Test set：测试集• Test situation：测试条件• Test specification：测试规格说明• Test specification technique：测试规格说明技术• Test stage：测试阶段• Test strategy：测试策略• Test suite：测试套• Test summary report：测试总结报告• Test target：测试目标• Test tool：测试工具• Test type：测试类型• Testability：可测试性• Testability review：可测试性评审• Testable requirements：需求可测试性• Tester：测试人员• Testing：测试• Testware：测试组件• Thread testing：组件集成测试• Time behavior：性能• Top-down testing：自顶向下的测试• Traceability：可跟踪性U• Understandability：易懂性• Unit：单元• unit testing：单元测试• Unreachable code：执行不到的代码领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 Usability：易用性• Usability testing：易用性测试• Use case：用户用例• Use case testing：用户用例测试• User acceptance testing：用户验收测试• User scenario testing：用户场景测试• User test：用户测试V• V -model：V 模式• Validation：确认• Variable：变量• Verification：验证• Vertical traceability：垂直可跟踪性• Version control：版本控制• Volume testing：容量测试W• Walkthrough：走查• White-box test design technique：白盒测试设计技术• White-box testing：白盒测试• Wide Band Delphi：Delphi 估计方法。
建筑类英语常用词汇大全
建筑专业常用英语词汇Adesign basis设计依据计划建议书planning proposals设计任务书design order标准规范standards and codes条件图information drawing设计基础资料basic data for design工艺流程图process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original data设计进度schedule of designBstage of design设计阶段方案scheme, draft草图sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判negotiation可行性研究feasibility study初步设计preliminary design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design询价图enquiry drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawingCclimate condition气象条件日照sunshine风玫瑰wind rose主导风向prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电thunder and lightning飓风hurricane台风typhoon旋风cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual rainfall湿球温度wet bulb temperature干球温度dry bulb temperature冰冻期frost period冰冻线frost line冰冻区frost zone室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative humidityDgeneral room name常用房间名称办公室office服务用房service room换班室shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室living room浴室bathroom淋浴间shower更衣室locker room厕所lavatory门厅lobby诊室clinic工作间workshop电气开关室switchroom走廊corridor档案室archive电梯机房lift motor room车库garage清洁间cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting room衣柜间ward robe暖风间h.v.a.c room饭店restaurant餐厅canteen, dining room厨房kitchen入口entrance接待处reception area会计室accountant room秘书室secretary room电气室electrical room控制室control room工长室foreman office开关柜室switch gear前室antecabinet (ante.)生产区production area马达控制中心mcc多功能用房utility room化验室laboratory room经理室manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard houseEroofing and ceiling屋面及天棚女儿墙parapet雨蓬canopy屋脊roof ridge坡度slope坡跨比pitch分水线water-shed二毡三油2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层extra ply of felt檐口eave挑檐overhanging eave檐沟eave gutter平屋面flat roof坡屋面pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe)(r.w.p)汇水面积catchment area泛水flashing内排水interior drainage外排水exterior drainage滴水drip屋面排水roof drainage找平层leveling course卷材屋面built-up roofing天棚ceiling檩条purlin屋面板roofing board天花板ceiling board防水层water-proof course检查孔inspection hole人孔manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling 檐板(窗帘盒) corniceFwall (cladding)墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick wall砌块墙block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering 抹灰墙rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board 空心砖墙hollow brick wall承重墙bearing wall非承重墙non-bearing wall纵墙longitudinal wall横墙transverse wall外墙external (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙filler wall防火墙fire wall窗间墙wall between window空心墙cavity wall压顶coping圈梁gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断glazed wall防潮层damp-proof course (d.p.c)遮阳板sunshade阳台balcony伸缩缝expansion joint沉降缝settlement joint抗震缝seismic joint复合夹心板sandwich board压型单板corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding panel复合板composite panel轻质隔断light-weight partition牛腿bracket砖烟囱brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthGfloor and trench地面及地沟地坪grade地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实rammed earth炉渣夯实tamped cinder填土filled earth回填土夯实tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding面层covering, finish结合层bonding (binding) course找平层leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面concrete floor水泥地面cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor 水磨石地面terrazzo flooring马赛克地面mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅joist硬木毛地面hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete slab (r.c slab) 乙烯基地面vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡floor with 2% slope集水沟gully集水口gulley排水沟drainage trench沟盖板trench cover活动盖板removable cover plate集水坑sump pit孔翻边hole up stand电缆沟cable trenchHdoors,glass,windows & ironmongery(hardware)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled door夹板门plywood door铝合金门aluminum alloy door卷帘门roller shutter door弹簧门swing door推拉门sliding door平开门side-hung door折叠门folding door旋转门revolving door玻璃门glazed door密闭门air-tight door保温门thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire door(大门上的)小门wicket门框door frame门扇door leaf门洞door opening结构开洞structural opening单扇门single door双扇门double door疏散门emergency door纱门screen door门槛door sill门过梁door lintel上冒头top rail下冒头bottom rail门边木stile门樘侧料side jumb槽口notch木窗wooden window钢窗steel window铝合金窗aluminum alloy window百叶窗(通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow steel window固定窗fixed window平开窗side-hung window推拉窗sliding window气窗transom上悬窗top-hung window中悬窗center-pivoted window下悬窗hopper window活动百叶窗adjustable louver天窗skylight老虎窗dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced brick lintel窗扇casement sash窗台window sill窗台板window board窗中梃mullion窗横木mutin窗边木stile压缝条cover mould窗帘盒curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴pivot长脚铰链parliament hinge闭门器door closer地弹簧floor closer插销bolt门锁door lock拉手pull链条chain门钩door hanger碰球ball latch窗钩window catch暗插销insert bolt电动开关器electric opener平板玻璃plate glass夹丝玻璃wire glass透明玻璃clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass) 防弹玻璃bullet-proof glass石英玻璃quartz glass吸热玻璃heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃polished glass着色玻璃pigmented glass玻璃瓦glass tile玻璃砖glass block有机玻璃organic glassIstaircase, landing & lift (elevator)楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯stair楼梯间staircase疏散梯emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane ladder直爬梯vertical ladder踏步step扇形踏步winder (wheel step)踏步板tread档步板riser踏步宽度tread width防滑条non-slip insert (strips)栏杆railing (balustrade)平台栏杆platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手handrail梯段高度height of flight防护梯笼protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing (platform)操作平台operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair landing客梯passenger lift货梯goods lift客/货两用梯goods/passenger lift液压电梯hydraulic lift自动扶梯escalator观光电梯observation elevator电梯机房lift mortar room电梯坑lift pit电梯井道lift shaftJbuilding material words and phrases建筑材料词汇及短语bricks and tiles 砖和瓦红砖red brick粘土砖clay brick瓷砖glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire brick空心砖hollow brick面砖facing brick地板砖flooring tile缸砖clinkery brick马赛克mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦glazed tile脊瓦ridge tile石棉瓦asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheetlime, sand and stone 灰、砂和石石膏gypsum大理石marble汉白玉white marble花岗岩granite碎石crushed stone毛石rubble蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩pearlite水磨石terrazzo卵石cobble砾石gravel粗砂course sand中砂medium sand细砂fine sandcement, mortar and concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) portland cement 硅酸盐水泥silicate cement火山灰水泥pozzolana cement白水泥white cement水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal mortar防水砂浆water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆bituminous mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar joint素混凝土plain concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete轻质混凝土lightweight concrete细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土foamed concrete炉渣混凝土cinder concretefacing and plastering materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石granitic plaster斩假石artificial stone刷浆lime wash可赛银casein大白浆white wash麻刀灰打底hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰lath and plasterasphalt(bitumen) and asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材asphalt felt沥青填料asphalt filler沥青胶泥asphalt grout冷底子油adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝bitumastic oakum石棉板asbestos sheet石棉纤维asbestos fibertimber 木材裂缝crack透裂split环裂shake干缩shrinkage翘曲warping原木log圆木round timber方木square timber板材plank木条batten板条lath木板board红松red pine白松white pine落叶松deciduous pine云杉spruce柏木cypress白杨white poplar桦木birch冷杉fir栎木oak榴木willow榆木elm杉木cedar柚木teak樟木camphor wood防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber胶合板plywood三(五)合板3(5)-plywood企口板tongued and grooved board层夹板laminated plank胶合层夹木材glue-laminated lumber纤维板fiber-board竹子bamboometallic materials 金属材料黑色金属ferrous metal圆钢steelbbar方钢square steel扁钢steel strap,flat steel型钢steel section (shape)槽钢channel角钢angle steel等边角钢equal-leg angle不等边角钢unequal-leg angle工字钢i-beam宽翼缘工字钢wide flange i-beam丁(之)字钢t-bar (z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧hot-rolled冷轧cold-rolled冷拉cold-drawn冷压cold-pressed合金钢alloy steel钛合金titanium alloy不锈钢stainless steel竹节钢筋corrugated steel bar变形钢筋deformed bar光圆钢筋plain round bar钢板steel plate薄钢板thin steel plate低碳钢low carbon steel冷弯cold bending钢管steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管seamless steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe黑铁管iron pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast iron生铁pig iron熟铁wrought iron镀锌铁皮galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝galvanized steel wire钢丝网steel wire mesh多孔金属网expanded metal锰钢managanese steel高强度合金钢high strength alloy steelnon-ferrous metal 有色金属金gold白金platinum铜copper黄铜brass青铜bronze银silver铝aluminum铅leadanti-corrosion materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯polythene, polyethylene尼龙nylon聚氯乙烯pvc (polyvinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯polycarbonate聚苯乙烯polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic resin乙烯基酯vinyl ester橡胶内衬rubber lining氯丁橡胶neoprene沥青漆bitumen paint环氧树脂漆epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆zinc oxide primer防锈漆anti-rust paint耐酸漆acid-resistant paint耐碱漆alkali-resistant paint水玻璃sodium silicate树脂砂浆resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂epoxy resinbuilding hardware 建筑五金钉子nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝screws平头螺丝flat-head screw螺栓bolt普通螺栓commercial bolt高强螺栓high strength bolt预埋螺栓insert bolt胀锚螺栓cinch bolt垫片washerpaint 油漆底漆primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆anti-corrosion paint调和漆mixed paint无光漆flat paint透明漆varnish银粉漆aluminum paint磁漆enamel paint干性油drying oil稀释剂thinner焦油tar沥青漆asphalt paint桐油tung oil, chinese wood oil红丹red lead铅油lead oil腻子puttyKother architectural terms其它建筑术语discipline 专业建筑architecture土木civil给排水water supply and drainage总图plot plan采暖通风h.v.a.c (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应electric power supply电气照明electric lighting电讯telecommunication仪表instrument热力供应heat power supply动力mechanical power工艺process technology管道pipingconventional terms 一般通用名词建筑原理architectonics建筑形式architectural style民用建筑civil architecture城市建筑urban architecture农村建筑rural architecture农业建筑farm building工业建筑industrial building重工业的heavy industrial轻工业的light industrial古代建筑ancient architecture现代建筑modern architecture标准化建筑standardized buildings附属建筑auxiliary buildings城市规划city planning厂区内within site厂区外offsite封闭式closed type开敞式open type半开敞式semi-open type模数制modular system单位造价unit cost概算preliminary estimate承包商constructor, contractor现场site扩建extension改建reconstruction防火fire-prevention防震aseismatic, quake-proof防腐anti-corrosion防潮dump-proof防水water-proof防尘dust-proof防锈rust-proof车流量traffic volume货流量freight traffic volume人流量pedestrian volume透视图perspective drawing建筑模型building modelarchitectural physics 建筑物理照明illumination照度degree of illumination亮度brightness日照sunshine天然采光natural lighting光强light intensity侧光side light顶光top light眩光glaze方位角azimuth辐射radiation对流convection传导conduction遮阳sun-shade保温thermal insulation恒温constant temperature恒湿constant humidity噪音noise隔音sound-proof吸音sound absorption露点dew point隔汽vapor-proofname of professional role 职务名称项目经理project manager (pm)设计经理design manager首席建筑师principal architect总工程师chief engineer土木工程师civil engineer工艺工程师process engineer电气工程师electrical engineer机械工程师mechanical engineer计划工程师planning engineer助理工程师assistant engineer实习生probationer专家specialist, expert制图员draftsman技术员techniciandrafting 制图总说明general specification工程说明project specification采用标准规范目录list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录list of drawings平面图plan局部放大图detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图schematic plan of...．．．平剖面图sectional plan of...留孔平面图plan of provision of holes剖面section纵剖面longitudinal section横剖面cross (transverse) section立面elevation正立面front elevation透视图perspective drawing侧立面side elevation背立面back elevation详图detail drawings典型节点typical detail节点号detail no.首页front page图纸目录及说明list of contents and description图例legend示意图diagram草图sketch荷载简图load diagram流程示意图flow diagram标准图standard drawing．．．布置图layout of ...地形图topographical map土方工程图earth-work drawing展开图developed drawing模板图formwork drawing配筋arrangement of reinforcement表格tables工程进度表working schedule技术经济指标technical and economical index建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号coding序列号serial no.行和栏rows and columns备注remarks等级grade直线straight line曲线curves曲折线zigzag line虚线dotted line实线solid line影线hatching line点划线dot and dash line轴线axis等高线contour line中心线center line双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola切线tangent line尺寸线dimension line园形round环形annular方形square矩形rectangle平行四边形parallelogram三角形triangle五角形pentagon六角形hexagon八角形octagon梯形trapezoid圆圈circle弓形sagment扇形sector球形的spherical抛物面paraboloid圆锥形cone椭圆形ellipse, oblong面积area体积volume容量capacity重量weight质量mass力force米meter厘米centimeter毫米millimeter公顷hectate牛顿/平方米newton/square meter 千克/立方米kilogram/cubic meter 英尺foot英寸inch磅pound吨ton加仑gallon千磅kip平均尺寸average dimension变尺寸variable dimension外形尺寸overall dimension展开尺寸developed dimension内径inside diameter外径outside diameter净重net weight毛重gross weight数量quantity百分比percentage净空clearance净高headroom净距clear distance净跨clear span截面尺寸sectional dimension开间bay进深depth单跨single span双跨double span多跨multi-span标高elevation, level绝对标高absolute elevation设计标高designed elevation室外地面标高ground elevation室内地面标高floor elevation柱网column grid坐标coordinate厂区占地site area使用面积usable area辅助面积service area通道面积passage area管架pipe rack管廊pipeline gallery架空管线overhead pipeline排水沟drain ditch集水坑sump pit喷泉fountain地漏floor drain消火栓fire hydrant灭火器fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher 卤代烷灭火器halon extinguisher。
软件测试英语术语+缩写
软件测试常用英语词汇静态测试：Non-Execution-Based Testing或Static testing 代码走查：Walkthrough代码审查：Code Inspection技术评审：Review动态测试：Execution-Based Testing白盒测试：White-Box Testing黑盒测试：Black-Box Testing灰盒测试：Gray-Box Testing软件质量保证SQA：Software Quality Assurance软件开发生命周期：Software Development Life Cycle冒烟测试：Smoke Test回归测试：Regression Test功能测试：Function Testing性能测试：Performance Testing压力测试：Stress Testing负载测试：Volume Testing易用性测试：Usability Testing安装测试：Installation Testing界面测试：UI Testing配置测试：Configuration Testing文档测试：Documentation Testing兼容性测试：Compatibility Testing安全性测试：Security Testing恢复测试：Recovery Testing单元测试：Unit Test集成测试：Integration Test系统测试：System Test验收测试：Acceptance Test测试计划应包括：测试对象：The Test Objectives测试范围： The Test Scope测试策略： The Test Strategy测试方法： The Test Approach,测试过程： The test procedures,测试环境： The Test Environment,测试完成标准：The test Completion criteria测试用例：The Test Cases测试进度表：The Test Schedules风险：Risks接口：Interface最终用户：The End User正式的测试环境：Formal Test Environment确认需求：Verifying The Requirements有分歧的需求：Ambiguous Requirements运行和维护：Operation and Maintenance.可复用性：Reusability可靠性： Reliability/Availability电机电子工程师协会IEEE：The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 正确性：Correctness实用性：Utility健壮性：Robustness可靠性：Reliability软件需求规格说明书：SRS （software requirement specification ）概要设计：HLD （high level design ）详细设计：LLD （low level design ）统一开发流程：RUP （rational unified process ）集成产品开发：IPD （integrated product development ）能力成熟模型：CMM （capability maturity model ）能力成熟模型集成：CMMI （capability maturity model integration ）戴明环：PDCA （plan do check act ）软件工程过程组：SEPG （software engineering process group ）集成测试：IT （integration testing ）系统测试：ST （system testing ）关键过程域：KPA （key process area ）同行评审：PR （peer review ）用户验收测试：UAT （user acceptance testing ）验证和确认：V&V （verification & validation ）控制变更委员会：CCB （change control board ）图形用户界面：GUI （graphic user interface ）配置管理员：CMO （configuration management officer ）平均失效间隔时间：（MTBF mean time between failures ）平均修复时间：MTTR （mean time to restoration ）平均失效时间：MTTF （mean time to failure ）工作任务书：SOW （statement of work ）α测试：alpha testingβ测试：beta testing适应性：Adaptability可用性：Availability功能规格说明书：Functional Specification软件开发中常见英文缩写和各类软件开发文档的英文缩写：英文简写文档名称MRD market requirement document （市场需求文档）PRD product requirement document （产品需求文档）SOW 工作任务说明书PHB Process Handbook (项目过程手册)EST Estimation Sheet (估计记录)PPL Project Plan (项目计划)CMP Software Management Plan( 配置管理计划)QAP Software Quality Assurance Plan （软件质量保证计划）RMP Software Risk Management Plan （软件风险管理计划）TST Test Strategy（测试策略）WBS Work Breakdown Structure （工作分解结构）BRS Business Requirement Specification(业务需求说明书)SRS Software Requirement Specification(软件需求说明书)STP System Testing plan (系统测试计划)STC System Testing Cases （系统测试用例）HLD High Level Design (概要设计说明书)ITP Integration Testing plan (集成测试计划)ITC Integration Testing Cases （集成测试用例）LLD Low Level Design (详细设计说明书)UTP Unit Testing Plan ( 单元测试计划)UTC Unit Testing Cases （单元测试用例）UTR Unit Testing Report （单元测试报告）ITR Integration Testing Report （集成测试报告）STR System Testing Report （系统测试报告）RTM Requirements Traceability Matrix (需求跟踪矩阵)CSA Configuration Status Accounting （配置状态发布）CRF Change Request Form （变更申请表）WSR Weekly Status Report （项目周报）QSR Quality Weekly Status Report （质量工作周报）QAR Quality Audit Report(质量检查报告)QCL Quality Check List(质量检查表)PAR Phase Assessment Report （阶段评估报告）CLR Closure Report （项目总结报告）RFF Review Finding Form (评审发现表)MOM Minutes of Meeting （会议纪要）MTX Metrics Sheet （度量表）CCF ConsistanceCheckForm（一致性检查表）BAF Baseline Audit Form（基线审计表）PTF Program Trace Form（问题跟踪表）领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /软件测试中英文对照术语表A• Abstract test case (High level test case) ：概要测试用例• Acceptance：验收• Acceptance criteria：验收标准• Acceptance testing：验收测试• Accessibility testing：易用性测试• Accuracy：精确性• Actual outcome (actual result) ：实际输出/实际结果• Ad hoc review (informal review) ：非正式评审• Ad hoc testing：随机测试• Adaptability：自适应性• Agile testing：敏捷测试• Algorithm test (branch testing) ：分支测试• Alpha testing：alpha 测试• Analyzability：易分析性• Analyzer：分析员• Anomaly：异常• Arc testing：分支测试• Attractiveness：吸引力• Audit：审计• Audit trail：审计跟踪• Automated testware：自动测试组件• Availability：可用性B• Back-to-back testing：对比测试• Baseline：基线• Basic block：基本块• Basis test set：基本测试集• Bebugging：错误撒播• Behavior：行为• Benchmark test：基准测试• Bespoke software：定制的软件• Best practice：最佳实践• Beta testing：Beta 测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Big-bang testing：集成测试• Black-box technique：黑盒技术• Black-box testing：黑盒测试• Black-box test design technique：黑盒测试设计技术• Blocked test case：被阻塞的测试用例• Bottom-up testing：自底向上测试• Boundary value：边界值• Boundary value analysis：边界值分析• Boundary value coverage：边界值覆盖率• Boundary value testing：边界值测试• Branch：分支• Branch condition：分支条件• Branch condition combination coverage：分支条件组合覆盖率• Branch condition combination testing：分支条件组合测试• Branch condition coverage：分支条件覆盖率• Branch coverage：分支覆盖率• Branch testing：分支测试• Bug：缺陷• Business process-based testing：基于商业流程的测试C• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) ：能力成熟度模型• Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ：集成能力成熟度模型• Capture/playback tool：捕获/回放工具• Capture/replay tool：捕获/重放工具• CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) ：电脑辅助软件工程• CAST (Computer Aided Software Testing) ：电脑辅助软件测试• Cause-effect graph：因果图• Cause-effect graphing：因果图技术• Cause-effect analysis：因果分析• Cause-effect decision table：因果判定表• Certification：认证• Changeability：可变性• Change control：变更控制• Change control board：变更控制委员会• Checker：检查人员• Chow's coverage metrics (N-switch coverage) ：N 切换覆盖率• Classification tree method：分类树方法• Code analyzer：代码分析器• Code coverage：代码覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Code-based testing：基于代码的测试• Co-existence：共存性• Commercial off-the-shelf software：商用离岸软件• Comparator：比较器• Compatibility testing：兼容性测试• Compiler：编译器• Complete testing：完全测试/穷尽测试• Completion criteria：完成标准• Complexity：复杂性• Compliance：一致性• Compliance testing：一致性测试• Component：组件• Component integration testing：组件集成测试• Component specification：组件规格说明• Component testing：组件测试• Compound condition：组合条件• Concrete test case (low level test case) ：详细测试用例• Concurrency testing：并发测试• Condition：条件表达式• Condition combination coverage：条件组合覆盖率• Condition coverage：条件覆盖率• Condition determination coverage：条件判定覆盖率• Condition determination testing：条件判定测试• Condition testing：条件测试• Condition outcome：条件结果• Confidence test (smoke test) ：信心测试（冒烟测试）• Configuration：配置• Configuration auditing：配置审核• Configuration control：配置控制• Configuration control board (CCB) ：配置控制委员会• Configuration identification：配置标识• Configuration item：配置项• Configuration management：配置管理• Configuration testing：配置测试• Confirmation testing：确认测试• Conformance testing：一致性测试• Consistency：一致性• Control flow：控制流• Control flow graph：控制流图• Control flow path：控制流路径• Conversion testing：转换测试• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf software) ：商业离岸软件• Coverage：覆盖率• Coverage analysis：覆盖率分析领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Coverage item：覆盖项• Coverage tool：覆盖率工具• Custom software：定制软件• Cyclomatic complexity：圈复杂度• Cyclomatic number：圈数D• Daily build：每日构建• Data definition：数据定义• Data driven testing：数据驱动测试• Data flow：数据流• Data flow analysis：数据流分析• Data flow coverage：数据流覆盖率• Data flow test：数据流测试• Data integrity testing：数据完整性测试• Database integrity testing：数据库完整性测试• Dead code：无效代码• Debugger：调试器• Debugging：调试• Debugging tool：调试工具• Decision：判定• Decision condition coverage：判定条件覆盖率• Decision condition testing：判定条件测试• Decision coverage：判定覆盖率• Decision table：判定表• Decision table testing：判定表测试• Decision testing：判定测试技术• Decision outcome：判定结果• Defect：缺陷• Defect density：缺陷密度• Defect Detection Percentage (DDP) ：缺陷发现率• Defect management：缺陷管理• Defect management tool：缺陷管理工具• Defect masking：缺陷屏蔽• Defect report：缺陷报告• Defect tracking tool：缺陷跟踪工具• Definition-use pair：定义-使用对• Deliverable：交付物• Design-based testing：基于设计的测试• Desk checking：桌面检查领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Development testing：开发测试• Deviation：偏差• Deviation report：偏差报告• Dirty testing：负面测试• Documentation testing：文档测试• Domain：域• Driver：驱动程序• Dynamic analysis：动态分析• Dynamic analysis tool：动态分析工具• Dynamic comparison：动态比较• Dynamic testing：动态测试E• Efficiency：效率• Efficiency testing：效率测试• Elementary comparison testing：基本组合测试• Emulator：仿真器、仿真程序• Entry criteria：入口标准• Entry point：入口点• Equivalence class：等价类• Equivalence partition：等价区间• Equivalence partition coverage：等价区间覆盖率• Equivalence partitioning：等价划分技术• Error：错误• Error guessing：错误猜测技术• Error seeding：错误撒播• Error tolerance：错误容限• Evaluation：评估• Exception handling：异常处理• Executable statement：可执行的语句• Exercised：可执行的• Exhaustive testing：穷尽测试• Exit criteria：出口标准• Exit point：出口点• Expected outcome：预期结果• Expected result：预期结果• Exploratory testing：探测测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /F• Fail：失败• Failure：失败• Failure mode：失败模式• Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) ：失败模式和影响分析• Failure rate：失败频率• Fault：缺陷• Fault density：缺陷密度• Fault Detection Percentage (FDP) ：缺陷发现率• Fault masking：缺陷屏蔽• Fault tolerance：缺陷容限• Fault tree analysis：缺陷树分析• Feature：特征• Field testing：现场测试• Finite state machine：有限状态机• Finite state testing：有限状态测试• Formal review：正式评审• Frozen test basis：测试基线• Function Point Analysis (FPA) ：功能点分析• Functional integration：功能集成• Functional requirement：功能需求• Functional test design technique：功能测试设计技术• Functional testing：功能测试• Functionality：功能性• Functionality testing：功能性测试G• glass box testing：白盒测试H• Heuristic evaluation：启发式评估• High level test case：概要测试用例• Horizontal traceability：水平跟踪领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /I• Impact analysis：影响分析• Incremental development model：增量开发模型• Incremental testing：增量测试• Incident：事件• Incident management：事件管理• Incident management tool：事件管理工具• Incident report：事件报告• Independence：独立• Infeasible path：不可行路径• Informal review：非正式评审• Input：输入• Input domain：输入范围• Input value：输入值• Inspection：审查• Inspection leader：审查组织者• Inspector：审查人员• Installability：可安装性• Installability testing：可安装性测试• Installation guide：安装指南• Installation wizard：安装向导• Instrumentation：插装• Instrumenter：插装工具• Intake test：入口测试• Integration：集成• Integration testing：集成测试• Integration testing in the large：大范围集成测试• Integration testing in the small：小范围集成测试• Interface testing：接口测试• Interoperability：互通性• Interoperability testing：互通性测试• Invalid testing：无效性测试• Isolation testing：隔离测试• Item transmittal report：版本发布报告• Iterative development model：迭代开发模型K• Key performance indicator：关键绩效指标领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Keyword driven testing：关键字驱动测试L• Learnability：易学性• Level test plan：等级测试计划• Link testing：组件集成测试• Load testing：负载测试• Logic-coverage testing：逻辑覆盖测试• Logic-driven testing：逻辑驱动测试• Logical test case：逻辑测试用例• Low level test case：详细测试用例M• Maintenance：维护• Maintenance testing：维护测试• Maintainability：可维护性• Maintainability testing：可维护性测试• Management review：管理评审• Master test plan：综合测试计划• Maturity：成熟度• Measure：度量• Measurement：度量• Measurement scale：度量粒度• Memory leak：内存泄漏• Metric：度量• Migration testing：移植测试• Milestone：里程碑• Mistake：错误• Moderator：仲裁员• Modified condition decision coverage：改进的条件判定覆盖率• Modified condition decision testing：改进的条件判定测试• Modified multiple condition coverage：改进的多重条件判定覆盖率• Modified multiple condition testing：改进的多重条件判定测试• Module：模块• Module testing：模块测试• Monitor：监视器• Multiple condition：多重条件• Multiple condition coverage：多重条件覆盖率领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Multiple condition testing：多重条件测试• Mutation analysis：变化分析• Mutation testing：变化测试N• N-switch coverage：N 切换覆盖率• N-switch testing：N 切换测试• Negative testing：负面测试• Non-conformity：不一致• Non-functional requirement：非功能需求• Non-functional testing：非功能测试• Non-functional test design techniques：非功能测试设计技术O• Off-the-shelf software：离岸软件• Operability：可操作性• Operational environment：操作环境• Operational profile testing：运行剖面测试• Operational testing：操作测试• Oracle：标准• Outcome：输出/结果• Output：输出• Output domain：输出范围• Output value：输出值P• Pair programming：结队编程• Pair testing：结队测试• Partition testing：分割测试• Pass：通过• Pass/fail criteria：通过/失败标准• Path：路径• Path coverage：路径覆盖• Path sensitizing：路径敏感性• Path testing：路径测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / • Peer review：同行评审• Performance：性能• Performance indicator：绩效指标• Performance testing：性能测试• Performance testing tool：性能测试工具• Phase test plan：阶段测试计划• Portability：可移植性• Portability testing：移植性测试• Postcondition：结果条件• Post-execution comparison：运行后比较• Precondition：初始条件• Predicted outcome：预期结果• Pretest：预测试• Priority：优先级• Probe effect：检测成本• Problem：问题• Problem management：问题管理• Problem report：问题报告• Process：流程• Process cycle test：处理周期测试• Product risk：产品风险• Project：项目• Project risk：项目风险• Program instrumenter：编程工具• Program testing：程序测试• Project test plan：项目测试计划• Pseudo-random：伪随机Q• Quality：质量• Quality assurance：质量保证• Quality attribute：质量属性• Quality characteristic：质量特征• Quality management：质量管理领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /R• Random testing：随机测试• Recorder：记录员• Record/playback tool：记录/回放工具• Recoverability：可复原性• Recoverability testing：可复原性测试• Recovery testing：可复原性测试• Regression testing：回归测试• Regulation testing：一致性测试• Release note：版本说明• Reliability：可靠性• Reliability testing：可靠性测试• Replaceability：可替换性• Requirement：需求• Requirements-based testing：基于需求的测试• Requirements management tool：需求管理工具• Requirements phase：需求阶段• Resource utilization：资源利用• Resource utilization testing：资源利用测试• Result：结果• Resumption criteria：继续测试标准• Re-testing：再测试• Review：评审• Reviewer：评审人员• Review tool：评审工具• Risk：风险• Risk analysis：风险分析• Risk-based testing：基于风险的测试• Risk control：风险控制• Risk identification：风险识别• Risk management：风险管理• Risk mitigation：风险消减• Robustness：健壮性• Robustness testing：健壮性测试• Root cause：根本原因S• Safety：安全领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Safety testing：安全性测试• Sanity test：健全测试• Scalability：可测量性• Scalability testing：可测量性测试• Scenario testing：情景测试• Scribe：记录员• Scripting language：脚本语言• Security：安全性• Security testing：安全性测试• Serviceability testing：可维护性测试• Severity：严重性• Simulation：仿真• Simulator：仿真程序、仿真器• Site acceptance testing：定点验收测试• Smoke test：冒烟测试• Software：软件• Software feature：软件功能• Software quality：软件质量• Software quality characteristic：软件质量特征• Software test incident：软件测试事件• Software test incident report：软件测试事件报告• Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) ：软件可用性调查问卷• Source statement：源语句• Specification：规格说明• Specification-based testing：基于规格说明的测试• Specification-based test design technique：基于规格说明的测试设计技术• Specified input：特定输入• Stability：稳定性• Standard software：标准软件• Standards testing：标准测试• State diagram：状态图• State table：状态表• State transition：状态迁移• State transition testing：状态迁移测试• Statement：语句• Statement coverage：语句覆盖• Statement testing：语句测试• Static analysis：静态分析• Static analysis tool：静态分析工具• Static analyzer：静态分析工具• Static code analysis：静态代码分析• Static code analyzer：静态代码分析工具• Static testing：静态测试• Statistical testing：统计测试领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Status accounting：状态统计• Storage：资源利用• Storage testing：资源利用测试• Stress testing：压力测试• Structure-based techniques：基于结构的技术• Structural coverage：结构覆盖• Structural test design technique：结构测试设计技术• Structural testing：基于结构的测试• Structured walkthrough：面向结构的走查• Stub: 桩• Subpath: 子路径• Suitability: 符合性• Suspension criteria: 暂停标准• Syntax testing: 语法测试• System:系统• System integration testing：系统集成测试• System testing：系统测试T• Technical review：技术评审• Test：测试• Test approach：测试方法• Test automation：测试自动化• Test basis：测试基础• Test bed：测试环境• Test case：测试用例• Test case design technique：测试用例设计技术• Test case specification：测试用例规格说明• Test case suite：测试用例套• Test charter：测试宪章• Test closure：测试结束• Test comparator：测试比较工具• Test comparison：测试比较• Test completion criteria：测试比较标准• Test condition：测试条件• Test control：测试控制• Test coverage：测试覆盖率• Test cycle：测试周期• Test data：测试数据• Test data preparation tool：测试数据准备工具领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 / • Test design：测试设计• Test design specification：测试设计规格说明• Test design technique：测试设计技术• Test design tool: 测试设计工具• Test driver: 测试驱动程序• Test driven development: 测试驱动开发• Test environment: 测试环境• Test evaluation report: 测试评估报告• Test execution: 测试执行• Test execution automation: 测试执行自动化• Test execution phase: 测试执行阶段• Test execution schedule: 测试执行进度表• Test execution technique: 测试执行技术• Test execution tool: 测试执行工具• Test fail: 测试失败• Test generator: 测试生成工具• Test leader:测试负责人• Test harness：测试组件• Test incident：测试事件• Test incident report：测试事件报告• Test infrastructure：测试基础组织• Test input：测试输入• Test item：测试项• Test item transmittal report：测试项移交报告• Test level：测试等级• Test log：测试日志• Test logging：测试记录• Test manager：测试经理• Test management：测试管理• Test management tool：测试管理工具• Test Maturity Model (TMM) ：测试成熟度模型• Test monitoring：测试跟踪• Test object：测试对象• Test objective：测试目的• Test oracle：测试标准• Test outcome：测试结果• Test pass：测试通过• Test performance indicator：测试绩效指标• Test phase：测试阶段• Test plan：测试计划• Test planning：测试计划• Test policy：测试方针• Test Point Analysis (TPA) ：测试点分析• Test procedure：测试过程领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Test procedure specification：测试过程规格说明• Test process：测试流程• Test Process Improvement (TPI) ：测试流程改进• Test record：测试记录• Test recording：测试记录• Test reproduceability：测试可重现性• Test report：测试报告• Test requirement：测试需求• Test run：测试运行• Test run log：测试运行日志• Test result：测试结果• Test scenario：测试场景• Test script：测试脚本• Test set：测试集• Test situation：测试条件• Test specification：测试规格说明• Test specification technique：测试规格说明技术• Test stage：测试阶段• Test strategy：测试策略• Test suite：测试套• Test summary report：测试总结报告• Test target：测试目标• Test tool：测试工具• Test type：测试类型• Testability：可测试性• Testability review：可测试性评审• Testable requirements：需求可测试性• Tester：测试人员• Testing：测试• Testware：测试组件• Thread testing：组件集成测试• Time behavior：性能• Top-down testing：自顶向下的测试• Traceability：可跟踪性U• Understandability：易懂性• Unit：单元• unit testing：单元测试• Unreachable code：执行不到的代码领测国际科技（北京）有限公司领测软件测试网 /• Usability：易用性• Usability testing：易用性测试• Use case：用户用例• Use case testing：用户用例测试• User acceptance testing：用户验收测试• User scenario testing：用户场景测试• User test：用户测试V• V -model：V 模式• Validation：确认• Variable：变量• Verification：验证• Vertical traceability：垂直可跟踪性• Version control：版本控制• Volume testing：容量测试W• Walkthrough：走查• White-box test design technique：白盒测试设计技术• White-box testing：白盒测试• Wide Band Delphi：Delphi 估计方法。
商务英语专业毕业设计(论文)任务书
毕业设计（论文）任务书设计（论文）题目.学生姓名.学号.所属系（部）基础部.所在专业商务英语.起止日期2007年5月～6月.设计地点扬州工业职业技术学院.指导教师.教研室主任孙丽娟.教学系主任邓光.扬州工业职业技术学院基础部制商务英语专业毕业设计（论文）任务书一、撰写毕业论文的目的进一步提高学生的英语阅读、翻译、写作能力，文字表达能力，信息搜集与分析处理能力，独立思考问题并能理论联系实际，运用商务知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。
检查学生对所学专业理论知识和基本技能的掌握程度，并将论文成绩作为学生能否毕业的主要依据之一。
二、撰写毕业论文的步骤（一）准备阶段1、明确指导教师。
根据基础部毕业论文指导工作小组的安排，每个学生明确自己的指导教师，建立联系方式。
2、确定选题方向。
选题应结合商务英语专业培养目标，体现英文词语用法比较、英文翻译或写作技巧、英文函电制作、英语谈判策略与技巧、英语在商贸活动中的特殊用法等方向。
学生可根据自身能力、兴趣或实习工作实际确定选题，也可由指导教师指定，要求一人一题。
选题必须征求指导教师的意见，得到指导教师的确认。
3、撰写开题报告。
学生根据选题在指导教师指导下完成开题报告。
开题报告格式与内容应包括：学生姓名、专业、班级、学号、课题名称、指导教师姓名、职称与学位、课题类别、课题的内容与要求、前言（课题研究的目的与意义、课题的国内外研究现状与趋势、课题欲解决的问题）、课题研究方案的比较与评价（课题研究的思路、角度与方法）、课题研究的预期效果及指标、作者工作安排（包括选题、调研、收集资料、论证、开题、撰写初稿、修改、定稿的打印等各个阶段）、参考文献以及指导教师意见等（详见《扬州工业职业技术学院毕业论文开题报告书》）。
（二）撰写阶段1、撰写论文提纲。
学生根据选题、工作计划安排，按要求在指定时间内向指导教师提交论文提纲。
2、中期检查指导。
基础部毕业指导工作小组将按计划组织毕业论文的中期检查指导工作，内容包括资料收集、撰写初稿等进展情况以及后期应注意的问题、采取的措施、建议和指导等，学生和指导教师须分别提交书面汇报和检查报告。
英语专业毕业论文任务书
英语专业毕业论⽂任务书毕业设计（论⽂）任务书题⽬：Return to Nature—On the Conflict between Nature and Civilization in Wuthering Heights回归⾃然—论《呼啸⼭庄》中⾃然和⽂明的冲突⼀、主要任务与⽬标：1、主要任务毕业论⽂写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养⽬标的重要阶段，是英语⼈才培养不可或缺的重要环节，是英语专业本科教学计划的重要组成部分，是培养学⽣综合应⽤所学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能，并分析和解决实际问题的重要途径，是对学⽣进⾏科学研究的初步训练。
毕业论⽂是学⽣⼤学毕业前的最后学习阶段，是英语教学深化和升华的重要过程；是对学⽣的英语实践技能、英语语⽂知识及其他相关学科知识、综合素质、研究与创新能⼒进⾏检验考核的重要⼿段；是学⽣学⼠学位资格认证的重要依据；是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与⽔平的重要内容之⼀。
2、主要⽬标英美⽂学⽅向毕业论⽂的主要⽬标是：对已有的⽂学研究领域的理论性和应⽤性的研究成果，在翔实、可靠的事实材料的基础上进⾏有⼀定新意的探讨，这种新意可包括新的命题、新的视⾓、新的材料、新的⽅法、新的论证、新的结论。
研究应熟识与了解现有的研究理论、结论和评价，并进⾏消化、吸收，针对现有理论中的不⾜、不确切和未涉及之处进⾏局部的修正、改进、补充或完善。
写英美⽂学⽅向的毕业论⽂的学⽣要有较好的理论准备，能够熟练运⽤已学的理论知识，正确、科学地分析、解决论⽂撰写过程中出现的各种具体的问题，在教师的指导下发现、提出问题并对某⼀具体理论提出⾃⼰的看法和意见。
⼆、主要内容与基本要求：1、主要内容艾⽶莉〃勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期著名⼩说家和作家。
她⼀⽣只写了⼀部⼩说《呼啸⼭庄》，但是这部伟⼤的作品却使她扬名于世。
⼩说中⾃然和⽂明冲突不断，艾⽶莉〃勃朗特在⼩说中多次运⽤对⽐和象征来表现此冲突，这种冲突正是基于艾⽶莉〃勃朗特对⾃然异于常⼈的热爱和当时现代⽂明盛⾏的背景。
英语听力毕业设计任务书模板范文图片
英语听力毕业设计任务书模板范文图片Graduation Project ProposalTitle: Improving English Listening Skills through Interactive ActivitiesBackground:English language learning is an essential part of education in today's globalized world. One of the key skills required to master English is listening comprehension. However, many students struggle with this skill due to various reasons, such as limited exposure to the language, lack of practice, or difficulties in understanding different accents and speech speeds.Objective:The aim of this project is to develop and implement interactive activities that can help students improve their English listening skills. These activities will be designed to engage students in a fun and engaging way, making the learning process more effective and enjoyable.Methodology:1. Research: Conduct a literature review on effective listening strategies and best practices in English language teaching.2. Needs Assessment: Administer a survey to students to assess their current listening skills, interests, and preferences.3. Activity Development: Create a variety of interactive listening activities, such as listening comprehension exercises, dictation tasks, role-plays, and listening to authentic materials like podcasts, songs, and videos.4. Implementation: Conduct pilot testing of the activities with a group of students and gather feedback on their effectiveness.5. Evaluation: Analyze the results of the pilot testing and make any necessary revisions to the activities based on the feedback received.Expected Outcomes:1. Improvement in students' listening skills, confidence, and motivation to learn English.2. Increased engagement and participation in English language classes.3. Development of a set of effective and engaging listening activities that can be used by teachers in their classrooms.Timeline:- Literature review and needs assessment: 2 weeks- Activity development: 4 weeks- Pilot testing and feedback: 2 weeks- Evaluation and revisions: 1 weekBudget:The project will require funding for materials and resources, such as audio recordings, teaching materials, and software tools for activity development. The estimated budget is $500.Conclusion:By incorporating interactive listening activities into English language teaching, this project aims to help students improve their listening skills and enhance their overall language proficiency. It is hoped that the outcomes of this project will benefit both students and teachers in the long run.。
八下英语任务书
Unit1 Will people have robots?(Section A)Designer : Rong Yuhuan Assessor：Guo Suxia Li Hongyu引言：亲爱的同学们，新学期已经开始了，我们又开始了知识探索之旅，对于充满神秘的未来，你有什么大胆的预测吗？对于充满希望的未来，你有什么计划和打算吗？机器人真的会为我们的日常生活服务吗？真的可以在家里上学吗？Please just remember：Nothing is impossible.Task I: Learn the new words from Page2 to Page 4,then finish the exercises.根据汉语提示完成句子1. People will have (机器人) in their rooms in the future.2.He lives in the tall (楼房).3. I think there will be (较少)books and we‘ll have(较少)free time in ten years.4.We think we should do something to reduce(减少) (污染) and keep the river clean.5. There will be more (树)in my hometown.Task II：自学SectionA。
总结will 相关的用法知识。
Task III : 结合已学内容，总结一般将来时态的构成，并举例。
Task IV：Finish 1a by yourself.Task V:总结There be 句型的将来时态的表达方法，There be 句型的一般疑问句又该如何表达和回答呢？请你通过自主学习找到答案，并尝试做以下练习。
汉译英1.今天下午将有一个会议。
今天下午将有一个会议吗？是的。
/ 不是。