Lecture 07 Argumentative Essays (1)
奉化中学高中英语校本课程话题写作 Topic7 argumentative writings教案1
Topic 7: argumentative writingsStep One Check the homeworkStep Two Practice、英语作文的框机架对比观点题型（1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1. 有一些人认为……2．另一些人认为……3．我的看法……The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreo ver, ④---------------(理由三).While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (b esides),⑥------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).From my point of view,I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .（2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥-----(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．1．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．2．分析并举例使其更充实．The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径1．问题现状2．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明A的现状)．Second, ----------(举例进一步说明现状)confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处). 说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）1．说明事物现状2．事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3．你对现状（或前景）的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First ----------------(A的优点之一). Beside s -------------------（A的优点之二）.B ut every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)．Homework: Writing目前，越来越多的中学生利用周末上各种各样的培训班或请家教。
argumentative_essay
Before writing, we should make sure
a.Whom we will address b. What the purpose of our persuasion is
c.We should place ourselves in a proper position
Organize the paragraph
Before writing, we should make sure
b. What the purpose of our persuasion is 1.To present an opinion to the reader 2.To explain, clarify and illustrate the opinion 3.To persuade the reader that your opinion is valid, correct, is at least worth considering
Cause and Effect
Seeing movies is a good way to know about life and the world. Firstly, we have chance to see different peoples and cultures. For example, we can have a better understanding of American peoples and cultures, so that we can compare them with ours. Secondly, we can travel to other planets by seeing the movie of “Avatar”, which is quite interesting and fantastic. Finally, we can learn about the past of the world. For example, it can offer us more information about the history of China and cultivate our patriotism through the movie of “City of Life and Death”.
Lecture 7 Argumentation Essay
a) Introduction: In the introduction, the writer should clarify the controversy and state his/her argument which is often called the thesis or thesis statement.
For example:
The Three Gorges lie in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. After years of investigation and research, many scientists and engineers have suggested that to control the floods brought by the Yangtze River to its lower reaches, a large dam should be built there. But many other scientists and engineers disagreed. Thus a heated debate has begun as to whether the project is beneficial. I am in favor of the project and believe that it will have more advantages than disadvantages.
c) Conclusion : In the conclusion, we may look into the future or summarize our main points. However, we must restate our thesis or argument. For example: 1) In conclusion, the ignorance of inadequate water resources, the ineffective use of water and even the waste of water have combined to cause a water crisis, which we all have to face now. we can not afford to underestimate its urgency any longer. 2) It is high time that people should be educated to have a clearer understanding of the water crisis and that more advanced techniques should be applied to save the world’s water resources. Introduction (clarifying the controversy and stating your viewpoints) Body (sufficient evidence to support your point of view or refute the opposing views by using examples, facts, statistic findings, or personal experiences and observation) Conclusion/coda (restatement of your thesis)
Argumentative essays 英语议论文写作ppt课件
Useful words and phrases
When you can think of the opposing opinion but you have not seen it written anywhere:
has too maoductory Paragraph
Your introduction should: Introduce the topic with a general statement State why it is important State there is a difference of opinion about this
Use transition words as you move from paragraph to paragraph (Firstly, secondly, furthermore, in addition, moreover, finally).
You can also use any of the transitions from the other essay types as long as they are appropriate for your argument. (You may want to compare/contrast things, give reasons/results, descriptions, definitions etc.)
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Example Outline
Thesis Statement: Because of its cost, risk and alternatives, the building of
nuclear reactors should not continue. Topic Sentence 1: The first problem with nuclear reactors is their cost. Topic Sentence 2: Another problem is the serious consequences of
Argumentative essay 英文议论文写作ppt课件
This three-step form can be illustrated as follows:
Major Premise: Dogs bark.
Minor Premise: Little Brown is a dog.
Conclusion: Therefore, Little Brown barks.
➢ The minor premise is the part that
you need to prove in your argument.
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e.g. If the issue is about nuclear power plant construction, you may take the three-step form of reasoning like this:
➢ The argument cannot be
general belief;
personal preference ;
or fact
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➢ Two sides are generally involved:
proponents ( those in favor of the issue) and opponents ( those against the issue);
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3. Use two forms of logical reasoning:
induction and deduction.
Induction（归纳）: the process of
reasoning from the particular details
Argumentativeessay英文议论文写作课堂
? The argument cannot be
? general belief;
? personal preference ;
? or fact
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? Two sides are generally involved: proponents ( those in favor of the issue) and opponents ( those against the issue);
? The thesis must take a side of an issue , and frequently proposes a course of action;
? The argumentative essay are highly persuasive and logical ( often expressed with the modal “ should ”);
? The argumentative essay should and explain the issue or case ;
introduce
? The essay should offer adequate reasons
and support the reasons with good evidence
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? the reasons must be convincing evidence which is normally from
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? The terms in one premise must be used the same way in the other premise. Look at the following examples: Some vegetarians eat eggs. John is a vegetarian.
Argumentative essay 英文议论文写作
➢ The argument cannot be
Hale Waihona Puke general belief;
personal preference ;
or fact
A
3
➢ Two sides are generally involved:
proponents ( those in favor of the issue) and opponents ( those against the issue);
A
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➢ Try to identify and understand your opponent’s point of view You cannot just present your own opinion in argumentation. This can never convince the reader. You have to consider the point of view of your opponent’s.
➢ Good logic is the heart of the argumentative
essay.
A
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Ⅲ. Strategies for logical persuasion ➢ Be fully aware of your audience or
reader; As the purpose of an argumentative essay is to convince the reader of your position, you should address your reader by writing objectively, logically, and respectfully.
Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作PPT课件
.
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Deduction involves a three-step form of
reasoning called Syllogism（三段论）: Major
Premise ( the initial generalization), Minor Premise ( the specific case ), and Conclusion ( the resulting statement).
.
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3. Use two forms of logical reasoning:
induction and deduction.
Induction（归纳）: the process of reasoning from the particular details
to the general conclusion. It involves
The Argumentative Essay
.
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Ⅰ. Main communicative purposes of the convince or persuade
➢ to agree with an opinion; ➢ to defend an opinion; ➢ to attack an opinion you believe
➢ The thesis must take a side of an issue, and frequently proposes a course of action;
➢ The argumentative essay are highly persuasive and logical ( often expressed with the modal “should”);
Argumentiveessay英文议论文写作
3. Use two forms of logical reasoning: induction and deduction.
Induction（归纳）: the process of reasoning from the particular details to the general conclusion. It involves examining particular details such as specific cases, facts, or examples. The conclusion is made based on the evidence coming from the specific details.
∴ John eats eggs. All Americans speak English. Mary is a South American.
∴ Mary speaks English.
Ⅳ. Planning an argumentative essay
When you plan an argumentative essay, keep in mind the following points: The argumentative essay should introduce and explain the issue or case; The essay should offer adequate reasons and support the reasons with good evidence;
➢ Try to identify and understand your opponent’s point of view You cannot just present your own opinion in argumentation. This can never convince the reader. You have to consider the point of view of your opponent’s.
Argumentativeessay英文议论文写作课堂
Deduction involves a three-step form of
reasoning called Syllogism（三段论）: Major
Premise ( the initial generalization), Minor Premise ( the specific case ), and Conclusion ( the resulting statement). This three-step form can be illustrated as follows: Major Premise: Dogs bark. Minor Premise: Little Brown is a dog. Conclusion: Therefore, Little Brown barks.
? Good logic is the heart of the argumentative essay.
4
Ⅲ. Strategies for logical persuasion ? Be fully aware of your audience or
reader; As the purpose of an argumentative essay is to convince the reader of your position, you should address your reader by writing objectively, logically, and respectfully .
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3. Use two forms of logical reasoning: induction and deduction .
? Induction （归纳）: the process of reasoning from the particular details to the general conclusion . It involves examining particular details such as specific cases, facts, or examples. The conclusion is made based on the evidence coming from the specific details.
英文议论文写作 Argumentative Essay
organization
• The evidence you provide should be arranged A: from the least to the most important B: from the most familiar to the least familiar C: from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult
Give a title for the following given topic as an expository essay and an argumentative essay
• On Museums • On Space Exploration • On Teamwork • Practical Courses and Theoretical Courses • On the Role Computers Play in English Teaching • On Disposal Products
transitional devices (connecting words) (2):
• There are several types of transitional devices, and each category leads your readers to make certain connections or assumptions about the areas you are connecting. Some lead your readers forward and imply the “building” of an idea or thought, while others make them compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts.
Argumentative essays 英语议论文写作PPT精品文档
is and can include the “parts” of the argument you are going to state.
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Example Introductory Paragraph
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Useful words and phrases
When you can think of the opposing opinion buwritten anywhere:
your notes. Decide which side you are on i.e. which
arguments are most convincing. Make sure you choose the side that you can fully support. Plan and write an outline for your essay noting down the information you will include in each paragraph.
has too many disadvantages.
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Introductory Paragraph
Your introduction should: Introduce the topic with a general statement State why it is important State there is a difference of opinion about this
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Body Paragraphs
Arguments for: The reasons “parts” of your thesis statement will be in your body paragraphs.
英语写作之Lecture7argumenta
01
Explain the connection
Explain how your evidence supports your claim and how it fits
into the larger argument
02 03
Average falls
Watch out for common logical falls like the street man, red herring, or apparent to authority and make sure your argument is free of them
Use transitional words
Use words like "however," "in addition," or "consistently" to connect different ideas and strengthen your argument
Organize your ideas logically
Average personal attachments:
Writing conclusions
Restore your claim
End your essay by resetting your claim and summarizing the main points of your argument
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Techniques and Strategies for Argumentation
Establishing arguments
State your claim clearly
Start your essay with a clear and consistent claim that sets the tone for the rest of your argument
argumentative-essay
present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change.
When stating specifically why they think like that:
➢They put forward this idea because… ➢They claim that… since…
Reaching the turning point:
➢However, ➢But ➢On the other hand,
Conclusion
Thesis statement
CON 1 Refutation CON 2 Refutation CON 3 Refutation
Conclusion
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Languages
When pointing out opposing arguments(CONs):
有观点的英语作文属于哪类
有观点的英语作文属于哪类When it comes to categorizing English essays based on the presence of opinions, we can typically identify two main types: argumentative essays and persuasive essays. Both of these essay types incorporate the writer's point of view, but they serve different purposes and follow distinct structures.1. Argumentative Essays:Argumentative essays require the writer to investigate a topic, collect and evaluate evidence, and establish aposition on the topic in a concise manner. These essayspresent the writer's point of view on a topic and are characterized by the following features:- Claim of Fact: The writer presents a clear and debatable thesis statement that can be supported by evidence.- Claim of Value: The writer argues for a particular value or position on the topic, often backed by ethical, moral, or logical reasoning.- Claim of Policy: Sometimes, the writer may advocate fora specific course of action or policy change, using evidenceto support the proposed solution.Structure-wise, an argumentative essay usually includes an introduction with a clear thesis statement, body paragraphs that present claims and evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points and restates the writer's position.2. Persuasive Essays:Persuasive essays, also known as persuasive writing, are designed to convince the reader to adopt a particular point of view or to take a specific action. While they also contain the writer's opinion, the primary goal is to persuade. Here's what characterizes persuasive essays:- Emotional Appeal (Pathos): The writer uses emotional language and anecdotes to connect with the reader's feelings. - Logical Appeal (Logos): The writer presents logical arguments and evidence to support the opinion.- Credibility Appeal (Ethos): The writer establishes credibility to make the opinion more trustworthy.The structure of a persuasive essay is similar to that of an argumentative essay, but with a stronger emphasis on language that will sway the reader's opinion.Both types of essays require a clear thesis, well-organized supporting paragraphs, and a compelling conclusion. However, the key difference lies in the purpose: argumentative essays aim to establish a position based on evidence, while persuasive essays aim to convince the reader to adopt that position.In academic settings, students are often required to write essays that include their viewpoints to demonstrate their ability to think critically, construct logical arguments, and communicate effectively in writing. Regardless of the type, a well-crafted essay with a clear perspective can significantly contribute to the discourse on any given topic.。
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On the surface, the arguments that people opposing to entry fees charged for famous sites of historical interest hold seem reasonable. But in fact, those people have ignored the unique features of famous sites of historical interest which normally imply ample historical and cultural values. Those sites differ from common parks. The relics in these sites are precious and fragile to destroy, and usually need special and professional preservation and administration, which turn out to be an expensive exercise that constantly demands resources.
In the first part of your essay you should state dearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Lecture 07: Argumentative Essays (1)
TEM 8 Writing (2011)
According to a recent newspaper, many famous sites of historical interest in China have begun or are considering charging tourists higher entry fees during peak travel seasons. This has aroused a lot of public attention and also public debate. What is your opinion? Should famous Chinese sites of historical interest charge higher fees during peak travel seasons? Write an essay of about 400 words.
Entry fees must be charged. During peak travel seasons, there is no better measure than raising the entry fees to reduce the number of tourists. The purpose of charging higher fees is to stop some people’s visits so as to better protect the valuable relics and at the same time ensure the safety of the tourists. It is obvious that some people will give up their visits considering the higher fees. Here economic means are applied to conserve precious things at the sites of historical interest in an appropriate and sustainable way.
Higher Entry Fees during Peak Travel Seasons: Not a Smart Move
With the increased income and accumulated wealth among general public, a lot of tourism attractions witness great tourists increase in recent years, especially during some national holidays, such as International Labor’s Day, National Day and so on, as well as some peak seasons, such as winter season in Hainan and the like. Having observed such a trend, a lot of tourism sites are considering adopting higher ticket prices. However, when it comes to charging tourists higher entry fees during peak travel seasons, I am strongly against it. And my reasons against such a practice can be divided into the following three parts.
In ures of relics and the need of the sustainable protection of sites of historical interest, we must control the number of visitors, especially during the peak travel seasons when there are too many tourists, to diminish the impact of human activities on these sites to its lowest level. And charging higher fees during the peak travel seasons, an effective economic means of regulation, will be of great importance.
As we all know, today there is no entrance fee charged for many parks in our country while almost all famous sites of historical interest still need an entry fee. Some people can not accept this for they think that both parks and famous sites of historical interest are part of public services. They should have free access to them or at least shouldn’t pay too much for the visit since they have already paid taxes to the government. Then it is far impossible for those people to allow the sites to charge higher fees during peak travel seasons.
And when we take a look at the researches regarding the feeling of general travelers during the peak season, we can get a deep impression that dissatisfaction is a dominant category in the research result, and temporarily higher prices surely contribute a lot to this dissatisfaction. And we can also move naturally to the third point that conducts like this will inevitably lead to a tourism industry that is not sustainable. Simply taking money from the general citizens without providing them with better service accordingly will never produce a tourism industry that is healthy enough to support its future development.
Higher Entry Fees Should Be Charged during Peak Travel Season