CH-08.Thermal sensor

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热敏电阻NTC数据手册说明书

传感器SENSORSSENSOR MANUALTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTCONTROLSHANGHAI BENMU INDUSTRY CO., LTD.上海本牧实业有限公司QUICK LINKSCONNECTINGSENSOR TECH电阻值耗散常数ResistanceThermal dissipation constantB值热时间常数B constantThermal time constant热敏电阻的电阻值R和绝对温度T之间，有以下近似关系。

Between resistance R and absolute temperature T, there is the following approximate relationship.11T1T2根据公式、可以求证任意温度T时的热敏电阻R。

Thermistor resistance R at any temperature T can be calculated from equation (1)R1: Resistance (Ω) at absolute temperature T1 (K)绝对温度T1 (K) 时的电阻值R2: Resistance (Ω) at absolute temperature T2 (K)绝对温度T2 (K) 时的电阻值A thermistor is "a thermally sensitive resistor"that is a semiconductor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature.In general,there are two types thermal senstive resistor.One is PTC (Postive Temperature Coefficient);the resistance increases as temperature increases.The other is NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient);the resistance decreases as temperature increases.The following description is applicable only to NTC thermistors.热敏电阻是应用于信息系统与控制系统的敏感元件，主要用于对温度的测量、控制、保护及用作加热器。

MEMS Thermal Sensor在人感空调上的应用

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Digital+thermal+sensor

Temperature measurement in the Intel® Core TM DuoProcessorEfraim Rotem – Mobile Platform Group, Intel corporationJim Hermerding – Mobile platform Group, Intel corporationCohen Aviad - Microprocessor Technology Lab, Intel corporationCain Harel - Microprocessor Technology Lab, Intel corporationAbstractModern CPUs with increasing core frequency and power are rapidly reaching a point where the CPU frequency and performance are limited by the amount of heat that can be extracted by the cooling technology. In mobile environment, this issue is becoming more apparent, as form factors become thinner and lighter. Often, mobile platforms trade CPU performance in order to reduce power and manage thermals. This enables the delivery of high performance computing together with improved ergonomics by lowering skin temperature and reducing fan acoustic noise.Most of available high performance CPUs provide thermal sensor on the die to allow thermal management, typically in the form of analog thermal diode. Operating system algorithms and platform embedded controllers read the temperature and control the processor power. Improved thermal sensors directly translate into better system performance, reliability and ergonomics.In this paper we will introduce the new Intel® Core TM Duo processor temperature sensing capability and present performance benefits measurements and results.IntroductionToday’s high performance processors contain over a hundred million transistors, running in a frequency of several gigahertz. The power and thermal characteristics of these processors are becoming more challenging than ever before, and are likely to continue to grow with Moor’s low. Improvements in the cooling technology however, are relatively slow and do not follow Moor’s low. All computing segments face power and thermal challenges. In the server domain, the cost of electricity and air conditioning is one of the biggest expense items of a data center, and drives the need for low power high efficiency systems. In the mobile computing market, power and thermal management are the key limiter for delivering higher computational performance. Thin and light industrial designs are limited by the heat that can be extracted from the box. Ergonomic characteristics are also highly impacted by thermal considerations. The cooling fan is the major source of acoustic noise in the mobile system and external skin hot spots should be avoided for ergonomic reasons as well.The increasing demand for compute density brings the need for efficient thermal management schemes. Several such schemes have been proposed, for example DVS (dynamic frequency voltage scaling [1]). These mechanisms were implemented in CPUs such as the Intel® Centrino® Processor [2]. Most operating systems on the market support ACPI [3]. This is an industry standard infrastructure that enables thermal management of computer platforms. Thermal management is done by the use of active cooling devices, such as fans, or passive cooling actions such as DVS. Thermal management schemes accept user preferences for setting management policy. A computer user can select between high performance, energy conservation and improved ergonomics parameters.The basic feedback for most of the power and thermal management schemes is temperature measurement. Both Intel® processors [4] and others [5], incorporate temperature sensor on the die to allow thermal measurement, typically in the form of analog thermal diode. The voltage on a diode junction is a function of the junction temperature. The diode is routed to external pins and an A/D chip on the platform converts the voltage into temperature reading. The Intel® Centrino processor [2] introduced a fixed thermal sensor, tuned to the max specified junction temperature. In case of abnormal conditions, such as cooling system malfunction, the circuitasserts a signal that activates a programmable self management power saving action that protects the CPU from operating out of its specified thermal range. It is apparent that the accuracy of the thermal measurements directly impacts the performance of the thermal management system and the performance of the CPU. In mobile computers, 1.5o C accuracy in temperature measurement is equivalent to 1 Watt of CPU power. In desk-top computers the impact is even higher due to the lower thermal resistance and 1o C accuracy translates into 2 Watt of CPU power.There are several causes for temperature measurement inaccuracy:1.Parameter variance: The thermal diode is not idealand during the manufacturing process, there are variations in the diode parameters that translate into reading variations. An offset value is programmed into the Intel® Core™ Duo, to be used by the A/D to generate accurate readings.2.A/D accuracy: Some errors are associated with theanalog to digital conversion due to design and technology limitations as well as quantization errors.The best temperature A/Ds available on the market today provide +/- ½o C accuracy.3.Proximity to the hot spot: CPU performance andreliability is limited by the temperature of the hottest location on the die. Thermal diode placement is limited by routing and I/O considerations and usually cannot be placed at the hottest spot on the die. Furthermore, the hot spot tends to shift around as a function of the workload of the CPU. It is not rare to find temperature difference as high as 10o C between a diode and the hot spot.4.Manufacturing temperature control: Parts are testedfor functionality and reliability at the max temperature specifications. Variations in test temperature drive a need for additional guard-band in the temperature control set points.The speed of response to temperature changes also impacts thermal management performance. The Intel®Core TM Duo processor has implemented a new digital temperature reading capability to address the accuracy and response time limitations of existing solutions. The rest of the paper will describe the implementation of the digital sensor and the measured results of it’s performance. The Intel® Core ™ Duo digital sensor (DTS) The general structure of the digital thermometer of the Intel® Core™ Duo [7] is described in Figure 1. In addition to the analog thermal diode, multiple sensing devices are distributed on the die in all the hot spots. An internal A/D circuit converts each sensor into a 7 bit digital reading. The temperature reading is calculated as an offset from the maximum specified Tj, e.g. 0 indicated that the CPU is at it’s maximum allowable Tj, 1 indicated 1o C below etc. All temperature readings are combined together into a single value, indicating the temperature of the hottest spot on die. The Intel®Core TM Duo is a dual core CPU. The DTS offers the ability to read temperature for each core independently and to read the maximum temperature for the entire package. To achieve measurement accuracy, each sensor is calibrated at test time. Calibration is done for the Maximum Tj and the linearity of the readout slope. The temperature reading is post processed for filtering out random noise and generating the H/W activated thermal protection functions. The DTS implementation on the Intel® Core TM Duo processor supports the legacy Intel Centrino® thermal sensor and fixed function thresholds PROCHOT and THERMTRIP [2].Figure 1: Digital Thermometer Block Diagram PROCHOT is a fixed temperature threshold calibrated to trip at the max specified junction temperature. Upon crossing this threshold, a H/W power reduction action is initiated, reducing the frequency and voltage, keeping the CPU within functionality and reliability limits. A properly designed cooling system with thermal management shouldnot activate the H/W protection mechanisms. Some aggressive platform designs however, may need occasional H/W initiated action due to long response time. On most operating systems, interrupt latency is not guaranteed and therefore, S/W based control may respond too slow. Other actions have inherent long delays. The time extending from activation of a fan and until its maximum speed is reached may be too long. Aggressive thermal design, together with a slow cooling response may cause thermal excursions that may compromise reliability and functionality. It is possible to design a system with enough margins to avoid such cases, but this comes at a cost of performance or compromised ergonomic characteristics. H/W based protection enables better user experience without compromising the device reliability and performance.THERMTRIP is a catastrophic shut down event, both on the CPU and for the platform. It identifies thermal runaway in case of cooling system malfunction and turns off the CPU and platform voltages, preventing meltdown and permanent damage.A new functionality of the DTS on the Intel® Core TM Duo is out of spec indication. It is possible for the CPU to operate within specifications while at maximum Tj. Out of spec indication is a notification to the operating system that a malfunction occurred, junction temperature is rising and a graceful shut down is required while functionality is still guaranteed and user data can be saved.In order to perform S/W and ACPI thermal control functions, the DTS offers interrupt generation capability, in addition to the temperature reading. Two S/W programmable thresholds are loaded by S/W and a thermal interrupt is generated upon threshold crossing. This thermal event generates an interrupt to single or both cores simultaneously according to the APIC settings.The digital thermometer is the basis for software thermal control such as the ACPI. In the ACPI infrastructure, thermal management is done by assigning a set of policies or actions to temperature thresholds. A policy can be active, such as activating fan in various speeds (_ACx), or passive (_PSV), by reducing the CPU frequency. Interrupt thresholds are defined to indicate upper and lower temperatures thresholds. An example of digital thermometer usage is given in Figure 2._TMP=60Figure 2: Digital thermometer and ACPIIn the above example the current die temperature is at 60o C. The thresholds set to 5o C above and below the current temperature. If the temperature rises above 65o C, an interrupt is generated, notifying the S/W of a significant change in temperature. The control software reads the temperature and identifies the new temperature and initiates action if needed. In the above example, 65o C requires activating a fan at a low speed. The activation thresholds and policies are defined at system configuration and communicated to the ACPI. Upon interrupt servicing, new thresholds are written around the new temperature to further track temperature changes. Small hysteresis values are applied to prevent frequent interrupts around a threshold point.Measurements and resultsIn previous Pentium™ - M systems, a single analog thermal diode was used to measure die temperature. Thermal diode cannot be located at the hottest spot of the die due to design limitations. To perform thermal management activities, some fixed offset was applied to the measured temperature, to keep the CPU within specifications. With the increasing performance and power density of the Intel® Core TM Duo, the performance implications of guard bands increase. Figure 3 shown measured die temperature of different workloads. It can be seen that the hot spot of the die moves to different locations depending on the nature of the workload.Die Hot-SpotCore #2Core #1CacheFigure 3: Die hot spots at different workloadsFigure 3 demonstrates a shift of the hot spot in a dual core workload. A workload that stresses the floating point unit which is a high power operation, will generate hot spot near the floating point while other workloads will stress different locations on the die. Figure 4 shows the thermal impact of single core applications.Figure 4: Thermal behavior of a single core applicationIt can be noted that a single diode cannot capture themaximal die temperature. Placing a diode between the cores, results in non optimal location as this is a relatively cold area of the die in single thread workloads. Workloads can be migrated by the operating system scheduler from one core to the another on the same die and therefore a symmetrical sensor placement is required.In order to evaluate the DTS temperature reading, we performed a study to identify the impact of different workloads on the difference between diode and the hot spot, as measured by the DTS. A set of workloads including all SPEC-2K components and other popular benchmarks and applications, at single thread and multi-thread were executed on the CPU. Several iterations were done to reach a thermal steady state and then the diode and DTS temperatures were measured. Before taking the measurement, a calibration process has been performed, leaving only the temperature offset. As described earlier, both external A/D and internal DTS have some inaccuracies. Calibration procedure is needed to equalize DTS and diode temperature readings and measure temperature offsets only. Figure 5 shows the offset between the analog diode and the hot spot, as measured by the DTS. The horizontal axis represents the hot spot temperature as a percentage of the max temperature. The vertical axis shows the temperature offset between the diode and the hot spot. Each point on the chart represents a single application.It can be seen that large temperature gradients exist on the die. It also can be noted that some workloads display high temperature gradients while other have no offset. Thermal control algorithms need to prevent the hot spot from exceeding the max temperature specification. It is possible to mitigate the temperature difference by applying a fixed offset to the diode reading. This obviously is a non optimal solution as the workloads with low offset will be panelized by the unnecessary temperature offset. The use of digital thermometer provides improved temperature reading, enables higher CPU performance within thermal limitations and improves reliability.Figure 5: Diode to DTS Temp. differencePrevious studies [6] have shown that temperature reduction directly translates into performance degradation. The above chart represents 3%-7% reduction in performance due to temperature measurement offset. Building a thermal management system around a thermal diode, with the characteristics shown in Figure 5 requires temperature guard-band. This guard band can be applied to the control set point, and as a result, the workloads that generate high offset temperatures result in lost performance. A different approach can set the Tj threshold assuming that the diode represents the correct die temperature. Some of the workloads will run at high max Tj and therefore risk functional issues or reliability degradation.The DTS also reduces the other temperature readings errors, which are not shown in this paper. The DTS is calibrated at manufacturing conditions and the reference point is set to this test temperature. Functionality, electrical specifications and reliability commitments are guaranteed at maximum Tj as measured by the DTS. Any test inaccuracy or parameters variance are already accounted for in the DTS set point.Summary and conclusionsWith the increasing demand for computational density and the increase in CPU transistors and frequency, power and thermal are the key limiters for providing computing performance. In recent years, thermal management has become a fundamental function of computer platform. The input to every thermal management scheme is a thermal sensor. We have shown that thermal sensor accuracy translates into power, which in turn translates into better CPU performance. Legacy analog thermal sensors incur inaccuracies due to parameter distribution and temperature offset from the hot spot. In this paper we introduced the new digital thermal sensor (DTS) of the Intel® Core® Duo processor. We showed that multiple sense point on various hot spots of the die, together with on die A/D converter provide improved temperature reading. The better accuracy translates either into 3%-7% higher performance or into improved ergonomics. The introduction of dual core References[1] D. Brooks, M. Martonosi, ”Dynamic Thermal Management for High-Performance Microprocessors” Proceedings of the HPCA-07, January 2001[2] Intel® Pentium® M processor product specifications /design/mobile/datashts/302189 08.pdf[3] Advanced Configuration and Power Interface./ acpi/.[4] Intel SpeedStep Technology,/support/processors/mobile/pentiu miii/ss.htm[5] D. Pham1, S. Asano, et. al., “The design and implementation of a first-generation CELL processor”, Proceedings of ISSCC 2005.[6] E. Rotem, A. Naveh, et al., “Analysis of Thermal Monitor features of the Intel Pentium M Processor”, Proceedings of TACS-01, ISCA-31, 2004.[7]A. Naveh, E. Rotem, et al.,”Power and Thermal Management in the Intel® Core™ Duo” , Intel Technology Journal Vol. 10 #2, 2006. ITJ MY。

印刷式固态聚合物电化学气体传感器

应用场景
Application Scene
传感器入厂品质检验故障传感器检测仪表研发阶段的对比测试和验证仪表选型或安装选点的现场气体测试用于室内或特定环境的气体检测
Easy Board气体检测模块
Easy Board detection module
特点
Characteristic
小体积，直插式排针连接方式适配ES1 / ES4 / EC4系列电化学气体传感器标准电压输出，2.4~5V供电尺寸：22x18x12mm
网络化多工作站系统
Networked multi station system
软件界面
Software Interface
产品选型表
Product selection form
ES1- Easy Gas Sensors
Item
Gas
1 All Gas/VOC 2 All Gas/VOC 3 All Gas/VOC 4 CO 5 CO 6 CO 7 H2 8 H2 9 H2S 10 H2S 11 H2S 12 NO2 13 NO2 14 NO2 15 HCN 16 O2 (Bias voltage) 17 HCHO 18 SO2
系统组成
System composition
配气系统: 干湿配气系统基础单元/控制系统/干燥零气系统/标气流量控制系统测试系统: 传感器/仪器测试工装、传感器/仪器信号采集系统/温湿度环境模拟系统软件系统: 电脑/工控机/上位机软件
系统特点
System Characteristics
模块化的系统设计，每个模块可以独立购买使用一套系统可以同时控制10个工作站同时可以混合5种目标气体可以同时进行两路气体的测试独特、科学的气路系统设计让批量测试的传感器/仪器同一时间接触气体批处理程序可以快速、批量化检测批处理程序运行复杂的检测条件，比如用于欧洲标准的测试可以生成检测或测试报告原始测试数据可以自动存储到服务器打印用户定制的商标满足实验室设备的法规要求系统实现自动控制温湿度实验箱可以随时随地通过网络进行远程启动试验，或检查试验过程或结果

JT系列温湿度仪说明书

一、仪器简介
JT 系列手持表测试仪主要测试空气温度、相对湿度、热流、热辐射、太阳辐射、照度等环境参数，为生活、办公、生产环境监测及环境研究提供准确科学的数据。随着人们生活水平的提高及对人类生存环境的关注，生活和工作的环境质量至关重要，手持表系列测试仪可以对环境状况进行准确的检测和评估，与之配套的处理软件操作简便，为繁杂的数据处理提供便捷，为用户提供统计结果及各种趋势曲线。
1
1.3 按键示意图：
二、技术参数
2.1 主机：
参数名称供电电源通讯存储空间存储间隔显示主机尺寸
2.2 温度传感器：
基本参数
3 节 5 号(AA)电池 USB 4000 组 1—255 分钟 LCD 汉字显示 240X100X45mm
说明 Mini USB（也可供电用）
参数名称温度范围温度精度
外 WBGT JTR15：干湿球温度测试仪，测试湿球温度和干球温度 JTG01：照度计，测试一路照度
1.1 应用领域：
建筑居室环境监测公共场所监测工厂车间建筑物理科研教学
1.2 使用特点：
测试精度高，稳定性好数据自动采集、显示和记录产品外观简洁大方，携带方便操作简单易学，使用简便软件操作简洁，功能齐全
说明
可选配其它规格
2
2.4 黑球辐射温度传感器：
参数名称发射率测试范围温度精度
直径接口
基本参数 >0.95
5℃～120℃ ±0.5℃ 150mm M14
说明
常温<±0.2℃ 符合 ISO 标准
2.5 太阳辐射传感器：
四、注意事项.............................................................................................. 6

Flammable Gas Sensor (MQ-5) 用户手册说明书

Flammable Gas Sensor（Model：MQ-5）ManualVersion: 1.5Valid from: 2018-04-1Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., LtdStatementThis manual copyright belongs to Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., LTD. Without the written permission, any part of this manual shall not be copied, translated, stored in database or retrieval system, also can’t spread through electronic, copying, record ways.Thanks for purchasing our product. In order to let customers use it better and reduce the faults caused by misuse, please read the manual carefully and operate it correctly in accordance with the instructions. If users disobey the terms or remove, disassemble, change the components inside of the sensor, we shall not be responsible for the loss.The specific such as color, appearance, sizes &etc, please in kind prevail.We are devoting ourselves to products development and technical innovation, so we reserve the right to improve the products without notice. Please confirm it is the valid version before using this manual. At the same time, users’ comments on optimized using way are welcome.Please keep the manual properly, in order to get help if you have questions during the usage in the future.Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology CO., LTDMQ-5 Semiconductor Sensor for Flammable GasProfileSensitive material of MQ-5 gas sensor is SnO 2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target flammable gas exist, t he sensor’s conductivity gets higher along with the gas concentration rising. Users can convert the change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration through a simple circuit.MQ-5 gas sensor has high sensitivity to butane, propane, methane and can detect methane and propane at the same time. It also can detect kinds of flammable gases, especially LPG(propane). It is a kind of low –cost sensor for manyapplications.FeaturesIt has good sensitivity to flammable gas (especially propane) in wide range, and has advantages such as long lifespan, low cost and simple drive circuit &etc.Main ApplicationsIt is widely used in domestic gas leakage alarm, industrial flammable gas alarm and portable gas detector.Technical Parameters Stable.1Fig1.Sensor S tructureUnit: mm Tolerance:±0.1mmModel MQ-5 Sensor Type Semiconductor Standard EncapsulationBakelite, Metal capTarget Gas LPG, CH 4Detection range300～10000ppm （CH 4,C 3H 8）Standard Circuit ConditionsLoop Voltage V c ≤24V DC Heater Voltage V H 5.0V±0.1V AC or DCLoad Resistance R L Adjustable Sensor character under standard test conditionsHeater ResistanceR H 26Ω±3Ω (room temp.)Heater consumptionP H ≤950mWSensitivity S Rs(in air)/Rs( in 2000ppm C 3H 8)≥5 Output Voltage Vs 2.5V ～4.0V (in 2000ppm C 3H 8) Concentration Slopeα≤0.6(R 3000ppm /R 1000ppm C 3H 8) Standard test conditionsTem. Humidity 20℃±2℃；55%±5%RHStandard test circuitVc:5.0V±0.1V V H :5.0V±0.1V Preheat timeNot less than 48 hours O2 content21%（not less than 18%）O2 concentration effects initial value, sensitivity and repeatability.Lifespan10 yearsNOTE: Output voltage (Vs) is V RL in test environment.Basic CircuitFig2. MQ-5 Test CircuitInstructions: The above fig is the basic test circuit of MQ-5.The sensor requires two voltage inputs: heatervoltage (V H ) and circuit voltage (V C ). V H is used to supply standard working temperature to the sensor and it can adopt DC or AC power, while V RL is the voltage of load resistance R L which is in series with sensor. Vc supplies the detect voltage to load resistance R L and it should adopt DC power.Description of Sensor CharactersFig1.Sensor S tructureUnit: mm Fig3.Typical Sensitivity CurveThe ordinate is resistance ratio of the sensor (Rs/R 0), the abscissa is concentration of gases. Rs means resistance in target gas with different concentration, R 0 means resistance of sensor in clean air. All tests are finished Fig4.Typical temperature/humidity characteristicsThe ordinate is resistance ratio of the sensor (Rs/Rso).Rs means resistance of sensor in 2000ppm propane (C 3H 8) under different tem. and humidity. Rso means resistance of the sensor in 2000ppm propane under 20℃/55%RH.C3H8Air CH4 C2H5OHConcentrationCautions1 .Following conditions must be prohibited1.1 Exposed to organic silicon steamSensing material will lose sensitivity and never recover if the sensor absorbs organic silicon steam. Sensors must avoid exposing to silicon bond, fixature, silicon latex, putty or plastic contain silicon environment. 1.2 High Corrosive gasIf the sensors are exposed to high concentration corrosive gas (such as H 2S, SO X , Cl 2, HCl etc.), it will not only result in corrosion of sensors structure, also it cause sincere sensitivity attenuation. 1.3 Alkali, Alkali metals salt, halogen pollutionThe sensors performance will be changed badly if sensors be sprayed polluted by alkali metals salt00.511.522.533.5430060090012001500180021002400270030003300360039004200V R L (V )时间（天）2000ppmC3H8(RL=4.7KΩ）Fig6.Responce and Resume Fig5 shows the changing of V RL in the process of putting the sensor into target gas and removing it out.Fig5.Sensitity Curve Fig5 shows the V RL in propane with different concentration. The resistance load R L is 4.7 KΩ and the test is finished instandard test conditions.Fig7.long-term StabilityTest is finished in standard test conditions, the abscissa is observing time and the ordinate is V RL .Concentration Time(s)Time(day)especially brine, or be exposed to halogen such as fluorine.1.4 Touch waterSensitivity of the sensors will be reduced when spattered or dipped in water.1.5 FreezingDo avoid icing on sensor’s surface, otherwise sensing material will be broken and lost sensitivity.1.6 Applied higher voltageApplied voltage on sensor should not be higher than stipulated value, even if the sensor is not physically damaged or broken, it causes down-line or heater damaged, and bring on sensors’ sensitivity characteristic changed badly.1.7 Voltage on wrong pinselectrodes (Pin 1 connects with Pin 3, while Pin 4 connects with Pin 6).Ifapply voltage on Pin 1&3 or 4&6, it will make lead broken; and no signalputout if apply on pins 2&4.Fig8. Lead sketch2 .Following conditions must be avoided2.1 Water CondensationIndoor conditions, slight water condensation will influence sensors’ performance lightly. However, if water condensation on sensors surface and keep a certain period, sensors’ sensitiv e will be decreased.2.2 Used in high gas concentrationNo matter the sensor is electrified or not, if it is placed in high gas concentration for long time, sensors characteristic will be affected. If lighter gas sprays the sensor, it will cause extremely damage.2.3 Long time storageThe sensors resistance will drift reversibly if it’s stored for long time without electrify, this drift is related with storage conditions. Sensors should be stored in airproof bag without volatile silicon compound. For the sensors with long time storage but no electrify, they need long galvanical aging time for stability before using. The suggested aging time as follow:Stable2.2.4 Long time exposed to adverse environmentNo matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for long time, such as highhumidity, high temperature, or high pollution etc., it will influence the sensors’ performance badly.2.5 VibrationContinual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then break. In transportation orassembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding machine can lead this vibration.2.6 ConcussionIf sensors meet strong concussion, it may lead its lead wire disconnected.2.7 Usage Conditions2.7.1For sensor, handmade welding is optimal way. The welding conditions as follow:Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine●homothermal soldering iron●Temperature：250℃●Time：less than 3 seconds2.7.1If users choose wave-soldering, the following conditions should be obeyed:●Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine●Speed: 1-2 Meter/ Minute●Warm-up temperature：100±20℃●Welding temperature：250±10℃●One time pass wave crest welding machineIf disobey the above using terms, sensors sensitivity will be reduced.Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., LtdAdd: No.299, Jinsuo Road, National Hi-Tech Zone,Zhengzhou 450001 ChinaTel: +86-371-67169097/67169670Fax: +86-371-60932988E-mail:*******************Website:。

thermal sensor 原理

thermal sensor 原理Thermal Sensor原理详解Thermal Sensor，即热敏传感器，是一种能够测量物体表面温度的传感器。

Thermal Sensor常常被应用于医疗、工业、家电、汽车等领域。

那么，Thermal Sensor的工作原理是什么呢？一、基本原理Thermal Sensor的基本原理是通过物体表面温度对其进行测量。

这里需要用到热电偶、热电阻、热敏电阻、热像仪等多种传感器进行测量。

二、热电偶原理热电偶是由两种不同材料制成的电极，两个电极的接口处叫做热偶头。

当热偶头受到温度变化后，两个电极之间就会产生电压变化。

通过测量电压变化就可以测量出物体表面温度。

三、热电阻原理热电阻是由一种材料制成的电极，如果热电阻发生温度变化，电阻器的电阻就会产生相应的变化。

通过测量电阻值的变化就可以测量出物体表面温度。

四、热敏电阻原理热敏电阻是一种根据电阻随温度变化的规律制成的传感器，它的电阻值会随着环境温度变化而变化。

通过测量电阻值的变化就可以测量出物体表面温度。

五、热像仪原理热像仪通过检测物体表面的热红外线辐射来测量物体表面温度。

热像仪将热红外线辐射转化成电信号，再利用图像处理技术得到物体表面的温度分布图像。

综上所述，Thermal Sensor的原理可以用热电偶、热电阻、热敏电阻和热像仪等多种传感器进行测量，通过测量物体的表面温度可以得到有用的信息。

与其它传统传感器相比，Thermal Sensor测量的是温度信息，具有非接触性、高灵敏度、高精度、快速反应速度等特点，在实际应用中广泛运用。

Centos5.3安装lm_sensors cpu温度监控

Centos5.3安装lm_sensors 温度监控1.下载lm_sensors查找Linux上有没有安装sensors[root@servert02haitao ~]# rpm -qa |grep sensors (默认已经安装）没有的话安装[root@servert02haitao ~]# yum install lm_sensors[root@servert02haitao ~]# rpm -qa |grep sensorslm_sensors-2.10.7-4.el5lm_sensors-2.10.7-4.el52.下载新的sensors-detect[root@servert02haitao ~]# cd /usr/sbin/[root@servert02haitao sbin]# rm -rf sensors-detect[root@servert02haitaosbin]#wget/lm-sensors/files/senso rs-detect--19:40:22-- /lm-sensors/files/sensors-detect正在解析主机 ... 160.45.254.26Connecting to |160.45.254.26|:80... 已连接。

已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK长度：181020 (177K) [text/plain]Saving to: `sensors-detect'100%[========================================================================== ============>] 181,020 4.82K/s in 26s19:40:51 (6.69 KB/s) - `sensors-detect' saved [181020/181020][root@ localhost sbin]# chmod 755 sensors-detect3.下载适合的coretemp[root@servert02haitao sbin]#uname -aLinux servert02haitao 2.6.18-128.el5 #1 SMP Wed Jan 21 10:41:14 EST 2009 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux下载安装.x86_64内核的kmod-coretemp[root@servert02haitao sbin]#wget /linux/coretemp/kmod-coretemp-1.1-2.el5.x86_64.rpm--19:28:38--/linux/coretemp/kmod-coretemp-1.1-2.el5.x86_64.rpm正在解析主机 ... 94.136.40.100Connecting to |94.136.40.100|:80... 已连接。

08湿度传感器系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 (1)

湿度传感器系统中英文资料外文翻译文献英文:The right design for a relative humidity sensor systemOptimizing the response characteristics and accuracy of a humidity sensor system1 OverviewTo make the right choice when selecting a relative humidity sensor for an application, it is important to know and to be able to judge the deciding factors. In addition to long-term stability, which is a measure on how much a sensor changes its properties over time, these factors also include the measurement accuracy and the response characteristics of the sensor. Capacitive humidity sensors are based on the principle that a humidity-sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture as a function of the relative ambient humidity. Because this method is only a spot measurement at the sensor location, and usually the humidity of the surroundings is the desired quantity, the sensor must be brought into moisture equilibrium with the surroundings to obtain a precise measurement value. This process is realized by various transport phenomena (cf. the section titled "The housing effect on the response time"), which exhibit a time constant. Accuracy and response time are thus closely dependent on each other, and the design of a humidity measurement system becomes a challenge.2Measurement accuracyThe term measurement accuracy of a humidity sensor is understood primarily to refer to the deviation of the value measured by the sensor from the actual humidity. To determine the measurement accuracy, references, such as chilled mirror hygrometers, whose own tolerance must be taken into account, are used. In addition to this trivial component, humidity sensors require a given time for reaching stable humidity and temperature equilibrium (the humidity is a function of temperature and decreases with increasing temperature; a difference betweensensor and ambient temperature leads to measurement errors). This response time thus has a significant effect on the value measured by the sensor and thus on the determined accuracy.This time-dependent characteristic is explained in more detail in the following.3Response characteristics and response timeThe response characteristics are defined by various parameters. These are:●The actual response characteristics of the humidity sensor at constant temperature.(1) How quickly the sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture until equilibrium is reached (intrinsic response time)(2) How fast the entire system reaches humidity equilibrium (housing effect)●The thermal response characteristics of the humidity sensor at a non-constant temperature●(3) The thermal mass of the sensor(4) The system's thermal mass, which is thermally coupled to the sensor (e.g. printed circuit board)(5) Heat sources in the direct surroundings of the sensor (electronic components)(1) and (3) are determined entirely by the sensor itself, (1) primarily by the characteristics of the sensitive polymer.(2) and (4) are primarily determined by the construction of the entire system (shape and size of housing andreadout circuitry).(5) is determined by heat-emitting electronic components.These points will be discussed in more detail in the following.The intrinsic response time (1)Qualitatively, the response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors look like the following (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: Typical and idealized response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors (schematic)Because these response characteristics are especially pronounced at high humidity values, an isothermal humidity jump from 40% to 100% was selected here for illustration. The desired ideal behavior of the sensor is indicated in blue. In practice, however, the sensor behaves according to the red line, approximately according to:RH-t=(E-S)*(1-e)+S（t）Here, the time span 1 is usually very short (typ. 1 – 30 min.), in contrast, the time span 2 is very long (typ. Many hours to days). Here the connection of measurement accuracy and response characteristics becomes clear (t until RH=100% is reached). The value at t4 (Fig. 1) is considered to be an exact measured value. However, this assumes that both the humidity and also the temperature remain stable during this entire time, and that the testing waits until this very long measurement time is completed. These conditions are both very hard to achieve and unusual in practice. For the calibration, there are the following two approaches, which both find use in practice (cf. Fig. 2):1.The measured value at t2 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:The required measurement time for reaching the end value (in the example 100%) is clearly shortened,corresponds to practice, and achieves an apparent short responsetime of the sensor (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●If the conditions are similar for a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),the sensors exceed the correct end value (in the example 100%) undesirably by upto 10% (cf. Fig. 2).2. The measured value at t4 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●Even for similar conditions over a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),an exact measurement result is obtained (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●For a humidity jump like in Fig. 1, the sensors very quickly deliver the measuredvalue at t2, but reaching a stable end value (about 3-6% higher) takes a long time(apparent longer response time)(cf. Fig. 2).In order to take into account both approaches optimally, the measured values at t3 (cf. Fig. 1) are used as the calibration reference by Sensirion AG.Fig. 2: Response characteristics of different humidity measurement systemsThe housing effect on the response time (2)Here, two types of transport phenomena play a deciding role:●Convection: For this very fast process, the air, whose humidity is to be determined,is transported to the sensor by means of ventilation.●Diffusion: This very slow process is determined by the thermal, molecularself-motion of the water molecules. It occurs even in "stationary" air (e.g., within ahousing), but leads to a long response time.In order to achieve favorable response characteristics in the humidity measurement system, the very fast convection process must be supported by large housing openings and the slow diffusion process must be supported by a small housing around the sensor (small "dead volume") with "stationary" air reduced to a minimum. The following applies:Thermal effects (3), (4), and (5)Because the total thermal mass of the humidity measurement system (sensor + housing) has a significant effect on its response time, the total thermal mass must be kept as low as possible. The greater the total thermal mass, the more inert the measurement system becomes thermally and its response time, which is temperature-dependent, increases. In order to prevent measurement errors, the sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heatgenerating components.4Summary –what should be taken into account when designing a humidity measurement systemIn order to achieve error-free operation of a humidity-measurement system with response times as short as possible, the following points should be taken into account especially for the selection of the sensor and for the design of the system.●The selection of the humidity sensor element. It should●be as small as possible,●have a thermal mass that is as low as possible,●work with a polymer, which exhibits minimal fluctuations in measured values duringthe time span 2(cf. Fig. 1); testing gives simple information on this condition,●provide calibration, which corresponds to the requirements (see above), e. g.,SHT11/SHT15 from Sensirion.●The housing design (cf. Formula 1). It should●have air openings that are as large as possible in the vicinity of the sensor or thesensor should be operated outside of the housing à good convection!●enclose a "dead volume" that is as small as possible around the sensor àlittlediffusion!●The sensor should be decoupled thermally as much as possible from other components,so that the response characteristics of the sensor are not negatively affected by the thermal inertia of the entire system.(e.g., its own printed circuit board for the humidity sensor, structurally partitioning the housing to create a small volume for the humidity sensor, see Fig. 3)Fig. 3: Mounting example for Sensirion sensors SHT11 and SHT15 with slits for thermal decoupling●The sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heat sources. If it was, measuredtemperature would increase and measured humidity decrease.5Design proposalThe challenge is to realize a system that operates cleanly by optimally taking into account all of the points in section 4. The already calibrated SMD humidity sensors SHT11 and SHT15 from Sensirion are the ideal solution. For optimum integration of the sensors in a measurement system, Sensirion AG has also developed a filter cap as an adapter aid, which takes into account as much as possible the points in section 4 and also protects the sensor against contaminants with a filter membrane. Fig. 4 shows schematically how the sensors can be ideally integrated into a housing wall by means of the filter cap SF1.Fig. 4: Filter cap for SHT11 and SHT15In addition to the advantages mentioned above, there is also the option of building an IP67-compatible humidity measurement device (with O-ring, cf. Fig. 4) with optimalperformance. Detailed information is available on the Sensirion Web site.译文：相对湿度传感器系统的正确设计湿度传感器系统精度及响应特性的优化1.综述为了在相对湿度的应用方面对传感器做出正确的选择，了解和评估那些起决定作用的因素是非常重要的。

THERMAL PATTERN SENSOR

专利名称：THERMAL PATTERN SENSOR发明人：MAINGUET, Jean-François,BECKER,Sébastien,CHARRAT, Bruno申请号：EP21165762.2申请日：20210330公开号：EP3889832A1公开日：20211006专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A thermal mode sensor (100) having a pixel matrix (102), each pixel matrix (102)comprising: -A detection element (106) made of a portion of a printed depositiblematerial with a resistance temperature coefficient greater than 0.2% / K; -A metal portion(110) for heating the sensing element; -A dielectric portion (112) that insulates a portion of the sensing element from the metal portion; Of which: -The detection elements of the same column of pixels have the same resistance value and are electrically coupled with each other and the readout circuit; -The metal parts of the same pixel line are electrically coupled with each other; -The sensor also has an electromagnetic shielding layer, which covers all sensing elements and is electrically isolated from the sensing elements.申请人：Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives地址：Bâtiment le Ponant 25, rue Leblanc 75015 Paris FR国籍：FR代理机构：Brevalex更多信息请下载全文后查看。

FIRE SENSOR

专利名称：FIRE SENSOR发明人：ASAKINO KUNIHIRO 申请号：JP17105887申请日：19870710公开号：JPS6415897A公开日：19890119专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To detect the location of fire occurrence by providing plural pieces of thermal sensors constituted of a junction surface where the optical axis shifts due to temperature variation in series connection to an optical fiber, and detecting the variation in the reflection loss of a laser beam by the thermal sensor. CONSTITUTION:The thermal sensors a A1-A4 are constituted in a manner that the optical fiber is cut and the cut ends brought into contact with each other so that the optical fiber axis will shift at the splicing part by the variation of temperature. These sensors A1-A4 are arranged in series to one piece of optical fiber B0. An electric pulse is converted to a pulse-shaped optical signal, which is made incident on the fiber B0. The incident beam is reflected by the thermal sensors A1-A4, the amount of loss of the beam is measured, and the loss amount is A/D-converted then stored in a digital memory. In the memory, the data of beam-loss amount at a normal time is separately stored. In case of a fire, the beam loss detected by the thermal sensor in the location of the fire increases, and this increased loss is compared with the data at normal time, and the location of the fire occurrence is thus detected.申请人：NIPPON DRY CHEM CO LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。

ALTERAThermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) 说明书

© February 2010Altera Corporation Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User Guide UG-01074-2.0© February 2010Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE)Megafunction User GuideThis user guide describes the features and behavior of the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction that you can configure through the MegaWizard ™ interface in theQuartus ®II software. This user guide also includes a design example that instantiatesthe temperature sensing diode (TSD) block using the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction.f This user guide assumes that you are familiar with megafunctions and how to createthem. If you are unfamiliar with Altera megafunctions or the MegaWizard Plug-InManager, refer to the Megafunction Overview User Guide .IntroductionAltera ® provides the temperature measurement feature through the TSD block. TheTSD block includes an 8-bit analog to digital converter (ADC), a clock divider,comparator, decoder, and a temperature sensing diode that performs temperaturemeasurement of an FPGA.The TSD block is set and implemented in your design using the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction.Device Family SupportThe ALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction is only available for Stratix ® IV device family,and its corresponding HardCopy ® device family.Temperature Sensing OperationTo utilize the TSD block, you must provide three signals to the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction block—clk , ce , and clr signals. There are two outputports—tsdcalo[7:0] and tsdcaldone . The ce and clr signals are optional. Bydefault, the ce signal is connected to VCC and the clr signal is connected to GND.f For more information about the input and output ports, refer to “Ports andParameters” on page 6.Page2Temperature Sensing Operation Figure1 shows the top-level ports and the basic building blocks of theALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction.Figure1.Input and Output Ports of the ALTTEMP_SENSE MegafunctionThe ALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction runs at the frequency of the clk signal. Theallowable frequency for the clk signal is 1 MHz or 40 MHz. In the TSD block, the clksignal is divided down to 1 MHz or 500 kHz to feed the ADC (refer to the adcclksignal in Figure1). You can select the value of the clock divider using theALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard interface.The TSD block operates whenever the ce signal is high. When the ce signal goes low,the ADC is disabled, and the tsdcalo[7..0] and tsdcaldone signals maintaintheir previous values unless the clr signal is asserted, or the device is reset. The clrsignal is asynchronous, and must be asserted at least one clock cycle of the adcclksignal to clear the output ports.1The ce signal is connected by default to VCC when there is no ce port generated. In this case, the ADC circuitry is always enabled. Altera recommends to disable the ADCwhen the ADC is not in use to reduce power consumption.During device power-up or when the asynchronous clr signal is asserted, thetsdcaldone port is set to 0 and the tsdcalo[7:0] signal is set to 11010101. After10 clock cycles of the adcclk signal, the tsdcaldone signal is asserted to indicatethat the temperature sensing operation is complete and that the value of thetsdcalo[7:0] signal is valid. The value of the tsdcalo[7:0] signal correspondsto the device temperature range shown in Table4 on page7. To start anothertemperature sensing operation, assert the clr signal for at least one clock cycle of theadcclk signal, or reset the device.1The clr signal is connected by default to GND when there is no clr port generated.In this case, you need to reset the device to clear the output signals or start atemperature sensing operation. Altera recommends to generate the clr port if youare planning to run the temperature sensing operation more than once.Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User Guide© February 2010Altera CorporationALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard Interface Page3ALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard InterfaceThis section provides descriptions of the options available on the Parameter Settings,EDA, and Summary pages of the ALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard interface. TheALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction is listed under the I/O category in the MegaWizardPlug-In Manager.f For an introduction to megafunctions and more information on how to create them,refer to Megafunction Overview User Guide on the Altera website.f The options on page 2 and page 2a of the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager are the samefor all supported device families. For more information, refer to the “Device FamilySupport” section of the Megafunction Overview User Guide.Table1 describes the options that you can find on the Parameter Settings page of theALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard interface.Table1.ALTTEMP_SENSE Megafunction Options and DescriptionsOption DescriptionWhat is the input frequency?This is the input frequency of the clk signal. Thefrequency can only be 1MHz or 40MHz.What is the clock divider value?Specify the clock divider value. The clk signal thatfeeds the ADC. You can choose 40 or 80. Alterarecommends clocking the ADC with a 500kHz signal(clock divider value equals to 80).This option is only enabled when the clk signalfrequency is 40 MHz.Create a clock enable port If selected, the ce port is created. If not selected, thedefault value is VCCCreate an asynchronous clear port If selected, the clr port is created. If not selected, thedefault value is GNDFor detailed descriptions of the ports described in Table1, refer to “Ports andParameters” on page6.The EDA page allows you to specify options for simulation and timing and resourceestimation. This page normally lists the simulation libraries that are required forfunctional simulation by third-party tools. However, the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction does not have simulation model files, and cannot be simulated.The Summary page allows you to specify the generated file types. The Variation filecontains wrapper code in the HDL you specified on page 2a of the MegaWizardPlug-In Manager. You can optionally generate Pin Planner ports PPF file (.ppf),AHDL Include file (<function name>.inc), VHDL component declaration file (<functionname>.cmp), Quartus II symbol file (<function name>.bsf), Instantiation template file(<function name>.v), and Verilog HDL black box file (<function name>_bb.v). If youselect the Generate netlist option on the EDA page, the file for the synthesis area andtiming estimation netlist (<function name>_syn.v) is also available. A gray checkmarkindicates that a file is automatically generated.© February 2010Altera Corporation Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User GuidePage 4Design Example Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User Guide © February 2010Altera Corporation Design ExampleThis section describes a design example that uses the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction to control the TSD block in your targeted device. This example uses theMegaWizard Plug-In Manager in the Quartus II software. Each page of theMegaWizard interface is described in detail.Design FilesThe design files are available on the Literature and Technical Documentation page ofthe Altera website. The files are located under the following sections:■On the Quartus II Development Software Literature page, expand the UsingMegafunctions section and then expand the I/O section■Literature: User Guides section Example: Temperature Sensing Operation in Stratix IVThis design example uses the TSD block in the Stratix IV device (EP4SGX180DF29C3)to perform temperature measurement operation. This design example illustrates theparameters that you must set in the ALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard interface.In this example, complete the following steps:1.Instantiate the ALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction using the MegaWizard Plug-InManager with the following specifications:■The input clock to the TSD block is 40MHz ■The ADC is clocked with a 500kHz signal ■An asynchronous signal is used to reset the TSD block ■An asynchronous signal is used to enable or disable the TSD blockpile the project.3.Analyze the design netlist using the Netlist Viewers.Restoring the Quartus II Project ArchiveTo restore the project archive of the design example, perform the following steps:1.Open the alttemp_sense_ ex1.zip file and extract the Quartus II archive projectalttemp_sense_ex1.qar .2.In the Quartus II software, open alttemp_sense_ex1.qar file and restore thearchive file into your working directory.3.Open the top-level file alttemp_sense_ex1.bdf .4.The file alttemp_sense_ex1.bdf is an incomplete file that you can complete in thisexample. The ALTTEMP_SENSE block that you create in this example is added tothe top-level file.Design Example Page 5© February 2010Altera Corporation Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User Guide Generating an ALTTEMP_SENSE BlockTo generate the ALTTEMP_SENSE block, perform the following steps:1.Double click on a blank area in the block design file alttemp_sense_ex1.bdf . TheSymbol window appears.2.In the Symbol window, click MegaWizard Plug-In Manager . Page 1 of theMegaWizard Plug-In Manager appears.3.Select Create a new custom megafunction variation .4.Click Next . Page 2a of the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager appears.5.On the MegaWizard Plug-In Manager pages, select or verify the configurationsettings shown in Table 2 on page 5. Click Next to advance from one page to thenext.6.Click Finish . The tsd_s4 module is generated.7.Click OK .Table 2.Configuration Settings for Design Example MegaWizard Plug-InManager Page MegaWizard Plug-In Manager Configuration SettingValue 2a MegafunctionUnder I/O category, select ALTTEMP_SENSE Device familyStratix IV Output file typeVerilog HDL Output file nametsd_s4Return to this page for anothercreate operationNot selected 3Currently selected device familyStratix IV Match project/defaultSelected What is the input frequency?40MHz What is the clock divider value?80Create a clock enable portSelected Create an asynchronous clearportSelected 4Generate netlistNot selected 5Variation file (.v)Selected Quartus II IP file (.qip )Selected Quartus II symbol file (.bsf )Selected Instantiation template file (.v )Selected Verilog HDL block-box file (.v )Selected AHDL include file (.inc )SelectedVHDL component declaration file (.cmp )SelectedPage 6Ports and ParametersThermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User Guide © February 2010Altera Corporation 8.Place the tsd_s4 symbol in the top-level alttemp_sense_ex1.bdf file under the textINSERT TSD_S4 BLOCK HERE , aligning the input and output ports with thesignals present in the design file. To see a completed design schematic, refer toFigure 2.9.On the File menu, click Save .Running Full CompilationTo run a full compilation, perform the following steps:1.On the Processing menu, click Start Compilation .2.When the Full Compilation was successful message box appears, click OK .Locating the TSD Block in the Netlist ViewersTo locate the TSD block in the Netlist Viewers, perform the following steps:1.After a full compilation, open the alttemp_sense_ex1.bdf file.2.Right-click on the tsd_s4 instance, select Locate , and click Locate in RTL Vieweror Locate in Technology Map Viewer .3.The RTL Viewer or the Technology Map Viewer window displays the location ofthe TSD block in the schematic of the design netlist. The RTL Viewer allows you toview a schematic of the design netlist after the Analysis & Elaboration stage andbefore the Quartus II synthesis and fitting optimization stage. The TechnologyMap Viewer allows you to view a low-level, technology-specific schematic of thedesign netlist after the fitting operation or after the Analysis & Synthesis stage.Ports and ParametersThis section describes the ports and parameters for the ALTTEMP_SENSEmegafunction. These ports and parameters are available to customize theALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction to meet your requirements.The parameter details in this section are only relevant if you bypass the MegaWizardPlug-In Manager interface and use the megafunction as a directly parameterizedinstantiation in your design. The details of these parameters are hidden from theALTTEMP_SENSE MegaWizard interface.Figure pleted Design Schematic INPUT VCC cl rINPUT VCC clkINPUT VCC ce cl r clk ce t s d_s 4i ns t1OUTPUT t s dcalo[7..0]OUTPUT t s dcaldo n et s dcalo[7..0]t s dcaldo n ePorts and Parameters Page7Table3 describes the input ports of the ALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction block.Table3.ALTTEMP_SENSE Megafunction PortsPort Name Type Condition Descriptionclk Input Required Input clock signal with frequency of 1MHz or 40MHz. The clock dividerreduces the frequency of the clk signal to 1MHz or less before clockingthe ADC.ce Input Optional The clock enable signal for the clk signal. This signal acts as an ON/OFFswitch for the TSD block. This is an active-high signal. By defualt, thissignal is connected to VCC.clr Input Optional The asynchronous clear signal. When the clr signal is asserted, thetsdcalo[7:0] signal is set to 11010101, and the tsdcaldonesignal is set to 0. This is an active-high signal. By default, this signal isconnected to GND.tsdcalo[7:0]Output Required8-bit output signal that contains the analog-to-digital-conversiontemperature value. The 8-bit value maps to a unique temperature value.Refer to Table4 for the value mapping. During device power-up or whenthe clr signal is asserted, the tsdcaldone[7:0] is set to11010101.tsdcaldone Output Required Signal to indicate the completion of the temperature sensing process. Thissignal is asserted when the process is complete. To start a temperaturesensing operation, set this signal to 0 by asserting the clr signal.Table4 shows the value of t sdcalo[7:0] that corresponds to the Stratix IV devicetemperature range. The Stratix IV temperature specification ranges from -40︒C to100︒C.Table4.The Mapping of tsdcalo [7..0] Value to Stratix IV Device TemperatureValue of tsdcalo[7:0] in Hexadecimal Temperature in Degree Celsius (︒C)58-40︒C......6C-20︒C......7F-1︒C800︒C811︒C......9925︒C......B250︒C......E4100︒C© February 2010Altera Corporation Thermal Sensor (ALTTEMP_SENSE) Megafunction User Guide101 Innovation Drive San Jose, CA 95134Technical Support /support Copyright © 2010 Altera Corporation. All rights reserved. Altera, The Programmable Solutions Company, the stylized Altera logo, specific device designations, and all other words and logos that are identified as trademarks and/or service marks are, unless noted otherwise, the trademarks and service marks of Altera Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. All other product or service names are the property of their respective holders. Altera products are protected under numerous U.S. and foreign patents and pending applications, maskwork rights, and copyrights. Altera warrants performance of its semiconductor products to current specifications in accordance with Altera's standard warranty, but reserves the right to make changes to any products and services at any time without notice. Altera assumes no responsibility or liability arising out of the application or use of any information, product, or service described herein except as expressly agreed to in writing by Altera Corporation. Altera customers areadvised to obtain the latest version of device specifications before relying on any publishedinformation and before placing orders for products or services .Document Revision HistoryTable 5 describes the parameters of the ALTTEMP_SENSE megafunction block.Document Revision HistoryTable 6 displays the revision history for this user guide.Table 5.ALTTEMP_SENSE Megafunction Parameters ParameterType Default Description CLK_FREQUENCYInteger 1This parameter specifies the frequency of the input clock signal in MHz. The valid values are 1 and 40.CLOCK_DIVIDER_VALUE Integer 40This parameter specifies the value of the clock divider. The validvalues are 40 and 80. This parameter can only be used when theCLK_FREQUENCY parameter is set to 40.DEVICE_FAMILY String Stratix IVThis parameter specifies the targeted device family. The valid valuesare Stratix IV and HardCopy IV.Table 6.Document Revision HistoryDateDocument Version Changes Made February 20102.0Updated the Temperature Sensing Operation sectionNovember 2009 1.0Initial release。

国家仪器 SCXI终端块概述说明书

SCXI Terminal BlocksOverviewNational Instruments SCXI terminal blocks provide a convenientmethod for connecting and disconnecting signals to your system. TheNI SCXI-13xx front-mount terminal blocks feature direct connectionsto transducers at the screw terminals located within a fully shieldedenclosure or at front-mounted BNC connectors. Strain-relief clamps holdthe signal wires safely in place. You can also choose either the TC-2095or BNC-2095 rack-mount terminal blocks for minithermocoupleconnectors or BNC connectors. These terminal blocks are idealsolutions for high-channel-count temperature or voltage applications.TBX DIN-rail mount terminal blocks are an alternative to the SCXI-13xxterminal blocks which attach directly to the front of an SCXI module. TheTBX system includes shielded cables that connect the front I/O connectorof an SCXI module to a TBX terminal block.Some terminal blocks are designed for specific input types, such as thermocouples, strain gages, and high-voltage inputs. See tables 2, 3,and 4 to determine which SCXI terminal blocks are compatible with yourSCXI module.•Terminal blocks for quick,easy connections•Strain-relief clampsfor reliable wiring•Connectivity options including BNC andthermocouple plugs•Shielded front-mountterminal blocks•Rack and DIN-rail mount optionsavailable•Terminal block options for specificmeasurement types •Onboard temperature sensor for cold-junction compensation •Isothermal construction for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements •High-voltage attenuation •AC/DC coupling •Bridge offset nulling, shunt calibration •Current inputsSCXI Terminal BlocksFigure 1. Terminal Block ConfigurationTBX Terminal Block Selection Guide Use the following steps to select the correct combination of TBX terminal blocks and cables for your SCXI system:1. Select the required terminal blocks – For each SCXI module, use table 1 to select the proper TBX terminal block. If a TBX-13xx terminal block is not available for your SCXI module, select the appropriate number of general-purpose TBX-24F feedthrough terminal blocks. 2. Select cabling –For each TBX terminal block, table 1lists the cable needed to connect the TBX terminal block to the SCXI module. Shielded cables are available in lengths of 1, 2, and 5 m. If using the TBX-1303, you also have the option to build a custom cable using the SBS-96F backshell kit. For each TBX-1303 for which you will build a custom cable, select two SBS-96F kits. If using the TBX-24F, you will use discrete wires to connect the TBX-24F to an SCXI front-mounting terminal block. Therefore, select the appropriate SCXI front-mounting terminal block for each SCXI module that will use the TBX-24F.3. Rack-mount accessory (optional) –If mounting for 19 in. rack enclosures is needed, use table 2 to select the appropriate number of TBX-RM1 rack-mount kits.4. Calibration – Calibration of cold-junction sensors and attenuation terminal blocks is available for some devices. For more information, please visit/calibration .1Cold-junction compensation (CJC) sensor for thermocouple measurements. Recommended for thermocouples; includes isothermal design and high-precisionCJC sensor.Recommended for RTDs when using both SCXI-1102 and SCXI-1581.Table 3. SCXI-13xx, TC, and BNC Selection GuideFigure 3. SCXI-1310 Connector and Shell Assembly Figure 2.SCXI-1305 Terminal Block Figure 1. SCXI-1303 Terminal Block SCXI-1300........................................................................................................................777687-00The SCXI-1300 connects input signals to the SCXI-1100, SCXI-1102/B/C, and SCXI-1104/Cmodules. The SCXI-1300 is a general-purpose terminal block with an onboard temperaturesensor for cold-junction compensation. Also works with SCXI-1181 and SCXI-1181K modules.SCXI-1301........................................................................................................................777687-0120-screw terminal block for the SCXI-1140, SCXI-1181, and SCXI-1181K modules.SCXI-1302........................................................................................................................777687-0250-screw terminal block for the SCXI-1180 feedthrough panel.SCXI-1303 (see Figure 1)................................................................................................777687-03Terminal block for use with the SCXI-1100 and SCXI-1102/B/C modules. Designed especially forhigh-accuracy thermocouple measurements, the SCXI-1303 includes isothermal constructionthat minimizes errors caused by thermal gradients between terminals and the cold-junctionsensor.The SCXI-1303 also includes circuitry for open-thermocouple detection as well asautomatic ground referencing for floating (nongrounded) thermocouples.SCXI-1304........................................................................................................................777687-04The SCXI-1304, for the SCXI-114x modules, includes AC coupling circuitry, with switches oneach channel. Each channel also includes a switchable connection to ground through a 100 k Ωbias resistor to provide a reference for floating input sources.SCXI-1305(see Figure 2)................................................................................................777687-05Includes convenient BNC connectors for use with the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121, SCXI-1125,SCXI-1126, and SCXI-114x. Functionally equivalent to the SCXI-1304 terminal block, theSCXI-1305 includes switchable AC coupling circuitry and ground referencing on each channel.SCXI-1306........................................................................................................................779698-01Terminal block for the SCXI-1503 RTD module. Provides 16 pairs of screw terminals fordifferential input signals and 16 pairs of screw terminals for current excitation signals. Youcan configure each channel for voltage or resistive measurements.SCXI-1308........................................................................................................................777687-08Current input terminal block for the SCXI-1100 and SCXI-1102/B/C analog input modules. Eachinput includes a 249 Ωprecision resistor so you can read 0 to 20 mA and 4 to 20 mA currentinputs.SCXI-1310(see Figure 3)................................................................................................777687-10Connector and shell assembly used to create custom cabling solutions from the SCXI-1100,SCXI-1102/B/C, SCXI-1104/C, SCXI-114x, and SCXI-1181 to custom terminations. A low-costalternative to SCXI terminal blocks, it consists of a hardened plastic enclosure and oneconnector with solder pins for signal connections.SCXI-1313A ....................................................................................................................777687-13Extends the input range of the SCXI-1125 to 150 V rms or 150 VDC, on a per-channel basisprogrammatically through software commands. The SCXI-1313A also includes an onboardtemperature sensor for thermocouples cold-junction compensation.Figure 7. SCXI-1328 Terminal BlockFigure 6. SCXI-1327 Terminal BlockFigure 5.SCXI-1321 Terminal Block Figure 4. SCXI-1320 Terminal Block SCXI-1314........................................................................................................................777687-14Front-mounting terminal block for the SCXI-1520 module. With factory-installed and socketed350 Ωquarter-bridge completion resistors for each channel. Eight 120 Ωresistors for use with120 Ωquarter-bridge strain gauges are included, but not installed. It also includes two factory-installed, socketed 100 k Ωshunt calibration resistors per channel.SCXI-1315........................................................................................................................777687-158-channel front-mounting terminal block for the SCXI-1540 LVDT with six terminals for eachLVDT channel – CH+, CH-, EX+, EX-, Synch, and GND.SCXI-1320(see Figure 4)................................................................................................777687-20General-purpose terminal block for connecting signals to the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121, SCXI-1125,and SCXI-1126 modules. It includes an onboard temperature sensor for cold-junctioncompensation using thermocouples, but the SCXI-1328 is recommended for precisionthermocouple measurements.SCXI-1321(see Figure 5)................................................................................................777687-21Adds nulling and shunt calibration to SCXI-1121 strain guage applications. With a front-paneltrimming potentiometer,you can manually null out the offset voltage of bridge transducers. Eachchannel includes shunt calibration circuits. When activated, a switch connects a 301 k Ωshuntresistor in parallel with the strain gauge. Both the nulling resistor and the shunt resistor aresocketed for easy customization.SCXI-1322........................................................................................................................777687-22Terminal block required to connect signals to the SCXI-1122 module that includes an onboardtemperature sensor for cold-junction compensation.SCXI-1324........................................................................................................................777687-24High-voltage terminal block with 48 screw terminals for the SCXI-1160 relay module.SCXI-1325........................................................................................................................777687-2526-screw terminal block for the SCXI-1124 module.SCXI-1326........................................................................................................................777687-26High-voltage terminal block with 48 screw terminals for the SCXI-1162 Series and SCXI-1163Series modules.SCXI-1327(see Figure 6)................................................................................................777687-27With the SCXI-1327 you can extend the input range of the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121 andSCXI-1125 to ±300 V rms ,and extend the threshold level of the SCXI-1126 module from 5 V upto 300 V.The extended input voltage range is enabled or disabled on a per-channel basis usingswitches located within the SCXI-1327. The SCXI-1327 also includes an onboard temperaturesensor for cold-junction compensation with thermocouples. Using the SCXI-1327 reduces theinput impedance of your SCXI module to 1 M Ω.SCXI-1328(see Figure 7)................................................................................................777687-28Isothermal terminal block with a high-precision cold-junction sensor for high-accuracythermocouple applications with the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121, or SCXI-1125.Figure 10. BNC-2095Figure 9.SCXI-1332 Terminal Block Figure 8. SCXI-1331 Terminal Block SCXI-1330........................................................................................................................777687-30Connector and shell assembly (hardened plastic enclosure and solder pins) used to createcustom cabling solutions from the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121, SCXI-1125, SCXI-1126, andSCXI-1181 to custom terminations.SCXI-1331(see Figure 8)................................................................................................777687-31General-purpose terminal block for the SCXI-1127 multiplexer/matrix module with 64 genericscrew terminals and a cold-junction compensation sensor. For SCXI-1127 multiplexerapplications or matrix configurations other than a multiple of eight columns by four rows.Includes sockets for matrix expansion cables.SCXI-1332(see Figure 9)................................................................................................777687-32Multiplexer/matrix terminal block for the SCXI-1127 configures the SCXI-1127 as an eightcolumn by four row switching matrix. You can connect signals to both the columns and rowsusing screw terminals.SCXI-1333........................................................................................................................777687-33SCXI-1334........................................................................................................................777687-34SCXI-1335........................................................................................................................777687-35SCXI-1336........................................................................................................................777687-36SCXI-1337........................................................................................................................777687-37SCXI-1339........................................................................................................................777687-39These terminal blocks are designed for use with the SCXI-1129 high-density matrix switchingmodule. Each of these terminal blocks gives the high-density matrix a different configuration.SCXI-1338........................................................................................................................777687-38Current input terminal block for the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1125, and SCXI-1126. Each inputincludes a 249 Ωprecision resistor for reading 0 to 20 mA or 4 to 20 mA current inputs.BNC-2095(see Figure 10)................................................................................................777508-01The BNC-2095 has 32 labeled BNC connectors, one for each input channel of the SCXI-1100 orSCXI-1104/C. The BNC-2095 also includes circuitry for configurable signal referencing. You canenable or disable both the pull-up and pull-down resistors on a per-channel basis using switches.TC-2095............................................................................................................................777509-01The TC-2095 has 32 miniature uncompensated thermocouple plugs, one for each input channelof the SCXI-1100 or SCXI-1102/B/C and a thermistor for accurate cold-junction compensation.In addition, the TC-2095 includes circuitry for configurable signal referencing. You can enable ordisable both the pull-up and pull-down resistors on a per-channel basis using switches locatedon the rear of the TC-2095. The TC-2095 is not recommended for use with the SCXI-1104/C.The TC-2095 requires the SH96-96 or R96-96 for connection to an SCXI module.SCXI TBX Terminal Blocks TBX-1303(see Figure 11)................................................................................................777207-03Designed for thermocouples, with cold-junction compensation sensor, isothermal constructionwith a plastic cover to minimize thermal gradients, open-thermocouple detection circuitry, andautomatic ground-referencing circuitry. With the SCXI-1102B/C, the TBX-1303 provides a high-impedance path to ground so that systems work reliably with either floating or ground-referenced thermocouples. For applications with the SCXI-1100, you can configure the channelsas ground-referenced or floating in blocks of eight channels. The TBX-1303 also works with theSCXI-1181 breadboard module.TBX-96............................................................................................................................777264-01Mass termination terminal block that provides a generic solution for the SCXI-1100,SCXI-1102B/C, SCXI-1104/C, and the SCXI-1140 series.TBX-1316(see Figure 12)................................................................................................777207-16High-voltage terminal block for extending the input range of the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1125, orSCXI-1126 modules to ±1000 VDC (680 V rms ). Each input channel includes a 200:1 attenuationcircuit and offers a positive, negative, and ground terminal for up to 12 AWG wire. You can panel mount this enclosure or simply place it on a desktop. The hinged lid makes accessing thesignals easier and key locked for safety.The TBX-1316 is rated for Category III installations.TBX-1325........................................................................................................................777207-25Terminal block with 30 screw terminals for signal connections to the SCXI-1124 module. Youcable the TBX-1325 to the SCXI-1124 with the SH48-48-A shielded cable.TBX-1326(see Figure 13)................................................................................................777207-26High-voltage terminal block with 48 screw terminals for signal connections to the SCXI-1162,SCXI-1162HV, SCXI-1163, and SCXI-1163R modules. You can cable the TBX-1326 to the SCXImodule with the SH48-48-B shielded cable. Warning: The TBX-1326 and SH48-48-B limit themaximum working common-mode voltage between banks or between banks and earth groundto 250 V rms maximum.TBX-1328 (see Figure 14)................................................................................................777207-28Terminal block for the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121, SCXI-1125, and SCXI-1126 modules. TheTBX-1328 includes a total of 24 screw terminals, including three terminals (CH+, CH-, andchassis ground) for each input channel and sockets for the installation of resistors for 4 to20 mA inputs. When used with thermocouples, the TBX-1328 maximizes measurement accuracywith an isothermal construction and a plastic cover that minimizes thermal gradients across theterminal block and the resulting errors.TBX-1329(see Figure 15)................................................................................................777207-29Provides selectable AC coupling for the SCXI-1120/D, SCXI-1121, SCXI-1125, andSCXI-1126 modules.TBX-24F ..........................................................................................................................777276-01The TBX-24F is a general-purpose screw terminal block with feedthrough connections for24 signal lines. You connect the TBX-24F to the SCXI module with discrete wires connected to a standard SCXI terminal block.Figure 14. TBX-1328Figure 13. TBX-1326Figure12. TBX-1316Figure 11. TBX-1303Figure 15. TBX-1329SpecificationsTypical for 25 ˚C unless otherwise noted.SCXI-13xxCold-Junction SensorAccuracy and repeatability1Sensor output for SCXI-1300,SCXI-1320, SCXI-1321....................±10 mV/˚CSCXI-1303/1322/1327/1328........... 1.91 V (at 0 ˚C) to 0.58 V(at 55 ˚C) (thermistor) Maximum field wire gaugefor SCXI-1300/1302/1303/1314/1322/1324.............................26-16 AWG1301/1304/1313A/1315/1320/1321/1325/1327/1328/1331/1332..........26-14 AWGAC coupling (SCXI-1304and SCXI-1305)...............................The AC coupling circuitry oneach channel has a cornerfrequency of 0.16 Hz, rejectioncapacity of ±50 VDC, and inputimpedance of 2 MΩdifferential, 1MΩcommon modeCorner frequency............................0.16 Hz 1-pole RCDC rejection capacity.....................±50 VDCCurrent input SCXI-1308/1338.......0 to 20 mABNC-2095, TC-2095Input connectorsBNC-2095........................................32 BNC connectorsTC-2095...........................................32 thermocouple plugs,uncompensatedOutput (to SCXI module).....................96-pin DINCold-junction sensor (TC-2095) Output............................................. 1.91 V (0 ˚C) to 0.58 V (55 ˚C) Accuracy (15 to 35 ˚C)3...................0.5 ˚C for SCXI-1102/B/C0.65 ˚C for SCXI-1100 Repeatability (15 to 35 ˚C)3............0.35 ˚C for SCXI-1102/B/C0.5 ˚C for SCXI-1100Signal referencingCH+ input........................................10 MΩto +5 V, user switchable CH- input.........................................10 MΩor+10 Ωto ground,user switchable 1-pole RC Physical Dimensions..........................................49.3 by 4.3 by 18.8 cm(19.0 by 1.7 by 7.4 in.)TBX SeriesTypical for 25˚ C unless otherwise noted.Maximum working voltage (signal + common mode)TBX-1316........................................1000 VDC, 680 V rmsTBX-1325........................................250 V rmsTBX-1326/1328/1329/24F..............300 V rmsSignal referencing on TBX-1303CH+ input........................................10 MΩto +5 V (socketed)CH- input.........................................10 MΩor10Ωto ground(user configurable, socketed) Input impedance for TBX-1316 Differential......................................40 MΩSingle-ended...................................20 MΩAbsolute accuracy for TBX-1316Gain error........................................1%Temperature drift............................20 ppm/˚CAC coupling (TBX-1329 only)Corner frequency............................0.072 Hz 1-pole RCDC rejection capacity.....................250 VDCWire resistance of cables...................0.21 Ω/m per conductor Cold-Junction Sensor (TBX-1303 and TBX-1328)Accuracy and repeatability4Sensor output...................................... 1.91 V (at 0 ˚C) to 0.58 V(at 55 ˚C) (thermistor) GeneralPhysicalCompatible DIN rails5.........................DIN EN 50 022, DIN EN 50 035 Screw terminal sizeTBX-1316........................................26-12 AWG Others.............................................26-14 AWGDimensionsTBX-13036...........................................19.7 by 11.2 by 7.62 cm(7.8 by 4.4 by 3.0 in.)TBX-1316.............................................30 by 20 by 8.1 cm(11.8 by 7.9 by 3.2 in.)TBX-1325/1326/1328/13296..............12.7 by 11.2 by 7.62 cm(5.0 by 4.4 by 3.0 in.)TBX-24F...............................................12.4 by 4.3 by 5.1 cm(4.9 by 1.7 by 2.0 in.)TBX-96.................................................19.8 by 12.6 by 6.3 cm(7.8 by 4.9 by 2.5 in.)Certification and ComplianceSCXI-1320/1321/1326/1327/1328/1338.......................................300 V, CAT II working voltage SCXI-1322/1324/1325.........................250 V, CAT II working voltage TBX-1316.............................................1000 V, CAT III working voltage TBX-1328/1329...................................300 V, CAT II working voltage TBX-1325/1326...................................250 V, CAT II working voltage European Compliance EMC....................................................EN 61326 Group I Class A, 10 m,Table 1 ImmunitySafety .................................................EN 61010-1North American Compliance EMC....................................................FCC Part 15 Class A using CISPR Safety (SCXI-1320/1321/1326/1327/1328/1338/SCXI-1322/1324/1325) .........UL Listed to UL 3111-1CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1 Safety (TBX-1325/1326/1328/1329) ..UL Listed to UL 3111-1CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1 Australia and New Zealand ComplianceEMC (except TBX-1316)......................AS/NZS 2064.1/2 (CISPR-11)1Accuracy and repeatability include combined effects of sensor, circuitry, and thermal gradients between the sensor and any screw terminal. Thermal gradients for nonisothermal terminal blocks (SCXI-1300, SCXI-1320, SCXI-1321, SCXI-1322, and SCXI-1327) are assumed tobe 0.4 ˚C.2With SCXI-1102 module. With SCXI-1100 module, add error of 0.15 ˚C. 3Accuracy and repeatability include combined effects of sensor, circuitry, and thermal gradients between the sensor and thermocouple connection. 4Accuracy and repeatability include combined effects of sensor,circuitry, and thermal gradients between the sensor and any screw terminal.5TBX-1316 is not DIN-rail mountable.6Height dimension (7.62 cm) includes DIN-rail mounting and plastic cover. For a definition of specific terms, please visit /glossary.NI Services and SupportNI has the services and support to meetyour needs around the globe and throughthe application life cycle – from planningand development through deploymentand ongoing maintenance. We offerservices and service levels to meetcustomer requirements in research,design, validation, and manufacturing.Visit /services .Training and CertificationNI training is the fastest, most certain route to productivity with ourproducts. NI training can shorten your learning curve, save developmenttime, and reduce maintenance costs over the application life cycle. Weschedule instructor-led courses in cities worldwide, or we can hold acourse at your facility. We also offer a professional certification programthat identifies individuals who have high levels of skill and knowledge onusing NI products. Visit /training .Professional Services Our NI Professional Services team is composed of NI applicationsand systems engineers and a worldwide National Instruments AlliancePartner program of more than 600 independent consultants andintegrators. Services rangefrom start-up assistance toturnkey system integration.Visit /alliance .OEM SupportWe offer design-in consulting and product integration assistance if youwant to use our products for OEM applications. For information aboutspecial pricing and services for OEM customers, visit /oem .Local Sales and Technical Support In offices worldwide, our staff is local to the country, giving you access to engineers who speak your language. NI delivers industry-leading technical support through online knowledge bases, our applications engineers, and access to 14,000 measurement and automation professionals within NI Developer Exchange forums. Find immediate answers to your questions at /support .We also offer service programs that provide automatic upgrades toyour application development environment and higher levels of technicalsupport. Visit /ssp .Hardware Services NI Factory Installation Services NI Factory Installation Services (FIS) is the fastest and easiest way to use your PXI or PXI/SCXI combination systems right out of the box.Trained NI technicians install the software and hardware and configure the system to your specifications. NI extends the standard warranty byone year on hardware components (controllers, chassis, modules)purchased with FIS. To use FIS, simply configure your system onlinewith /pxiadvisor .Calibration Services NI recognizes the need to maintain properly calibrated devices for high-accuracy measurements. We provide manual calibration procedures, services to recalibrate your products, and automated calibration software specifically designed for use by metrologylaboratories. Visit /calibration .Repair and Extended Warranty NI provides complete repair services for our products. Express repair and advance replacement services are also available. We offerextended warranties to help you meet project life-cycle requirements.Visit /services.National Instruments • *********** •800 813 3693*351540A-01*351540A-012007-9360-321-101-D。

Sensor-Reader 用户手册说明书

Revision HistoryTable of Contents1.INTRODUCTION (5)1.1S COPE (5)1.2O VERVIEW (5)1.3T ERMINOLOGY (5)2.SUPPORTED HARDWARE (6)2.1S UPPORTED HWM ON C HIPS (6)2.2S UPPORTED T HERMAL S ENSOR IN M EMORY (6)2.3S UPPORTED P ROJECT L IST (6)AGE (7)3.1D ISPLAY (7)3.2./APM -H (8)3.3./APM (8)3.4./APM -C P LATFORM (9)3.5./APM -T (9)3.6./APM -V (9)3.7./APM -F (10)3.8./APM -L (10)4.APPENDIX (11)4.1P LATFORM C ONFIGURATION F ILE (11)List of FiguresFigure 1: Sensor-Reader Display Info (7)Figure 2: Usage of ‘apm -h’ Command (8)Figure 3: Usage of the ‘apm’ Command (8)Figure 4: Usage of the ‘apm -c conf’ Command (9)Figure 5: Usage of the ‘apm -t’ Command (9)Figure 6: Usage of ‘apm -v’ Command (10)Figure 7: Usage of the ‘apm -f’ Command (10)Figure 8: Usage of the ‘apm -l’ Command (10)Figure 9: default.conf for fwa-3270vt (11)List of TablesTable 1: Terminology (5)1.I NTRODUCTION1.1ScopeThis document describes Sensor-Reader and its usage.For the latest version of the software, please contact your Advantech representative.1.2OverviewMost mainboards have sensor chips to monitor system health (like temperature, voltage, fan speeds etc.). They are often connected through an I2C bus, but some are also connected through the LPC bus. Also, some DDR4 memories have a thermal sensor chip which can provide current memory temperature.As the name implies, Sensor-Reader monitors sensors based on HWMon or TS chips.If the sensor chip is connected through I2C bus, Sensor-Reader accesses SMBus via drivers by default.1.3TerminologyTable 1: Terminology2.S UPPORTED HARDWARESensor-Reader supports the following chips and projects.2.1Supported HWMon ChipsSensor-Reader supports the following HWMon chips: NCT7904D, NCT6116D, NCT6776D/F, NCT5523D, which have been verified.2.2Supported Thermal Sensor in MemorySensor-Reader supports the following memory thermal chips and sensor chip CAT34TS04, which has been verified.*Notice:1.Sensor-Reader supports (DDR4) memory which uses Thermal Sensor ‘CAT34TS04’.2.Memory Thermal Sensors are unsupported on FWA-4000, SYS_VT01.2.3Supported Project ListFor supported project list, please refer to the README which is released together with the utility.3.U SAGEAdvantech provides a CLI utility (apm) for Sensor-Reader. This chapter will specify its usage. By default, Sensor-Reader accesses SMBus via a driver, so please confirm the drivers (i2c-i801 and i2c-dev) have been loaded. Otherwise you need to load them before using the utility.3.1DisplayPlatform Health Status (either OK or WARNING) is the health status of the Advantech platform. “OK” means all sensors are in a normal state, “WARNING” means some sensors are abnormal.For sensor details, the utility displays the name of the sensor (SENSOR), the current value (VALUE), the lower limit (MIN), the upper limit (MAX), and the flag status (FLAG).For the FLAG, it maybe is ok, cr, nc or ns. ”ok” means the sensor status is ok; “cr” is “critical”, means the sensor is out of range; “nc” is “non-critical”, which means the sensor is in a non-critical state; and “ns” is for “non-specified”, which means reading of the sensor has failed. The following is an example:Figure 1: Sensor-Reader Display InfoHere, the platform health status is WARNING, some fan sensors status is cr and others are ok.3.2./apm -hDisplay the usage.# ./apm -hFigure 2: Usage of ‘apm -h’ Command3.3./apmWhen the utility is started without any parameters, default.conf is used. If there is n’t a valid default.conf file, it will auto-detect platform name with DMI. If auto-detect platform failed, please specify the name of the Advantech platform (see Section 0). If default.conf is valid or auto-detect successfully, it will show the same result as “-c CONF” (see Section 0). NOTE: See Section 4.1 for the description of default.conf.# ./apmFigure 3: Usage of the ‘apm’ Command3.4./apm -c PlatformSpecifies the name of the Advantech platform, and display all sensors' status and platform health status (see Section 3.1).# ./apm -c fwa-xxxxFigure 4: Usage of the ‘apm -c conf’ Command3.5./apm -tDisplays all temperature sensors’ status (see Section 3.1) in the hwmon chip.# ./apm -c fwa-xxxx -tFigure 5: Usage of the ‘apm -t’ Command3.6./apm -vDisplays all voltage sensors’ status (see Section 3.1) in the hwmon chip.# ./apm -c fwa-xxxx -vFigure 6: Usage of ‘apm -v’ Command 3.7./apm -fDisplay all fan sensors’ status (see Section 3.1) in the hwmon chip. # ./apm -c fwa-xxxx -fFigure 7: Usage of the ‘apm -f’ Command 3.8./apm -lShow all supported platforms alphabetically.Figure 8: Usage of the ‘apm -l’ Command4.A PPENDIX4.1Platform Configuration FileA configuration file ( default.conf ) is used to get a valid platform name. default.conf is in the same directory as apm.Please create the default.conf file with vi or touch manually.The content of default.conf as follows: platform=name.The following figure is an example of default.conf for fwa-3270vt.Figure 9: default.conf for fwa-3270vt。

linux查看cpu温度命令

linux查看cpu温度命令我们可能会关心自己的电脑或者服务器CPU的温度，如何在linux 中快速查看CPU温度呢?下面由店铺为大家整理了linux查看cpu温度命令的相关知识，希望大家喜欢!Linux查看cpu温度命令lm_sensors提供了一套方案，可以自动侦测主板传感器的型号和读取方式，可以在命令行模式下快速安装运行。

在CentOS系统中安装使用实例如下：#yum install -y lm_sensors然后运行sensors-detect来探测传感器类型，此命令会给出一些问题，一律回答Yes即可：[root@vm-36 ~]# sensors-detectStopping lm_sensors: [FAILED]# sensors-detect revision 1.1# System: Dell Inc. PowerEdge R710# Board: Dell Inc. 0XDX06This program will help you determine which kernel modules you needto load to use lm_sensors most effectively. It is generally safe and recommended to accept the default answers to all questions,unless you know what you're doing.Some south bridges, CPUs or memory controllers contain embedded sensors.Do you want to scan for them? This is totally safe. (YES/no): Silicon Integrated Systems SIS5595... NoVIA VT82C686 Integrated Sensors... NoVIA VT8231 Integrated Sensors... NoAMD K8 thermal sensors... NoAMD Family 11h thermal sensors... NoIntel digital thermal sensor... Success!(driver `coretemp')Intel AMB FB-DIMM thermal sensor... NoVIA C7 thermal and voltage sensors... NoSome Super I/O chips contain embedded sensors. We have to write tostandard I/O ports to probe them. This is usually safe.Do you want to scan for Super I/O sensors? (YES/no):Probing for Super-I/O at 0x2e/0x2fTrying family `National Semiconductor'... NoTrying family `SMSC'... YesFound `SMSC EMC2700LPC Super IO'(no information available)Probing for Super-I/O at 0x4e/0x4fTrying family `National Semiconductor'... NoTrying family `SMSC'... NoTrying family `VIA/Winbond/Nuvoton/Fintek'... NoTrying family `ITE'... NoSome systems (mainly servers) implement IPMI, a set of common interfacesthrough which system health data may be retrieved, amongst other things.We first try to get the information from SMBIOS. If we don't find itthere, we have to read from arbitrary I/O ports to probe for suchinterfaces. This is normally safe. Do you want to scan for IPMI interfaces? (YES/no):Found `IPMI BMC KCS' at 0xca8... Success!(confidence 8, driver `ipmisensors')Some hardware monitoring chips are accessible through the ISA I/O ports.We have to write to arbitrary I/O ports to probe them. This is usuallysafe though. Yes, you do have ISA I/O ports even if you do not have anyISA slots! Do you want to scan the ISA I/O ports? (YES/no): Lastly, we can probe the I2C/SMBus adapters for connected hardwaremonitoring devices. This is the most risky part, and while it worksreasonably well on most systems, it has been reported to cause troubleon some systems.Do you want to probe the I2C/SMBus adapters now? (YES/no):Sorry, no supported PCI bus adapters found.Module i2c-dev loaded successfully.Now follows a summary of the probes I have just done.Just press ENTER to continue:Driver `coretemp':* Chip `Intel digital thermal sensor' (confidence: 9)Driver `ipmisensors':* ISA bus, address 0xca8Chip `IPMI BMC KCS' (confidence: 8)Warning: the required module ipmisensors is not currently installedon your system. If it is built into the kernel then it's OK.Otherwise, check /wiki/Devicesfordriver availability.Do you want to overwrite /etc/sysconfig/lm_sensors? (YES/no):Starting lm_sensors: loading module ipmi-si coretemp [ OK ] Unloading i2c-dev... OK最后运行sensors命令来查看CPU温度[root@vm-36 ~]# sensorscoretemp-isa-0000Adapter: ISA adapterCore 0: +44.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)Core 1: +44.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)Core 9: +46.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)Core 10: +48.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)coretemp-isa-0001Adapter: ISA adapterCore 0: +45.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)Core 1: +45.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)Core 9: +49.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)Core 10: +46.0°C (high = +85.0°C, crit = +95.0°C)我们还可以将lm_sensors服务设置为自动启动，以便自动加载相关模块：[root@vm-36 ~]# chkconfig lm_sensors on[root@vm-36 ~]# service lm_sensors startStarting lm_sensors: loading module ipmi-si coretemp [ OK ]。

thermal sensor 原理

thermal sensor 原理
Thermal Sensor原理是一种基于热量测量的传感器技术，它可以用来检测物体的温度变化。

这种传感器技术广泛应用于各种领域，包括医疗、工业、军事和消费电子等。

Thermal Sensor原理的基本原理是利用物体的热辐射来测量其温度。

当物体的温度升高时，它会发出更多的热辐射，这些辐射可以被传感器捕捉到并转换成电信号。

这些电信号可以被处理器读取并转换成数字信号，以便进行分析和控制。

Thermal Sensor原理的应用非常广泛。

在医疗领域，它可以用来测量人体的体温，以便检测疾病和监测病人的健康状况。

在工业领域，它可以用来监测机器和设备的温度，以便预测故障和进行维护。

在军事领域，它可以用来监测战斗机和坦克的温度，以便检测敌人的位置和活动。

在消费电子领域，它可以用来测量电子设备的温度，以便保护设备免受过热的损害。

Thermal Sensor原理的优点是它可以在不接触物体的情况下测量其温度。

这使得它非常适合用于测量高温或危险物体的温度。

此外，它还可以在低光照条件下工作，这使得它非常适合用于夜间或低光照环境下的应用。

Thermal Sensor原理是一种非常有用的传感器技术，它可以用来测量物体的温度变化。

它的应用范围非常广泛，包括医疗、工业、军
事和消费电子等领域。

它的优点是它可以在不接触物体的情况下测量其温度，并且可以在低光照条件下工作。

Adafruit AMG8833 8x8热成像传感器说明书

Adafruit AMG8833 8x8 Thermal Camera SensorCreated by Dean MillerLast updated on 2018-08-22 04:01:13 PM UTC23666889101212121314151617171919191920202122232324242424242629292929Guide ContentsGuide Contents Overview PinoutsPower Pins:Logic pins:AssemblyPrepare the header strips:Add the breakout board:And Solder!Arduino Wiring & Test I2C WiringDownload Adafruit_AMG88xx library Load Thermistor Test Pixel Array Output Library Reference Arduino Library Docs Arduino Thermal CameraAdafruit 1.44" Color TFT LCD Display with MicroSD Card breakoutPython & CircuitPythonCircuitPython Microcontroller Wiring Python Computer WiringCircuitPython Installation of AMG88xx Library Python Installation of AMG88xx Library CircuitPython & Python Usage Full Example Code Python DocsRaspberry Pi Thermal CameraRaspberry Pi 3 - Model B - ARMv8 with 1G RAMPiTFT Plus Assembled 320x240 2.8" TFT + Resistive Touchscreen Assembled Pi T-Cobbler Plus - GPIO BreakoutSetup PiTFTInstall Python Software Wiring Up Sensor Run example code Downloads Documents Schematic DimensionsOverviewAdd heat-vision to your project and with an Adafruit AMG8833 Grid-EYE Breakout! This sensor from Panasonic is an 8x8 array of IR thermal sensors. When connected to your microcontroller (or raspberry Pi) it will return an array of 64 individual infrared temperature readings over I2C. It's like those fancy thermal cameras, but compact and simple enough for easy integration.This part will measure temperatures ranging from 0°C to 80°C (32°F to 176°F) with an accuracy of +- 2.5°C (4.5°F). It can detect a human from a distance of up to 7 meters (23) feet. With a maximum frame rate of 10Hz, It's perfect for creating your own human detector or mini thermal camera. We have code for using this breakout on an Arduino or compatible (the sensor communicates over I2C) or on a Raspberry Pi with Python. On the Pi, with a bit of image processing help from the SciPy python library we were able to interpolate the 8x8 grid and get some pretty nice results!The AMG8833 is the next generation of 8x8 thermal IR sensors from Panasonic, and offers higher performance than it's predecessor the AMG8831. The sensor only supports I2C, and has a configurable interrupt pin that can fire when any individual pixel goes above or below a thresholds that you set.To make it easy to use, we pick & placed it on a breakout board with a 3.3V regulator and level shifting. So you can use it with any 3V or 5V microcontroller or computer.Even better - We've done all the hard work here, with example code and supporting software libraries to get you up inrunning in just a few lines of code!PinoutsThis camera has 4 mounting holes, and two header strips. Only the bottom strip is connected to the sensor. The top set of breakouts is there for mechanical stability only!The 6 holes at the top of the board are provided for stability and are not connected to anything. Use these if you wantyour sensor to sit nice and flat on a breadboard or Perma-Proto.AssemblyPrepare the header strips:Cut the strips to length if necessary. It will be easier tosolder if you insert it into a breadboard - long pins downAdd the breakout board:Place the breakout board over the pins so that the shortpins poke through the breakout padsAnd Solder!Be sure to solder all pins for reliable electrical contact. (For tips on soldering, be sure to check out our Guide to Excellent Soldering (https://adafru.it/aTk)).You're done! Check your solder joints visually and Arraycontinue onto the next stepsYou can easily wire this breakout to any microcontroller, we'll be using an Arduino. You can use any other kind of Download Adafruit_AMG88xx libraryTo begin reading sensor data, you will need to install the Adafruit_AMG88xx library (https://adafru.it/xfw).Start up the IDE and open the Library Manager:Type in AMG88xx until you see the Adafruit Library pop up. Click Install!We also have a great tutorial on Arduino library installation at:/adafruit-all-about-arduino-libraries-install-use (https://adafru.it/aYM)Load Thermistor TestOpen up File->Examples->Adafruit_AMG88xx->amg88xx_test and upload to your Arduino wired up to the sensor. This example just connects to the sensor and reads the internal thermistor to test your connections.Once uploaded to your Arduino, open up the serial console at 9600 baud speed to see the internal thermistor reading. If you get a reading of ~26° degrees (room temperature) then everything is wired and working correctly!Pixel Array OutputOK now that we know the sensor is working, let's read actual thermal data. Load up File -> Examples ->Adafruit_AMG88 -> pixels_testUpload the code, and open the serial console at 9600 baud rate. You should see a printout of the array of readings every second. Each number is the detected temperature in Celsius, and in the 8x8 grid order that comes from the sensorThe numbers should increase if you put your hand or face above the sensor. They'll decrease if you hold up something cold in front of the sensor eyeLibrary ReferenceTo create the object, useInitialize the sensor usingto read the pixels you will need an array to place the readings into. Once you have one, you can call readPixels. Make sure the array you create is big enough by using the pre-defined AMG88xx_PIXEL_ARRAY_SIZE macro.Adafruit_AMG88xx amg;status = amg.begin();if (!status) {Serial.println("Could not find a valid AMG88xx sensor, check wiring!");while (1);}float pixels[AMG88xx_PIXEL_ARRAY_SIZE];amg.readPixels(pixels);Arduino Library DocsArduino Library Docs (https://adafru.it/Au6)Arduino Thermal CameraTo make your Arduino into a cool thermal camera, we can add a small display.In this example we use an Adafruit 1.44" Color TFT. With some code changes, you can use other size displays but a color display is best of course.Keep your AMG8833 breakout wired as you already have it from the Wiring & Test section above, and add your TFT like thisOnce everything is all wired up, load up File->Examples->Adafruit_AMG88xx->thermal_camHit upload and you should have a simple thermal camera!Adafruit 1.44" Color TFT LCD Display with MicroSD Card breakout$14.95IN STOCKADD TO CARTJames DV has also sent over a version that is optimized if you want a faster display-update rate(https://adafru.it/BPj)Adafruit CircuitPythonPython Computer WiringSince there's dozens of Linux computers/boards you can use we will show wiring for Raspberry Pi. For other platforms, please visit the guide for CircuitPython on Linux to see whether your platform is supportedCircuitPython Installation of AMG88xx LibraryYou'll need to install the Adafruit CircuitPython AMG88xxFirst make sure you are running theThat's all there is to using AMG88ss with CircuitPython! Full Example Codeimport timeimport busioimport boardimport adafruit_amg88xxi2c = busio.I2C(board.SCL, board.SDA)amg = adafruit_amg88xx.AMG88XX(i2c)while True:for row in amg.pixels:# Pad to 1 decimal placeprint(['{0:.1f}'.format(temp) for temp in row]) print("")print("\n")time.sleep(1)Python DocsPython Docs (https://adafru.it/C41)Raspberry Pi Thermal CameraThe Raspberry Pi also has an i2c interface, and even better has processing capability to interpolate and filter the sensor output. By adding processing power, you can 'turn' the 8x8 output into what appears to be a higher-resolution display.We're using a PiTFT 2.8" and a Pi Cobbler but the code can be adapted to output to the HDMI display - we're using pygame to draw to the framebuffer.You can use any Raspberry Pi computer, from Pi A+ to Pi 3 or even a Pi Zero, but we happen to have a Pi 3 on our desk set up already so we're using that.Raspberry Pi 3 - Model B - ARMv8 with 1G RAM$35.00IN STOCKADD TO CARTSetup PiTFTIf you have not done so already, the first thing you will need to do is setup your PiTFT. Instructions on how to do so can be found in this guide (https://adafru.it/sha).Install Python SoftwareOnce your PiTFT is all set up, and you have Internet access set upfor the AMG8833 so you can read data from the sensor.Finally, install both pygame and scipy. Pygame lets us draw easily to a screen using python, we'll use that to make the display work. Scipy is a powerful scientific/data processing library that we can use to magically turn the 8x8 = 64 pixel array into something that looks more like a 32x32 = 1024 pixel array. Wow, isn't digital signal processing cool?You can also use direct wires, we happen to have a Cobbler ready. remember you can plug the cobbler into the bottom of the PiTFT to get access to all the pins!Now you should be able to verify that the sensor is wired up correctly by asking the Pi to detect what addresses it can see on the I2C bus:It should show up under it's default address (0x69). If you don't see 0x69, check your wiring, did you install I2Csudo i2cdetect -y 1support, etc?Run example codeAt long last, we are finally ready to run our example code"""This example is for Raspberry Pi (Linux) only!It will not work on microcontrollers running CircuitPython!"""import osimport mathimport timeimport busioimport boardimport numpy as npimport pygamefrom scipy.interpolate import griddatafrom colour import Colorimport adafruit_amg88xxi2c_bus = busio.I2C(board.SCL, board.SDA)#low range of the sensor (this will be blue on the screen)MINTEMP = 26.#high range of the sensor (this will be red on the screen)MAXTEMP = 32.#how many color values we can haveCOLORDEPTH = 1024os.putenv('SDL_FBDEV', '/dev/fb1')pygame.init()#initialize the sensorsensor = adafruit_amg88xx.AMG88XX(i2c_bus)# pylint: disable=invalid-slice-indexpoints = [(math.floor(ix / 8), (ix % 8)) for ix in range(0, 64)]grid_x, grid_y = np.mgrid[0:7:32j, 0:7:32j]# pylint: enable=invalid-slice-index#sensor is an 8x8 grid so lets do a squareheight = 240width = 240#the list of colors we can choose fromblue = Color("indigo")colors = list(blue.range_to(Color("red"), COLORDEPTH))#create the array of colorscolors = [(int(c.red * 255), int(c.green * 255), int(c.blue * 255)) for c in colors]displayPixelWidth = width / 30displayPixelHeight = height / 30If you have everything installed and wired up correctly, you should see a nice thermal camera image. Cool tones (blue and purple) are cooler temperatures, and warmer tones (yellow, red) are warmer temperatures.If your image seems to be flipped on the screen, try changing the orientation of the AMG8833 breakout on the breadboard.If you're interested int he details, and want to know more about how we made 64 pixels look like many more, it's called bicubic interpolation (https://adafru.it/xgA) (hat tip to OSHpark for the idea (https://adafru.it/xgB)!)displayPixelHeight = height / 30lcd = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))lcd.fill((255, 0, 0))pygame.display.update()pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)lcd.fill((0, 0, 0))pygame.display.update()#some utility functionsdef constrain(val, min_val, max_val):return min(max_val, max(min_val, val))def map_value(x, in_min, in_max, out_min, out_max):return (x - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min#let the sensor initializetime.sleep(.1)while True:#read the pixelspixels = []for row in sensor.pixels:pixels = pixels + rowpixels = [map_value(p, MINTEMP, MAXTEMP, 0, COLORDEPTH - 1) for p in pixels]#perform interpolationbicubic = griddata(points, pixels, (grid_x, grid_y), method='cubic')#draw everythingfor ix, row in enumerate(bicubic):for jx, pixel in enumerate(row):pygame.draw.rect(lcd, colors[constrain(int(pixel), 0, COLORDEPTH- 1)],(displayPixelHeight * ix, displayPixelWidth * jx,displayPixelHeight, displayPixelWidth))pygame.display.update()Dimensions。

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“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 15
Thermistor
• usually refers to ceramic semiconducting thermoresistors (sulfides, selenides, oxides of Ni, Mn, Cu, etc.) • higher resistivity than metal thermoresistor • usually TCR < 0 and nonlinear • ref exp[(1/T-1/Tref)] r = -/T2 • = 3000 - 4500 K ref = 500 - 10M • larger thermoresistivity permits the use of basic op amp circuits rather than a precision bridge network.
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 10
Thermopile
• Type T microthermopile (Ref: Gardner) • 90 thermojuctions • Seebeck coefficient Ps = 25.3 V/K for each junction • Ps = 2.28 mV/K for the device • nonlinearity ~ 0.1% • Alloy thin film thermocouple materials may be difficult to control for accurate composition and good stability • Most micro thermoelectric sensors are semiconductor based.
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 9
Thermocouple
Standard thermocouple
(Ref: Gardner)
Chromel (90% Ni, 10% Cr), Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni), Alumel (95% Ni, 2% Al, 2% Mn, 1% Si), Nicrosil (71-86% Ni, 14% Cr, 0-15% Fe), Nisil (95% Ni, 4.5% Si)
Reference: • “Semiconductor Sensors,” Ch. 7, Sze • “Microsensors, Principles and Applications,” Ch. 5, Gardner • “Thermal Sensors,” Meijer and Van Herwaarden
2
Introduction
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
3
Introduction
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
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Thermocouple
(Ref: Gardner)
When two ends of a metal conductor have different temperature, an emf is generated along the conductor and an electrical current can flow (Seebeck effect). Thermal power PA (or Seebeck coefficient A ) across metal A with different termperature T is V PA (V/K). T A thermocouple is composed of two different metals with one end connected. The total thermal power across the circuit is VA VB Ps PA PB T thermoelectric emf of a thermocouple Vr is Vr (PA PB )T
5
Thermal Actuator
offset
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
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Thermal Sensor
measureand (non-thermal signal) temperature A thermal sensor operates in three steps: 1. Non-thermal signal is transduced into a heat flow (A -> P). 2. The heat flow is converted into a temperature difference (P -> T). 3. The temperature difference is transduced into an electrical signal by a temperature (difference) sensor (T -> U). thermal quantity electrical quantity
i = 10 A
For a constant forward current i is , the temperature coefficient is dV k i ln dT e is
(Ref: Gardner)
dopant freeze-in dopant and junction diffusion
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 1
Introductionຫໍສະໝຸດ low voltage, …
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
Lecture 8 Thermal Sensor and Actuator
• Introduction • Thermal Actuator • Temperature Sensor • Heat Transfer • Flow Sensor • Vacuum Sensor • IR Radiation Sensor
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 11
Semiconductor Thermocouple
Micromachined Silicon Thermopile
(Ref “Thermal Sensors,” Meijer and Van Herwaarden)
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 13
Thermoresistor
(Ref: Gardner) “Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou 14
• Si/Al thermopile, ~ 5 mV/K • poly Si/Al or poly Si/Au can also be used
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
12
Thermoresistor
• Electrical resistivity of metals and semiconductors varies with temperature thermal sensors
nearly constant TCR
(Ref: Gardner)
Pt100 • platinum resistor with R = 100 at 0 C • widely used as reference temperature sensor and industrial standard • chemically stable and high purity wire is available
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
7
Temperature Sensor
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou
(Ref: Gardner)
“Principles and Applications of Microsensors,” Yi Chiu, Spring, 2014 © Chiu/Chiou