托福写作：托福独立写作与托福综合写作
TPO 53 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 53综合写作阅读原文：Many countries require cigarette smokers to pay particularly high taxes on their purchases of cigarettes; similar taxes are being considered for unhealthy foods. The policy of imposing high taxes on cigarettes and other unhealthy products has a number of social benefits.First of all, the taxes discourage people from indulging in unhealthy behaviors. Raising taxes on cigarettes, for instance, leads people to buy fewer of them. Smoking has declined as taxes on tobacco have risen, showing that these taxes do work to make society healthier. It can be expected that imposing similar taxes on unhealthy food and beverages would help reduce obesity rates.Second, taxes of this kind are financially fair. When people get sick as a result of their smoking or eating unhealthy foods, they create medical costs. It is unfair that everyone in the society, including nonsmokers and people who follow a healthy diet, should contribute equally to covering these costs. Taxing people who engage in unhealthy behaviors creates extra income that can be used to cover the medical costs. In this way, some of the financial burden is shifted from all of society to just those who choose to participate in the unhealthy activities.Finally, the high rate of taxation on cigarettes significantly increases revenue for the government. In addition to using this tax revenue on medical assistance, governments often use the revenue for other projects that benefit public welfare, such as building stadiums or creating public parks. Even basic government-supported services like public education benefit from these taxes. Thus, the taxes on cigarettes, and the proposed taxes on unhealthy foods, benefit everyone.听力原文：Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Each of the arguments about the benefits of cigarette and other such taxes can be challenged.First, these taxes don’t necessarily lead to healthier behavior. For instance, high cigarette taxes have led some smokers to buy cheaper lower quality cigarettes. Such cigarettes typically contain even more harmful substances than better quality cigarettes and present even greater health risks. Similarly, imagine how some consumers might react to higher taxes on unhealthy foods. They might continue buying the unhealthy foods they prefer even if they’re more expensive. And as a result, have less money left to spend on healthy foods. That certainly wouldn’t benefit their health.Second, there are different ways of thinking about fairness. It might seem fair for people indulging in unhealthy behaviors to pay for the consequences of those behaviors through high taxes. But some people would argue that these taxes are unfair, because they don’t take into account people’s incomes. If a high-earning person and a lower-earning person are addicted to cigarettes and each smokes a pack of cigarettes a day. Paying the tax would be a greater expense for the low earner relative to his or her income. The same argument applies to the food taxes. So many people believe that these taxes are not fair because they create a much greater burden for those with smaller incomes than for those with higher incomes.Finally, the fact that governments can use this tax revenue for various projects has the downside. This income represents millions and millions of dollars and governments become dependent on it and don’t want to lose it. In consequence, the governments might not be forceful enough pursuing policies and implementing laws that might eliminate unhealthy habits altogether. For example, they are unlikely to adopt radical measure such as not allowing smoking in outdoor public areas such as parks or even banning smoking in all outdoor areas, public or private, because they don’t want to lose this income.In the reading passage, the author lists three reasons to prove there are many social benefits of imposing high taxes upon cigarettes as well as other unhealthy products. However, the professor in the listening contends that each of the arguments about the benefits of the cigarette and other such taxes can be challenged.Firstly, the reading passage claims that high taxes could prevent people from unhealthy behaviors, but the professor argues that these taxes don't necessarily lead to healthy behaviors. For instance, heavy taxes can lead some smokers to buy cheaper and lower quality cigarettes. Such cigarettes typically contain even more harmful substances than better quality cigarettes, and present even greater health risks. Similarly, imagine how some consumers might react to same taxes on unhealthy foods. They might continue buying the unhealthy foods they prefer even if it's more expensive, and as a result, have less money left to spend on healthy foods. That certainly wouldn't benefit their health.Secondly, in the reading passage, it is said that this kind of taxes are financially fair. On the contrary, the professor hold the opinion that there are different ways of thinking about fairness. It might seem fair for people indulging in unhealthy behaviors to pay for the consequences of those behaviors through high taxes, but some people would argue that these taxes are unfair, because they don't take into account people's incomes. If a higher earning person and a lower earning person are addicted to cigarettes, and each smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, paying the tax would be a greater expense for the lower earner relative to his or her income. The same argument applies to the food taxes, so many people believe these taxes are not fair, because they create a much greater burden for those with lower incomes than for those with higher incomes.Finally, according to the reading passage, such kind of high taxation could increase revenue for the government, while the professor maintains that the fact governments can use these tax revenues for various projects has a downside. This income represents millions and millions of dollars, and governments become dependent on it and don't want to lose it. In consequence, the governments might not be forceful enough pursuing policies and implementing laws that might eliminate unhealthy habits all together. For example, they are unlikely to adopt radical measures such as not allowing smoking in outdoor public areas such as parks, or even banning smoking in all outdoor areas public or private, because they don't want to lose this income.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is more important for governments to spend money to improve Internet access than to improve public transportation.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.The development of science and technology has come to pervade every aspect of our lives, especially the influence from the internet, which is changing people's life in a quite unprecedented speed, and as a result, some people consider government should spend money to improve internet access. After taking various factors into consideration, I, on the contrary, reckon that improving public transportation deserves more financial support from the government.Firstly, improvement of public transportation could help to solve the serious environmental problems nowadays. Undoubtedly, the disastrous consequence of environmental pollution has been quite obvious, such as the gloomy haze obscuring the top of the skyscrapers, acid rain poisoning farmland and eroding buildings, sea level rise resulting from global temperature rise etc., which urgently calls for effective measures to resolve all these life-threatening challenges. Public transportation capable of vast passenger volume could be one efficient way to take the place of various private vehicles whose exhaust emission is the main pollutants. For example, I am living in one city in North China that suffered bitterly from air pollution. In order to recover the blue sky, last year our government carried out one policy to lower the price of the bus together with improved services. Not surprisingly, more passengers chose to take public transportation. With less exhaust emission from the private vehicles, the air quality was improved since then.Secondly, compared with internet access, public transportation could benefit more people. Admittedly, with the appearance of various social softwares, internet, because of its efficiency and convenience, does serve as one important role in communication, but not everyone can be proficient or even familiar with internet. We should not ignore the sobering fact that there are still a large amount of illiterate people especially in the remote poverty-stricken areas. Being unable to read or type prevents them from getting online no matter how convenient the Internet access is. By contrast, public transportation could help those areas to connect with outside developed urban areas to develop their economy. The railway connecting eastern China and Tibet could be one persuasive example. Before this railway was built, the lagging economic situation in Tibet constrained the improving of people's living standard. Many family even could not afford their children to get education, while after the Chinese government built the railway to connect Tibet to the outside developed areas, Tibet's economy has been developing dramatically as the railway introduces more industries and encourages tourism, and as a result, large numbers of local people could benefit from what the public transportation promises.Conclusively, since public transportation could ensure both improved environment and economy, the government is highly advised to spend money on improving public transportation.。
TPO 50 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 50综合写作Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems.Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.听力原文：First of all, food, water and oxygen. Well astronauts can use hydroponics. Hydroponics is a technique for growing plants with their roots in water rather than in soil. It requires relatively little space. Using hydroponics, the astronauts should be able to cultivate food crops in the spacecraft. In addition, the hydroponic will grow plants with recycle waste water and release it as clean water vapor, which can be collected as drinking water. And of course, all plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. So thanks to hydroponics the astronauts will also have fresh air to breathe.Second, the effects of zero gravity. Over the last few decades, we have launched several space stations orbiting the earth. And a number of astronauts have spent many months on them in a zero gravity environment. These astronauts have learned to use several techniques to safely manage the effects of zero gravity. For example, regular exercise prevents the decrease in muscle mass. Likewise, taking vitamins and minerals like calcium slows down the decrease in astronauts’bone density.Third, solar radiation. Astronauts traveling to Mars will be exposed to some solar radiation but this radiation will not be at dangerous levels all the time. The sun only releases dangerous amounts of radiation occasionally, during periods when it is particularly active. In order to avoid this threat, the spacecraft could be equipped with special instruments that monitor solar radiation and with a small shelter that shield against radiation but doesn’t add much weight to the ship. Most of the time, the astronauts will go about their normal business in unshielded areas of the spacecraft. But when their instruments detect increased radiation, they could stay in the small shielded area until the danger has passed.范文：Both the reading and listening are arguing over a question whether it is possible to send human being to Mars. The reading lists out three problems to a successful carrying out. However, the listening offers three solutions to these questions.First, the reading raises the question that it takes too long to send people to Mars, approximately two years and no spacecraft could take that many loads of food, water and life essentials. Instead, the listening says this is not a real problem since the astronauts could use hydroponics to grow crop plants in water and food will not be an obstacle. Also, they could grow plants with recycle waste water and reuse it as clean water vapor, which could be drunk. Plus, since all plants do photosynthesis, the astronauts could breathe fresh air released by them.Second, the reading asserts that living in a zero-gravity environment would exert a negative effect on one’s health. Nevertheless, the professor says that the astronauts have learned to use several techniques to make up for the health issue. They will do regular exercise to prevent muscle mass from decreasing and take vitamins and minerals to slow down problem with their bone density. In another word, they’ve figured out how to cope with the potential health problem.Third, the reading claims that radiation emitted by the sun would be dangerous to astronauts. This time professor subtly rejects by pointing out that a third solution has come out. The spaceship would be equipped with a special instrument to monitor the radiation. What’s more, the device could also shield against the radiation. When astronauts meet the period of a large amount of radiation, they could hide behind the shielded areas and come out when the danger has passed.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what their field of study is. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Nowadays, with the advent of modernization, more and more employers are seeking for high-end talents and professionals to enhance their companies' overall competitiveness, thus creating a much more throat-cutting job market than before. Under this circumstance, universities are planning to require all the students to take more compulsory basic courses, which could equip them with more knowledge and secure them a promising future career and among all the subjects, history is undoubtedly one of them. Some people assert that it is indeed necessary for all university students to sign up for history courses regardless of their major might be. Nevertheless, from my perspective, not all of them should be required to take the history class and how many students should take history courses depends on their own major.Firstly, it is unnecessary for IT majors to learn history courses. If we consider/take into account/factor what IT students’ future job might be, it is a lot more likely that most of them would sit in front of their computers or laptops, stare at their screen and program all sorts of useful and time-saving software. Take Bill Gates, the founder of the well-known Microsoft Corporation, for example. Before he turned Microsoft into a successful commercial software company, Bill himself also began his career as an average software engineer. Fortunately, thanks to his marvelous expertise, he then stood out in his career and grabbed the very chance to establish his commercial empire. Although he doesn’t know the slightest piece of history knowledge, he could still succeed in that his success has nothing to do with history but his outstanding specialty, persistent character and destiny’s favor.Secondly, accounting majors also are those students who don’t need to learn history. During the four-year university period, accounting majors are not only burdened with loads of assignments and presentations but plenty of professional qualifications to acquire, from CPA to ACCA (abbreviations for both Certified Public Accountant and The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants). If these students want to ensure a lucrative career in the future, it is better for them to spend more time preparing for these essential certificates. For instance, my brother, who also majors in accounting always stays up late to cram for his exams, papers and certificates because to him how to find a decent job is the first priority after his graduation.Of course, some students majoring in English and archeology may need to take history courses, because knowing something in history could deepen their understanding of their major study. For instance, if an English major has an idea of what once happened to Britain in the past hundreds of years and how it has shaped the country’s current culture, he could better understand the evolution of English language as a whole, what their language looked like during Shakespeare’s time and why poet would write some poems with certain contents. In a nutshell, it is absurd to assert that all university students should berequired to take part in history courses but for some majors, such as English and archeology, learning is definitely a plus.。
托福写作评分标准
托福写作评分标准托福写作评分标准如下：新托福写作考试总共分为独立写作和综合写作两部分，它们有着不同的考察点，所以后面的托福考生了解每部分所测试的能力是非常重要的。
托福独立写作旨在考察考生是否有效回应题目，阐明*主题，*逻辑是否条理清楚及能否充分展开论证;内容是否连贯一致以及考生遣词造句的能力。
托福综合写作的考察在于总结归纳和改写两个方面，总结归纳的能力是说考察方希望考生能够在规定的时间内掌握一定长度和一定难度的阅读和听力材料中所涉及到的重点信息和论证结构;改写能力则要求考生将两部分材料中的重点信息和论证方式用新的语言和结构系统的进行展示和归纳。
托福独立写作评分标准(Independent Wring Rubrics)1.托福独立写作得5分情况An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Effectively addresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errorsAn essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated●Is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifi-cations, and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections●Displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiom-atic language that do not interfere with meaning3.托福独立写作得3分情况An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:●Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured●May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning●May display accurate, but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabularyAn essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:● Limited development in response to the topic and task●Inadequate organization or connection of ideas●Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generaliza-tions in response to the task●A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms●An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage5.托福独立写作得1分情况An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:●Serious disorganization or underdevelopment●Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task●Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage6.托福独立写作得0分情况An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not con-nected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.托福综合写作评分标准(Integrated Wring Rubrics)A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.2.托福综合写作得4分情况A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.3.托福综合写作得3分情况A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture and conveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or more of the following:●Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading.●The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.●Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the two, may be incom-plete, inaccurate, or imprecise.●Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.4.托福综合写作得2分情况A response at this level contains some relevant information from the lecture, but is marked by sig-nificant language difficulties or by significant omission or inaccuracy of important ideas from the lecture or in the connections between the lecture and the reading; a response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:●The response significantly misrepresents or completely omits the overall connection between the lec-ture and the reading.●The response significantly omits or significantly misrepresents important points made in the lecture.●The response contains language errors or expressions that largely obscure connections or meaning at key junctures or that would likely obscure understanding of key ideas for a reader not already familiar with the reading and the lecture.5.托福综合写作得1分情况A response at this level is marked by one or more of the following:●The response provides little or no meaningful or relevant coherent content from the lecture.●The language level of the response is so low that it is difficult to derive meaning.6.托福综合写作得0分情况A response at this level merely copies sentences from the reading, rejects the topic or is otherwise notconnected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:1. Effectively addresses the topic and task2. Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details3. Displays unity, progression, and coherence4. Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.托福写作标准解读：要点1: addresses the topic在托福写作中，考生所表达的观点要和题目要求相关、一致。
TPO 34托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 34综合写作：The reading passage propose three possible theories about why the gigantic Steller's sea cow became extinct. However, the professor in the listening states that all of the theories have problems, and he has proposed sufficient evidence to refute these three hypotheses.First of all, the first theory stated in the reading article claims that these sea cows became extinct because of the hunting by the native people in the Siberia since they were a good source of food in a harsh environment. However, the lecturer in the listening contradicts the theory by contending that these animals were extremely massive: nine meters in length and ten tons in weight. Therefore, even though the Siberian people did really hunt them for food, these people only needed a few of them, which could provide the food for months. This negates the first theory.Next, the second theory in the passage maintains that they became extinct because of the ecology disturbances, which led to the main source of food, Kelp, for the sea cows diminished. On the contrary, the speaker in the listening seriously challenges the theory by pointing out that if the ecosystem really had some disturbances, there must be other declines for other animals, such as whales. Nonetheless, there is no evidence to the decrease for other animals, and this fact refutes the second theory.Lastly, the reading article has a statement that it is because the European fur traders coming in this island in 1741 by giving the evidence that these people hunted the last sea cow, and led to the extinction. Conversely, the professor questions this theory: at the time the European fur traders arrived, the population of the sea cows had decreased a lot; in fact, the number of the sea cows had reduced for hundreds of years before these people arrived. Accordingly, this theory could not stand to reason.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It is universally acknowledged that various technologies such as cell phone, online games, and social networking Web sites play a more important role in education than before. In my opinion, I disagree with the statement that nowadays it is more difficult to educate children than in the past because children can take advantage of those high-technologies to enhance their study.First and foremost, compared to in the past, at present the cell phone is enabled to create a good positive effect on children’s study.Thanks to various advanced software on the cell phone, student find it not difficult to grasp the most scientific learning methods. For instance, in the past, children learned the new words by the text book without audio format, which led to that children couldn’t speak the words with correct pronunciations, while today, children are allowed to study those new words by the cell phone and they can imitate the native speaker’s voice through the audio format in the cell phone. As a result, more and more children can speak English fluently. From this fact, we can learn that the cell phone makes educating children much easier and comprehensive than before.Furthermore, teaching children is easier than before by the way of playing online games, which can cultivate children’s ability of cooperation. Through competing and interacting with others in the online games which can be called as a miniature of society, children can experience a sense of cooperation and responsibility intangibly. For example, due to the limitation of real situation, children had few opportunities to practice the ability of cooperation before. Nevertheless, it is much easier today, since in an online game, children are assigned to different tasks. Only when they cooperate well can they get final success. From this experience, children can have a sense of teamwork, which cannot be learned from the class. This example tells us Obviously，in the modern society, children have kinds of chances to practice their cooperation’s ability as a result of internet , which is better for their education.Finally, contrary to the past, today social networking can expand children’s horizon, which is also beneficial for their education. various information filling in the web provides children with more broaden world without stepping outside. For example, ten years ago, with limited technology, only through travel can children learn different cultures and languages. However, it spent more money and more time; what’s more, children were too young to go for a trip by themselves. So it was not easy to come true. But today, children just need to sit in front of the computer and type some key words through Google, and then they can get plenty of information as they want immediately. In addition, Children can learn other countries’ culture and languages by watching the video online. Consequently, we can realize that social network Web site is a useful way to educate children.In a nutshell, I strongly disagree with the statement. The advanced technology, like cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site, can facilitate children’s education and help them be successful more easily in their future.。
TPO 35 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
综合写作：In the passage, the author introduces the Voynich manuscript and lists three theories to exploit its source. However, the speaker holds opposite ideas and he rebuts each of these three ideas one by one.First, the essay assumes that the Voynich manuscript is an authentic product which used sophisticated code to convey some significant scientific or magical materials. Nevertheless, the man in the script thinks that Anthony Ascham himself was just a common scientist with no special talent. His script is also about some knowledge taken from other sources which is not important at all. So there is no need for him to use these complicated codes.Second, the writer supposes that maybe the manuscript is a fake one containing totally useless contents. In the listening material, the man also admits that Edward Kelley had a bad fame of tricking people. But he immediately states that citizens living in Voynich’s century was easy to deceive so it was not necessary to make such complicated effort in order to fool them.In addition, he reckons that if Voynich wanted to fake his manuscript for money, he could make it with a less elaborate one. Thus it refutes the second theory in the written material.Third, that the manuscript is a modern fake produced by Voynich himself is the last theory the author comes up with in his passage. The speaker opposes this idea because the pages and inks used to make this script can be dated back to at least four hundred years. Although Voynich could get ancient pages from old books to make this fake one, it is still impossible for him to find four hundred years old ink. Therefore, the last idea in this passage is proved unconvincing.Famous entertainers and athletes are always the focus of media. People are curious about not only their achievements but also their private life. Recently, the view that famous public figures should have more privacy has been repeatedly discussed. I strongly agree with this proposal. Protecting the private life of entertainers and athletes can bring various benefits which are listed below.To begin with, decreasing the exposure of famous people’s daily schedule will help protect the security of themselves as well as their fanatic fans. For example, Princess Diana died in a car accident when she was driving at a high speed in order to escape from the trail of dog packs. In addition, there are also too many stampedes in which enthusiastic fans cluster together to meet their idol. Sometimes, fans will influx into airports or railway station to pick up their idols. Thus will lead to horrific jam in public facilities and cause severe inconvenience to other people.Moreover, no one is perfect. So are the public figures. A famous actor could meanwhile be a drug abuser and a glorious athlete might commit adultery secretly. The terrible thing is their fans are often young kids who have not established their own standards to distinguish which of their idol’s behavi or is worth imitating. All those conducts of their idols will be admired and imitated without screening. They probably will learn to abuse drugs or alcohol which is definitely harmful to their health. Therefore, merely exhibiting famous people’s outstandin g side to the public can be a valid solution to those negative conformity effect.Last but not least, children of the public characters also suffer from media’s over-exposure. The consequence caused by too much public attention includes limited freedom and overload pressure. Kids of famous entertainers and athletes will be anxious feeling many eyes watching them. What’s more, they may also grow up in solitude for their parents will confine their going out for fear of their safety – not only famous adults, their little baby could also be followed and disturbed by crazy fans. Every child occupies his own rights to have a happy childhood, not a stressful one. If the privacy of their parents could be well protected, it may be easier for them to lead an ordinary life.nowledge taken from other sources which is not important at all. So there is no need for him to use these complicated codes.Second, the writer supposes that maybe the manuscript is a fake one containing totally useless contents. In the listening material, the man also admits that Edward Kelley had a bad fame of tricking people. But he immediately states that citizens living in Voynich’s century was easy to deceive so it was not necessary to make such complicated effort in order to fool them. Thus refutes the second theory in the written material. In addition, he reckons that if Voynich wanted to fake his manuscript for money, he could make it with a less elaborate one.Third, that the manuscript is a modern fake produced by Voynich himself is the last theory the author comes up with in his passage. The speaker opposes this idea because the pages and inks used to make this script can be dated back to at least four hundred years. Although Voynich could get ancient pages from old books to make this fake one, it is still impossible for him to find four hundred years old ink. Therefore, the last idea in this passage is proved unconvincing.。
托福写作考试形式和内容
托福写作考试形式和内容
答：托福写作考试形式和内容分为两部分：综合写作和独立写作
1、综合写作和内容
托福的综合写作任务有三项，即阅读、听力和写作。
在考试中，要求考生们必须要阅读一篇大约3分钟的学术报告，然后文章将会隐去，此时考生们可听一段演讲的时间大概是1分半钟。
但当写作文的时候，仍然可以在听力材料中看到隐藏的阅读材料。
考生在听演讲的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题，用剩下的20分钟总结听力材料中的要点，并解释它们与阅读材料中的要求有何不同。
通常有效的回答应是一篇150-225个单词的作文。
2、独立写作
独立写作任务根据自己的经验和知识写作的能力，需要写一篇文章来说明和支持自己对某个主题的观点。
这里的重点是用细节来支持自己的观点或选择，考试时间大约是30分钟。
与机考托福的写作或托福写作考试(TWE)类似，考生需要基于自己的知识和经验，就其中一个问题陈述、解释和支持其中一个观点。
虽然理论上字数没有上限，但最有效的答案是一篇300字左右的作文。
托福写作方法：三步完成写作
第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由(只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘)，最少3分钟最多5分钟。
第二步：正文写作最少22分钟最多26分钟，主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。
主题论证形式可以是举具体事例、说对方相对缺点、使用数据、使用假想例子、使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。
第三步：检查需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句型是否通顺，论证观点是否清晰明了。
托福综合写作和独立写作评分标准
托福综合写作和独立写作评分标准一、托福写作评分标准写一篇托福5分作文:文章切中要害，讲解充分，有说服力；段落条理清晰，联系紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强；段落中句子与句子衔接流畅，句式运用恰当、灵活、巧妙；使用准确恰当的词语。
文章中有一些语法拼写错误，但不影响内容表达。
写一篇托福4分作文:文章切中要害，讲解基本充分，但在一些细节上有缺陷。
段落组织有序，联系紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强；句子之间衔接顺畅，句式运用得当灵活；用词基本合适。
这篇文章中有几处用词不当和语法拼写错误。
写一篇托福3分作文:文章切中要害，解释尚可，拓展不足。
段落组织有序，联系紧密，自然，符合逻辑；句子之间的连接基本顺畅；有一些语法错误；用词很常见，有时也不恰当。
词性区分和拼写有一些错误。
写一篇托福2分作文:文章切中要害，段落组织基本合理，符合逻辑，但只存在于语义层面，没有体现在语言表达上；句子的框架结构基本建立，但语法错误较多，句子之间连接不顺畅，往往不善于使用逻辑连词，显得幼稚生硬。
词汇方面拼写错误较多，用词往往不恰当。
写托福1分作文:文章切中要害。
讲解没有开始，仅限于三言两语回答问题；没有段落组织，凌乱，篇幅短，只有一段；句子按照一定的逻辑关系排列，每个句子的基本框架都能看出来，但结构或语法错误较多；用词不当，拼写错误多。
写托福0分:文章各方面都有严重错误，句子不像句子。
总体印象是完全没有写作能力，英语水平太低，达不到一分的标准，只能拿最低分。
二、托福写作考试技巧学会Paraphrase综合写作备考的过程中，需要掌握paraphrase的技巧。
如果有同学不理解paraphrase的话，我简单介绍一下，paraphrase其实就是指意义，通俗地讲就是“换句话说”。
这种能力在综合写作中非常重要，因为综合写作要根据听力和阅读来写文章，但是却不能用原文的内容。
独立写作中，我们要再开头重复问题时也要用paraphrase，不能照抄。
所以大家在平时练习中要掌握这个技能。
托福写作考试常见题型
托福写作考试常见题型托福写作考试是众多考生所面对的挑战，其中涉及到的题型也是不少。
在备考的过程中，掌握不同题型的写作技巧和注意事项是非常关键的。
本文将会从不同题型的构成、常见要求和解题技巧等方面进行探讨，帮助考生更好地应对托福写作考试。
一、独立写作题型独立写作题型要求考生通过自己的分析和思考，针对一个特定的话题进行写作。
这样的题型在托福写作考试中非常常见，而且出题者每年都会更新一些新话题，考生需要在平时多做题，增强自己灵活应对的能力。
1. 描述题型此类题目要求考生描述或讨论一个特定的观点、现象、想法或现象。
此类题型的难点在于表达清晰，通俗易懂，并能够用有力例子和原因加以支撑。
例题：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to take a risk and fail than to play it safe and always succeed.解题策略：分清题意，先明确自己的立场，然后自己的论述部分可以分为两到三段，每段以一个有力的例子或原因启示。
同时，注意一定要避免千篇一律的句式，尽量多使用变化丰富的单词汇或复合句式。
2. 比较题型此类问题提示考生对两个或多个事物进行比较，理解它们的共性以及差异。
在这种题型中，考生需要能够详细比较两个或多个对象所有关键点，并让读者在阅读后能够明显地看出它们的异同点。
例题：In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a co-worker? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important.解题策略：首先，明确两个或多个对象的异同点，其次，根据题意写出能明显区分两个对象的比较部分，然后用事例或原因进行解释，最后，总结出结论并用一句引人入胜的句子来结尾，让读者感到深有所感。
TPO 51 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 51综合写作阅读原文Humans have long been fascinated by elephants, the largest land animal in the modern world. Social animals that live in herds, elephants are native to both Africa and Asia. Their large ears, long trunk, and long life span have made elephants one of the most captivating creatures on Earth. Our long-standing interest in elephants has led to several beliefs about surprising elephant behaviors.Elephants Are Aware of Approaching DeathOne of the popular beliefs is that when elephants become old and weak, they know that they are nearing the end of their lives. They demonstrate this by breaking away from their herds and going off alone to certain locations often found near bodies of water - so called "elephant graveyards" - to die alone. The idea that old elephants seem aware that they will die soon is supported by the discovery of many sites containing bones exclusively of elderly elephants.Representing Objects through ArtAdditionally, elephants seem to have artistic ability. Elephants can be taught to hold a paintbrush in their trunk and use it to paint on a canvas. Some elephants have been known to paint drawings that represent recognizable things: flowers, other elephants, even themselves. This talent makes elephants the only animal other than humans to produce art representing the world around them.Fear of MiceFinally, it has long been believed that elephants have a fear of mice. In 77 C.E., the Roman philosopher and scientist Pliny the Elder wrote that elephants are more afraid of mice, small mammals that can do elephants no harm, than of the much more dangerous animals with which elephants normally share an environment, such as lions or tigers. In a recent scientific experiment in which a herd of elephants was confronted with several mice, the elephants backed away from the mice and left the area to avoid them.听力原文：Elephants are fascinating but the beliefs you just read about are based on misunderstandings of elephant behavior.First, we should not assume that old elephants are aware that they will die soon just because they break away from their herds. There is a very practical reason why old elephants leave their herds. You see, when elephants get old enough, their teeth become more down and they have difficulty chewing. So elderly elepha nts wander away from their herds to look for soft vegetation that’s easier to eat. Soft vegetation is usually found near water. That’s why many old elephants graze near water and eventually die there, an area we’ve come to call “elephant graveyards”.Second, the issue of whether elephants have artistic ability. If you want elephants trained to paint, you’ll notice that human trainers stroking the elephants’ ears whenever the elephant moves the paintbrush. Elephant ears are very sensitive and touching them in certain ways can be used to train the elephants to do tricks. The trainer teaches the elephant to remember certain patterns of paintbrush strokes and then encourages the elephant to repeat the brushstrokes by touching its ears，so an elephant using a paintbrush is just painting lines it’s been trained to paint. It doesn’t necessarily know that the lines are supposed to represent flowers or animals.Third, Pliny the Elder and others are misinterpreting the reaction of elephants to mice. Elephants that rea ct fearfully to mice aren’t reacting to the mice themselves but to the fact that mice are unfamiliar to them. Being cautious about unfamiliar animals is a natural instinct. But elephants that live in environments where mice are common, like elephants in zo os don’t react with fear to the mice. Clearly, once elephants become familiar with mice and realize that they don’t pose a threat, they don’t mind them.范文:In the reading, the article introduces three surprising beliefs about elephant behaviors. However, in the listening, the professor gives out three reasons why these beliefs can’t stand.First, the reading says that elephants are aware of approaching death. Nevertheless, the listening points out that the true reason why an elephant may break away from the herd is that their teeth become worn out and the animal has to seek for softer plants as their food resources. Therefore, they would get close to the water where soft plants usually occur and finally die there.Second, the reading asserts that elephants have artistic ability and know how to represent objects through art. However, the listening again rejects this statement. According to the lecture, in order to train elephants to paint, the painters will stroke elephant’s ears and help them to memorize certain patterns of paintbrush strokes. In this way, elephant would harness the capacity to draw lines that they are taught to paint. But the thing is that they are just programmed to draw these lines and don’t have any idea of what these lines represent.Third, the reading says that the elephants have a fear of mice. But the listening also disputes this because it supposes the reason why elephants try to avoid mice is that mice are unfamiliar to them not that they are afraid of them. Those elephants living in the zoo don’t show any fright of mice because mice are always around them and they get used to these small creatures very much. In another word, once elephants are accustomed to mice, they wouldn’t mind if they are around or not.独立写作Due to the occurrence of modern social media, we are entering a new era of information exploration. We absorb a variety of information on a daily basis, from the latest political campaign to the cutting-edge medical discovery and we are witnessing the world developing at a rapid rate. Nevertheless, this leads people to the discussion of the impact of daily social media. One side assumes that movies and television bring about more positive and proactive influence on the way people behave. However, I am a firm believer in that harmful effects outweigh beneficial ones. The reasons and examples are as follows.In the first place, the crime rate all over the world is now escalating, which may result from the violent fighting scenes and storyline of some films as well as TV programs. In order to boost audience rating, many producers are likely to add a number of violent and scary elements into their programs. Siblings may turn back on each other just for the purpose of family legacy; Spouses would think of murders because they are afraid that their affair may be found by their beloved ones; a protagonist, in order to save hostages, may kill so many good-bad men with destructive weapons. All these plots and stories would definitely mislead the youth to imitate the characters' words and behaviors. No wonder juvenile delinquency is showing up unexpectedly. This is one piece of solid evidence about the negative effects of movies and television.In the second place, the morality is torn apart due to many dark information existing in the social media. In the past, people could hardly imagine that their close friends or best mate would deceive them. Especially, in those ancient civilization, loyalty is the quality valued quite much by the whole community and people who made use of traps to set up their friends would be despised by others. However, the circumstance has changed drastically. For the sake of one’s own interest, they could take any action whatever the cost, even including hurting the ones who love them most. With more and more appearance of such incidents, a not-to-trust-anyone atmosphere is prevailing and dominating. This may also be brought about by many TV serials that we watch each day, such as Desperate Housewives, Gossip Girls and so forth.Admittedly, social media do have their bright sides. For instance, Sesame Street, one educational TV program in the U.S., which was once very popular among children. The young people can learn various scientific knowledge and discoveries in it. What’s more, the characters are very entertaining and humorous, which make children love it even more. However, from my own perspective, given the current situation, the dark sides of social media definitely outrun the bright ones and it is urgent for us to think of solutions to compensate.In a nutshell, I suppose movies and television have more detrimental influence than positive one on how young people behave.。
托福写作题型
托福写作题型托福写作题型总可分为两大类：综合写作和独立写作。
①综合写作：首先会阅读一篇学术文章，阅读的时间是3分钟左右。
然后再需要听一段约为1分半钟的演讲稿。
在写作时可以看到前面的阅读材料。
另外考生在阅读和听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。
差不多有20分钟来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何关系。
作文内容是根据考试所提出的问题而定的，不能由考生自由发挥。
需要考生根据自己的积累知识面来解释并对待某一问题的个人看法。
写作字数为300个单词左右的英文作文。
②独立写作：这一部分写作有30分钟时间。
需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的看法。
通常有效的回答应是一篇超过300个单词的作文。
考生可以自由选择材料、形式和观点等，不受题目的严格限制。
本试题属于主观性题目。
托福写作题目大概有两种题型：Agree/disagree的类型或者是prefer的类型。
1)Agree/disagree的题目特点：Doyou agree or disagree with the following statement?Itis often not a good thing to move to a new town or a new county because of thelost of old friends.Usespecific reasons and examples to support your opinion.这类题目包括三部分的要求：①是否同意以下观点(文章要表明观点);②题目的主要内容要表达出来(切题);③文章要解释原因，并且有充分的论据支撑。
2)prefer类型的题目特点：Somepeople think to watch a movie in a cinema (theater) is better, but others thinkat home is better, which one do you prefer?这样的题目其实是一种对比的类型，想要突出自身的正确性的话，可以从突出自身有点出发，或者是突出对方的缺点。
TPO 55 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 55综合写作阅读原文：Because of climate change, more and more land that was once used to grow crops or provide food for animals is turning to dry, unusable desert land. There are many proposals about how to stop this process, known as desertification. A number of proposals involve growing trees, because trees can help protect soil and provide many other benefits to fight against desertification. Some scientists have proposed that the best way to grow trees in dry areas in danger of desertification is by using a box-shaped device surrounding the young tree. The device collects water that condenses from vapor in the atmosphere and helps the tree to grow. However, other scientists believe that this device will not be successful in fighting against desertification for the following reasons.First, at a cost of 25 U.S. dollars each, the device would make growing trees a prohibitively expensive process. Meaningful efforts to fight desertification involve growing millions of trees. Some countries most affected by desertification cannot afford to buy devices for millions of trees.Second, plans for fighting desertification involve asking local people to install and maintain the devices. People living in some of the areas most affected by desertification work long days in harsh conditions, sometimes barely managing to provide food for their families. It would be difficult to motivate these people to look after trees that cannot serve as a source of food for them.Third, the device’s ability to collect and conserve water is limited. Each one provides only enough water to keep a small tree alive. Trees that have outgrown the device have to deal with unforgiving environmental conditions on their own. In some places where the devices are being tried, six months can pass without a drop of rain. Once the trees become too big for the device, they may not be able to survive in such a harsh environment.听力原文：The reasons against using the box-like devices to grow trees are not very convincing. It is worthwhile to use these devices to help grow trees in the fight against desertification.First, the cost. You have to take into account that once a young tree growing inside the device gets bigger, the device can be removed and used to start growing a new tree. In other words, the devices can be reused—each can be used twenty times or more. If you divide the cost of one device by the number of trees you can use it for, the cost becomes much more reasonable.Second, about installing and maintaining the devices. It’s true that people are being asked to maintain trees that they cannot use for food. But still, there are possible rewards for the local people who help with this project. For one thing, the devices can be used to collect water for other plants, not just trees. If the locals are allowed to use some of the devices for their vegetables, for example, that should help them grow more food. Another benefit to the localsis that once the trees become larger, the trees’ branches can be used for firewood. Having access to more food and more firewood should provide motivation for the local people to take part in the project.Third, a tree can survive very harsh conditions once it outgrows the box-like device. That’s because the devices help young trees grow long roots. Those long roots are able to reach down to the moist soil that lies beneath the dry desert surface. Once the tree roots reach the sources of water underground, the trees can survive without the devices. In a recent effort to grow trees in the Sahara Desert using the devices, ninety percent of the trees were still thriving two years after the devices had been removed.范文：The reading passage supports the idea that the box-shaped device will not be helpful in solving the problem of desertification. However, the professor’s lecture deals with the same issue and insists that using these devices to grow trees is worthwhile in fighting against desertification.To begin with, the reading passage suggests that the devices cost a lot in planting trees and thus it is quite hard for many countries to afford this kind of device. On the contrary, the professor argues that the spending will be reasonable. Actually, once the trees become bigger, the devices can be removed and reused in growing the new trees. Besides, each device can be used almost twenty times and even more, which means that dividing the cost of each device by numbers can be lower.Furthermore, the reading passage insists that hardly can the local people agree to look after the trees if using the device needs ask them to install and maintain. In contrast, the professor supports the idea that we should not neglect the possible rewards for the native people who help with this project. In fact, the devices can help collect water not only for trees, but also for the food they grow, such as vegetables. Moreover, the local can use the trees for firewood once the trees become large.Finally, according to the reading passage, device’s limitation is obvious in conserving water as environmental conditions are sometimes harsh. On the other hand, the professor contends that trees can still survive the harsh conditions since the box-like devices help young trees to grow long roots which reach down to the soil. In addition, if the tree roots reach the sourced of water underground, without the device, trees can still survive. Even in Sahara Desert, ninety percent of trees were still thriving two years after removing the devices.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When classmates or colleagues communicate about a project in person instead of by e-mail, they will produce better work for the project. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sample 1:Upon the arrival of technological era, we are facing a problem whether working or studying through the e-mail gains more benefits than communicating in person. It is widely acknowledged that, compared with face-to-face communication, sending e-mails is really of high efficiency. From my perspective, communication in person, not surprisingly, is more likely to create values.When it comes to the topic of how to create more ideas and better complete the task, discussing in a team in person definitely plays a key role. That is to say that once workers or classmates are required to finish some projects efficiently, they can work together to have a heated discussion with each other. Without any doubt，it is quite easy for the whole team to come up with more creative ideas in person since discussing problems together can point out problems immediately and exchange their distinct perspectives. Gradually, not only will this kind of communication foster a holistic approach to solve the study or work task, but it also allows employees or students to create original ideas.Moreover, despite the aspect of new ideas, strengthening the relationship with colleagues and classmates is thriving there. It is the face-to-face discussion that enables workers or students to know what others think and how they behave in a team, such as knowing what the group member’s expression is and changing their attitude while showing difference, which ultimately promotes mutual understanding among teammates. Evidence suggests that the more workers or students know about their group members, the more effective the project will be because they know each other’s advantages and disadvantages.Finally, one radical proposal is that while communicating about a project in person instead of e-mails, classmates or colleagues work more efficiently so as to make projects more excellent.If workers or students are working in person, it is no doubt that they can share their materials with others immediately and correct the problems as soon as they find out in the group discussion. Efficiency, a key to success, is quite necessary to perform better in the working or studying. Sending e-mails, however, mainly transferring the written information rather than helping us to deal with the problems directly. Even it is quite possible to delay in reading and responding to emails so that teammates cannot have an immediate discussion.In conclusion, although e-mails play an important in the development of a country, I actually hold the view that to communicate in person brings more advantages than athletics when we work with other coworkers and classmates.As an age-old aphorism goes, "it is not what you say, but how you say it", Effective communication is imperative to the success of the teamwork no matter in school life or in workplace. Thus, while emails have been the most widely used tool for communication today, co-workers should keep face-to-face communication for better work output.Admittedly, emails seem to be an efficient and easy way for colleagues to exchange information, especially when issuing notice to all team members. Instead of gathering together in person, what everyone needs is just to check their mail box and read the email. This helps avoid the possible troubles, such as traveling to the other end of the city，adjusting the hectic schedule to make it available for meeting. Communicating by emails is therefore deemed as a shortcut of daily communication in workplace, which allows colleagues to put more time in project itself rather than other irrelevant issues.However, during the project, there might be more two-way interactions that have time urgency. In such situation, sending emails is not a good move. When a fast response is needed, it is really annoying and time-wasting to wait for the recipients to check the email and make response. Thus，rather than sending emails back and forth, talking with someone in person could be more efficient. For example, when making plan for the project, the members might just need a twenty minutes' discussion face to face to negotiate every detail but it possibly takes a whole day to settle each part down if they have to communicate by e-mails.Moreover, for the quality of communication, team members are suggested to have more face-to-face interactions. It is inevitable that a lot of information can get lost in translation when being conveyed by emails. However, when having contact in person, people could not only get a clear understanding of verbal information but also pick up all the implications expressed in speakers' body language. Com pared with just reading an“OK' in email, direct eye contact and nodding head could tell more about whether the colleagues could really reach a consensus. Once being aware of potential disagreement, the members are able to make adjustment immediately especially for those with poor formal writing skills. Instead, having a discussion in reality，people could ask questions and get immediate explanation，which avoids misunderstanding and ensures the accuracy of communication. All of these do pushforward the project in progress smoothly.In conclusion, for some one-way information transmission, email is regarded as the first choice for most of team members，while to guarantee the efficiency for project planning and decision making as well as to avoid the misunderstanding and inaccuracy, communication in person should be advocated.。
托福写作时间要求及题型介绍
托福写作时间要求及题型介绍一、托福写作时间要求1、独立写作要求30分钟内根据题目完成写作。
2、综合写作要求根据短文和20分钟内的录音写一篇作文。
综合写作需要3分钟阅读学术文章，2分钟听题目相关写作的录音，然后20分钟完成写作。
所以在托福写作准备中，建议你练习以下三个技巧。
你越熟练越好。
这样可以有效节省托福写作的时间。
1、练习英文打字、提高写作速度；2、速记要点，列出提纲；3、逻辑表达，条理清楚。
二、托福写作题型教育类i. Some people believe that educating children altogether will benefit them. Others think intelligent children should be taught separately and given special courses. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.ii. Today， more school leavers are unable to find jobs. Discuss the causes of rising unemployment among young adults and suggest any solutions.全球化影响There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country’s identity. What is your opini on？政府投资People should keep all the money they earn and should not pay taxes to the state. Do you agree or disagree？文化类i. It is more important for a building to serveits purposes than to look beautiful. Architects do not need to worry about whether it is a real work of art. Do you agree or disagree？ii. The international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. To what extent do you think its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages？生活工作Some people think that changing jobs periodically is good. What is your opinion？科技影响Many employees may work at home with modern technology. Some people claim that it benefits only workers， but not employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree？广告类There are many advertisements directed at children. Parents argue that children are misled， while advertisers consider advertising a source of useful information. What is your opinion？动物类Far too little has been done to prevent animalsand plants from dying out， although people have noticed this problem for a long time. Why have people failed to improve this situation？ What are your suggestions？传媒类Some people suggest that there should berestrictions on a detailed description of crimes inthe newspapers and on television. To what extent doyou agree or disagree？环境类It is said that the best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree？三、托福写作分数换算标准具体的换算标准如下：5分换算为30分，4.75换算为29分，4.5分换算为28分，4.25分换算为27分，4分换算为25分，3.75分换算为24分，3.50换算为22分，3.25分换算为21分，3分换算为20分，2.75分换算为18分，2.50分换算为17分，2.25分换算为15分，2分换算为14分，1.75分换算为12分，1.5分换算为11分，1.25分换算为10分，1分换算为8分。
托福综合写作和独立写作评分标准
托福综合写作和独立写作评分标准新托福写作考试由两局部组成：综合写作和独立写作。
综合写作：考生先阅读一篇短文，再听一段相关内容的讲座录音，讲座的演讲者直接讨论短文中的观点，要求考生把演讲者就短文观点发表的看法写成一篇摘要。
独立写作：要求考生针对某一发表个人的观点，并用具体的理由和事例来支持自己的观点。
每篇作文都由两位评分人员根据统一的评分标准，在0～5分的范围内评分(只给整数分数)，而后取平均值，最后将这个平均值转换为30分制。
综合写作评分标准1.内容的完整性和准确性。
简单地说，就是文章是否有将讲座中的关键信息点完整、准确地提取出来(通常情况下有三点)，并和阅读材料中的相关内容有效地一一对应。
如果讲座中的信息点有缺失，那么会有一定程度的扣分；如果只写了有关阅读材料的观点，得1分。
2.文章的组织机构，词汇和语法的正确性和准确性。
高分的作文需要做到条理清晰，结构连贯，用词恰当，能够准确地表达讲座中的观点与阅读材料中的观点是如何相互联系的，只要作文中的错误不至于使内容表述出现误解，一些偶尔出现的语言错误，如单词拼写、单复数问题等，不会对作文成绩产生很大影响，当然，错误肯定是越少越好的。
1.有效回应题目，说明文章主题。
一般来说，独立写作完全跑题的情况很少，但是很多考生在展开讨论时所采用的论据，比拟容易出现跟主题关联性不大的情况，即局部答非所问的现象，从而影响了得分。
2.逻辑条理清楚，论证充分展开。
这一点的关键在于文章论证的展开，是否提供了大量的细节和例子来支持观点，而非泛泛而谈地说理。
比方说某位的英文写作能力很强，我光说很强，很厉害，写得很好都很外表，但是我如果说这位同学托福写作考了29分，那么就是很细节很有说服力的论据了。
3.内容连贯一致，衔接自然流畅。
到达内容连贯一致的文章通常全文围绕中心论点展开，而不会论据自相矛盾，也不会重复论证，有时候通过一些表示因果、先后、递进的关系连词可以起到粘合剂的作用。
4.遣词造句地道，语言驾驭娴熟。
TPO 38 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
The passage concentrates on forest protection and lists three means that he thinks practical. However, the speaker retorts all the three ideas one by one.First, the writer reckons that international fund can be raised to protect mere agricultural use of the forest. But the lecturer points out that agricultural damage is a strong destructive force. In order to get harvest, farmers will use pesticide and fertile to help crops grow better. This will produce run-off waste and water pollution which was detrimental to forest condition. Therefore, the first approach of the passage is proved unconvincing.Second, the passage says government should help to develop the economics of nearby villages and tribal communities so they will not make money through damaging the forest. Nevertheless, the speaker regards this as an inadequate solution. He emphasizes that money given to landowners – the government--will not be used for forest developers. It will not be properly used so the writer’s second idea is rebutted.Third, the author indicates that we should be cautious about the loss of biodiversity caused by forest destruction. Therefore, he argues that new trees should be planted to maintain biodiversity. But the speaker says that if people are encouraged to plant new trees, they will first choose certain kinds of trees which can bring them commercial benefits. Recovering forest biodiversity needs various kinds of trees. So merely planting money-making trees in fact will harm biodiversity. Thus it reliably retorted the last argument in the essay.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Leadership comes naturally: one cannot learn to be a leader. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Nowadays, leadership as an important factor in achieving success gradually becomes one of the most popular topics not only in college but also in various companies. Some people argue that leadership comes naturally while others hold that one can learn to be a leader. In fact, leadership is a general concept. It can be classified into two notions: leading skills and charisma. Leading skills can be learned but charisma comes naturally.First of all, leading skills refer to several specific techniques which can be mastered after systematic training. These techniques include the decomposition of big goals, the use of incentive mechanism, proper distribution of work, tips on balancing the interests of various parties and so on. Experts in management field have already work out mature theories or principles in these aspects. With adequate practice, it is not difficult to use them skillfully.Furthermore, even if without systematic theories, leading skills can be improved through the accumulation of practical experience. A man whose major has nothing to do with management can still become an outstanding team leader if he has the experience to bean organizer in his college clubs. How to make the whole team collaborate efficiently and fulfill the goal in a firm sometimes is common with the same thing in a university. In contrast, a person with no relevant experience will find it harder to lead a team at first. But he will make it at last after enough practice.Nevertheless, differently from specific leading skills, charisma in most cases can’t be acquired through special training. This kind of glamour refers to the attraction which can cast positive impact on his subordinates. Such kind of attractive power comes from the leader’s nature disposition which is to some extent hard to change during one’s life and rich social experience which is impossible to get by merely absorbing indirect experience.In general, charisma comes naturally and only a few of us has this kind of spiritual attraction who make great contributions in human’s history. But for ordinary people like us, some useful leading techniques is enough for us. We have easy access to these specific methods thanks to the Internet era. Knowledge spreads widely on the Internet. What’s better, a large sum of them charge nothing. Therefore, it is not difficult for us to become a qualified team leader.。
TPO 32 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 32综合写作：范文：The reading passage concentrates on several theories about the cause of the odd sounds. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively points out the problems in all his assertions.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the noises were caused by orcas during courtship ritual, the professor argues that orcas live in the surface of the water whereas the submarines dived to the deep ocean and thus cannot hear the sounds. Besides, the nearby whales could have been found by the sonar.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the sounds were emitted by giant squid that approached the submarines with curiosity, the professor contends that squids have always lived in the ocean and therefore it’s unlikely that their sounds were first detected in 1960s but disappeared by 1980.Third, the author asserts that the quackers were caused by a foreign submarine while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that submarines cannot move or change direction so quickly with no engine noise because even today we are technologically impossible to build that kind of submarines.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people today have no influence on the important decisions that determine the future of society as a whole. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.The most influential people in a society are often in their middle ages or even older. They obtain a better knowledge in a specific field as well as more abundant experiences in their longer span of life. However, it is unreasonable to admit that young people are absent when society is on an evolutionary change, in fact, they all have tremendous affection for it.Teens or twenties are taking an active role in politics. Although their direct influences areweak, partly because they do not have a seat in the inner circle of governments, there are a horde of roads for them to glory. For instance, in China, people who are over 18 possess the right to elect and to be elected. Therefore, if only they reach that age, they can directly lead or at least participate in a political decision. Besides, affected by the modern society, the system of civil servants is on revolutionary change, among them being the juveniles. More and more new-comers are shown as productive and highly-skilled as the old hand, especially after a while of training. Suffice to say, young generations are involved in political decision-making with power.It is imperative to say that young people also indirectly affect the whole country. We, young students have more passion in following latest news, discussing politics and policies, and mastering in social work. With the advent of the internet, our creative thoughts can be swiftly exchanged and spread through the critiques or comments we post, which run into a strong will loud enough to be heard. Governments or other powerful bureaucracies often take it seriously. Even more, officials are used to gathering peoples' preferences through an open vote raised on the main websites. For example, the Chinese government has raised a vote about whether to extend the retirement age, if yes, how long. But after 1 week voting, almost all citizens opposed the extension on retiring, and the statistics show half of the voters are below 30. As a result, the government put this agenda aside.Young people also exert their effects on society by working in non-governmental organizations. They are concerned about severe environment issues, natural resources or focus more on human beings, such as helping the poor, running for charity and caring for the old. Statistics from the National Report suggests that nearly 80% of social workers are young, and what they are fighting for not only sets an alarm to the official ministries, but also makes substantial progress in improving the social welfare and social justice. Those outcomes do make a better world, no one can deny that what they have achieved does nothing about our future.All in all, the young are and have become influential in decision-making, because they can directly or indirectly set step in political affairs via various methods as well as improve the society in all aspects through their hard work in non-governmental organizations. Nothing can contradict their efforts in making a better world.。
TPO 54 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 54综合写作阅读原文The Salton Sea in California is actually a salty inland lake. The level of salt in the lake's water—what scientists call its salinity—has been increasing steadily for years because the lake's water is evaporating faster than it is being replaced by rainfall or rivers. If the trend continues, the lake's water will soon become so salty that the lake will be unable to support fish and bird populations. The lake would then become essentially a dead zone. Fortunately, there are several ways to reverse the trend that is threatening the lake's health.One option is direct removal of salt from the lake's water in special desalination facilities. Water from the lake would be pumped into the facilities and heated. This would cause the water to evaporate into steam, while salt and other materials dissolved in the water would be left behind. The steam would then be cooled down and returned to the lake as salt-free water. Gradually, the high salt levels would be reduced and the lake’s overall health would be restored.Another possible solution is to dilute the salt level in the lake with water from the ocean. Since water in the Pacific Ocean is 20 percent less salty than water in the lake, bringing ocean water into the lake would decrease the lake’s salinity. The ocean water could be delivered through pipelines or canals.Yet another solution would be to control the lake's salinity by constructing walls to divide the lake into several sections. In the smaller sections, salinity would be allowed to increase. However, in the main and largest section, salinity would be reduced and controlled by, among other things, directing all the freshwater from small rivers in the area to flow into that main section of the lake.听力原文：Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.It would be great if we could stop the lake salt level from increasing and save its fish and bird populations. But the solutions you just read about aren't realistic or practical.First, sure, taking salt out of the lake by desalination would reduce salinity, but it would present some serious problems as well. For example, as you've read, water pumped into desalination facilities evaporates and leaves behind solid materials that would dissolve in the water. Well, the solid materials that desalination facilities leave behind would pose a health risk. The materials will be mostly salt, but they would also include other types of chemicals. Some of the chemicals would be toxic, like selenium. If the wind spread selenium and other chemicals into the air and people breathe them in, that would be very dangerous to people's health.Second, the idea of bringing ocean water into the lake, again, this would reduce salinity. But as you've read, it would require constructing pipelines or canals. The problem is that the local government may not have enough resources to pay for such major construction. The nearest shoreline of the Pacific Ocean is 100 kilometers away. Pipelines and canals are very expensive to build over such long distances.As for the third solution, dividing the lake into sections by building a system of walls. Well, that's unlikely to work for very long. That's because the Salton Seas is located in a region that experiences frequent and sometimes intense geological activity, like earthquakes. That activity would almost certainly destroy the walls separating the different sections. So while this solution might work for a short while, the walls would likely collapse the first time there is a major earthquake. And water from the special sections with high salinity would mix back in with the low-salinity salinity from the main section.范文：The Salton Sea in California is facing a problem that the salinity has been increasing for the rapid evaporation rate. The reading passage has given three solutions while the listening part reveals the leak of them one by one.The first option is to remove the salt directly from the lake’s water by a special desalination facility. However, the professor argues that this method is very likely to cause health problems. As the water in the desalination facilities evaporates, solid materials would be left behind, which contain toxic chemicals, such as selenium. Then, separating would allow these chemicals to be spread by wind, which may pose a threat to people’s health.The second solution is bringing ocean water to the lake to dilute the salt level. The professor finds faults with this method by saying that this solution would be quite unrealistic in consideration that the government may not have enough money to build any pipelines or canals. Moreover, the nearest shoreline is 100 kilometers away, so the construction may cost a lot of money.The last way is to divide the lake into several sections by building walls. The salinity in smaller sections would increase while in largest sections, by directing fresh water from small rivers, the salinity would be controlled. However, the professor refutes that this measure is just provisional, since the Salton Seas is located in place where the geological activities are frequent and intense. Water from the smaller sections may mix back in the main section so this solution will also fail very soon.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Governments should spend more money in support of the arts than in support of athletics such as state-sponsored Olympic teams.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.The government often wonders whether funding art programs reaps more benefits than supporting athletics. Traditionally, it has been accepted that professional athletes should be given more financial support than artists. However, from my perspective, the arts, unsurprisingly, are more likely to create cultural or economic value, and bring distinction to a city or country.First, the development of art definitely plays a key role in encouraging cultural prosperity. Indeed, once the government provides adequate budget for art projects, artists getting enough funds can use the money to organize art events, and publish their works on media platforms. Without any doubt, it is quite convenient for local residents to get exposed to artworks through TV shows or appreciate them personally. Gradually, not only will such opportunities foster familiarity with the arts, but also allow people from all walks of life to learn artworks and attract more enthusiasts to study art.Moreover, art also aids economic development. Art programs often require financial support because they boost the economy by promoting artworks. It is the government that has diverse ways to support artists, such as holding art festivals or online exhibitions to display rare and precious items, which ultimately attracts more tourists or art fans to the city. Evidence suggests that the more travelers a city attracts, the more revenue they will generate, because visitors will book hotels, try local food, and buy souvenirs during these art events.Finally, the government can make students attain greater achievements by financing art. As is known to all, the main task of the school is to provide a balanced, well-rounded education for students. If the government supports the arts by hiring more artists to teach students, it is no doubt that teens can acquire more knowledge in art to improve themselves. After all, students need both academic and artistic knowledge to have asuccessful career life. Contrarily, state-sponsored sports teams only compete for championships, which serve little purpose in education.In conclusion, although athletics plays a key role in our life, I still believe that the arts will bring more benefits, and should receive more government assistance.。
TPO 39 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
综合写作：This set of material focus on the debate over explanations about mass-extinction event. The author proposes three possible theories but the speaker retorts them one by one.First, the passage says that the decline of sea level will cause coast species to distinct and thus lead to the elimination of other species. However, the lecturer indicates that sea level indeed fluctuates during this period, but it actually goes down at a very low speed. This change takes millions of years. The period is so long that it is certainly enough time for earth species to adapt themselves to it. Therefore, the first idea of the essay is rebutted.Second, the author demonstrated that frequent volcanic activity will release too much sulfur dioxide which can lead to earth cooling. Nevertheless, the speaker argues that sulfur dioxide presents for few years in earth’s atmosphere, but it can combine with water and become rain. Consequently, the sulfur dioxide leaves the air so it is impossible for it to stay long enough in the atmosphere and cause apparent temperature drop.Third, the writer holds that asteroids collide with the earth produces large amounts of debris which block sunlight, finally leading to the death of plantations and the starvation of animals. While the speaker says that it is found the asteroid strike happened about 12 million years before the mass-extinction. It is too long before the sudden elimination of earth species so probably has nothing to do with this great collision. Thus it overturns the third viewpoint in the essay.独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past it was easier to identify what type of career or job would lead to a secure, successful future. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Some people hold the viewpoint that it was easier to distinguish a secure and successful job in the past instead of in the present. However, as far as I am concerned, finding a job which obtains both security and a bright future is always a tough task. My arguments are testified in two aspects.On the one hand, predicting the future becomes more and more impossible because the world changes at a rapid speed. The fast development of science and technology lead to a constantly changing conditions in human society. For example, last century witnessed the thriving of typewriters. Men who worked as a typewriter repairman earned not only rich payment but also high social reputations. However, after computer was invented, old typewriter soon was out our life. Consequently, all of those skillful typewriter repairmen lost their job. What’s worse, large proportion of them did not have a second skill which could support their living. In their mind, there was a deeply-rooted conviction that the job as a typewriter repairman would be everlasting secure. New inventions come up every day. It isreally unpredictable for us to stick to one occupation in our whole life.Additionally, in most cases it is impossible to get security and success at the same time. Good reputation and satisfying salaries will always be linked with high risk and hard work, while security and relaxation related to boring and unchallenging experience. What you pay is always equal to what you can get. Take stock trading and assembly line worker as contrast. We all know that stock market contains lots of uncertain factors which make it hard for traders to make profits but much easier to lose it. However, a small portion of investors attain sudden wealth in this gambling market. Just as financial textbook says: High risk, high return. Look at another instance: the assembly line worker. Their routine work merely contains simply repetitive effort which is easy to learn but only worth poor salaries. There is no risk for them to take while no promising future to expect. From above, we can see that it is almost impossible for security and success to appear at the same time.To summarize, for one thing, the ever-changing society eliminate the possibility for us to predict the prospect of certain career; secondly, high salary always means equivalent hard work and risk assumption. Thus it enlightens us that we should keep learning and adapt ourselves to future changes.。
TPO 26 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 26综合写作：Contrary to what is argued in the passage, the lecture illustrates how zebra mussels are not likely to become a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in North America.First and foremost, new knowledge of the zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion, even though people in the past have not been able to stop the spread of zebra mussels effectively. For instance, although a large amount of zebra mussels spread to North America by staying in the ballast water of a ship, people can now get rid of them before the ship gets to the shore – if the ballast water is emptied halfway of the journey and refreshed with sea water, the zebra mussels can be exterminated as soon as they get exposed to salt water.Furthermore, zebra mussels are not likely to dominate a new habitat for a long period of time. The lecture agrees that zebra mussels may have no predators and reproduce rapidly in the beginning, but it would not be long before predators notice this new source of food and therefore prevent its domination.Finally, zebra mussels would not cause the decline of overall fish population. While zebra mussels would most likely cause the decline of plankton eaters, as the passage suggests, they would also provide nutrients for bottom-feeding fish and eventually cause the population of those fish to increase.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents’ jobs than to choose jobs that are very different from their parents’ jobs.When choosing a life career, the advice of a parent can be quite decisive. Many parents encourage their children to live the life they themselves have only dreamed of, and try a very different job from their own. Nevertheless, in most cases, I believe it would be more beneficial for the child, the parent and the society alike if children followed in the footsteps of their parents when choosing a job.One of the most obvious reasons is that it paves a more convenient way to success for the children. Children who share similar occupations with their parents can at least inherit the experiences of the parent, which would save them much time and energy along the way. The parents, who have already had decades of trial and failure in the field, would have a clear idea of what kind of knowledge and quality is required for the job. In that case, they would be able to better prepare the children for the job, and give them helpful suggestions along their career development. Moreover, experience is not the only thing children can inherit from their parents. A businessman can provide his son a shortcut to success by leaving him an already well-run company, and a politician can leave his children the connections they would need in order to win sufficient support.Another thing is that a similar career is likely to strengthen the parent-child bond. In such a fast-paced modernized world, parents often complain that they are losing their child to busy schedules and a digital social world they feel distant from. But generation gaps are easily bridged when parents can often exchange career ideas with their children. However different the lifestyles of two generations may be, the questions they have to face in a similar job can always be a good topic of conversation. Personally, I feel closest to my grandfather when he shares with me his frustrations and wisdoms of reporting for a national newspaper before he retired, because I may come across similar challenges in my pursuit of a degree in journalism. He is the first person I turn to whenever I need professional guidance, and I feel like I can always trust him and count on him. It should work the same for most parent-and-child relationships. As a career mentor, a parent can bond with the child in more profound ways.Last but not least, to choose a similar job as the parent is actually a conservation of social resources. As the parent can act as a career mentor for the child, the time and energy spent preparing the novice outside the home can be spared. People would go into the workforce with a rather comprehensive idea of what to expect, and start putting their knowledge and talent into rightful use as soon as possible.Given the three reasons I just illustrated, it can be a smart decision if children choose similar jobs as their parents. It would benefit their personal success, their family relationships, as well as the efficacy of the society。
TPO 47 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 47综合写作阅读原文：Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.听力原文：Recent research has revealed the pterosaurs may in fact have been capable of powered flight.First, the issue of pterosaur metabolism. Some recently discovered pterosaur fossils indicate that pterosaurs had a dense, hair-like covering, somewhat similar to fur. Hair or fur covering is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to maintain a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So if the metabolism of pterosaurs was more like that of warm-blooded animals and so faster than the reading suggests, then it would have supplied them with the energy needed for powered flight.Second, the idea that large pterosaurs couldn't use powered flight because they were too heavy. We now know that pterosaurs had anatomical features that made them unusually light for their size. For example, the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Hollow, light-weight bones would have kept the pterosaurs weight low despite their large body frames. The pterosaurs' weight was probably low enough to allow them to keep themselves airborne by flapping their wings.Third, takeoff would indeed be a problem for pterosaurs if they took off the way birds do. But there are important differences between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use their hind limbs, their legs, for walking on the ground. So they only have two limbs to push off from when they launch. But pterosaurs walked on all four limbs while on the ground. There are modern flying animals that walk on all four limbs. Bats, for example. And they use all four limbs to push off the ground, not just the back ones. Studies indicate that even the largest pterosaurs would have had no trouble using all four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.范文：In the reading passage, the writer claims that large pterosaurs were incapable of powered flight. The speaker, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons.First of all, the reading materials points out that ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded and were incapable of producing enough energies for flying. But the speaker refutes that pterosaurs had a dense, hair-like covering which was typical of warm-blooded animals whose metabolism was able to supply the energy required for powered flight.Second, the author states that pterosaurs were too heavy to stay aloft for any length of time. But the lecturer suggests that the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid. Therefore, although they had large body frames, the pterosaurs' weight was probably low enough to allow them to keep themselves airborne by flapping wings.Lastly, the author indicates pterosaurs lacked the big, powerful muscles in their back legs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air. Contrary to the reading passage, the speaker emphasizes that unlike birds which used just the back limbs, pterosaurs used four limbs to push off the ground.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.The world today has become increasingly vigorous and news，stories develop almost every second. Some people think that it is significant to know about events happening around the world while others regard the habit of watching news from distant areas as a total waste of time. As far as I am concerned, the international news is highly valuable, to a large extent.Firstly, it is a wonderful means to broaden the minds of adults. For example, the international news reports inevitably contain a foreign culture from a certain country--from social manners to languages, from food to religious rituals. By being exposed to the exotic information, people can build up a cross-culture understanding, and their thoughts would become more flexible and adaptable, when encountering with the cultural diversity in future travelling and studying abroad.Besides, international news plays a role of catalyst for the maturity of youngsters. Actually, many teenagers in some rich countries are overindulged because they grow up in a peaceful, affluent, safe and healthy environment. More or less, they might squander money with no restraint. However, when watching the pictures and stories about Africa, like the massive starvation, epidemics, and the homelessness and death caused by civil wars, they begin to realize how happy their lives are. Then they can learn to spend money in moderation, cherish food and clothes, as well as turn into kind and charitable people with a willing of giving.Admittedly, the main reason against such news is that it has nothing to do with the daily lives of ordinary people. For example, the breaking news in other countries or continents--such as political scandals, work strikes, ups and downs of stock market exchange, is too far from the regional situations to provide practical knowledge or instructions for local residents. All they see and hear from the international news fail to reflect the truth and day-to-day changes of local community around them, or to improve their studying performance, or to teach them self-care skills for dealing with the challenges in a real world. On this level, the assertion about the international news wasting time is proper.In conclusion, I believe that there are more advantages than shortcomings of having access to the global news. Although it might be unavailing for daily lives, its benefits in developing open-minded adults and grateful youngsters can never be overpassed.。
TPO 59 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 59综合写作阅读原文：The Plain of Jars is an archaeological site in the Southeast Asian country of Laos. At the site, hundreds of large stone jars, ranging in size from one to three meters, are scattered across the countryside. These numerous large containers are around 2,000 years old. The original purpose of the jars is unknown, but archaeologists have several theories.First, the jars may have been used for fermentation. In fermentation, food or drink is left in a sealed container in order to undergo a chemical change. According to some local residents, the jars were originally constructed by a king in order to ferment a special beverage to celebrate a great victory. It would be possible to use the jars for fermentation, so the local people's story could be true.Second, the jars may have been used for water storage. Laos experiences rainy and dry seasons, and finding water during the dry seasons can be difficult. The Plain of Jars is located near ancient trade routes, where traveling traders may have needed drinking water. The jars could have been constructed to collect water during the rainy season so that traders passing through the area would have a source of drinking water during the dry season. Third, it is possible that the Plain of Jars was an ancient burial site, and the jars were tombs (places where human remains are deposited). Much of the contents of the ancient jars is now gone, but they are large enough to hold human remains. Furthermore, artifacts such as metal tools, jewelry, and glass beads have been found in some of the jars. Burying the dead alongside valuable artifacts was a common practice in ancient cultures. Ancient people may have buried their dead in the jars along with the artifacts.听力原文：Professor: Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. Despite what you just read the Plain of Jars is actually quite mysterious. The purpose of the jars is still uncertain.First, the fermentation theory is probably not true. In Laos, pots that are traditionally used to ferment drinks are made of clay. You could use stone jars for fermentation too, but frankly, creating stone jars is difficult. Creating stone containers is much more time-consuming and expensive than making containers from clay. Why would ancient people have expended all this efforton creating stone jars for fermentation when clay pots were easier to make and could have served the same purpose just as effectively?Second, it’s unlikely that the jars were created for the purpose of storing water for travelers. Although the jars were located near ancient trade routes, these routes were also close to rivers and streams. People who were travelling near a river probably had no need for an additional source of fresh water, so it’s unlikely that the jars would have been used for this purpose.Third, the large size of the jars and the presence of tools, beads, and jewelry in some jars suggests that the jars may have been used as tombs for burying human remains. But there is one serious problem with this theory. Tombs are usually covered in order to protect the human remains and artifacts that are buried alongside them from the weather, from thieves, and so on. But the stone jars found in the Plain of Jars do not have any covers. No one has found any type of cover either on the jars themselves or nearby. Without covers to protect the human remains, it’s unlikely that the jars were used as tombs.独立写作：In many places, students must arrive very early in the morning to attend school. Some people believe that starting the school day early is the best approach to support learning, but others believe that starting the school day at a later time in the morning would be better for students. Which view do you agree with and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。
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托福写作：托福独立写作与托福综合写作
一个是托福独立写作一个是托福综合写作。
对于独立写作来讲，从早期PPT托福考试一直延续下来的形式，这个形式大家比较熟悉，包括思路和写作材料，需要我们关注的有几点，第一个Well Organized&Well Developed，怎么样让文章结构写的完整，而且把你的观点阐述清楚。
大家在写的过程中可能Developed过程是特别重要的，你平时阅读的时候要特别注意。
第二个是Appropriate Word Choice，就是你怎么样把这个词用对，写出来一句话你要让阅卷者完成阅读并且完成理解如果你用一个说法以前没有人用过，这个时候他看了也不知道是什么意思，如果我们第二语言学英语的时候，就像英语是第一母语学汉语的时候犯的错误是一样的
第三个Cohesive&Coherent，主要是在语言论述和阐述过程中的问题，托福的作文写的是议论文，不是小说也不是散文，所以在这个过程当中如何让文章结构变得严谨，这是重要的过程，你怎么样让它实现完整的论文结构，所以老师会告诉大家怎么样实现。
另外在描述的过程中需要保持语言的连贯，第一个是逻辑的连贯性，逻辑是不是一致的，有没有出现冲突。
第二是语意上的连贯。
第四个Variety of Language Use你需要一种语言变化，平时在写作文的时候会有一个问题，写任何一个东西的时候我可能想脑子里信出来的表述方式非常有限，所以导致一讲Said你就听不明白了，对于语言的变化并不是要去炫，而是要你的语言表述有一种特征，向考官表明你能自由驾驭一种语言，这也是托福考试本的核心
和目的。
而托福综合写作，第一个No Attitude of the author，独立写作是你自己的想法，综合写作一定不能有自己的想法，你要看别人的东西，第二个就是Completely repeated Points必须完整复述你听到、看到的东西，你在写的时候不能漏掉听到和看到的。
第三个Parophrase我们在大学上课的时候需要看教科书、讲义，听教授讲课，同时要做笔记，同时还要有自己的理解。
可能课后老师要你完成一个作业，托福写作在这点上把所有的练习都放在一个环境当中，通过阅读也好、写作也好会对你自身在美国的学习打下非常好的基础。
文本来源：/toefl/。