Management information systoms for the informayion age 整理

Moore’s Law:1.Processor speeds for computers doubles every two years2.Limits on CPU speed and Moore’s Law:SizeHeatTime delays(With transistors and wires becoming smaller, travel distance for electronsbecomes smaller)3.Supercomputers(Fastest and most powerful computers in the world at a given time)Use and Applications:a)Weather forecastsb)Molecular modelingc)Simulation and testingd)Gaming4.Disruptive TechnologyA new technology that unexpectedly displaces an existing technology Or creates a newmarket.(Either Revolutionary or Evolutionary)e.g.Hand writing ---Guttenberg Press ;CD’s ---Digital music ;Video cassette---DVD;Filmcamera--- Digital camera5.Dark Side of Moore’s LawE-Waste: Dumping on the poorCorporate Social Responsibility/EthicsResponsibility as managersChapter 1:The Information Age in Which You LiveChanging the Face of Business1. Business Strategy Drives Technology2. MIS:MIS deals with the planning for, development, management, and use ofinformation technology tools to help people perform all tasks related to information processing and management.3. Three key resources: IT, **people, information4. Information– data that have a particular meaning within a specific context (Companies who can gather, analyze, and act upon information most effectively will sustain competitive advantages.)(成句的事实)5. Forms:Data–raw facts that describe a particular phenomenon such as the current temperature, the price of movie rental, or your age.(不成句)Business intelligence (BI) – collective information about Customers, Competitors, Business partners, Competitive environment（事实中得出的结论）(BI gives you ability to make effective, important and strategic business decisions)Knowledge– broad term that can describe many things(Contextual explanation for business intelligence; Actions to take to gain business intelligence; ; Organizational know-how for things such as best practices)rmation Quality:Timeliness,Location, Form (Usable/ Accurate),Validity (Credibility)7. Information Flow：upward; downward ; horizontal; outward/inward8. People---the most important assets of modern corporationsTechnology Literacy (how and when to apply technology)Information Literacy(what information is needed, how and when to get it; act with the information)Ethical Responsibility (Principles and standards that guide behavior)9. Information TechnologyHardware: Input and Output devices; Storage device; Central Processing Uni t(CPU); RAM Telecommunications/Connecting devicesSoftware: System software; Application software10.Porter’s Five Forces1) Buyer Power:Many choices from whom to buy: HighFew choices from whom to buy: Low2) Supplier Power：Few choices from whom to buy: HighMany choices from whom to buy: Low3)Threat of Substitute Products or Services：Many alternatives to chose from: High；Few alternatives to chose from: Low4）Threat of New Entrants:Easy for competitors to enter the market: HighDifficult to enter the market: Low5）Industry Rivalry：Much competition in a market: HighLittle competition in a market: Low11. Loyalty programs:Reward customers based on the amount of business they do with companySwitching costs: Costs, time and money, buyer have to switch to another company or product Competitive advantage: Advantage a company has over its competitorsFirst-mover advantage: Advantage a company has over its competitors by being the first in the market12.Porter’s Three Generic StrategiesOverall Cost Leadership(成本优先原则):Offering the same or better product or service at lower price than competitionloss leader(亏本先导): a product sold at or below cost to entice customers into a store in the hope that they will also buy more profitable products.Differentiation（差异化）：Offering a product or service that is perceived as being “unique” in the market or better than or different from products of the competitionFocus(集中化):Focus on offering products or services To a particular market segment or buyer group ; Within a segment of a product line; To a specific geographic market13. Value-Chain Analysis:Approach to asses and improve the value of business processes within your organization to increase strengths14.Value Chain: Chain of business processes which add valueponents:Primary value processes:Logistics (inbound, outbound); Operations; Marketing, Sales ServiceSupport value processes:Firm infrastructure (culture, structure, accounting…); Human Resource Management; Technology development; Purchasing16.Identification of valuable business processes: Ask customers or suppliers; Survey, Questionnaires; Analysis of customer complaintsChapter 2Major Business Initiatives:Gaining Competitive Advantage with IT1.Supply Chain Management (SCM): Tracking of inventory and informationamong business processes and across companiesSupply Chain:The network among different companies involved in producing and distributing a product or service to the end consumer.2.Just-in-time(适时制): Producing or delivering a product or service just at thetime the customer wants it.( Right number of parts or products)3.Inter-modal transportation（多式联运）: Multiple channels4.Business Strategy:Overall cost leadershipBelow-the-lineRun5.Tight supply chain optimizes activities:FulfillmentLogisticsProductionRevenue and profitCost and price6.Customer Relationship Management (CRM)：Use of information about customers togain insights into their needs, wants, and behaviors in order to serve them better.7.Multiple-channel service delivery: offering different ways in which customerscan contact with .----Bring it all together8.Overall CRM Goal: Limit negative interactions and provide customers withpositive experiences9.Typical CRM functions:Sales force automationCustomer service and supportMarketing campaign management and analysis10.Business Strategy:Differentiation and focusAbove-the-lineGrow11.IT Support for CRM:Front office systems:Primary interface to customers and sales channels; send all the customerinformation collected to the databaseBack office systems:Fulfill and support customer orders; send all the customer information collected to the database12.E-Collaboration(work together 电子协调) :E-collaboration is the use oftechnology to support1).Work activities with integrated collaboration environments（ICEs）: Environments in which teams do their work*Virtual teams(虚拟团队): Teams whose members are located in varied geographical locations and whose work is supported by ICE software*ICE’s can be as basic as e-mail or more sophisticated:Workflow systems（工作流系统）: Facilitate the automation and management of business processes, e.g. processing a vacation requestDocument management system（文件管理系统）: Manage a document through all stages of its processing2). Knowledge management with knowledge management（KM）systems（知识管理系统）：IT system that supports the capturing, organizing, and distribution of knowledge through-out the organization. It Make a.Knowledge of facts b.Sources of information c. Solutions, patents, and trademarks d.Best-practice processes available to all the company’s employees3). Social networking with social networking systems(社会网络系统)：IT system that links you to people you know and, from there, to people your contacts knowSocial networking site: site on which you post information about yourself, create a network of friends, read about other people, share content such as photos and videos, and communicate with other people (e.g., Myspace, Facebook, etc)4). Learning with e-learning tools：IT-enabled systems that facilitate learning•Popular in educational environments, e.g. Blackboard, e-College•Also popular in organizational environments, e.g. 5). Informal collaboration to support open-source information（开源信息）：Content that is publicly available, free of charge and updateable by anyone**Wiki: web site that allows you – as a visitor – to create, edit, change and also eliminate content13.Strategy：Good for just about every type of business strategya). Focus, differentiation, and overall cost leadershipb). Top line and bottom linec). Run, grow, and transform14.IT-Culture: Refers to: how the IT function is placed structurally within anorganization; the organization’s philosophica l approach to the development, deployment and use of IT*IT Culture – Philosophical Approach to IT15.Three common structures:Top-down silo（自上而下的竖井法）：IT function handles all IT needs; strong “command and control” structur e; other departments must go through the ITdepartment for approval of new projects etc.Matrix(矩阵法)：–Separate IT department but decision making is “matrixed” across the organization: more collaborative across the organizationFully integrated throughout the organization（贯穿组织的全集成法）：separate IT function but IT personnel are placed within functional areas; tremendousempowerment16.Important Acronyms:CIO（首席信息官）: Chief Information Officera)Information resources（responsible for..）CTO（首席技术官）: Chief Technology Officerb)IT infrastructure and IT systems e.g. CRMCSO（首席安全官）: Chief Security Officerc)Security information, e.g. firewalls, anti-virus softwareCPO（首席隐私官）: Chief Privacy Officerd)Information acces s17.technology innovation failure（技术创新失败）：a reward system for trying newtechnologies even if they prove to be unsuccessful18.*IT Culture – Philosophical Approach to ITMust prove ROI before adopting technologies19.Important: IT culture match overall organizational culturePay attention to the industry20.Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)（企业资源计划系统）:Collection ofintegrated software for business management, accounting, finance, supply chain management, inventory management, customer relationship management, e-collaboration, etc.Includes all technology systems and software in the organization21.Legacy Information System(LIS): Old systems, often outdated--- Often brittle,slow and non-extensibleERP--- Configurable, updateable and extensible22.The basic goal of an ERP system is to provide(1)Integrated information(data, information, and business intelligence)(2)One suite of application(3)A unified interface across the enterprise。