Chapter 8&10
8-国民经济账户体系
Chapter 8 国民经济账户体系
28
SNA的账户设置
序号 国民经济总体
机构部门 国外（V）
0 货物和服务账户 ——
I
生产账户
货物和服务账户
II
收入分配和使用账户
初始收入和经常 转移账户
III
积累账户
积累账户
IV
资产负债表
资产负债表
Chapter 8 国民经济账户体系
29
I. 生产账户
I.1
生产账户
21.Earn from
67 18.Payoff to
22.borrowing
56 19.lending
total
663 total
credit 499 95 69 663
❖ 以上构成一个小型的国民经济账户体系。
❖ 国民经济账户不仅具备收付式平衡表的一般特点， 还具有下面的优点：表内总计平衡，表外借贷对 应，数据相互验证，便于观察分析。
18
（二）账户中的平衡项
❖ 交易账户的平衡项大多出现在左边； ❖ 资产负债账户，平衡项是净值，出现在账户右边； ❖ 积累账户中的非交易账户，平衡项为净值的变化，
出现在账户右边。
Chapter 8 国民经济账户体系
19
（二）账户中的平衡项
❖ 平衡项在账户形式上的作用 ▪ 使单个账户得以平衡 ▪ 使相邻账户得以连接
16
账户两方的术语
❖对于增加一个部门之经济价值的交易，SNA 采用 来源(resources)这样的术语。例如，工资与薪金 是其接受单位或部门的来源。按照惯例，来源放在 经常账户的右方。
❖ 账户的左方被称为使用(uses)，使用是指减少一个 部门之经济价值的交易。仍以工资与薪金为例，对 于支付的单位或部门而言，它们是使用。
Chapter 8 科技英语隐含的因果关系
8.3 包含定语从句的主从复合句表示因果关系
1 To make a bomb, we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 制作原子弹,必须使用铀235,因为它的所有原子 都可以裂变。 2 We cannot live on Mars, where there is no air and water. 我们不能在火星上生存,因为那里没有空气,也 没有水。
8.1 形容词短语、分词短语、分词独立结构说 明原因(或条件)
1 Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China. 这种新品种耐寒耐旱,适合于在中国北方生长。 2 Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron does not rust as fast as we would expect. 如不受潮,铁块锈蚀的速度就不会像我们想象的那样快。 3 Neutrons, having no charge, are repelled neither by the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus nor by the nucleus itself. 中子(由于)不带电,所以既不受原子核周围的电子云也不受原子核本身的排 斥。 4 The moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind nor, of course, can there be any noise, for sound is carried by the air. 因为月球上没有大气层,又没有风,当然也没有什么声响,因为声音是靠空气 传播的。 5 Some alloying elements ( such as chromium and tungsten) make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel. 有些合金元素(如铬和钨)能细化钢的晶粒,从而增加钢的硬度和强度。 6 A fusion reaction is going on in the sun to produce almost limitless energy. 太阳内部正在进行着核聚变反应,因而产生几乎无穷无尽的能量。
现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER 8
Pragmatics may be defined as the study of meaning. The word meaning may have many different meanings. In semantics, meaning depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. Meaning depends more on the context.
8.2 Speech Act Theory
This theory originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. In 1955, when he went to America to deliver the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to How to Do Things with Words, which was published posthumously in 1962.
8.1 Pragmatics
Or rather, you do know the speaker’s intention, but you want to use “What do you mean?” as a denial of what he has asserted. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as SPEAKER’S MEANING, UTTERANCE MEANING, or CONTEXTUAL MEANING. The discipline, which concentrates on this kind of meaning, is called PRAGMATICS.
小王子chapter8读后感英文
小王子chapter8读后感英文
English: After reading Chapter 8 of The Little Prince, I was struck by the idea of the importance of relationships and the nature of love. The little prince meets the fox, who teaches him about taming and bonding. Through their conversations, the fox explains the process of creating a special bond and the meaning of true love. This chapter reminded me of the significance of forming connections with others and nurturing those relationships. It also emphasizes the idea that love requires time, effort, and dedication to truly appreciate its value.
中文翻译: 阅读了《小王子》第八章后，我被书中关于人际关系和爱的重要性所深深触动。
小王子遇见了狐狸，狐狸教会了他驯养和结缘的概念。
通过他们的对话，狐狸解释了创造特殊纽带和真爱的含义。
这一章让我想起了与他人建立联系和培养关系的重要性。
它还强调了爱需要时间、努力和奉献才能真正体会其价值。
英国文学史及作品选读 Chapter 8
2. Romanticism:
In a historical sense, Romanticism was a movement in philosophy, political theory, and the arts that developed in France and Germany in the latter half of the eighteenth century and flourished in England through to the first three decades in the nineteenth century. The most prominent historical event associated with Romanticism was the French Revolution (1789-1799), which for many presaged the end of aristocratic rule and hereditary social divisions in Europe.
2012-4-13
2
A Review of British Literature
French Revolution: -----The time spirit described by Charles Dickens: ( A Tale of Two Cities)
2012-4-13
3
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way …
典范英语终极跑鞋chapter8主要内容
典范英语终极跑鞋chapter8主要内容全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" talks about the importance of proper foot support and cushioning in running shoes. The chapter begins by explaining how different types of running shoes are designed to provide support for different foot types. For example, people with high arches may need shoes with extra cushioning to support their feet, while those with flat feet may require shoes with more stability.The chapter goes on to discuss the various materials used in running shoe construction, such as EVA foam and gel inserts, which help to absorb shock and impact while running. It also explains how the design of the shoe, including the shape of the sole and heel counter, can affect the runner's gait and overall performance.One of the key takeaways from Chapter 8 is the importance of proper fit when choosing running shoes. Ill-fitting shoes can lead to discomfort, blisters, and even serious injuries. The chapter provides tips on how to determine the right size and fitfor your feet, including getting professionally fitted at a running store and testing the shoes by running or walking in them.Overall, Chapter 8 emphasizes the crucial role that proper foot support and cushioning play in maximizing performance and preventing injury while running. By choosing the right type of running shoes and ensuring a proper fit, runners can improve their comfort, efficiency, and overall enjoyment of the sport.篇2Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" is all about speed and performance. In this chapter, we learn about how to choose the right running shoes for racing and how to improve our speed on the track.First off, the chapter talks about what features to look for in a racing shoe. It's important to find a lightweight shoe that provides good support and cushioning. Racing shoes are designed to be sleek and fast, with minimal cushioning to reduce weight and maximize speed.Next, we learn about the importance of proper form and technique when it comes to running fast. It's not just about how fast you can move your legs, but also about how efficiently youcan move them. Proper arm swing, stride length, and foot strike are all important factors in maximizing your speed.The chapter also discusses the role of training in improving speed. Different types of speed workouts, such as interval training and tempo runs, can help build your speed and endurance. It's important to train consistently and push yourself out of your comfort zone to see improvements in your speed.Lastly, the chapter offers tips on how to mentally prepare for a race. Visualizing success, setting realistic goals, and staying focused during a race are all important mental strategies for improving your speed on race day.Overall, Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" gives us valuable insight into how to choose the right shoes and improve our speed and performance on the track. So lace up those racing shoes and get ready to fly past the competition!篇3Hey guys, guess what? I just finished reading chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes"! It was super interesting, so let me tell you all about it!In this chapter, we learned all about different types of running shoes for different types of runners. There are shoes for beginners, shoes for advanced runners, and even shoes for people with special foot conditions. It's really cool how there's a perfect shoe out there for everyone!We also learned about the importance of choosing the right size shoe and how to properly lace them up for a comfortable fit. Did you know that wearing the wrong size shoe can actually cause injuries? Yeah, crazy right?And get this - there are shoes that can track your running stats, like how far you've run and how fast! It's like having a personal trainer right on your feet! Technology is so awesome.But the best part of the chapter was learning about all the latest trends in running shoes. From bright colors to funky designs, there's no limit to how cool your running shoes can be. I can't wait to go shopping for my own pair now!So, if you're into running or just want to learn more about the best shoes for your feet, definitely check out chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes". It's a real game-changer!篇4Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" is all about exploring different types of running shoes and how they can improve your performance. It was super interesting and I learned a lot of cool stuff!First, we talked about cushioning in running shoes. It's like having a comfy bed for your feet while you run. Some shoes have lots of cushioning, which is great for long distances or if you have a history of foot pain. Others have less cushioning, which is better for speed and agility.Next, we learned about stability shoes. These are like the superheroes of running shoes because they help protect your feet and ankles from rolling inwards or outwards. They're perfect for people with flat feet or those who overpronate or supinate when they run.Then, we talked about motion control shoes. These are like the bodyguards of the running shoe world because they provide extra support for people who have severe overpronation. They help keep your feet in line and prevent injuries caused by excessive rolling.Finally, we discussed minimalist shoes. These are like running barefoot but with a little extra protection. They're superlightweight and help improve your running form, but you have to be careful because they offer less cushioning and support.Overall, Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" was awesome! I can't wait to try out different types of running shoes and see how they can help me become a faster and stronger runner. I'm so excited to put all this new knowledge to the test and find the perfect pair of shoes for me!篇5Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to talk about Chapter 8 of the book "The Ultimate Running Shoes". In this chapter, we learned all about how to choose the perfect pair of running shoes.First, the book talked about the different types of running shoes - neutral, stability, and motion control. Neutral shoes are for runners with a normal arch, stability shoes are for runners with a low arch, and motion control shoes are for runners with flat feet. It's important to know your foot type so you can pick the right shoes for you!Next, the book discussed the importance of getting the right fit. Your running shoes should be snug, but not too tight. They should also have enough room in the toe box so your toes canmove freely. It's a good idea to try on a few different pairs before making a decision.The chapter also talked about the different features to look for in running shoes, like cushioning, support, and breathability. Cushioning helps to absorb impact, support helps to prevent injury, and breathability keeps your feet cool and dry. All of these things are important for a comfortable and safe run.In conclusion, Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" taught us the importance of choosing the right pair of shoes for our feet. By understanding our foot type, getting the right fit, and looking for the right features, we can find the perfect running shoes for us. Happy running, everyone!篇6Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes series is all about choosing the right shoes for your running needs. It's super important to have the right shoes so you can run faster, jump higher, and feel super cool while doing it!First off, you need to think about what type of running you'll be doing. If you're a speed demon and love sprinting, you'll want to go for lightweight shoes with lots of cushioning. These will help you go fast and be comfy at the same time.If you're more of a long distance runner, you'll want shoes with good support and stability. These will help keep your feet happy and healthy as you rack up the miles.There are also shoes for trail running, which have extra grip and protection to handle tough terrain. And don't forget about track spikes for running on the track – they have sharp points on the bottom to help you go even faster!When you're trying on shoes, make sure they fit snugly but not too tight. You want a little wiggle room for your toes, but you also don't want your feet sliding around inside the shoes. And always try them on with the socks you'll be wearing when you run.Remember, the right shoes can make all the difference in your running game. So take your time, try on lots of options, and find the perfect pair that will help you crush your running goals. Happy running, my friends!篇7Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes is super cool! In this chapter, we learn all about the advanced technology and cool features of the latest running shoes.First off, we got to know about the innovative cushioning system in the shoes. It's like running on clouds! The special foam material absorbs the impact of each step, making our feet feel super comfy and preventing any injuries.Next, we learned about the unique design of the outsole. It has special grooves and patterns that provide excellent traction on all types of surfaces. So no matter if we're running on the track, road, or trail, our shoes will keep us steady and secure.And let's not forget about the awesome breathable mesh upper! It helps to keep our feet cool and dry, even during intense workouts. Plus, the snug fit of the shoes ensures that our feet stay in place and don't slide around while we're running.Oh, and how could I forget about the stylish colors and designs of the shoes? They look so cool and make us feel like real running champions!Overall, Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes taught us that the right pair of shoes can make all the difference in our performance. So let's lace up our shoes, hit the pavement, and run like the wind! ♂️篇8Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes series is all about choosing the right shoes for different types of running activities. It's super important to pick the best shoes for your feet so that you can run faster, jump higher, and have fun while doing it! Let's dive into the main points of this chapter.First off, the chapter talks about running shoes forlong-distance running. When you're running a marathon or a long trail race, you need shoes that can provide cushioning and support for miles and miles. Look for shoes with extra padding in the midsole and heel to absorb shock and reduce fatigue. They should also have a breathable upper to keep your feet cool and dry.Next, the chapter covers shoes for sprinting. If you're a speed demon and love sprinting short distances, you need lightweight shoes with a snug fit. Look for shoes with a low heel drop and a stiff sole to help you explode off the starting line. These shoes should also have traction for grip on the track or road.Another important point in this chapter is choosing the right shoes for trail running. Trail running shoes are designed to handle rugged terrain, rocks, and mud. They have aggressive tread patterns for traction and protection for your feet fromsharp objects. Look for shoes with a durable outsole and a protective toe cap for rocky trails.Lastly, the chapter discusses cross-training shoes for other sports and activities. Cross-training shoes are versatile and can be used for running, weightlifting, and other workouts. They should have a stable base for lifting weights, cushioning for running, and flexibility for agility drills. Look for shoes with a comfortable fit and breathability for all-day wear.In conclusion, Chapter 8 of the Ultimate Running Shoes series emphasizes the importance of choosing the right shoes for different types of running activities. Whether you're along-distance runner, sprinter, trail runner, or cross-training enthusiast, there's a perfect pair of shoes out there for you. Remember to consider your foot type, running style, and the terrain you'll be running on when selecting your next pair of running shoes. Happy running!篇9Hi guys, today I'm gonna talk about this super cool book called "Ultimate Running Shoes Chapter 8". It's all about the best running shoes in the world and I can't wait to tell you all about it.In Chapter 8, the book talks about different types of running shoes and how to choose the right ones for you. It explains the importance of having the right shoes for running and how it can make a big difference in your performance.The chapter also goes into detail about the different features of running shoes, like cushioning, stability, and flexibility. It explains why these features are important and how they can help you run better and faster.One of the most interesting parts of the chapter is when it talks about the newest technology in running shoes. It explains how companies are always coming up with new and improved designs to make running shoes even better.Overall, this chapter is super interesting and informative. It's definitely a must-read for anyone who loves to run or is looking to get into running. So next time you're in the store looking for a new pair of running shoes, make sure to check out this chapter to help you make the best choice. Happy running, everyone!篇10Chapter 8 of "The Ultimate Running Shoes" is all about the different types of running shoes you can choose from. It's superimportant to pick the right shoes for your feet to make sure you have a comfy and safe run.First off, there are neutral shoes. These are for peeps who have a regular arch in their feet. They offer cushioning and support without changing your foot's natural movement.Next up are stability shoes. These are for folks with a slight overpronation, which means your foot rolls inward when you run. The shoes have extra support to help keep your foot in the right position.Then there are motion control shoes. These are for peeps with severe overpronation. They have extra support to keep your foot from rolling too much and causing injuries.There are also minimalist shoes, which are super lightweight and don't have much cushioning. They let your feet move naturally, but you gotta be careful cuz they don't offer as much protection.Lastly, there are maximalist shoes. These are like walking on clouds cuz they have extra cushioning for peeps who need it.Remember, the best way to find the right shoes for you is to try them on and see how they feel. And don't forget to replaceyour running shoes every 300-500 miles to make sure they're still doing their job properly.So make sure to pick the right shoes for your feet and happy running! ♂️ ♂️。
chapter 8 词汇注释
n.结构，构造，建筑物structural adj.结构上的structuralism n.结构主义-ure ,表名词v.组织，构成，建造incurv 招致，引发，蒙受P155*prevalent adj流行的，普遍的，广传的prevalence n.流行，普遍prevail v.流行。
普遍存在prevaling adj普遍的，流行的P155incorporate v.包含，吸收，体现，把……合并，混合incoporatioin n.吸收incoporated adj.组成公司的 -ate 表动词,“做,使”P155fractionn 分数，部分，小部分，稍微fractonally adv.很少fractional adj.很小的，很少的P156n.对手，竞争者rivalry n. 竞争，竞赛，较量a rival bid 竞争投标v.与……竞争，比得上某人，竞争adj.竞争的circumstance n 环境，情况，事件，境遇circumstantial adj.间接的，视情况而定的；与特定条件有关的P157rectangle n 矩形，长方形rectangular adj. 矩形的P157equationn方程式，等式，相等，化学反应式equate v.使等同；相当于equally adv.相等地，同样地P158adj 不变的，恒定的，经常的constantly adv.始终，一直constancy n.稳定性，持久不变，始终如一；忠贞n.数量，恒量appendix n 附录，阑尾，附加物appendage n.附加物；下属appendicitis n.[医]阑尾炎；盲肠炎 appended adj.附加的，添加的v.附加；贴上；增补（append的过去分词） append vi.附加；贴上；盖章 n.设置数据文件的搜索路径P158*parameter n 参数，系数，参量；规范，范围set/define theparameters 制定规范P158denotev表示，指示denotation n.外延，指称P158*rivalconstantstruc ture P155P157P158adj.坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的firmly adv.坚定地hold firm to 坚定，坚信vt.使坚定；使牢固vi.变坚实；变稳固adv.稳固地n.公司；商号adj.特殊的，特定的；明确的；详细的；[药] 具有特效的specifically adv.明确地；具体地specification n.说明书，规范，规格，明细单-ific 表形容词，“产生..的”n.特性；细节；特效药vt.密谋；绘图；划分；标绘vi.密谋；策划；绘制n.树荫；阴影；阴凉处；遮阳物；（照片等的）明暗度；少量、些微；细微的差别shading n.（绘画的）明暗法shadow n.阴影 v.跟踪，盯梢 adj.影子内阁的vt.使阴暗；使渐变；为…遮阳；使阴郁；掩盖vi.（颜色、色彩等）渐变oligopoly n.寡占；寡头买主垄断oligarch n.寡头政治家，寡头集团统治成员oligarchy n.寡头政治P159vt.察觉，感觉；理解；认知perception n. perceptive adj.perceptible adj.vi.感到，感知；认识到*approximation n.[数] 近似法；接近；[数] 近似值approximant n.近似音approximmate adj.接近的，近似的approximately adv.大约，大概P160vt.浪费；使…消散dissipation n.驱散，消散；浪费dissipated adj.放荡的，耽于享乐的vi.驱散；放荡intuitive adj.直觉的；凭直觉获知的intuitional adj.直觉的；直观的intuit vt.由直觉知道 vi.凭直觉知道 intuition n.直觉；直觉力；直觉的知识-ive 表形容词P161P160P159P160shadeperceiveP159P159plotdissipatefirmspecific*symmetric（al）adj.对称的；匀称的symmetrically adv.对称地symmetry n.对称；相仿，相等informationa symmetry 信息不对称P161conversely adv.相反地conversion n.(宗教，信仰的)改变，皈依convert v.使转变converter n.转换器，变流器convertibleadj.可转变的-ly 表副词,通常放在形容词后P161sensitivity n.敏感；敏感性；过敏sensitive adj.体贴的，善解人意的；易生气的；灵敏的-ity 表名词，“性质，特征，能力”P163n. [数] 系数；率；协同因素adj.合作的；共同作用的marginal adj.边缘的；临界的；末端的marginality n.边缘性marginalization n.边缘化；忽视；排斥 marginalize vt.排斥；忽视；使处于社会边缘；使脱离社会发展进程marginal cost[会计]边际成本-al 表形容词，“…的”P163algebraically adv.用代数方法algebra n.代数P163monopoly n.垄断；垄断者；专卖权monopolize v.垄断，独占，包办monopolization n.垄断，霸占monopoli stically adv.垄断地;独占性的P164underly vt.成为……的基础；位于……之下under prep. ...下面；少于，adj.较低的P164constrain vt.驱使；强迫；束缚constrained adj.强迫的constraint [数] 约束；局促，态度不自然；强制constrain sb. fromdoing sth.限制某人做某事*simultaneously adv.同时地simulataneous adj.同步的P164 availability n.可用性；有效性；实用性available adj. 可找到的；有空的P164neat ly adv.整洁地；熟练地；灵巧地neat adj.整齐的，有序的；小巧优雅的；极好的neaten v.使整洁P166vt 合并，把…联合起来或统一；巩固；consolidation n.巩固，合并vi巩固或统一；合并；destined adj 命中注定的，预定的；去往…的；destiny n.命运，天命；命运之神destined for sth P169P163P169coefficient consolidatecoarseness n 粗糙；劣等，粗劣的；coarse adj.粗糙的；粗俗的P169prominentadj突出的，杰出的；突起的；著名的；prominently adv. 显眼地promience n.突出，卓越P169adj人造的；manufactory n.制造厂，工厂manufacturer n.制造商；[经]厂商manufactured goods [工经]制成品；产成品v （大规模）制造；捏造；加工；粗制滥造（文学作品）；adj全部的；全体的；一切在内的；综合的；overwhelmingmajority 绝大多数adv 全面地；总地；总的说来；n工装裤；罩衫；（英）（军官的）紧身军裤range from 从…变化到…；P170metalworkingn 金属加工术，金属工；metal n.金属P170*virtually adv 实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎；vitual adj.实际上的；虚拟的-ly ,表副词P170adj 复杂的；精致的；富有经验的；深奥微妙的；sophisticate n.见多识广的人sophistication n.世故，高水平v使变世故；使迷惑；篡改；*pharmaceutical n 医药品；药物；pharmacist n.医药师pharmacology n.药物学，药理学P170footwear n （总称）鞋类；P170n （商店出售的）衣服；外观，外表；覆盖的；apparent adj.表面上的；显然apparently adv.看来，显然vt 给…穿衣服（尤指华丽或特殊的衣服）adj小型的；微小的；n 微型复制品；微小模型；微型画；微型人像画；vt使成小型；把…画成纤细画；缩写；version n 版本；译文；说法；倒转术；latest version 最新版本P171implementation n成就；贯彻；安装启用；implement v.执行，贯彻，实施P171shutting down停工P171P171*P170P170P170P169*sophisticated apparelminituremanufacturedoveralln详述（照片、绘画等的）细底；细目，琐碎；各种细节；detailed adj.详细的 detailing n.（建筑，服装等的）装饰细部vt详述；仔细汇报；选派；清晰地说明；结于细部装饰；integra tion n.集成；综合integrated adj.综合的，完整无缺的integrate v.综合，使一体化integrated circuit集成电路P172*inconsequential adj.不重要的；不合理的；不合逻辑的inconsequentially adv.无关紧要地P172illustratevt.阐明，举例说明；图解illustration n.图表，插图，例释illustrative adj,说明的，解释性的illustrator n.插图画家illustrate sth./with sth.-ate 表动词,“做,使”P173n.拦截；[数] 截距；截获的情报interception n.拦截 interceptor n.截击机vt.拦截；截断；窃听*markup n.涨价；利润；审定P174entrant n.进入者；新会员；参加竞赛者；新工作者entrance n.入口，通道 v.使入迷P174random nessn.随意；无安排；不可测性random n.随机，胡乱adj.随意的，随机的randomly adv.随机地randomize v.使随机化random access 随机存取P174*repercussionn.反响；弹回；反射；浮动诊胎法P174n.浓缩，精选；浓缩液concentrated adj.全力以赴的；浓缩的；集中的concentration n.专心；重视；浓度vi.集中；浓缩；全神贯注；聚集vt.集中；浓缩n.复制品；八音阶间隔的反覆音replication n.复制 replica n.复制品，vt.复制；折叠adj.复制的；折叠的v.清楚表示（ manifest的过去式和过去分词 ）；显露；显现；使人注意到manifestation n.显示，表明；（幽灵的）显现adj.[医]已显示的，证明的P171P176manifestedP173P175P175replicatedetailinterceptconcentrateprovinces n.外省，边远地区，乡间；省份（province的名词复数 ）；大行政区；范围；首都以外的地区provincial adj.省的，一级行政区的；首都以外的；守旧的，心胸狭隘的P176n.凸角，[建]突出部；<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分salient features 显著的特征adj.显著的，突出的；重要的，主要的；跳跃的；（指角）凸出的-ent 表示形容词，“…的”n.化学药品，化学制品chemist n.药剂师chenistry n.化学chemical reactions 化学反应adj.化学的；用化学方法制造的，化学作用的*profitability n.获利（状况），盈利（情况）；[经]收益性；利益率；有利profit v.获益，得到好处 n.利润，利益profitable adj.有利润的；有益的 unprofitable 无利益的；没有用的；无益-ity 表名词，“性质，特征，能力”P176formalize v.使正式，形式化；拘泥形式 ；拘泥于形式formality n.正式手续；例行公事；遵守礼节fomalism n.形式主义formal adj.庄重的；合乎规矩的；方式上的P176n.应有的权利，应得到的东西；应缴款（如俱乐部会费）over due 过期的；延误的，迟到的；未兑的；早应完成的due date （欠款）到期日adv.直接地，直达地；[古语] 适当地adj.预定；适当的；应有的；由于additional adj.额外的，附加的；另外的，追加的；补充；外加addition n.加法；添加物；添加P177separately adv.分别地,另行;分开,单独;分离地;个别地separate v.分开，划分，阻隔adj.单独的；不同的separated adj.分居的separate ... from...-ly 表副词,通常放在形容词后P177ultimately adv.最后，最终；基本上；根本；郅ultimate adj.最后的-ly 表副词,通常放在形容词后P177adj.阈值的，临界值的；<英>按物价指数变动工资的，工资极限的，级限的tax threshold 征税起点n. 门槛，入口，开始；[物理学]临界值；<英>级限协定；[航空学]跑道入口*P176 threshold P177P176P176 salientchemicalduesubset n.子集P178numerousadj.很多的，许多的；数量庞大的数量庞大的；数不清的-ous 表形容词P178adj.高的，过的，全的adv.每次；每个；照常；按惯例prep.由；（表示根据）依照；（表示比率）（尤指数量，价格，时间）每reali sm n.（文艺的）现实主义；现实主义的态度和行为；<哲>唯实论；实在论reality n.现实，实际情况；事实realize v.理解，领会realist n.务实的人realistic adj.实际的；明智的；逼真的P178n.倾销dumper n.乱扔有害物品者dumping dround 垃圾倾倒厂v.倾倒（ dump的现在分词 ）；丢下；随便堆放；释放dumps n. 闷闷不乐antidumping n.反倾销anti- 反对P178scaled adj.有鳞状斑点的，有鳞的scale n.规模，范围；级别；标度P178economists n经济学家，经济专家economy n.经济；节约economical adj.经济的；节约的；省钱的P179justificationn 辩解；无过失；正当的理由justifiable adj.情有可原的justified adj.有正当理由的P179enforcement n强制，实施，执行enforce v.强制执行；迫使enforced adj.强迫的-ment 表名词P179commission n 委员会，委员commissionaire n.门童commissioner n.委员；警长；总干事P179nominally adv 在名义上，表面地monial adj.名义上的，很小的；名词的nominalize v.名词化P179uneven adj 不平坦的，凹凸不平的；不一律的，参差不齐的unevenness n.unevenly adv.P180gyrationn 旋转，回旋；回转gyrate v.旋转，转动P180*affiliate vt 使隶属于，接纳…为成员；使紧密联系affiliated adj.隶属的affiliation n.隶属关系；隶属-ate 表动词,“做,使”P180outflowsn流出，外流P180**P178dumpingperP178segment n部分，段落；环节segmentation n.划分，分割measure n测量，测度；措施；程度；尺寸measured adj.慎重的，克制的measureless adj.极大的，无边无际的measurement n.度量，长度recipients adj调整，相邻的，可调整的fall into落入，分成p182 *FDI外商直接投资drive by由…… 驱动p182 wafer fabrication晶片制造p182 skill-intensive技术密集型p182 Ireland爱尔兰p182 Israel以色列p182 Malaysia马来西亚p182 Philippines菲律宾p182 Toyota日本丰田汽车p183 truck n.卡车p183 corolla n.花冠p183 Turkey n.土耳其p183*proximityconcentration临近-集中p183 sorting n排序，整理sort v.整理；安排n.类别；排序；某一种人p183 versus prep与… 相对p183 n许可证；执照licensed adj.获准出售酒的；获准拥有的licensee n.特许制作vt许可；特许（销烟草的商店）alignment n队列；结盟align v.排整齐，校准；使一致align yourself withsb/sth 公开支持p183 n班长；监视器vt监控globalization n.全球化，全球性globalize v.使全球化global adj.全球的global villiage 地球村-ion=-ation 表名词p183 due to短语欠下债[账]，应给予；由于；定于p184 relocation n.迁移；再定位location n. 位置-ion=-ation 表名词p184p183p183 licensemonitoraccount for短语说明（原因、理由等）；导致，引起p184*involuntary adj.无意识做出的，非故意的；非自愿的involuntarily adv.非自愿地p184 in reponse to短语反应的p184discriminate vt.&vi.歧视；区别；辨出discrininating adj.有识别力的discrimination n.歧视，偏袒；识别力；识别discriminatory adj.不公正的-ate 表动词,“做,使”p184forestall vt.先发制人，预先阻止；垄断，屯积p184tendency n.倾向；意向；性情；癖好tend v.往往会；趋向；护理tendentious adj.有偏见的，有争议的p184in the absence of短语缺乏…时，当…不在时p184 adj.有缺点的，不完美的perfectt adj. 完美的n.处理品，瑕疵品differentiate v.区分，区别，辨别different adj.不同的 differencen.不同点，不同之处-ate 表动词,“做,使”p184a variety of短语多种的；种种p184*intra-industrytrade产业内贸易p184 vt.&vi.染上（恶习，疾病等）；缩小，紧缩contraction n.缩小；（肌肉的）收缩；词的缩略式vi.订契约，承包in the presence of短语在面前p184 n.障碍；屏障；栅栏；分界线barricade v.阻挡n. 路障vt.把……关入栅栏；用栅栏围住take advantage of利用，欺骗，占…的便宜p182 adj.变化的，可变的variability n.可变性variance n.差额variant n.变种n.可变因素，变量；易变的东西p184p184p184p184*contractbarriervariableimperfect。
Chapter 8.ppt
Brand equity Building strong brands
Brand name selection Brand sponsorship Manufacturer’s brand Private brand Licensing Co-branding Brand development
Industrial products
Materials
products Shopping products Specialty products Unsought products
and parts Capital items Supplies and services
Group Assignment (Presentation 2)
制作一份品牌定位策划书； 设计某一品牌的名称和标志（品牌标识）； 对某一产品进行包装设计； 为某一品牌设计新产品组合策略，实现品牌 延伸。
Describe the core, actual, and augmented levels of laptop.
Is Microsoft’s Windows XP professional operating software a product or a service? Describe the core, actual, and augmented levels of this software offering?
Organizations, Persons, Places, and Ideas
Product and Service Decisions
Individual product decisions Product line decisions Product mix decisions
自考本科英语语言学Chapter8LanguageAndSociety
Chapter 8 Language And Society1. Language is not only used to communicate meaning, but also used to establishand maintain social relationships.1. The relatedness between language and society2. The users of the same language in a sense all speak differently related to their语言和社会的关联social background.3. The structure of language vocabulary is different,reflects both the physical andsocial environments of a society.There are different words about snow in Eskimo.1.The scope of sociolinguistics 1. Speech community (linguistic community) : is widely used by sociolinguists to refer to社会语言学范围 2. Speech community and speech variety a community mainly based language. It’s generally defined as a group of people who言语社团和言语变体have the opportunity to interact with each other and there are exist various social groupsdefined not only by the speaker’s geographical background, but also by their educationalbackground, their occupation, gender, age, or ethnic affiliation.2. Speech variety, or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech usedby a speaker or a group of speakers. Linguistic features of a speech variety can be foundat the lexical, the phonological, the morphological, or the syntactical level of the languageThree types of speech variety: regional dialects, sociolects and registers.3. Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies1 Regional dialect: is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region. (同一地理区域使用的)2.V arieties of language 2 sociolect: refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. (特定社会阶层使用的)语言的各种变体 1. Dialectal varieties 3 language and gender.女性的语言比男性“更正确”原因在女性对自己身份更看重(more status-conscious)4 idiolect: is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender and age5 language and age6 ethnic dialect; is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences; it’s mainly spoken by a lessprivileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination and segregation1. Field of discourse语场：指社会行为的类型，即正在进行的活动的领域和目的，包括谈话的主题。
英语文体学Chapter 8
Cooperative Principle Violations of the maxims are frequently found in literary texts. These are intended to portray characters and their relationships and also indicate the relation between the reader and the author.
Speech Acts Theory For a speech act to be performed successfully, certain conditions must be met, which we term felicity conditions.
Speech Acts Theory Felicity conditions
Cooperative Principle The Maxim of Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true, specially: (a) do not say what you believe to be false (b) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Speech Acts Theory Locutionary act: the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning. Illocutionary act: the intent that the speaker has in uttering the sentence. Perlocutionary act: the result achieved in uttering the sentence.
中英语言对比Chapter 8
我们应该按月租这个房间。
Wheat was at twenty shillings the quart.
小麦20先令一夸脱。
They were selling wrapping paper at a few pence a pound.
包装纸他们只卖几个便士一磅。
Comparison
I came across her on a fine autumn day. I came across her one day last autumn.
Markers of negation
Adverbs: not, never, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, barely/不，非，无，没有，未，否， 不要，莫，免，休，弗，别，甭，匪
Pronouns: none, nobody, neither, nothing Conjunctions: but, neither…nor, unless, lest/除非， 未必，不但，不论，不管 Determiners: few, little
He always succeeded in being accurate to a figure. 他总能精确到每一个数字。
Articles in distributive use
We have three meals a day.
我们一天吃三顿饭。
We should have taken the room by the month.
非常感谢老师的帮助。
I appreciate to the full the teacher’s help.
英语词汇学课件chapter-8-Meaning-and-Context
1) a sheet of paper (thin flat sheets of substance for writing, printing, decorating walls, etc.)
2) a white paper (government document)
3) a term paper (essay written at the end of the term)
(1) The fish is ready to eat. (2) I like Mary better than Jean.
8.2.2 Indication of Referents
English has a large number of deictic(指示的) words such as now/then, here/there, I/you, this/that, which are often used to refer directly to the personal, temporal or locational characteristics of the situation. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing, e.g. now.
4) today’s paper (newspaper)
5) examination paper (a set of questions used as an examination)
2) Grammatical Context
In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. Let us consider the verb become for example.
Chap8多重共线性
1. 何谓 Multicollinearity
Y Xb ε
Y1
Y
M ,
Yn
1 X11 X 1 X12
M M 1 X1n
L L L L
Xk1
b0
1
X
k
2
,
b
b1
,
ε
2
M M M
X kn
bk
Variance inflation factor (VIF):
VIF(bˆi
)
1
1
R2 Xi
5. A case study and adjustment for multicollinearity
6. 多重共线性必定不好吗?
中国电信业务总量的计量模型
经初步分析，认为影响中国电信业务总量变化的主要因素是邮政业务总量 （x1）、中国人口数（x2）、市镇人口占总人口的比重（x3）、人均GDP（x4）、 全国居民人均消费水平（x5）
2. Causes for multicollinearity 有关经济变量（因素）是线性或近似线性相关的. 样本原因（碰巧是线性或近似线性相关的） 模型误设
3. Aftermath
var(bˆ) E[(bˆ b)(bˆ b)] 2(XX)1
var(bˆ ) 变得很大。T-检验失灵。 j
4. Testing for multicollinearity
1) Correlation Matrix
2) R-sq, F-statistic and t-statistics
3) Regress
Xi a0 a1X1 L ai1Xi1 ai1Xi1 L ak Xk
Chapter-8
⇒ c2 = 0
WL 3 W 4 WL3 ∴ EIy = x − x − x 12 24 24
Max occurs @ x = L /2 Max.
EIymax ∆ max
5WL4 =− 384 5WL4 = 384 EI
Example
y
x
P x
L P M= x 2 2 2 d y P L EI 2 = x f 0< x< for dx 2 2 dy P x 2 = + c1 EI Integrating g g d dx 2 2 L dy Since the beam is symmetric @ x= =0 2 dx 2 ⎛L⎞ ⎜ PL2 L P ⎝2⎠ c1 = − EI (0 ) = @ x= + c1 ⇒ 16 2 2 2 for 0 < x <
y x PL P L
Examples
x P
M = − PL + Px
d2y EI 2 = − PL + Px @ x dx x2 dy EI = − PLx + P + c1 Integrating once dx 2 2 ( dy 0) = 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = − PL(0) + P + c1 ⇒ c1 = 0 @ x = 0 dx 2 2 3 PL PLx x Integrating twice EIy = − + P + c2 2 6 3 ( PL 2 0) @ x = 0 y = 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = − (0) + P + c2 ⇒ c2 = 0 2 6
P 3 PL2 ∴ EIy = x − x 12 16
Max occurs @ x = L /2 Max.
Chapter 8 对比分析和难度等级
02
03
04
Definition of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities. Historically it has been used
Chapter 8 Contrastive Analysis, Interlanguage, and Error Analysis
Contrastive Analysis
01
The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) Hierarchy of Difficulty Moderating the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis Markedness and Universal Grammer
How can we infer where the learner comes from?
Human learning theories
How do people interpret “interfering” elements of
learning with human learning theories?
to establish language genealogies. ---From Wikipedia
Definition of Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition in the 1960s and early 1970s, explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others. Therefore, the difficulty in mastering certain structures in a second language (L2) depended on the difference between the learners' mother language (L1) and the language they were trying to learn.
《会计专业英语》Chapter 8 Financial Statements
6
8.1.2 Income Statement
1. The Purpose of an Income Statement ➢ An Income Statement is a financial statement that summarizes the
profitability of a business entity for a specified period of time. ➢ Tlp users of financial statements:
➢ Information in the Income Statement not only helps users evaluate past performance, but also provides insights into the likelihood of achieving a particular level of cash flows in the future.
7
2. The Elements of an Income Statement
➢ The Income Statement classifies amounts into gross profit on sales, income from operations, income before taxes, and net income.
(九年级英语教案)Chapter8Twogeniuses教案
Chapter8Twogeniuses教案九年级英语教案chapter 8 two geniusesreading ii language points[教材版本oxfordEnglish（shenzhen edition）[课题名称]：chapter 8 reading ii language p 教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！"type="#_x0000_t75">oints[授课课时]：第二课时（共三课时）[教材分析]: （一）课文内容：本课的标题是two geniuses，围绕天才爱因斯坦和他的司机汉斯的一段轶事，组织学生开展语言知识点学习的一系列活动。
学生已于前一课时对课文内容有了较全面的理解，也跟读了新单词，为本课时的学习奠定了基础。
（二）课前准备：要求学生了解爱因斯坦的更多事迹和喜欢的天才的事迹，为语言知识点的导入和运用做好背景知识准备；跟读了新单词。
[教学目标]:1. 语言知识目标：学生在具体情境中学习本课的语言知识点并懂得如何运用它们；.2. 语言功能目标：提高学生在相关情景中运用语言知识点的能力。
3. 情感教育目标: 思考天才是如何炼成的，形成正确的价值观--“天才始于勤奋和个人终生的刻苦奋斗”。
[教学重难点]:教学重点：掌握本课的重点单词、短语和句型：单词（2）：genius, perfectly；短语（8）：regard … as, an attempt to do, a gift / talent for sth., a sense of humour, give a lecture, learn… by heart , let sb. down, offer to do sth.；句型（1）：it’s a pleasure (for sb.) to do sth.教学难点：创设情境，设计活动，让学生在活动中通过所学语言知识点的运用来熟悉掌握知识点。
苏教数字版《初中英语阅读》八上Chapter8译文和答案
苏教数字版《初中英语阅读》八上Chapter8译文和答案一、译文Chapter 8: The Lost CityOnce upon a time, there was a beautiful city called Atlantis. It was said to be the most advanced city in the whole world. The people of Atlantis were known for their intelligence and creativity. They had made many scientific discoveries and built incredible structures.One day, a young boy named Tom was exploring near a river when he found an ancient map. The map showed the location of Atlantis, a city that had been lost for centuries. Tom was fascinated by the idea of discovering an ancient city, so he decided to embark on a journey to find Atlantis.Tom gathered a team of explorers and set off on an exciting adventure. They sailed across the ocean, facing many challenges along the way. Finally, they arrived at the coordinates indicated on the map.To their surprise, they found a hidden entrance to a vast underground city. The city was filled with beautiful buildings and advanced technology. The explorers were amazed by what they saw.However, thei r joy didn’t last long. As they explored the city, they discovered that it was abandoned. There were no signs oflife anywhere. It seemed that Atlantis had been deserted for centuries.Tom and his team continued to explore the city, hoping to find some clues about what had happened. They found ancient writings on the walls, but they could not decipher the language.After days of searching, they stumbled upon a room with a strange machine. They realized that it was a time machine. With excitement, they decided to activate it and see if they could travel back in time to the days when Atlantis was flourishing.As they stepped into the time machine, they felt a strange energy enveloping them. Suddenly, they found themselves transported back in time. They were in the middle of a bustling city filled with happy people.Tom and his team realized that they had indeed traveled back in time to the golden age of Atlantis. They were welcomed by the people who explained that Atlantis had suffered from a natural disaster and the survivors had escaped to other parts of the world.Tom and his team spent days exploring the city and learning about its rich history. They were amazed by the advanced knowledge and culture of the people of Atlantis.Finally, it was time for them to return to their own time. With heavy hearts, they bid farewell to the people of Atlantis and stepped back into the time machine. After a flash of light, they found themselves back in the present day.Although they were sad to leave, Tom and his team were grateful for the opportunity to witness the wonders of Atlantis. They knew that they had been part of something truly special.二、答案1.What was the name of the ancient city?The name of the ancient city was Atlantis.2.What were the people of Atlantis known for?The people of Atlantis were known for their intelligenceand creativity.3.How did Tom find the location of Atlantis?Tom found the location of Atlantis through an ancient map.4.What did Tom do after finding the map?After finding the map, Tom decided to embark on a journey to find Atlantis.5.What did the explorers find when they arrived at thecoordinates on the map?The explorers found a hidden entrance to a vastunderground city.6.What did the explorers discover about the city?The explorers discovered that the city was abandoned and had been deserted for centuries.7.What did Tom and his team find in a room in the city?Tom and his team found a strange machine, which turnedout to be a time machine.8.Where did the survivors of Atlantis go after the natural disaster?The survivors of Atlantis had escaped to other parts of the world.9.How did Tom and his team travel back in time? Tom and his team traveled back in time using the time machine they found in the city.10.What did Tom and his team learn during their time in Atlantis?Tom and his team learned about the rich history, advanced knowledge, and culture of the people of Atlantis.11.How did Tom and his team feel when they had to leave Atlantis?Tom and his team felt sad but grateful for the opportunity to witness the wonders of Atlantis.以上是《初中英语阅读》八上Chapter8的译文和答案。
英汉比较与翻译 第八章英汉修辞对比与翻译
2.7 委婉语（euphemism）
委婉，即用一种不明说而能使人感到愉快或避 免尴尬的含糊说法，代替具有令人不悦的含义 或不够尊敬的直白表达方式 委婉的好处在于把话说得曲而不晦。既不改 变基本思想，又避免刺激和伤人。在中英两种 语言中，均可以找到不少委婉语的例子，其中 最为典型的要数对“死亡”的表达上。
二、 意译法
主要针对那些在目标语中找不到同等借代或直译不符合目标语 表达习惯的借代。例如：
He drained the bitter cup of life to the bottom. ———他饮尽了生活的苦酒。 It seems to me I have won my wager and recovered my glove. 看来我已赌赢,有可能参加拳击比赛了。 He has never earned an honest penny in his life. ———他一生中从未用正当手段赚过钱。 He chose a gun instead of a cap and a gown. ———他选择了当兵,而没有选择上大学。 The cat laughed and talked loudly. ———这个包藏祸心的女人大声说笑着。
1.3 修辞与语言
语音和文字形态上
拟声词的翻译
词汇形态之上
复数缺失
句法结构上
中：意合 西：形合
1.4 修辞与翻译
翻译实践告诉我们：对双语研究得越深刻，对 原文理解越准确，运笔自觉性也越高，从而真 正做到胸有成竹，下笔有神。因而，可以说修 辞，特别是修辞比较研究是翻译学的一个重要 研究课题。了解并掌握好英汉修辞上的共性和 异性有助于提高翻译的质量，不仅可以有助于 翻译工作者正确地理解原文中所运用的修辞表 达，更有助于译者根据意义，结合目标语境和 文化，或直译或再创造，形成类似的表达，从 而达到意形结合，形神统一，提高翻译的效果， 从而引起读者的共鸣。
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You may be tempted to plan the introduction first. The easiest way to organize a speech, however, is to start with the body. Look at your material and divide it into major points. In general, the fewer main points you have, the better. A relatively small number of main points makes your speech more translucent and memorable for the audience. A short speech of five minutes, for example, should not have more than three or four main points. by Elisabeth Gareis
Your Audience “Unless you are our teacher and have the ability to flunk us, you are smoking crack if you think we are going to remember more than 5 key messages. We don’t remember a single message from most speakers we hear because they just do boring data dumps. Occasionally we remember 2-3 messages from speakers who use interesting stories and examples. On very rare occasions we can remember a handful of key points because the speaker took the time to paint pictures with words and to tell relevant stories and case studies.”
Assignments
1. Read Chapter 9 (Group 4). 2. Write the outline of the speech “The Ultimate Gift” on A16/7 by following the example on P. 253/4/5. 3. Group 6 gives a 3-minute speech on any topic a) in topical order or b) in problem-solution order
as a general rule it is recommended that in a five-minute speech your opening should be no more than about 30 to 45 seconds, with a similar amount of time being devoted to your conclusion.
Chapter 8 &10
Organizing the body of the speech Outlining the speech
Questions for discussion
1. How many points shall a speaker cover in a speech? 2. What do you think is the best part to start with when you prepare a speech? 3. What are the commonly used transitional phrases?