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RoboCup人形组的技术与挑战

RoboCup人形组的技术与挑战

RoboCup比赛的内容
RoboCupSoccer Simulation League Small-Size League Middle-Size League Standard Platform Humanoid League RoboCupRescue
Rescue Simulation League Rescue Robot League
——Technical Challenge: Artifical Grass
RoboCup人形组规则概述
——Technical Challenge: High-Kick
RoboCup人形组的技术
目前:
双足行走技术——PDW+ZMP 计算机视觉——颜色分割、物体识别 环境建模/定位——粒子滤波定位 单/多自主体的行为决策——有限状态机
为什么举办RoboCup?
继“计算机国际象棋”之后设立的又一个挑 战性计划。
1997年五月,Deeper Blue战胜人类世界冠军卡斯 帕罗夫; 1992年,Alan Mackworth在其论文《On Seeing Robots》中提出训练机器人进行足球比赛的设想; 1996年,IROS上举行Pre-RoboCup; 1997年, IJCAI上举行首届RoboCup。
InfoQ 策划·组织·实施
关注我们:/infoqchina
2vs2,9mX6m 6~10队,循环赛,淘汰赛 Technical Challenge
AdultSize(1.3~1.8米)
1vs1,9mX6m 6~10队,循环赛,淘汰赛 Technical Challenge
Best Humanoid(RoboCup的最高奖)

RoboCup类人组比赛规则

RoboCup类人组比赛规则

RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setupfor the 2010 competitionin O rdos, ChinaMay25, 2010Contents1The Field of Play51.1Playing Surface (5)1.2Goals (7)1.3Landmark Poles (7)1.4Lighting (7)1.5People Area (9)2The Ball9 3The Number of Players103.1Incapable Players (10)3.2Substitutions (10)3.3Temporal Absence (10)4The Design of the Robots114.1Robot Height (11)4.2Weight Restrictions (12)4.3Size Restrictions (12)4.4Sensors (13)4.5Communication and Control (14)4.6Colors and Markers (15)4.7Safety (16)4.8Robustness (16)5The Referee17 6The Assistant Referees18 7The Duration of the Match197.1Periods (19)7.2Timeouts (19)8The Start and Restart of Play208.1Preliminaries (20)8.2Kick-off (20)8.3Dropped Ball (22)9The Ball In and Out of Play23 2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and SetupPreambleThese rules are intended to ensure a fair competition in the RoboCup Soccer Hu-manoid League.They want to encourage creativity and technical development. The rules are oriented towards the FIFA Laws of the Game.However,they still deviate in many points from the FIFA laws,but it is intended to decrease these deviations in the future,in order to work towards the long-term goal of playing with humanoid robots against human soccer teams.Among the research challenges that are specific to the Humanoid League is maintaining the dynamic stability of the bipedal robots while they are walking,running,kicking,and performing other tasks.Another example is the coordination of perception(with a human-like limitedfield of view)and locomotion.The humanoid soccer robots must also be robust enough to deal with challenges from other players.Size ClassesAs it is not feasible to have humanoid robots of very different sizes play against each other,the competitions are held in three size classes:KidSize,TeenSize and AdultSize.See Section4for the definition of these classes.Male and FemaleReferences to the male gender in the rule book in respect of referees,assistant referees,players and officials are for simplification and apply to both males and females.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup1The Field of PlayThe competitions take place on a rectangularfield,which contains two goals,field lines,and two landmark poles,as shown in Fig.1.Figure1:Humanoid robot soccerfield(not to scale).1.1Playing SurfaceThefield consists of aflat and even ground which is covered with green carpet. The white lines are5cm wide.Line segments of10cm length are used to denote penalty mark and the kick-offposition(center mark).The longer outerfield lines are called touch lines,whereas the shorter outerfield lines are called goal lines. Thefield is surrounded by a border strip,which is also covered with green carpet. The world outside the border strip is undefined.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and SetupFigure2:KidSize(top)and Teen-/Adult Size(middle)goals;birds eye view of goal layout(bottom).2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and SetupTable1:Dimensions of the rectangularfield of soccer play(in cm).KidSize TeenSize&AdultSizeA Field length600B Field width400C Goal depth5060D Goal width150260E Goal area length60F Goal area width300G Penalty mark distance180I Center circle diameter120J Border strip width(min.)70K Distance of pole tofield401.2GoalsA goal is placed in the middle of each goal line.One of the goals has a colored yellow frame.The other goal frame is colored s in grey or black color are attached to the goals and the ground behind the goal,provided that they are properly supported and do not interfere with the goalkeeper.The goals for the KidSizefield have a crossbar at a height of80cm.The height of the net is the same and it is open from the top(see Fig.2).The TeenSize and AdultSize goals have a crossbar at height of180cm and the height of the net is120cm.The goal posts and crossbars are white and cylindrical and have a diameter of10cm(see Fig.2).1.3Landmark PolesThe two landmark poles are placed at each of the two intersection points between the touch line and the center line.The landmark poles have a diameter of10cm. They consist of three segments of15cm height,placed above each other.The lowest and the highest segments are colored in the same color as the goal at its left side(see Fig.3).1.4LightingThe lighting conditions depend on the actual competition site.Lighting temper-ature may differ significantly from previous years,as only ceiling lights are used.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and SetupFigure 3:Humanoid soccer fields with KidSize (top)and Teen -/Adult Size (bot-tom)goals (to scale).2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup2The Ball9 Thefield is illuminated presuming a sufficient bright and constant lighting on the field(i.e.no daylight).1.5People AreaAround thefield of play(Figure1)afield zone is defined on site in which only the referee(Section5),the assistant referees(Section6)and the two robot handlers are allowed to stay during the game.Thefield zone must give sufficient space to the referees and robot handlers for passing behind the landmark poles and the goals.All other people(including other team members,organizational staff, representatives of the press and the media etc.)must stay outside thefield zone. 2The BallEach size class uses its own ball:1.KidSize:Standard size orange tennis ball,2.TeenSize and AdultSize:Orange beach handball,size2(18.0cm diameter,294g).2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup3The Number of Players103The Number of PlayersA match is played by two teams,each consisting of not more than three players in KidSize and not more than two players in TeenSize,one of whom must be designated as goalkeeper.A match may not start if either team consists of less than one player.3.1Incapable PlayersPlayers not capable of play(e.g.players not able to walk on two legs,players not able to stand,or players with obvious malfunctions)are not permitted to participate in the game.They must be removed from thefield.It is up to the referee to judge whether a player is capable of play.The referee may ask the team leader of a player suspected to be incapable of play to demonstrate playing ability at any time.Afield player that is not able to get back into a stable standing or walking posture from a fall within20seconds will be removed from thefield for30seconds removal penalty and has to reenter thefield according to3.3.3.2SubstitutionsUp to two players per game can be substituted by other players of the same team.The referee must be informed prior to the substitution.A substitute only enters thefield after the player being replaced left thefield and after receiving a signal from the referee.Any of the other players may change places with the goalkeeper,provided that the referee is informed before the change is made and that the change is made during a stoppage of the match.Exchanging afield player with a goalie does not count as substitution.3.3Temporal AbsenceServicing robots on the playingfield is not permitted.A robot may be taken out of thefield for service,after receiving permission from the referee.Taking out a robot for service does not count as a substitution.A serviced robot may not come into play again before30s elapsed after it was taken out.It has to enter thefield at the one of the two endpoints of the halfway line which is further away from the current ball position.It has to face the center of thefield when entering.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup4The Design of the Robots114The Design of the RobotsRobots participating in the Humanoid League competitions must have a human-like body plan,as shown in Fig.4.They must consist of two legs,two arms, and one head,which are attached to a trunk.The robots must be able to stand upright on their feet and to walk on their legs.The only allowed modes of locomotion are bipedal walking and running.Figure4:Example of a humanoid robot body plan(left)and standing upright pose(right).4.1Robot Height4.1.1.The height H of a robot is determined as follows:H=min{H top,2.2·H com},(1) where H top denotes the height of the robot when standing upright(with fully extended knees,cf.Fig.4right)and H com denotes the height of the robot’s center of mass,measured in upright posture.4.1.2.Based on H,the following size restrictions apply:•30cm≤H≤60cm to play in the KidSize class,•100cm≤H≤160cm to play in the TeenSize class.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup4The Design of the Robots12•100cm≤H≤120cm to play in the TeenSize class.•130cm≤H≤160cm to play in the AdultSize class.A robot larger than160cm may be allowed to play in the AdultSize class,provided that:–H<180cm and–the robotfits at all times into a vertical cylinder of diameter130cm.4.2Weight RestrictionsThe maximum weight for robots allowed to play in the TeenSize class is20kg.4.3Size RestrictionsAll robots participating in the Humanoid League must comply with the following restrictions:1.Each foot mustfit into a rectangle of area H2/28.2.Considering the rectangle enclosing the convex hull of the foot,the ratiobetween the longest side of the rectangle and the shortest one,shall not exceed2.53.The robot mustfit into a cylinder of diameter0.55·H.4.If the arms are maximally stretched in horizontal direction,their extensionmust be less than1.2·H.5.The robot does not possess a configuration where it is extended longerthan1.5·H.6.The length of the legs H leg,including the feet,satisfies0.35·H≤H leg≤0.7·H.7.The height of the head H head,including the neck,satisfies0.05·H≤H head≤0.25·H.H head is defined as the vertical distance from the axisof thefirst arm joint at the shoulder to the top of the head.8.The leg length is measured while the robot is standing up straight.Thelength is measured from thefirst rotating joint where its axis lies in the plane parallel to the standing ground to the tip of the foot.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup4The Design of the Robots134.4SensorsTeams participating in the Humanoid League competitions are encouraged to equip their robots with sensors that have and equivalent in human senses.These sensors must be placed at a position roughly equivalent to the location of the humans biological sensors.In particular,1.The only active external sensor allowed is sound“human-like”with re-spect to volume and frequency)with one loudspeaker on the robot.The loudspeaker may be placed in the head,neck or trunk of the robot.Any other active sensor(emitting light,sound,or electromagnetic waves into the environment in order to measure reflections)is not allowed.2.External sensors,such as cameras and up to two microphones,may not beplaced in the legs or arms or the torso of the robots.They must be placed in the robot’s head and above any neck joint.3.Thefield of view of the robots is limited at any time to180degrees.Thismeans that the maximum angle between any two points in the overlap of thefield of views of all cameras mounted on the robot must be less than180degrees.Also the pan-tilt motion of the head and the cameras mounted on the robots head is restricted to be more human like not only with respect to thefield of view but also to the range of motion of the neck joints.Therefore,the mechanism to pan the camera is limited to 270degree pan which means±135degrees from the position looking straight ahead.The mechanism to tilt the camera is limited to±90 degrees(measured from the horizontal line).Furthermore,if positioned at the center mark the robot may not be able to see both goals in any tilt angle and in any standing or walking posture of the robot.“Field of view”refers to thefield of view of all cameras together and of how much of the soccerfield all cameras together can view at most at one time.By how much the soccerfield can be viewed by the robot at most one time is defined by a half sphere with its center axis pointing in the forward direction with respect to the robot’s frontal plane as shown in the Figure5.4.The number of cameras is limited to a stereo vision setup(i.e.,max.2cameras with a large overlap)only.Monocular vision is also allowed.5.Touch sensors,force sensors,and temperature sensors may be placed atany position on the robot.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup4The Design of the Robots14Figure5:Illustration offield of view.6.Sensors inside the robot may measure all quantities of interest,including(but not limited to)voltages,currents,forces,movements,accelerations, and rotational speeds.They can be at any position inside the robot. 4.5Communication and Control4.5.1.Robots participating in the Humanoid League competitions must act autonomously while a competition is running.No external power supply,teleop-eration,remote control,or remote brain of any kind is allowed.4.5.2.Robots may communicate only via the wireless network provided by the organizers which must support the referee box.The total bandwidth of the robots belonging to one team may not exceed1MBaud.The robots must not rely on availability or quality of the wireless network.They must be able to play if the network is not available or of low quality.Only robots are allowed to communicate by WLAN.Any other computers of team members are only allowed to communicate by tethered LAN.No other wireless communication is allowed onsite.All other wireless hardware must be deactivated.A team may be disqualified if one of the team members violates this rule.4.5.3.Robots of a team may communicate with each other at any time duringa game.They may receive start and stop signals from an off-thefield computer. This computer is only allowed to listen to the wireless communication while the ball is in play.It may be used to send game-control signals(e.g.kick-off, penalty,free kick,...)to the robots during game stoppages.Any other kind of transmission from an external computer to the robots is prohibited.The start and 2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup4The Design of the Robots15 stop signal are to be sent via UDP when the ball is not in play(e.g.from a game controller/referee box via UDP broadcast).This implies that any monitoring is only done by receiving UDP communication from the robots.Sending any other transmission from an external computer to the robots has to take place during a timeout or using a direct cable between the computer and the robot during maintenance of the robot.In2009a prototype of a game controller/referee box has been introduced.It uses UDP to broadcast information to the robots like elapsed time,current score, game state(ready,set,playing,finished)and the robot-specific penalized state. The source code is open.1To encourage teams to use the referee box,10s advantage is given to teams using the referee box in any stoppage of the game (cf.Section8).4.5.4.No humans are allowed on thefield while the ball is in play.Robot handlers must receive permission from the referee prior to entering thefield.Each team may designate only one person as robot handler.The robot handler of a team may not touch a robot of another team in order to avoid any(unintentional or intentional)damage to that robot.4.6Colors and Markers4.6.1.Robots participating in the Humanoid League competitions must be mostly black or of dark grey color(i.e.RAL7011Iron Grey or darker)and non reflective.Less than10%of the total body surface may have a higher re-flectance,e.g.gray or white.Less than1%of the total body surface may be colored.Any color used for thefield(green,yellow,blue)or the ball(orange) must be avoided.Arms,legs and bodies of the robot must be of solid shape appearance.4.6.2.The robots must be marked with team markers.These markers are colored magenta for one team and cyan for the other team.Robot legs and arms must be covered by team markers.If both teams cannot agree,which team color to use,a coin will beflipped15minutes prior to the game to assign the team colors.4.6.3.The robots of each team must be uniquely identifiable.They must be marked with numbers or names.The goal keeper robot must be marked uniquely that it can be easily distinguished from the other robots of a team by the referees.1The source code of the game controller/referee box is available from /projects/robocupgc/,see also http://www.tzi.de/humanoid.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup4The Design of the Robots164.7Safety4.7.1.Robots participating in the Humanoid League competitions must not pose any danger to humans,other robots,or thefield of play.Anyone is allowed to take every action necessary to prevent urgent harm.4.7.2.The robots must be constructed in a way that offenses described in Sec-tion12are avoided.Robots violating above safety requirements will be excluded by the referee from the ongoing game.They may be excluded by the league organization committee from the remainder of the tournament.4.8RobustnessRobots participating in the Humanoid League competitions must be constructed in a robust way.They must maintain structural integrity during contact with the field,the ball,or other players.Their sensing systems must be able to tolerate significant levels of noise and disturbance caused by other players,the referees, robot handlers,and the audience.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup5The Referee175The Referee5.1.Each match is controlled by a referee who has full authority to enforcethese rules in connection with the match to which he has been appointed.5.2.The referee ensures that thefield and the ball are in proper condition.Heensures that the robot players meet the requirements of Section4.5.3.The referee acts as timekeeper and keeps a record of the match.He stops,suspends or terminates the match,at his discretion,for any infringements of the rules or because of outside interference of any kind.5.4.The referee allows play to continue when the team against which an offensehas been committed will benefit from such an advantage and penalizes the original offense if the anticipated advantage does not ensue at that time.5.5.He punishes the more serious offense when a player commits more thanone offense at the same time and takes disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable and sending-offoffenses.He is not obliged to take this action immediately but must do so when the ball next goes out of play.5.6.The referee takes action against team officials who fail to conduct them-selves in a responsible manner and may,at his discretion,expel them from thefield of play and its immediate surrounds.He ensures that no unau-thorized persons enter thefield of play.5.7.The referee acts on the advice of assistant referees regarding incidentswhich he has not seen.Some referee duties,like time keeping and keepinga record of the match,may be delegated to one of the assistant referees.5.8.The decisions of the referee regarding facts connected with play arefinal.The referee may only change a decision on realizing that it is incorrect or, at his discretion,on the advice of an assistant referee,provided that he has not restarted play.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup6The Assistant Referees186The Assistant Referees6.1.One or more assistant referees are appointed for a match whose duties,subject to the decision of the referee,are to indicate when the whole of the ball has passed out of thefield of play,which side is entitled to a corner kick,goal kick or throw-in,and when misconduct or any other incident has occurred out of the view of the referee.6.2.The assistant referees might be assigned additional duties,such as timekeeping and keeping a record of the match.6.3.The assistant referees also assist the referee to control the match in accor-dance with these rules.6.4.In the event of undue interference or improper conduct,the referee willrelieve an assistant referee of his duties and make a report to the league organizing committee.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup7The Duration of the Match197The Duration of the Match7.1Periods7.1.1.The match lasts two equal periods of10minutes.Players are entitled to an interval at half-time.The half-time interval must not exceed5minutes.7.1.2.Allowance is made in either period for all time lost through,e.g.sub-stitution(s),timeouts,and wasting time.The allowance for time lost is at the discretion of the referee.7.1.3.In the knock-out games of a tournament two further equal periods of5 minutes each are played if the game is not decided after the regular playing time. If during regular playing time none of the two teams in a knock-out match was able to kick the ball to reach their respective opponent’s goal the extra time is skipped and the game immediately continues by thefive alternating penalty kick trials(cf.Section14).7.2TimeoutsA team may extend a stoppage of the game by taking a timeout.During a timeout robots may be serviced.Each team may take at most one timeout per period.If a team is not ready to resume the game when the referee wants to start the game,it has to take a timeout.If there is no timeout left,the referee will start the game anyway.A timeout ends automatically after120s.A timeout also ends when the team signals its end to the referee.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup8The Start and Restart of Play208The Start and Restart of Play8.1Preliminaries8.1.1.Access to thefield is given to both teams at least15minutes prior to the scheduled kick-offtime.A coin is tossed and the team which wins the toss decides which goal it will attack in thefirst half of the match.The other team takes the kick-offto start the match.The team which wins the toss takes the kick-offto start the second half of the match.In the second half of the match the teams change ends and attack the opposite goals.8.1.2.If both teems cannot agree on the color of their team makers,a coin is tossed and the markers are exchanged at halftime.8.1.3.A match must start at the scheduled time.In exceptional situations only,the referee may re-adjust the time for starting the game in accordance with both team leaders.All robots of a team are started(and stopped)by receiving a signal through wireless communication from outside thefield.In exceptional cases,starting and stopping robots manually may be allowed by the referee. 8.2Kick-off8.2.1.A kick-offis a way of starting or restarting play at the start of the match, after a goal has been scored,at the start of the second half of the match,at the start of each period of extra time,where applicable.After a team scores a goal, the kick-offis taken by the other team.8.2.2.A goal may not be scored directly from the kick-off.Either the ball must move20cm from the kick-offpoint or must be touched by another player before being kicked towards the goal.If the ball is kicked directly towards the goal the kick-offis awarded to the opposing team.8.2.3.The procedure for kick-offis as follows:•The referee gives the signal“READY”that all robots have to reach their own half of thefield.Robots not being able to position autonomously in their own half may be placed by their respective robot handler.•The opponents of the team taking the kick-offare outside the center circle until the ball is in play.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup8The Start and Restart of Play21•The referee gives the signal“SET”.The referee calls robots illegally posi-tioned to be set back manually by the respective robot handler to the outer line of their goal area.Onefield player of a manually or illegally positioned team suffers a removal penalty(cf.Section12).•The ball is stationary on the center mark.•The referee gives the signal“PLAY”or whistles.•The ball is in play when it is touched or10seconds elapsed after the signal.8.2.4.Robots being able to autonomously reposition themselves can take any position on thefield that is consistent with above requirements.Robots not able to autonomously reposition themselves,e.g.robots being carried or joysticked around by human team members,have to start from a position not closer to thefield halfway line than the outer line of the goal area.If all robots of the team executing the kick-offcannot autonomously reposition themselves,then one robot may be placed into the center circle.8.2.5.If one or both of the teams in a match have permission to use a manual startup procedure,the referee gives the two signals“SET”and“PLAY”with an interval of exactly10seconds.Robot players without remote start capability may be started on thefield after the“SET”signal.They may not move before the “PLAY”signal was given by the referee.Robots with autonomous positioning ability are given between15and30seconds for re-positioning after a goal has been scored by one of the teams before the“SET”signal for kick-offis given by the referee.All human team members must leave thefield of play immediately after the“SET”signal and before the“PLAY”signal.8.2.6.A team which uses manual kick-offand not kick-offwith the referee box is punished by a penalty of having to wait for10s after the signal”PLAY”before they are allowed to locomote.If such a team has kick-offthen at the signal ”PLAY”the referee immediately moves the ball from the kick-offposition to a position somewhere on the center line and outside of the center circle and the ball is in play.8.2.7.If a robot is moving for a significant time between“SET”and“PLAY”signals or repeatedly violates Rules8.2.3or8.2.6,it will be punished by a removal penalty(cf.Section12).8.2.8.If a robot handler has not left thefield by the“PLAY”signal,a yellow card is shown to the robot closest to the incident.If the game has been influenced, 2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup8The Start and Restart of Play22 the kick-offwill be repeated and the team committed the offence has to start from a position not closer to thefield halfway line than the outer line of the own goal area.8.3Dropped Ball8.3.1.A dropped ball is a way of restarting the match after a temporary stoppage which becomes necessary,while the ball is in play,for any reason not mentioned elsewhere in the rules.In particular,the referee may call a game-stuck situation if there is no progress of the game for30s.8.3.2.The game is continued at the center mark.A goal can be scored directly from a dropped ball.The procedure for dropped ball is the same as for kick-off, except that the robots of both teams must be outside the center circle.The ball is in play immediately after the referee gives the signal.8.3.3.If a player moves too close to the ball before the referee gives the signal,a kick-offis awarded to the opponent team.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup11Offside239The Ball In and Out of Play9.1.The ball is out of play when it has wholly crossed the goal line or touchline whether on the ground or in the air or when play has been stopped by the referee.9.2.The ball is in play at all other times,including when it rebounds from agoalpost,crossbar,corner pole,or human and remains in thefield of play.10The Method of Scoring10.1.A goal is scored when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line,be-tween the goalposts and under the crossbar,provided that no infringement of the rules has been committed previously by the team scoring the goal.10.2.The team scoring the greater number of goals during a match is the winner.If both teams score an equal number of goals,or if no goals are scored, the match is drawn.10.3.For knock-out matches ending in a draw after regular time,extra time,penalty kicks,and scoring times will be used to determine the winner of a match.10.4.An abandoned match is replayed unless the league organization committeedecides otherwise.If a team chooses to forfeit a match in the round robin games the other team plays on an empty goal.If a team chooses to forfeit in a knock-out game the other team continues in the competition.Teams may choose to forfeit games at any stage prior to the end of the game.10.5.If the current score in a match has a goal difference of10goals(e.g.,10:0,11:1,12:2etc.),then the referee will terminate the match and the score will be recorded as the current score.11OffsideThe offside rule is not applied.2010RoboCup Soccer Humanoid League Rules and Setup。

机器人救援7-1(RoboCupRescue)

机器人救援7-1(RoboCupRescue)

Command
Command
move say target message tell message extinguish target rescue target load target unload target clear target
2D Monitor
2D Monitor
资源链接
RoboCupRescue仿真服务器的安装及运行 仿真服务器的安装及运行
仿真程序服务器的在Linux下运行,需要java开发平 台的jdk1.5, 编译器需要gcc3.40或者以上。硬件配 置要求比较高 客户端的源代码是公开的,可以借鉴别人的底层代 码来做初期的开发工作。客户端利用UDP/IP和 TCP/IP协议并且通过7000和8000端口和服务器进 行连接。可以在一台机器上同时运行客户端和服务 器,也可以分布在好几台及其上运行。
特定出入口,可燃烧,倒塌 需要救助的人,有HP,饥饿,毅力,疲劳等设定 类似市民,需要救助,并且不能通过被毁的路段 可灭火,但不能离消防车过远,同样有死亡设定 原地不动的消防车,可进行不同单位间的通信 可救人,但是每辆车只能搭载一个急救病人 所有市民(活着)的最终归宿,挽救病人 清路障,救人(配合医生) 不动的警车
行为模拟计算
ea(t)=fa(xa(t),sa(x(t)),ua(t),t) xa=个体能力 ea(t)=个体对全局返回值 sa(x(t))=周围环境和个体影响 ua(t)=全局对个体的赋值
Rescue Simulator
Communication
Communication
世界模型
建筑 市民 汽车 消防员 消防局 救护车 医院 警察 警察局
RoboCupRescue仿真系统介绍 仿真系统介绍

Robocup救援仿真PPT

Robocup救援仿真PPT
地理资讯系统 地理资讯系统模组提供了模拟世界的初始组态,像是道路,建筑物以及个体在 这个世界当中的开始位置.此外这个模组还会记录整个模拟的结果,因此我们能 够 透过离线的方式来看这个模拟的过程。
观察器 观察器负责将 RoboCupRescue 的模拟利用电脑的图形来做视觉化的工作.
成分模拟器 成分模拟器分别对应到许多不同的模拟领域,像是地震,火灾以及交通壅塞等 等,这些模拟器会被挂入这个系统,并且模拟这个世界当中会发生的事以及在某些 动作之后所会造成的影响为何,不过一次只能有一个相同领域的模拟器可以被挂 入这个系统,例如由一个火灾的模拟器来模拟火灾的状况.而这些模拟器的产生也 是需要经过相同领域模拟器互相竞争,比较那一个模拟的结果比较精确而且比较 有效率.
2)jdk的安装 下载一个jdk1.6 for linux(linux系统下的jdk,若在新德 里软件包里联网安装的,网速比较慢,可以先下载再安装 ),放在你要安装的目录下。命令行下进入该目录, ./~.bin就可以了,“~”代表你的jdk安装文件的名字。 (此处命令:$./jdk1.6 for linux.bin )‫‏‬ 安装完jdk后需要设置环境变量,如下:
大学获得冠军
2009年第一届安徽省救援仿真比赛举办
救援仿真的目的
1.Robocuprescue机器人救援仿真是一个通
过模拟显示生活中的城市灾难场景,用机 器人进行救援的仿真统.RCRSS(Robocup Rescue Simulation System)
2使救援Agent(智能体/机器人)进行有效
• 表1智能体和着火点的个数 • *最大初始燃烧建筑物数量为30。 然而这些建筑物分布在8个不同 的区域,也就是说初始时最多8 个火点,但是每个火点会有几 个建筑物燃烧。

机器人足球赛 - Apache Tomcat5526

机器人足球赛 - Apache Tomcat5526

机器人足球赛简介足球运动是一种大家非常喜爱的运动。

让机器人去踢足球,听起来像天方夜谭似的。

机器人也能去踢足球? 而且,还是要组成一个队伍,不同的机器人要互相配合?要知道,机器人要参加比赛必须要有自己的眼睛,自己的双腿,自己的大脑,还得有自己的嘴——把自己的想法告诉别人,协同进行比赛。

现在的足球机器人还没有做到像我们人一样。

据科学家估计,这得再过五十年,即2050年左右才能做到在一个真的足球场地上,与我们人的比赛规则一样的条件下进行比赛。

到那时可能电视转播的体育节目中机器人足球会占很大的比重。

当然,这是猜测,目前为止,现实中在国际上最具影响力的机器人足球赛事组织有FIRA国际机器人足球联合会和ROBOTCUP国际机器人足球世界杯赛。

系列现在的足球机器人比赛有两个系列:即ROBOCUP 和FIRA。

每年都要进行一次比赛。

中国最早参加了FIRA比赛,东北大学代表队和哈工大代表队都取得了好成绩。

另外中国还参加了ROBOCUP系列的比赛。

在2001年的ROBOCUP比赛中,清华大学代表队获得了世界冠军。

另外,中国人工智能学会在2001年成立了机器人足球专业委员会。

机器人足球参加了科技申奥主题活动,还将参加2002年的世界杯足球赛。

以上活动说明机器人足球在中国获得良好的发展。

类型机器人足球赛的主要类型分为半自主型(MIROSOT)、全自主型(ROBOSOT)、类人型(HUROSOT)、仿真型(SIMUROSOT)四种类型。

FIRA世界杯发展历程FIRA机器人足球比赛最早由韩国高等技术研究院(Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,KAIST)的金钟焕(Jong-Hwan Kim)教授于1995年提出,并于1996年在KAIST所在的韩国大田市(Daejeon)举办了第一届国际比赛。

1997年6月,第二届微机器人足球比赛(MiroSot97)在KAIST举行期间,国际机器人足球联盟(Federation of International Robot-soccer Association,FIRA)宣告成立。

AxeBot机器人:全方位自主移动机器人的机械设计 毕业论文外文翻译

AxeBot机器人:全方位自主移动机器人的机械设计  毕业论文外文翻译

AxeBot Robot: The Mechanical Design for an Autonomous Omni directional Mobile RobotTiago P. do Nascimento, Augusto Loureiro da Costa, Cristiane Correa Paim Post-graduation Program in Electrical EngineeringUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvador, Bahia, Brasiltiagopn@, augusto.loureiro@ufba.br, cpaim@ufba.brAbstractThe AxeBot robot‟s mechanical design, a fully autonomous mobile robot, for the RoboCup Small Size League, is presented in this paper. The AxeBot robot uses three omnidirectional wheels for movement and is equipped by a shooting device for shooting the ball in different directions. Once the AxeBot robot is a fully autonomous mobile robot all the sensors, engines, servos, batteries, and the computer system, must be embedded on. The project can be separated in four different parts: the chassis design, the wheel design, the shooting device design and the overall assembly which makes a shell design possible to cover the whole robot. The AxeBot mechanical design brings up a new chassis concept for three wheels omnidirectional robot, also present a new shooting device, and finally present AxeBots prototype assembly.1. IntroductionThe RoboCup Initiative is an international research group whose aims are to promote the fields of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. A standard challenge, a soccer match performed by autonomous robot teams, was proposed in 1996 [1]. Initially with three different leagues 2D: Robot Soccer Simulation league, Small Size Robot league, and Middle Size Robot league. Nowadays these leagues have been increased up to: Four-Legged League, Humanoid League, Middle Size League, RoboCup Junior Soccer, Small Size League, Soccer Simulation, Standard Robot League. Also, another challenge, the RoboCup Rescue was proposed in 1999 to show that the result from the robot soccer research could be directly applied on a real world problem like a disaster rescue made by robots. Through the integration of technology and advanced computer algorithms, the goal of RoboCup is to build a team of humanoid robots that can beat the current World Cup champions by the year 2050. The AxeBot uses three omnidirectional wheels, positioned on a circle with an angle of 120o among each wheel, to move in different directions. Three Maxxon A-22 motors are used to drive the omnidirectional wheels, one motor per wheel. These motors are controlled by two Brainstem Moto 1.0 and a cascade controller made to control the robot trajectory [2] [3]. The AxeBot also holds a shooting device to kick the ball in different directions, a Vision System with a CMUCam Plus and GP202 Infra-red sensor [4], a embedded Computer System based on StrongArm, called StarGate Kit and a IEEE 802.11 wireless network card. This work presents the mechanical project to enclose these equipments into an fully autonomous omnidirectional robot calledAxeBot. The complete AxeBot dynamics and kinematics model can be found in [5], this model was used to specify some mechanical parameter, like the wheel diameter.2. The ChassisThe chassis of the robot is the frame to which all other components can be attached, directly or indirectly. Therefore the chassis must be strong enough to carry the weight of all parts when the robot is in rest o in movement. The chassis has to withstand the forces on it, caused by the acceleration of the robot as well. Another important requirement of the chassis is that it fixes all components in a stiff way, so that there will be small relative displacements of the components within the robot, during acceleration and deceleration. This is particular important for the three driving motors, which are positioned on the ground plane with an angle of 120o between each motor. The performance of the control of the robot is dependent on a precise and stiff placement of the motors [6]. The chassis has to be strong enough also to withstand a collision of the robotagainst the wall or against another robot, with the highest possible impact velocity that can occur. Finally the chassis has to be built with the smallest amount of material. At first to reduce the costs, and to minimize the total weight of the robot. Less weight requires less power to accelerate. So with the same motors, less weight gives you more acceleration. This is of course only true, when all the power generated by the motors can be transferred, via the wheels, to the ground. In other words, the wheels must have enough traction that there will be no slip between the wheels and the ground [7].2.1. MaterialFiberglass was used to build the chassis. This choice is purely financial, because the material is not expensive (although it is strong) and there is no need to hire a professional constructor. The building of all the chassis (six in total) can be done by the team members themselves. Only the moulds have to be built by a professional. The upper and lower chassis can be made using one mould that can be adjusted to produce the different chassis.2.2. DesignThe primary goal of the design is the fixation of the motors in the desired positions. Therefore a ground plate with 3 slots for the motors is modeled. At the front side each motor can be attached to the chassis. At the rim of the ground plate an edge is attached to give the chassis more torsion stiffness. This edge can also be used for attaching other components of the robot, like the covering shell. Also there is a cutout to create space for the shooting device of the robot. In section 5 the design of this device will be discussed. However no final design will be presented and therefore we stick with this assumption that the shooting device needs these cutouts. All edges are rounded, because this will make the construction of the easier part. The final part, the lower chassis, is shown in the figure below. This part is modeled in Solid Edge. To get a stiffer and stronger chassis, a second chassis part, the upper chassis, is modeled. This is almost an exact copy of the first part, only now there are 3 cutouts that provide more space for placing the components of the robot. These cutouts also save some material and therefore weight. The both parts are This sandwich construction gives thewhole chassis more stiffness, and so the total thickness of both the chassis can probably be lower than using one chassis part.Figure 1: Lower chassisFigure 2: Upper and lower chassis attached to each other2.3. Chassis mouldTo build these parts, a mould was made. This is just a negative of the actual robot parts. In figure 3 the mould of the upper chassis. To change this mould in the mould for the lower chassis, where the ground plate does not have holes, the indicated pieces (with white stripes) and the not indicated left piece (symmetric to the most right part) should be lowered 4 mm. For the upper and lower chassis, the basis mould is exactly the same. Only piece one and two are different for the two chassis, the motor piece and the shooting system piece are the same.Figure 3: Chassis mould3. WheelsThe AxeBot robot is equipped with three wheels positioned on a circle with an angle of 120°among attached to each other as shown in the picture below.each wheel. These wheels have to enable the omnidirectionality of the AxeBot robot. This means that the wheels have to be able to let the robot make two translational movements (in x and y-direction, see figure 4) without rotating the robot around its z-axis (the axis perpendicular to the y and x-axis, that is rotation in figure 4). The wheels have also to enable a rotation of the total robot around the z-axis.Figure 4: AxeBot wheels positionsNevertheless, the wheels have to be as small and light as possible to minimize weight and moment of inertia but still remain usable and manageable. The wheels are based on an existing design of an omnidirectional wheel from the Cornell Robot 2003 [8]. Figure 5 shows an exploded view the final version of a wheel. The two shells are connected to each other by screws and hold every part on the right place. The hub is also attached to the shells by screws. The hub is mounted on the output axle of a motor by a screw to transfer the rotational output of a motor to the wheel. The rings of the rollers are in contact with the floor. A roller can rotate around its roller axle.As mentioned above, the wheel has to enable two translations (x and y, see figure 4) without rotating around its z-axis. The whole wheel ensures one translation by rotating around the output shaft of the motors while the rollers ensure the other translation. Combining these translations on a proper way a robot can move anywhere in a plane or make a rotation.3.1. RingThe ring is the only part of the wheel that is in contact with the floor. Note that a wheel can also be in contact with the floor by two rings. To obtain maximum grip (no slip) the Cornell Robot 2003 team first developed rollers without rings. The rollers had sharp edges to cut into the carpet of the football fieldfor maximum grip. This however ruined the carpet and rubber rings were added in the design to obtain maximum grip without ruining the carpet. The rings are circular with a circular profile.Figure 5: Exploded view of the wheelTherefore the rubber rings are also used for the AxeBot 2006. Rubber rings can be bought in several sizes and since they are highly elastic it wasn‟t difficult to find a ring of a right size. Since there are more than one …right sizes‟ and the geometry of the ring is that simple, no technical drawing of the ring was made.3.2. RollerThe geometry of the rollers may not restrict the rotation of the roller and should enable the placement of the rubber ring, without the ring falling off. This can be easily obtained (see drawings). The only problem is friction with their axles and with the shells.The geometry of the rollers can influence the friction with the shells and the friction with its roller axle. To minimize the possibility of wear on the contact area between the roller and the roller axle, this contact area should be as big as possible.When the torque of the motor is transferred through a roller to the ground (driving the robot), the roller that is on the ground is pressed against the shells. It will occur often that, in this situation, the desired driving direction also requires a rotation of the roller (then the summation of the two translational movements will results in the desired driving direction). The rotating roller is, in this situation, pressed against the shells which, in some cases, can result in wear of the roller and or the shells. This depends on the material of the roller, the material of the shell, the magnitude of the force which presses the surfaces on each other (in this case it is the torque of the motor) and the geometry of both contact surfaces. Only the materials and geometry can be chosen in the design process of the wheels.A small contact area results in low friction but possible wear of one of the two surfaces and though materials have to be used to avoid wear. A large contact area will not cause wear but will result in a large friction force. An optimum for the contact area and the materials has to be found. The geometry has to be machinable also. Problems that are mentioned above did not occur with the design of the rollers of the Cornell Robot 2003. Therefore the same geometry for the rollers is used for the AxeBot.The Cornell Robot 2003 team designed a wheel with 15 rollers that worked very well. Therefore also 15 rollers are used in each wheel of the AxeBot 2006.The prototypes of the wheels of the Cornell Robot 2003 first had Delrin rollers to minimize friction and weight. Delrin is a kind of plastic which is used with moving contact surfaces because of its low friction coefficients with other materials. After a few test with the prototype robot it became clear that the Delrin-rollers easily broke with a collision. Therefore the Cornell Robot 2003 was equipped with aluminum rollers. These were strong enough to withstand collisions and aluminum has a low density (compared to other metals).However, during other prototype tests of the Cornell Robot 2003 team some aluminum residue built up on the steel rollers axles. The Cornell Robot 2003 did not encounter problems due to the wearing of the aluminum rollers, but to optimize the design of the AxeBot wheels this problem was solved.To avoid wearing of the aluminum rollers other material for the axles can be used or the rollers can be made of a tougher material. After a few calculations it became clear that roller axles of Delrin (to reduce the friction) are strong enough (see the section about the axles), but it is not possible to produce thin bars of Delrin. Therefore steel axles are used, the same material as the roller axles of the Cornell Robot 2003.So to avoid wear of the rollers a more though material than aluminum has to be used for the rollers. Steel is more though and an easily obtainable and cheap material. Adisadvantage of steel compared to aluminum is its higher density. This will increase the moment of the inertia which …costs‟ more torque of the motor. The total moment of inertia of a wheel with steel rollers is 1.39×10−4kgm2 and the moment of inertia of a wheel with aluminum rollers is 1.30×10−4kgm2. Using steel rollers instead of aluminum rollers would increase the moment of inertia by 7 this increase is neglectable small and steel rollers can be used.Concerning friction, using steel rollers and steel axles is also better than using aluminum rollers and steel axles since the friction-coefficient between steel and steel is lower than that between steel and aluminum. A lubricant can also be used to even more reduce friction.3.3. Roller axleAs mentioned above, the use of Delrin for the roller axles was investigated since it would reduce the wear of the aluminum rollers. In a static situation was calculated whether Delrin axles of 2.4 mm diameter would be strong enough. This was also done in a dynamical situation (dropping the robot on the floor and landing on one roller), but without using a Finite Element Method this did not result in realistic results. When the total weight of 3.5 kg of one AxeBot 2006 would completely be on one roller axle this would result in a shear stress in the axle.In this situation the shear stress can be calculated by dividing the force on the axle (due to the weight of the AxeBot) by the area of the shear plane. The area of the shear plane is of course the area of a circle with a radius similar to the radius of the axles. Note that the weight of the AxeBot has to be divided by two since there are two shear planes in one axle.The magnitude of the shear stress would be 3.8 MPa. Delrin starts to plastically deform in due to shear at around 44 MPa. Statically, Delrin axles would be strong enough.However, this calculation was not necessary it became clear that it is not possible to produce Delrin bars of 2.5 mm (diameter). Therefore steel axles will be used (aluminum axles would result in more friction). To reduce friction, the axles were coated with a lubricant like carbon. Lubricants like carbon are easily available.The Cornell robot team 2003 documentation does not mention problems of wear of their polycarbonate shells due to their steel roller axles. As one can be read further down this section, the shells of the AxeBot wheels will be made of aluminum or polycarbonate. The coefficient of friction between aluminum (shells) and steel (axles) and between polycarbonate (shells) and steel (axles) are of equal sizes (about 0.45 [-]). Also, the geometry of the wheels of the Cornell robot and the AxeBot are almost the same. Therefore it is most likely that wearing due to friction will not be a problem with steel roller axles and polycarbonate or aluminum shells.Production the axles can easily be made out of a steel bar. Depending on the available diameters of steel bars, the diameter of the axles could be adjusted. The edges of the axles are rounded to avoid sharp corners.3.4. HubThe hub connects the wheel to the axle of the motor. A M2-bolt can be used for this purpose, the hole in the hub where this bolt will be placed is dimensioned 1.5 mm indiameter so screw thread can be made to fit in the M2-bolt. The hub is connected to the shells by three M3-screws. Corresponding holes of 2.5 mm will be made in the hub and the shells. The geometry of the hub can be changed to facilitate the production process. The hub can be made out of aluminum or polycarbonate, both light materials. To investigate the option (and price) of injection moulding the hub out of polycarbonate a sketch of a design for a mould has been made.3.5. ShellsAlmost the all geometry of the shells of the Cornell Robot 2003 is used. Only little changes in the slots for the rollers of the axles have been made to facilitate the production process of the shells. In the section about the production of the shells a different design for the slots of the axles is presented to make the production of the shells easily.The shells can be made out of aluminum or a though, light plastic like polycarbonate. The Cornell Robot had shells of polycarbonate. The best machinable material is preferred, and the one used on the AxeBot‟s shell. Wh en using a plastic that can be injection molded, molds have been designed to check the prices of injection moulding.4. Shooting DeviceThis design consists of a vertical arm (the kick arm), that can swing around an axle which is fixed to the robot. This movement will be actuated by one of the two servos, the kicking servo, that is also fixed to the robot. The other servo, the directional servo, is attached to the bottom of the kick arm (the servosocket). A pendulum-like system is formed, so a large mass is concentrated in the lower part of a rotating arm. The kicking servo has a kicking plate attached to it which can rotate and thereby makes it possible to shoot in different directions. The kicking plate can be positioned very accurately since servos are designed for these kinds of tasks. The kicking plate is also connected to the servosocket. Therefore the collision force between the ball and the kicking plate will be guided to and divided by these two connection points. There will be less bending in the kicking platethen with one connection point and smaller reaction forces will act on the connection points.Figure 6: The AxeBot shooting device5. Shell and AxeBot AssemblyThe shell is the cover of the total robot. It will be made from fiberglass as well, for the same reasons as stated in the section about the chassis. In the figure below the design of the shell is shown. There are cutouts to make room for the wheels as well as for the shooting device. The diameter of the shell is 178 mm. Because the maximum allowable diameter is 180 mm, a margin of 2 mm is created.On top of the shell a vision system will be mounted. For the sake of compactness of the robot the height should be as small as possible, with all the parts fitting in. Thismould can be built with the simple milling machine that is available.To assemble the robot the most important demand is to obtain a total centre of gravity that has the lowest possible position in the robot. This will give the robot positive driving abilities. Another demand is of course that all the parts fit in the maximum height of 150 mm.To check this, all the parts of the robot have been modeled in Solid Edge. In figure 7 an exploded view of the total robot assembly is shown.The robot consists of an upper and lower chassis. Three motors with three omnidirectional wheels are attached to it. On the bottom of the robot, the two battery packs are placed, because these parts have the largest mass. The three motor processors are attached to two general processors. Also the overall processor with the data-transfer-unit is assembled. The latter parts are assembled in a way that is most compact. With this assembly it is possible for all parts to fit in a shell with height of 100 mm.A model for the shell of the robot is designed. Also a molt to produce these parts is modeled. It is possible to produce this model by using the milling machine that is available at the university. The assembly of all the parts, except the shooting device, shows that a shell height of 100 mm is possible.Figure 7: Exploded view of the total robot assemblyFigure 8: Total robot assembly6. ConclusionThe AxeBot mechanical design, a fully autonomous mobile robot, for the RoboCup Small Size League, was presented in this paper. This mechanical design brings up a new concept of chassis for three wheels omnidirectional mobile for RoboCup F-180 league, that can be built easily and cheap. Also a new effectuator mobile robot design for RoboCup F-180 league is presented here. This new effectuator allows the mobile robot to shoot the ball in different directions, instead of just shoot a head like the othershooting devices. Finally the mechanical project presented here encloses all part, sensor, actuators, effectuator, computer systems, wheels, chassis and cover shell into the AxeBot prototype. The AxeBot robot was concept for academical proposes, using the robot soccer as a laboratory to research in Autonomous Mobile Robots, Artificial Intelligence and related areas. Looking forward, in a few months, four more AxeBots are expected to be built like the two in figure 9. These robots will form the MecaTeam F-180, and height of 100 mm is possible.will support our research in to multi-robot systems, as it can be seen in figure 9 below.Figure 9: AxeBot photo7. References[1] Kitano, H. “Robocup: The robot world cup initiative”. In: Proc. of The First International Conference on Autonomous Agent (Agents-97)). Marina del Ray, The ACM Press. 1997.[2] Franco, A. C. “Geração e controle de tra jetória de robôs móveis omni-direcionais”, Master‟s thesis, Programa de Pós-Graduação Mecatrônica, UFBA. 2007.[3] PIRES, E. J. S.; MACHADO, J. A. T.; OLIVEIRA, P. B. de M. “Robot trajectory planning using multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization”. In: DEB, K. et al. (Ed.). GECCO (1). [S.l.]: Springer, 2004. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, v. 3102), p.615-626. ISBN 3-540-22344-4.[4] Oliveira, L. R., Costa, A. L., Schnitman, L. and Souza, J. “An architecture of sensor fusion for spatial locat ion of objects in mobile robotics”, in B. H. Spring-Verlag (ed.), Encontro Português de Inteligência Artificial, EPIA‟2005, Covilhã, 2005. pp. 462–473.[5] Nascimento, T. P., Costa, A. L., Paim, C. C. “Uma abordagem multivariável para modelagem de robôs móveis omnidirecionais”, XVI CBA - Congresso Brasileiro de Automação. 2008.[6] ANGELES, J. “Fundamentals of Robotic Mechanical Systems: Theory, Methods, and Algorithms”. 2. ed. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003. [7] B. Carter, M. Good, M. Dorohoff, J. Lew, R. L. W. II, and P. Gallina, “Mechanical design and modeling of an omni-directional robocup player,” in Proceedings RoboCup 2001 International Symposium, (Athens, Ohio), pp. 1–10, 2001.[8] Anderson, G., Chang, C., Chung, D., Evansic, L., Law, H., Richardson, S., Robers, J., Sterk, K. and Yim, J. 2003 cornell robocup, mechanical group final documentation, Technical report, /. 2003.翻译:AxeBot机器人:全方位自主移动机器人的机械设计摘要:这篇文章中介绍了一个用来参与机器人世界杯小尺寸等级比赛的完全自主移动AxeBot机器人的机械设计。

RCJ青少年机器人舞蹈比赛规则(2009)

RCJ青少年机器人舞蹈比赛规则(2009)

Dance Rules (2009)RCJ青少年机器人舞蹈比赛规则(2009)Last updated: Updated: 29 January 2009by Ian Maud (chair), Amy Eguchi, Martin Bader, Nicola Hughes, Eli Kolberg, Eduardo Pinto, and Li Shi.Translated to Chinese by Lin JunqiuChanges from 2008 rules are highlighted in red.注意:与2008规则不同之处将会用红色标明。

The most important rule for RoboCupJunior Dance is 7.5.3!RCJ舞蹈最重要的规则是7.5.3!These rules to be read in conjunction with Appendix 1: RoboCupJunior (International) Robotics Performing Arts - Graz, 2009.本规则需与附则1一起阅读。

Preface -- RoboCupJunior Dance performance and two categories:序言——RCJ舞蹈表演及其两个种类RoboCupJunior Dance encourages teams to create a stage performance with which a robot(s) performs to or with music (1 to 2 min). We have recognized two types within the dance performance -- Dance and Theatre Performance. The Dance includes performances with which a robot(s) dances to music. Teams are encouraged to synchronize a robot(s) to music. The Theatre Performance includes performances with which a robot(s) acts with music. This also includes a robot(s) playing (i.e., acting or pretending to play) the instruments or singing. In order to accomodate the difference types of performance, we will have two different score sheets for 2009. The score sheets are available here. Teams are encouraged to use the score sheets when preparing their dance or theatre performance.RCJ舞蹈鼓励队伍创作一个1到2分钟、有音乐的机器人舞台表演。

机器人比赛简介

机器人比赛简介


5.2 灭火竞赛 机器人灭火竞赛机器人灭火的想法是在1994年由美国三 一学院的JackMendelssohn教授首先提出的。比赛是在一 套模拟四室一厅住房内进行,要求参赛的机器人在最短的时 间内熄灭放置在任意一个房间中的蜡烛。参赛选手可以选择 不同的比赛模式,比如,在比赛场地方面可以选择设置斜坡 或家具障碍,在机器人的控制方面可选择声控和遥控,熄灭 蜡烛所用的时间最短,选择模式的难度最大,综合扣分最少 的选手为冠军。虽然比赛过程仅有短短几分甚至几秒钟的时 间,用来灭火的机器人体积也不超过3l立方厘米,但其中包 含了很高的科技含量。机器人装备了数据处理芯片、行走、 灭火装置以及火焰探测器、光敏探测器、声音探测器、红外 探测器和超声波探测器等各种仪器,这些设备使机器人好像 长了脑子、眼睛、耳朵和手脚,从而能够根据场地的不同情 况,智能性地完成避障、寻火、灭火等任务。目前,机器人 灭火比赛已成为全球最普及的智能机器人竞赛之一。
4、推动技术进步:机器人大赛对机器人技术及其相关学科领域的发展
起到了明显的推动作用,这在机器人足球系列比赛上体现得更加明显。 比如,机器人足球比赛对机器人的视觉功能要求非常高,只有机器人装 备的显卡性能越好,机器人的识别速度就越快,运动速度也就越快,这 样才能取得比赛的胜利,这就极大地促进了视觉技术的发展。在1996年, FIRA第一届比赛的时候,大部分参赛队所用显卡的工作频率是10桢/秒, 机器人的运动速度也仅在50厘米/秒;仅仅两年之后的FIRA第三届世界 杯时,显卡的频率就达到了60桢/秒,机器人的运动速度也相应提升到2 米/秒,技术指标翻了几倍之多。机器人大赛实际上是高技术的对抗赛, 从一个侧面反映了一个国家信息与自动化领域基础研究和高技术发展的 水平。机器人大赛使研究人员能够利用各种技术,获得更好的解决方案, 从而又反过来促进各个领域的发展,这也正是开展机器人大赛的深远意 义,同时也是机器人大赛的魅力所在。 5、促进学校教育:机器人足球系列比赛以推动技术进步为主要着眼点, 而其他综合性的比赛则更加侧重于教育意义。以FLL为例,FLL的每个 参赛队在每年的工程挑战赛主体公布之后,会有大约8个星期的时间来 做准备工作,具体包括分析竞赛题目、设计解决方案、用乐高的配件搭 建智能机器人模型、编写程序、反复不断的调试程序,优化程序和机器 人结构,使机器人能够完成挑战赛的任务。在这8个星期的时间里,孩 子们要想完成任务,就必须在互联网上搜集资料、向专家请教问题、到 图书馆查阅资料以及与其它伙伴交流、探讨问题等等,这同时也是一个 面对实际问题、解决困难、克服障碍的过程。因此,孩子们除了学到了 机器人相关知识之外,还能够在自尊心、沟通能力、动手能力等方面得 到一定的提高,而这也正是FLL以及其他机器人竞赛所要达到的目标之 一。

RCJA_Rescue_Rules_2012 (1)

RCJA_Rescue_Rules_2012 (1)

RoboCup JuniorAustraliaRescue / Premier Rescue Rules2012.au/Introduction (4)Spirit (4)Sharing (4)Local Variations (4)Age Limit (4)1. The Challenge (5)1.1. The Scenario (5)2. The Field: (6)2.1 Tiles (6)2.2. Lighting (9)3. Robots (10)3.1. Size (10)3.2. Control (10)3.3. Construction (10)3.4. Robot Configuration (11)3.5. Inspection (11)3.6. Students (11)3.7. Violations (11)4. The Victims (12)5. Game Play (13)5.1. Pre-game Set-up (13)5.2. Length of a Game (13)5.3. Game Zone (13)5.4. Start of the game (13)5.5. Restarts (13)5.6. Following the Line (14)5.7. Scoring (15)5.8. Preliminary Rounds (15)5.9. Finals series (16)6. Conflict Resolution (17)6.1. Referee (17)6.2. Officials (17)6.3. Special Circumstances (17)7. Documentation (18)7.1. Log Books (18)8. Code of Conduct (19)8.1. Fair Play (19)8.2. Behaviour (19)8.3. Mentors (19)IntroductionSpiritIt is expected that all participants, students and mentors, will respect the aims and ideals of RoboCup Junior as set out in our mission statement. In turn, the volunteers, referees and officials will act within the spirit of the event to ensure the competition is competitive, fair and most importantly fun. “It is not whether you win or lose, but how much you learn that counts.”SharingIt is the overall desire of RoboCup Junior competitions, that any technological and curricular developments will be shared with other participants after the competition. Any developments including new technology and software examples may be published on the RoboCup Junior web site after the event, furthering the mission of RoboCup Junior as an educational initiative. Participants are strongly encouraged to ask questions of their fellow competitors to foster a culture of curiosity and exploration in the fields of science and technology.Local VariationsState and Regional competitions may implement minor variations with respect to age groups, running of the rescue rounds or other rule modifications. These variations will be communicated to the participants through email and/or on their relevant website prior to the state competition.Age LimitStudents should participate in one of two divisions, Rescue or Premier Rescue.Rescue: Every team member must have less than two full years’ experience.Eg. I competed last year in Rescue. I can compete in Rescue this year. I cannot compete in rescue next year.Premier Rescue: Open to all students up to those studying at a recognised secondary provider.1. The Challenge1.1. The Scenario1.1.1. A terrible earthquake has hit the city and caused a large chemical storage unit to rupture spilling thousands of litres of toxic chemicals in the centre of the city. There is a person trapped on a sinking water tank in the middle of the chemical spill. Rescue crews are having trouble entering the city with the amount of rubble around and rescue from the air has also been ruled out due to the noxious gases rising around the city.1.1.2. Rescue: It has been decided that the best form of rescue is the deployment of an autonomous robot that can navigate to the scene and rescue the stranded person on the Water Tank by pushing or dragging the water tank out of the chemical spill.1.1.3. Premier Rescue: It has been decided that the best form of rescue is the deployment ofan autonomous robot that can navigate to the scene and remove the water tank from the chemical spill and place it in its original orientation safely on the evacuation platform for later collection by an aircrew.2 The Field2.1 Tiles2.1.1. The field will consist of 594mm x 594mm tiles, with differing patterns. The final selection of tiles and their arrangement will not be revealed until the day of the competition. Competition tiles may be mounted on a hard backing material of any thickness.2.1.2. There will be a minimum of 4 tiles in a competition field.2.1.3. There are different tile designs (see examples below). Tile size has been selected so that each tile can be manufactured from an A1 sheet of paper (594x841)Note: The official RoboCup Junior Australia Rescue Field used in competitions can be obtained from MTA2.1.4. The background colour of each tile is white with the line 15mm in width and black in colour.2.1.5. All lines meet the edge of the tile halfway along its length.2.1.6. Intersections markers are green and 40mm x 40mm in dimension and indicate the correct path to follow.2.1.7. The organising committee will make every possible attempt to ensure there are no‘bumps’ between tiles although there may be slight deviati ons in height of up to 3mm. Competitors must be prepared to deal with these slight imperfections in height.2.1.8. Rescue: The tiles will be selected from Pool A only (see examples below), although competitors can expect tiles to be duplicated and/or omitted.2.1.9. Premier Rescue: The tiles and obstacles will be selected from both Pool A and Pool B, although competitors can expect tiles to be duplicated and/ or omitted.Note: For 2012 only, the Gridlock will NOT be part of Pool B.Not 20122.1.10. The “Bridge” tile will consist of a white raised section with the following dimensions with a black line across the middle of the bridge;2.1.11. The “Speed Bumps” will consist of rectangular sections, 200mm x 30mm, white in colo ur, with a height of 5mm. A black line will run across the top surface of the speed bump.2.1.12. The “Water Tower” will be a clear 1.25L PET soft drink bottle filled with water. The tower is not to be intentionally moved from its location. When navigating the water tower, robots must regain following the line before the robot fully exits the tile. The water tower will be clear with all external labels removed if possible. Should the line not be reacquired within the tile, the robot will have been deemed 'loss of line' and be required to start from the beginning of the course.2.1.13. The See Saw may be introduced onto any straight section of the course. Its length will be 600mm and the central pivot will be from 70mm. Robots will need to be able to climb and descend both sides while following the line.The “See Saw” will be constructed from10mm plywood or similar. The pivotboard is 600mm x 500mm. The twosupports will 120mm equilateraltriangles. A base piece 120mm x 505 will join the two supports together. A 5mm hole 70mm from the base of the supports will be the pivot point for the “Sea Saw”.On the edge of the Pivot board drill a 3mm hole 295mm from one end on both sides. This will make the Pivot board heavy on one end so that it always tilts one way. Use a 50mm screw on each side to join the Pivot board to the Supports. The See-Saw competition surface will be of similar material to the Rescue Tiles i.e. white heavy duty Vinyl Banner Material with a black electrical tape line.2.1.14. The final tile will be a 594mm x 594mm tile, white background with the chemical spill indicated by the green area. 2.1.15. At the point where the black line meets the green area, there will be a piece of reflective aluminium foil, 40mm x 15mm in dimension.The width of Seesaw to be a minimum of 500mm120mm2.1.16. Premier Rescue: The End Tile will also have the evacuation platform, 70mm high, 200mm wide and 70mm deep located at the rear of the chemical spill. The platform will be painted the same colour as the location rectangle on the finishing tile.2.1.17. No provision will be made to assist robots that drive off a tile, from getting back on the tile. Competitors need to be aware that in some competitions, tiles may be mounted on thick backing; making it difficult to get back on a tile should the robot come off.2.1.18. Tiles may be elevated off the floor by 90mm. Tiles will then be used as ramps to allow the robots to ‘climb’ up to and down from the elevated tile. Elevator blocks are to be made of 70 x 70 wood painted the same colour as the location rectangle on the finishing tileNote: Elevation blocks for 2012 will be90mm blocks only.2.2. Lighting2.2.1. Teams must come prepared to calibrate their robots based on the lighting conditions available at the venue.2.2.2. The organising committee will make a reasonable effort to keep ambient light to a low level with infra-red (IR) sources from incandescent lights and natural lighting minimised.2.2.3. Teams must also be prepared for other form of light interference from electronic devices and should take steps to protect their robot.3. Robots3.1. Size3.1.1. The Rescue robot must be able to pass through a doorway 180mm wide and 180mm high. The Premier Rescue robot must be able to pass through a doorway 270mm wide and 270mm high.3.2. Control3.2.1. Robots must be controlled autonomously.3.2.2. Robots must be started manually by humans.3.2.3. The use of remote control of any kind is forbidden.3.3. Construction3.3.1. Any robot kit or building materials may be used, as long as the robot fits the above specifications and as long as the design and construction are primarily and substantially the original work of the student(s) (see section 3.3)3.3.2. Robots should be well engineered and constructed. The robot should not fall apart during the game.3.4. Robot Configuration3.4.1. Robots must be able to navigate through a‘Doorway’ that will be placed anywhere on the field, on astraight section, in each round. The doorway will consistof three (3) pieces of solid wood 41mm x 41mm.Rescue: The Doorway opening will be 180mm wide and180mm high.Premier Rescue: The Doorway opening will be 270mmwide and 270mm high.The Doorway pieces will not be fixed together and will beplaced so that the two uprights are equidistant from aline. Robots that knock over the Doorway will need to restart the course.3.4.2. The doorway will be placed somewhere on the first two (2) tiles.3.4.3. Rescue: robots must NOT increase in size3.4.4. A robot entered into the premier rescue division must have a demonstrable mechanism with the potential to rescue the victim as specified in section 1.1.3.3.5. Inspection3.5.1. The robot will be examined by a panel of referees before/during or after the tournament to ensure that the robot meets the constraints described above.3.5.2. It is the responsibility of teams to have their robot re-inspected if their robot is modified at any time during the tournament.3.6. Students3.6.1. Team member(s) will be interviewed and asked to explain the operation of their robot in order to verify that the construction and the programming of the robot is their own work. Logbooks or design diaries must be provided. (see section 7)3.6.2. Students may be asked questions about their preparation efforts, and they may be requested to answer surveys and participate in videotaped interviews for research purposes.3.6.3. Commercial robot kits may be used but must be substantially modified by the students.3.6.4. It is highly unlikely that a team will be able to legally use a robot identical to another team’s robot from previous years, or use a robot that is identical to another team’s robo t.3.7. Violations3.7.1. Any violations of the inspection rules will prevent the robot from competing until modifications are effected.3.7.2. Modifications must be made within the time schedule of the tournament. Gameplay will not be delayed due to late teams.3.7.3. If a robot fails to meet all specifications (including modifications) the robot will be disqualified from that game (but not the tournament).3.7.4. If there is excessive mentor assistance or the work on the robots is not substantially original work of the students, the team will be disqualified from the tournament.4. Victim4.1.1 The victim will be represented by either a standard 375ml aluminium can, standing upright, with no markings OR a standard 375ml aluminium can wrapped in aluminium foil or aluminium foil tape.4.1.2. The can will contain material such as rice bringing the weight of the victim to 100gms. A liquid should not be used to add weight to the can.5. Game PlayGames will be organised into rounds, then a finals series.5.1. Pre-game Set-up5.1.1. Organisers will make a reasonable effort to provide the teams access to the competition area prior to the start of the competition.5.1.2. Organisers will make a reasonable effort to allow at least 10 minutes of setup time before each game. Participants should be aware, however, that situations may arise where these conditions cannot be met; and so participants should arrive prepared to cope under conditions that are less than ideal.5.2. Length of a Game5.2.1. A time limit of 120 seconds will be imposed. Organisers will ensure that the competition maze design will be of adequate length for this time limit.5.3. Game Zone5.3.1. An area around the field will be designated as the “game zone”. No one is allowed inside the game zone except for the robot handlers and the referee.5.4. Start of the game5.4.1. One team member is elected as the robot handler. Only that team member is permitted to handle the robot during the game. All other team members must remain outside the game zone.5.4.2. The robot is placed at the starting position, and then checked by the referee.5.4.3. At the instruction of the referee, the robot’s handler is to start the program on the robot.5.4.4. A start tile consisting of a lead in black line will be used, although it will not count for any points. Robots are to start behind the join between the start tile and the first course tile.5.5. Restarts5.5.1. A robot may re-start the run as the handlers deem necessary within the 120 seconds game time.5.5.2. The robot must be positioned back at the start and checked by the referee5.5.3. The game clock will continue to run during all restarts.5.5.4. There is no limit to the number of restarts within the 120 seconds game.5.5.5. Points are awarded for each successfully completed tile. Points not gained in one run can be gained in subsequent runs adding to the accumulated points until all tiles have been successfully completed.5.5.6. A robot must restart if:•The robot ceases to follow the line,•the robot is touched by a human,•the robot moves off the field.5.5.7 For the National Competition, the restart location will be the start tile of the course. For state and regional competition, organisers *may* implement the Alternative Restart rule. This decision will be announced to competitors well in advance of the competition day.Alternative Restart rule. Restarts, when required, are placed at the beginning of the maze for the first 60 seconds of a round. During the 2nd 60 seconds, should a robot fail a tile twice, it can skip that tile and all preceding tiles.eg. A robot begins course and reaches the third tile, an intersection tile, and cannot navigate through the tile. The robot must be restarted as many times as it fails for the first 60 seconds. If the robot has failed at least twice, the moment the stop watch reaches 60 seconds the robot can skip to the next tile. Further along the course the robot cannot navigate through tile 6. The robot can be taken back to the start of tile 4, the last starting point, and have a 2nd attempt. If the robot fails again, the robot can skip the 6th tile and the start of the 7th tile becomes the new re-start point, and so on. A robot that fails to complete a rescue can restart at the beginning of the Rescue Tile.Note: Points will not be awarded for the tile/s that was missed.5.6. Following the Line5.6.1. The robot must follow the line completely to enter the chemical spill.5.6.2. Where there are multiple paths, the robot may take any path.5.6.3. Where the line is discontinuous, and there is no continuous path through the tile, the robot may search for the recommencement of the line, but must not completely leave the tile before re-finding the line.5.6.4. For the purposes of determining if a robot has left the line or left the tile, the referee will use the “convex hull” of the robot. This measure is done by stretching an imaginary rubber band around the extremities of the robot, and using the enclosed space as a silhouette.5.6.5. Some portion of the continuous line segment must be under the robots convex hull. Or, in the case of a discontinuous line, some part of the tile must be under the robot silhouette.5.6.6. Once the robot has entered the chemical spill tile it is no longer required to “follow the line”. It may enter the chemical spill in any direction in its efforts to rescue the victim. However, if the robot leaves the final tile, it will have to restart.5.7. Scoring5.7.1. Teams will be awarded 10 points for each tile that their robot successfully negotiate. Eg,robots reaching the 4th tile would have successfully negotiated 3 tiles and be awarded 30 points. 5.7.2. Teams will gain an extra 2 points for each intersection marker they correctly follow. Eg, if a robot correctly follows both shortcut markers on the roundabout, it will be awarded 14 points, 10 points for completing the tile and 4 points for correctly following the shortcut markers.5.7.3. A timed, eg less than 120sec, round is only awarded after maximum points for that round have been gained. Robots that have completed a Rescue but have not gained a full score have the option to begin the course again to obtain any uncollected points.5.7.4. For Rescue, teams will be awarded an additional 50 points for successfully rescuing the victim. The victim is considered rescued when it is completely outside the chemical spill.5.7.5. For Premier Rescue, teams will be awarded an additional 50 points for successfully gaining control of the victim eg: grasping and lifting the victim to a height that may allow the victim to be placed on the platform and then begin to move showing full control of the victim. Another 50 points will be awarded for successfully placing and releasing the victim on the evacuation platform, maintaining the victim’s original upright orientation.5.7.6. If the robot fails to rescue the victim in the allocated time, it will be given a time score of 120 seconds.5.7.7. A robot must have a full score on a field before a time of less than 120 seconds is given, ie the clock stopped. eg. If a robot completes a rescue but does not have a full score they may restart and attempt to complete the missing section/s. Only when the maximum possible points for the round is achieved will the clock be stopped.5.7.8 After the preliminary rounds have been run, teams will be ranked according to their Overall Raw Score for their best four rounds.5.7.9. Should two or more teams have the same Overall Raw Score, further ranking will be performed by finding the sum of the time taken to rescue the victim in the scoring rounds. The team with the lowest time will be ranked higher.5.8. Preliminary Rounds5.8.1. There may be multiple preliminary rounds, depending on the time constraints of the tournament.5.8.2. Each team will play one game per round.5.8.3. Officials at the competition will determine the order and nature of how each round will be conducted. All teams must consult with the officials at the start of the competition to be informed on how the preliminary rounds will be run.5.8.6. The victim will be located in a new position in the chemical spill for each round. It will be in the same position for every game in that round.5.9. Finals series5.9.1. The top eight ranked teams will be in the quarter-finals.•1st ranked team vs 8th ranked team•2nd ranked team vs 7th ranked team•3rd ranked team vs 6th ranked team•4th ranked team vs 5th ranked team5.9.2. Quarter-finals shall be a head-to-head competition on two separate fields with the victimin the same position on both fields.5.9.3. Teams in the quarter-finals shall contest 2 games.5.9.4. Teams will swap fields between games.5.9.5. The victim will be in the same position for all games. This position will be different to those in the preliminary rounds.5.9.6. The winners of the quarter-finals will move to the semi-finals, with ranking determined by the scores from the scoring preliminary rounds.5.9.7. The winner of the 1st/4th and 2nd/3rd match will play off in the Grand final5.9.8. The losers of the 1st/4th and 2nd/3rd match will play off for 3rd place.5.9.9. The Grand Final will consist of 2 games, with the team with the highest cumulative score judged the winner. If scores are tied then the lower cumulative time will determine the winner.6. Conflict Resolution6.1. Referee6.1.1. During game play, the referee’s decisions are final.6.2. Officials6.2.1. Rule clarification, but no handling of protests, may be made by a committee of three officials.6.2.2. The three officials will be designated prior to the tournament.6.2.3. An official must declare any relationship with any of the teams entered in the tournament and shall not referee any team they have a relationship with.6.3. Special Circumstances6.3.1. Specific modifications to the rules to allow for special circumstances, such as unforeseen problems and / or capabilities of a team’s robots, may be agreed to at the time of the tournament, provided a majority of the contestants agree.7. Documentation7.1. Log Books7.1.1. Any team that has original (custom) construction of robots or sensors (not freely or commercially available to all competitors) must supply full documentary proof that the developments were wholly the work of the students. This should be in the form of a logbook showing all stages of design, development, testing and construction.7.1.2. All teams must maintain a logbooks detailing the design, development and construction of the robot and its programs.7.1.3. Failure to produce documentary proof may result in the robot or sensor not being allowed to be used in the tournament.8. Code of Conduct8.1. Fair Play8.1.1. Robots that cause interference with other robots or damage to the field or the victim will be disqualified.8.1.2. Humans that cause deliberate interference with robots or damage to the field or the victim will be disqualified.8.1.3. It is expected that the aim of all teams is to play a fair and clean game of robot rescue.8.2. Behaviour8.2.1. All movement and behaviour is to be of a subdued nature within the tournament venue.8.2.2. Participants who misbehave may be asked to leave the building and risk being disqualified from the tournament.8.2.3. These rules will be enforced at the discretion of the referees, officials, conference organizers and local law enforcement authorities.8.3. Mentors8.3.1. Mentors, Teachers and adults are not allowed in the student work area.8.3.2. Sufficient seating will be supplied for mentors to remain in a supervisory capacity aroundthe student work area.8.3.3. Mentors are not to repair robots or be involved in programming of student’s robots.8.3.4. Mentor interference with robots or referee decisions will result in a warning in the first instance. If this reoccurs, the team will risk being disqualified.。

救援机器人控制系统的设计毕业设计

救援机器人控制系统的设计毕业设计

摘要近年来,由于环境恶化导致的自然灾害以及战争导致的人为灾害经常发生。

在灾难发生后的48小时以内,是在受灾现场废墟中寻找幸存者的黄金时间。

灾难救援现场环境往往是异常复杂、危险、多变,救援行动刻不容缓,在此种环境下,采用救援机器人协同救援人员,进行救援行动,能起到事半功倍的作用。

结合救灾场所的非结构化环境,本毕业设计设计了一款救援使用的探测机器人.机器人采用通用开放式机器人系统,采用模块化设计。

机器人系统的性能和功能可以根据救灾环境的需要很方便的增减。

良好的无线通讯功能允许远程操作。

在演示控制界面可以用单片机语言控制机器人移动状况。

控制系统结构流程:计算机发出信号经过电平转换到无线收发模块,之后通过无线通讯到无线接收模块,通过单片机处理以及数据锁存最终控制机器人。

调速系统硬件原理是以AT89S51单片机为控制核心。

救援机器人采用了多种传感器共同作用,以便更加精确的获得探测结果,包括使用3CCD 感光器获得图像信息、使用超声红外传感器精确确定探测目标的位置。

采用履带式行走机构,履带具有较强的驱动力,可以在阶梯上移动、重心低而稳定。

救援机器人具有可靠的机械系统和智能化的控制系统,可以在救灾现场恶劣的自然环境下工作。

矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。

关键词:救援机器人;控制系统;传感器;模块化设计;开放式机器人;AbstractIn recent years,due to the natural disasters caused by environmental degradation and man-made disasters caused by the war happened veryoften.Disaster rescue site environment is often complicated,dangerous, changeable,so it is urgent to rescue.In this environment,adopt the rescue robot coordinated rescue workers to carry on the rescue operation,can have the effect of get twice the result with half the effort.聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。

RoboCup Rescue仿真系统救护智能体行为决策的研究与实现的开题报告

RoboCup Rescue仿真系统救护智能体行为决策的研究与实现的开题报告

RoboCup Rescue仿真系统救护智能体行为决策的研究与实现的开题报告题目:RoboCup Rescue仿真系统救护智能体行为决策的研究与实现一、研究背景和意义灾害救援是一项危险的任务,需要快速、准确和高效的响应。

在灾害发生后,何时可以保存生命、找到被困者并为他们提供救援是至关重要的。

因此,如何培养高效的灾害救援团队尤为重要。

为此,许多学者进行了大量研究,其中RoboCup Rescue是国际上最大的救援机器人仿真比赛之一。

RoboCup Rescue仿真系统是一个多智能体系统,其中机器人和人类都是智能体。

在该系统中,智能体必须执行不同的任务,如探测、救援和通信。

因此,智能体必须具有高效的行为决策能力。

为了解决这个问题,研究和开发高效的智能体行为决策算法变得至关重要。

本研究旨在探讨RoboCup Rescue仿真系统中的救援智能体行为决策问题,并开发一种高效的行为决策算法来提高救援效率和准确性。

二、研究内容和研究方法1. 研究内容本研究将从以下方面研究RoboCup Rescue仿真系统中的救援智能体行为决策问题:(1)RoboCup Rescue仿真系统概述:介绍RoboCup Rescue仿真系统的基本信息,包括系统结构、智能体功能和任务等。

(2)问题分析:分析RoboCup Rescue仿真系统中的救援智能体行为决策问题。

主要考虑救援智能体如何选择行动方式以达到最优效果。

(3)算法研究和实现:探索并实现一种有效的行为决策算法,以提高救援效率和准确性。

(4)仿真实验和数据分析:通过仿真实验来评估所提出的算法的实用性和有效性。

通过数据分析来讨论算法的效果,并提出改进意见。

2. 研究方法本研究将采用以下研究方法:(1)文献研究:深入了解RoboCup Rescue仿真系统、智能体行为决策和相关算法。

(2)问题分析:分析RoboCup Rescue仿真系统中的救援智能体行为决策问题,并提出解决方案。

急救英语作文海姆克力急救法

急救英语作文海姆克力急救法

Heimlich Maneuver: A Lifesaving Technique In the realm of emergency first aid, the Heimlich maneuver stands as a crucial lifesaving technique, especially in dealing with choking emergencies. Named after its inventor, Henry Heimlich, this procedure has saved countless lives since its inception in the 1970s. The Heimlich maneuver is primarily used to dislodge an obstruction in the airway, allowing the victim to breathe freely again.The mechanism behind the Heimlich maneuver isrelatively straightforward. By applying rapid upwardthrusts to the abdomen, the maneuver creates an increase in intrathoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs. This sudden increase in pressure helps to dislodge the object obstructing the airway, often a piece of food or other foreign material.The Heimlich maneuver can be performed on both adults and children, with slight variations in the technique depending on the age and size of the victim. For adults, the rescuer stands behind the victim, wraps their arms around the waist, and makes rapid, upward thrusts into theabdomen. For children, the rescuer kneels or crouches behind them, places a fist slightly above the navel, and applies the thrusts. In both cases, it is crucial to maintain a steady and forceful rhythm to ensure effective dislodging of the obstruction.The Heimlich maneuver should only be performed in cases of complete airway obstruction, where the victim is unable to speak, cry, or make any sound. In such emergencies, every second counts, and the Heimlich maneuver can buyvital time before professional medical assistance arrives. However, it is important to note that this technique should not be used in cases of partial airway obstruction or when the victim is conscious and able to cough or speak.In addition to its use in choking emergencies, the Heimlich maneuver can also be employed in certain drowning scenarios. When a person is submerged in water and cannot free themselves, the Heimlich maneuver can be used to expel water from the lungs, potentially saving the victim's life. The Heimlich maneuver is an essential skill for everyone to learn, as it can potentially save lives in unexpected situations. It is recommended that everyone,especially those who work in fields where choking emergencies are more likely to occur, such as healthcare or childcare, should be trained in this technique. With proper training and quick action, the Heimlich maneuver can be a powerful tool in the fight against choking emergencies.**海姆克力急救法:一种挽救生命的技巧**在急救领域,海姆克力急救法是一项至关重要的挽救生命的技巧,尤其在处理窒息紧急情况时。

机器人足球RoboCup世界杯介绍

机器人足球RoboCup世界杯介绍

机器人足球RoboCup世界杯介绍机器人可以踢足球,而且还举办了机器人的足球世界杯,下面由店铺为大家介绍RoboCup足球机器人世界杯,希望大家喜欢!RoboCup足球机器人世界杯简介在人工智能和机器人学的历史上,1997年被铭记为一个转折点。

1997五月,IBM深蓝在国际象棋中击败人类世界冠军。

四十年的挑战,在人工智能方面取得了一个成功的成果。

1997年7月4日,美国宇航局的探路者号成功着陆,第一个自治机器人系统——旅行者,被部署在火星表面。

和这些进步成果同样,RoboCup比赛向能够击败人类世界杯冠军队的足球机器人发展迈出了第一步。

机器人踢足球的想法是由Mackworth教授(加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学)于1992年首次提出的。

同时,一些日本的研究人员也在致力于以机器人踢球来推动科学技术发展的事情。

并于1993年六月在东京发起一场名为Robot J-League的机器人足球赛。

在赛事过后不到一个月内,有许多日本以外的科研人员呼吁将这一赛事扩大为国际联合项目。

于是,机器人世界杯(Robot World Cup) 应运而生,简称RoboCup。

RoboCup足球机器人世界杯比赛分类RoboCup足球赛分为5个组。

小型组:小型组机器人足球是机器人世界杯的一部分。

小型组(或者又被称为F180)机器人足球集中解决多个智能机器人间的合作问题以及在混合集中分布式系统下高度动态环境中的控制问题。

中型组:中型组机器人直径小于50厘米,机器人可以使用无线网络来交流。

比赛旨在提高机器人的自主、合作、认知水平。

类人组:在类人组中,具有人类相似外观及感知能力的自主机器人会进行足球比赛。

类人组以外的类人机器人感知世界外观的任务可以通过非人类的距离传感器来简化,而类人组中的机器人则不行。

除了足球比赛,还有技术挑战。

类人组的众多研究问题中包括:动态行走、跑步、平衡状态下踢球、视觉感知球、其他机器人球员、场地、自定位、团队比赛。

初中急救措施英语作文

初中急救措施英语作文

初中急救措施的重要性及实践**The Importance and Practice of First Aid Measures in Junior High School**In the fast-paced world of junior high school, accidents and emergencies can occur unexpectedly, making it crucial for students to be equipped with basic first aid knowledge and skills. The ability to respond quickly and effectively in such situations can greatly reduce the severity of injuries and even save lives. Therefore, it is imperative for junior high schools to incorporate first aid education into their curricula.One of the most fundamental first aid measures is learning how to handle bleeding injuries. In case of a cut or bleeding wound, it is essential to apply pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or gauze to stop the bleeding. If the bleeding is severe, elevating the injured area above the heart can help reduce the blood flow. Additionally, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately.Another crucial skill is learning how to deal with sudden unconsciousness or choking. In such cases, it isimportant to maintain a calm and composed demeanor. For choking, the Heimlich maneuver can be performed to dislodge the obstruction. For unconsciousness, it is essential to check for responsiveness, call for help, and position the victim in a safe and stable manner until medical assistance arrives.Moreover, knowledge of handling burns and scalds is also crucial. In case of minor burns, applying cool water to the affected area can help reduce the pain and prevent further damage. For more severe burns, it is important to avoid applying any substances or ointments and seek medical attention immediately.Apart from these, students should also be trained in basic CPR techniques. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)is a lifesaving procedure that can be performed in case of sudden cardiac arrest. Knowing how to perform CPR can significantly increase the chances of survival for the victim.To ensure effective first aid education, junior high schools should conduct regular first aid workshops and training sessions. These sessions should cover boththeoretical knowledge and practical skills, with emphasison hands-on experience. Additionally, schools should also provide first aid kits equipped with basic medical supplies to enable students to respond quickly in case of emergencies.In conclusion, first aid education is an integral partof safety and emergency preparedness in junior high schools. By equipping students with the necessary knowledge and skills, we can ensure that they are prepared to handle accidents and emergencies effectively, reducing thepotential harm and saving lives.**初中急救措施的重要性及实践**在初中这个快节奏的环境中,意外和紧急情况可能随时发生,因此学生们掌握基本的急救知识和技能是至关重要的。

噎住急救英语作文高中中英文

噎住急救英语作文高中中英文

噎住急救英语作文高中中英文An English Essay":Choking is a serious medical emergency that can occur at any time, including in high school settings. It is a frightening experience for both the victim and those around them, but with the right knowledge and quick action, it can be effectively managed. In this essay, we will explore the importance of understanding first aid for choking in high school and the steps that can be taken to provide effective assistance.Choking occurs when an object, typically food or a small item, becomes lodged in the airway, preventing the person from breathing normally. This can happen during lunchtime, when students are eating quickly or engaging in conversation while eating. It can also occur during physical education classes or extracurricular activities, where students may be consuming sports drinks or snacks. Regardless of the setting, choking can be a life-threatening situation that requires immediate intervention.One of the primary reasons why first aid for choking is crucial in high school is the potential for serious consequences. Choking can lead tobrain damage or even death if not addressed promptly. High school students, who are still developing physically and emotionally, may not have the knowledge or confidence to respond effectively to a choking incident. This is where the importance of first aid training comes into play.By educating high school students on the signs and symptoms of choking, as well as the appropriate steps to take in an emergency, we can empower them to be active participants in their own safety and the safety of their peers. This not only enhances the overall well-being of the school community but also prepares students for potential real-world situations they may encounter in the future.One of the key steps in providing first aid for choking is to recognize the signs of an obstructed airway. These include coughing, gagging, or the inability to speak, breathe, or cough effectively. If a person is exhibiting these symptoms, it is crucial to act quickly and follow the appropriate first aid protocol.The first step in the first aid process is to encourage the person to cough, as this can sometimes dislodge the object and restore breathing. If the coughing is ineffective, the next step is to perform the Heimlich maneuver. This involves standing behind the person, placing one hand on their abdomen just above the navel, and using the other hand to make a fist and press it into the abdomen with aquick, upward thrust. This action can help to expel the object from the airway.It is important to note that the Heimlich maneuver should only be performed on a conscious person who is unable to cough, speak, or breathe. If the person becomes unconscious, it is necessary to call emergency services immediately and begin chest compressions and rescue breaths.In addition to the Heimlich maneuver, high school students should also be trained in other first aid techniques, such as the recovery position and CPR. These skills can be invaluable in a variety of medical emergencies, not just choking incidents.One way to ensure that high school students are prepared to respond to choking emergencies is to incorporate first aid training into the curriculum. This could take the form of mandatory health or physical education classes, where students would learn the signs of choking, practice the Heimlich maneuver, and become familiar with other first aid techniques. Additionally, schools could offer optional first aid certification programs or partner with local emergency services to provide training opportunities.By making first aid education a priority in high schools, we can not only improve the safety and well-being of the student body but alsofoster a sense of community and responsibility. When students are equipped with the knowledge and skills to respond to medical emergencies, they are more likely to feel empowered and confident in their ability to make a difference.Furthermore, the benefits of first aid education extend beyond the high school setting. As students transition into adulthood and enter the workforce or pursue higher education, their first aid training can be invaluable in a variety of settings. Employers and university administrators may also appreciate the added safety and preparedness that comes with a student body trained in first aid.In conclusion, the importance of first aid for choking in high school cannot be overstated. By educating students on the signs and symptoms of choking, as well as the appropriate response techniques, we can save lives and empower young people to be active participants in their own safety and the safety of their peers. Through a comprehensive approach to first aid education, high schools can create a safer and more resilient community, preparing students for the challenges they may face both in and out of the classroom.。

水上活动安全如何做好防溺水准备?

水上活动安全如何做好防溺水准备?

1.充分热身,降低风险科学数据显示,经过热身的人在游泳中的抽筋概率降低30%。日常训练中加入热身环节,可显著提升水上活动安全性。2.定期体能锻炼,提升自救能力长期体能锻炼者,在水中耐力与力量均增强。如每周至少3次有氧运动者,在水中持续时间比不锻炼者高出25%,有助于防溺水。
日常训练的重要性
应急处理流程
Emergency response process
05.
紧急情况的应对
1.学习游泳技能掌握游泳是防溺水基础。据统计,会游泳的人溺水风险降低60%。2.选择合格救生设备合格救生衣浮力达75N,可提高生存机会。选购时需检查标签和合格证明。3.紧急自救训练了解自救技巧,如抽筋时如何自救。紧急自救训练可提高生还率20%。4.紧急呼救与求助遇溺水时立即呼救,拨打救援电话。每延迟1分钟,生存率降低10%。
掌握急救技能,挽救生命
学习基本的急救技能,如心肺复苏术(CPR),对于及时救援溺水者至关重要。数据显示,在溺水事故发生后4分钟内进行CPR,患者的存活率可提高至50%。
掌握急救知识:急救技能介绍
急救工具的使用
1.学习游泳技能的重要性掌握游泳技能可显著降低溺水风险,据统计,会游泳的人溺水几率降低70%。2.穿戴救生装备的必要性穿戴合格救生衣可提高浮力,减少溺水事故发生,据统计,穿戴救生衣的游泳者溺水概率降低85%。3.学习急救技能的重要性学习急救技能如CPR,可及时救援溺水者,每延迟1分钟进行急救,溺水者生存率降低10%。4.定期检查急救工具确保急救工具如救生圈、救生板等状态良好,定期检查可确保在紧急情况下能够正常使用。
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2024.04.10
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2024.04.10
水上活动安全如何做好防溺水准备?

RoboCup救援仿真组比赛规则

RoboCup救援仿真组比赛规则

2009中国机器人大赛暨RoboCup中国公开赛救援仿真组比赛规则2009年6月一、仿真环境1.软件环境a)仿真环境:Linux操作系统,将采用Ubuntu8.10b)仿真服务器:比赛采用稳定的服务器版本,定为0.49plus。

c)配置文件新添加以下参数:channel_voice_count : 1channel_voice_max: 10channel_radio_count : 9channel_radio_max_agent: 4channel_radio_max_centre: 2d)Kernel为每个仿真单元产生随机的ID,这个也将意味着建筑物的ID将在每次仿真比赛中都不一样。

e)比赛将会有部分没有通信的地图。

2.硬件环境a)比赛所用的PC:每支队伍在比赛时使用4台PC,其中一台用于运行Kernel,另外3台运行参赛队伍的客户端。

b)运行Kernel的机器硬件配置:Dell,Dual Core E2160 1.8Ghz,80G HD,2GB RAM,17”LCD,DVD ROM,GeForce6600GT显卡。

c)运行参赛队伍的机器硬件配置:Dell,Dual Core E2160 1.8Ghz,80G HD,2GB RAM,17”LCD,DVD ROM,。

3.地图:比赛将采用5类地图,在比赛时由技术委员会决定。

a)已知的地图1)Center of Foligno (Italy)2) Kobe (1/10, 1/4)(Japan)3) Virtual Cityb)可能有一个或更多的随机地图用于比赛,将由技术委员会在比赛时决定。

4.智能体:智能体由参赛队伍实现。

a)数量:每种智能体和着火点的个数如下表。

表1智能体和着火点的个数最小值最大值Fire Brigade 0 20Police Force 0 20Ambulance 0 15Civilian 70 145 Fire Brigade Center 0 1Police Force Center 0 1Ambulance Center 0 1Refuge 0 5 Ignition points 2 8**最大初始燃烧建筑物数量为30。

RobocupRescue仿真救援1.0平台开发基础

RobocupRescue仿真救援1.0平台开发基础

Robocup仿真救援1.0平台开发基础安徽理工大学计10-4 马静引言:本文是即兴之作,加上我也才做这个项目不过两个多月,肯定有很多不足之处,看看没用的话请谅解.本也不敢班门弄斧,只是这个两个月确实花费了不少的精力,前两天参加完黄山的比赛,这个项目算是暂时结束,以后还做不做还不定,所以在放下之前写份体会吧,本文也就是把自己的学习经历描述了一下,希望能对需要的人有一点帮助,还有就是今年参赛的队伍太少,大家也不重视,希望把这个项目发展大点,也算为这个项目的发展献出自己的一点自己的力吧,本文我将上传到百度文库,大家相互交流学习.还有就是希望安理能好好继续发展这个项目,应该说现在有了一定的基础,继续发展还是有希望的,希望有一天安理能出现在世界杯上.关键字:仿真救援,robocup,基础,1.0服务器一、开发必备1.相关建议1)首先要对这个项目感兴趣,其次就是有一定的编程基础.2)要专一,尽量不要参加这个项目的同时参加多个项目,因为这个本身就需要很多时间.3)要舍得花时间,很忙的人不建议参加,不然我相信不会做的太好的,若不能在上届队伍的得分基础上有客观的提升,若上届本身做得不错,这届拿上届的代码即使跑得高分那也是可耻的.4)队伍不在多要精,这个项目工作量还是很大的,一个人也是不会做的太好的,今年我就是一个做的,急于求成,缺乏提前设计,虽然取得了一丁点成绩,但相对于花费的时间,这就显得没那么高的性价比了,所以要注重合作,当然得有个人统筹全局,因为分工智能体间的配合就是值得重视的问题了.5)直接用世界杯代码是犯规的,其次那也是可耻的,可以借鉴思想,用自己的方式表达.总之要自己付出,你会收获很多,获奖必须是因为你的努力.6)Linux和java都有很多的资料,图书馆和百度会帮助你的.2.相关资料1)/projects/roborescue/?source=directory2)/3)/4)/lk/sVRSwXzyUPkTb?sid=3015)以上网站就是获取资源学习的网站,还有我的网盘里有些许资料.6)我建了个qq群: 134624381,有兴趣的可以加入,供大家交流用二、阅读代码首先要有一份能够正常运行的代码1,不需要有太复杂的策略,不需要过多细节优化,这样的代码也许更适合初次接触的同学,阅读一份这样的一份学习性代码,从而对开发形成初步认识.最好有人进行简单的讲解,或对代码中一些非策略性知识点进行注释,剩下的工作就是学习者的了.学习者要做的事就是对代码进行更为详尽的注释,要多看几遍,直到把不懂的地方缩小到一定的数量,若是几个人,就再相互讲解,讨论剩下的问题,能自己解决的就尽量自己解决,不可能随时有人在那等着你问,即使有这个资源,你不停的问也会被问烦的,可以选择一部分关键性问题进行提问,因为做这个你得到的最宝贵的就是经验,比赛也就玩玩拿个用处不大的奖状,若你什么都问别人,自己不动脑,那也没必要参加,性价比不高,对你不划算.经过上面的学习,也许还是比较模糊,这时可以先把上面的网址好好翻翻看,看详细了哦,那里面有很多有用的资源,接着就可以在测试地图上试着写写自己的代码了,直到能够控制各个智能体,知道怎么通信,这个过程不需要有很高深的策略,因为肯定是要重写的.三、服务器通过上面的学习,我们就已基本具备简单的开发技能,接下来就是策略设计了,这也是比拼能力的时候了,服务器里有很多配置参数,这些参数是可以调整的,也就是说在不同的比赛中,或在同一个比赛不同地图中这些参数都是可能变化的,所以设计的策略要能适应不同的服务器参数,我也只用到了一小部分服务器参数,对很多参数不熟悉,所以可以对这些参数好好研究下,希望有心人弄一份服务器参数注释文档出来,表明各个参数各是什么作用,我相信大家会感谢你的.服务器的启动,在boot目录下,运行start.sh –help就知道怎么用了.该目录下还有个config 文件夹,就是上面说的配置文件.地图在上一目录的maps里面,有的地图文件里包含有config,我觉得要运行该地图时就该换成地图带的config,启动地图时要精确到map,如:./start.sh –m ../maps/Kobe1/map四、实力比拼经过上面的讲解,我觉得本文的目的已经达到了,虽然看上去也就两页,但包含的内容,需要你做的可不少.如那几个网站包含了很多内容,还有阅读代码也需要一定的时间.这个项目主要就是比拼策略,给机器人写思想,相互间的合作,不涉及具体实现,消防员和医生直接决定最终得分,为警察是为另外两种智能体服务的,路障到底清除多少本身不影响得分,所以警察是间接影响得分,三种智能体必须要有很好的合作,其中一种智能体写的不好都会导致低分,接下来就是你的天下了.关于脚本,就是shell语言,自己可以学习下,到处都是资料.建议完整的应用软件工程的方法,我下次就想这么做.1示例代码我会传到网盘的,该代码由08届实验室成员李林学长提供.五、具体步骤确实,若真的是第一次接触该项目看完上面介绍,可能还是犯迷糊,不知从哪入手,下面就更直白的说下吧.1)先在网上搜索下相关资料,比如百度百科等,先了解下这个项目.2)接着在把我传到网盘的介绍性文档看一下.3)这下就是看我传到网盘的程序.4)到这就在看看这份文档,就可以出发了.感谢:在此,感谢上届实验室成员08届李林和带队老师程建对本文的编写的支持,并提出了宝贵的意见,让本文更加完善了.。

Robocup救援仿真

Robocup救援仿真
(此处命令:$./jdk1.6 for linux.bin )
安装完jdk后需要设置环境变量,如下:
1. 1. 命令行下cd /etc,回车进入etc目录。这个目录下有一个profile文件 。修改这文件获得权限比较大,如果你觉得不安全,可以修改.bash文 件(这个文件是隐藏的),方法一样。这里以修改profile文件说明。
• Bint: 开始时总的面积
• B: 比赛结束时未被烧毁的建筑物面积总和
• 活着的市民数量是决定得分的关键
RoboCupRescue系统结构
▪ RoboCupRescue 的模拟是由几个模组 (module) 所组成
的,这些模组分别利用 UDP (user datagram protocol) 的通 讯协定来做沟通.这些模组为:
一:gcc与jdk安装说明 安装服务器,需要两种编译器,一种是C编译器,比赛要求
是gcc3.4,另外一种是编译java程序的编译器jdk1.6(服务器中 有一部分是用java写的); 1)gcc3.4安装
如果没有版本要求,系统都会自带(在新立得软件包管理器
中可以找到)。可以上网下载一个要求版本的gcc编译器,置于 home/rescue(在home下建立一个rescue文件夹)目录下。解压之 后,在你解压之后的包里安装。在命令行下进入你安装的目录 ($cd rescue/gcc3.4),只要输入./install.sh就可以了(那个包里 会有install.sh文件)。
• 2.软件环境
• a) 仿真环境:Linux操作系统(我们实验室 用的是ubuntu-10.04版本)
• b) 仿真服务器包:比赛将采用最新发行的 服务器版本。这个服务器包由Cameron Skinner维护,可以到 sourceforge/projects/roborescue/获得最新 版本。
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RoboCupJunior InternationalRescueA LeagueChanges from the 2010 rules are highlighted in red1. Arena1.1 Description:1.1.1 The arena is modular. Each module can be thought of as a room in a building. Modules may be placed adjacent to each other (on the same level horizontally) or may be stacked vertically. Modules on the same level are connected by level hallways. Modules on different levels are connected by a sloping hallway or ramp. A ramp will not exceed an incline of 25 degrees from the horizontal, and must have walls at least 10 cm high. The Ramp area (hereafter known as the Ramp) consists of the ramp itself and the top and bottom platforms that connect it to the other rooms.Building plans are linked here - Suggested Building Instructions1.2 Dimensions:1.2.1 Each module is approximately 1200mm by 900mm (47 inches by 36 inches), with walls that are approximately 30 cm (12 inches) high.1.2.2 Each room will have two doorways in standard locations (see building plans). Robots will enter through one doorway and exit through the other. Doorways will be 250mm x 250mm in size1.2.3 The First room in the maze may or may not have an entrance doorway. The Final room in the maze will not have an exit door.1.3 Floor:1.3.1 The floor of each room will be a light colour (white, or close to white). The floor may be either smooth or textured (like linoleum or carpet), and may have steps of up to 3 mm in height at joins between modules.1.3.2 The arena should be placed so that the floors are level.1.4 Line:1.4.1 On the floor, there will be a black line for the robots to follow, composed of 300mm x 300mm tiles. The black line may be made with standard electrical (insulating) tape, 1 - 2 cm wide or printed onto paper or other material. The black line traces a maze on the floor. (The grid lines indicated in the drawings are for reference only, and will not physically be on the arena)1.4.2 Where the black line is used, it will enter and exit each room through the standard doorways. Any straight section of the black line running alongside a wall (in a room or on a ramp) may have gaps of up to 20 cm in it.1.4.3 The arrangement of the tiles within each room may vary between different rounds.1.4.4 Due to the nature of the tiles, there may be steps or gaps of up to 3mm between each tile. These are not intentional and will minimised when possible by the organisers.1.5 Debris and Obstacles:1.5.1 Debris may consist of speed bumps (made from 10 mm plastic pipe or wooden dowel painted white) or wooden sticks less than 3 mm in diameter (e.g. cocktail sticks or kebab skewers) and may be located in the Orange or Red Zones or in Hallways and the Ramp. Robots may drive over or push aside debris as needed.1.5.2 Obstacles may consist of bricks, blocks, weights and other large, heavy items. Obstacles may be located anywhere in the Orange and Red Zones (but NOT in hallways or on the ramp). Robots are to navigate around Obstacles without significantly moving them from their location.1.6 Red Zone:1.6.1 The black line may end at the entrance to the last room (the Red Zone) or the bottom of the ramp, so that robots are required to utilise some form of search strategy to locate the victim and the exit and finishing line in the last room. The Victim may be located anywhere on the floor of the Red Zone, but must be at least 10 cm from the nearest wall. 1.6.2 At the entrance to the Red Zone, there will be a 25mm x 250mm strip of reflective silver tape on the floor.1.6.3 An Evacuation Point tile will be used within one corner of the Red Zone. It will take the form of a right angled triangle, with sides of 300mm x 300mm and a black floor.1.6.4 For the Secondary competition, the 'Evacuation Point' tile will consist of a right angled triangle, sides of 300mm x 300mm and a height of 60mm, painted black.1.6.5 The Red Zone will have an entrance door only. The mission will be considered complete once the victim is successfully moved to the evacuation area.1.7 Victims:1.7.1 A Victim will be placed in the Red Zone1.7.2 Victims will take the form of a soft drink can, internally weighted to approximately 150g. The dimensions of the can will be similar to those readily available in the country in which the competition is being held (ie Australia 375ml, US 12fl oz, Europe 330ml etc). Teams need to be prepared for minor variations.1.7.3 Victims will be covered in aluminium foil1.8 Lighting and magnetic conditions:1.8.1 Teams must come prepared to calibrate their robots based on the lighting conditions at the venue.1.8.2 Lighting conditions may vary along the course in the rescue arena.1.8.3 Every effort will be made by the organizers to locate the rescue arena away from magnetic fields such as underfloor wiring and metallic objects. However, sometimes this cannot be avoided.1.8.4 Spectators take pictures, and cameras will introduce IR and Visible light into the arena and to the robots. Whilst efforts will be made to limit this, it is not possible for organisers to strictly control factors outside of the competition arena. Teams are strongly encouraged to build and program their robots so that sudden changes (eg. camera flash) do not cause major problems. This is good practice in all robotics, both in competitions and in real life situations.Hint: It is recommended that teams design their robots to cope with variations in lighting and magnetic conditions, as these vary from venue to venue. Teams should come prepared to calibrate their robots based on the conditions at the venue.2. Robots2.1 Control:2.1.1 Robots must be controlled autonomously.2.1.2 Robots must be started manually by humans.2.1.3 The use of a remote control to manually control the robot is not allowed.2.1.4 BlueTooth Class 2 communication within/between robots on the same field is permitted. No other form of radio communication is allowed. Robots that have radio communications on board, whether they are used during the duration of the competition or not, will be immediately disqualified2.2 Construction:2.2.1 Any robot kit or building blocks, either available on the market or built from raw hardware, may be used, as long as the robot fits the above specifications and as long as the design and construction are primarily and substantially the original work of the students (see section 2.5. below).2.2.2 Any commercially produced robot kits that are specifically marketed as 'line followers' or 'rescue' robots will likely to be disqualified unless *significant* modifications to both the mechanical design and provided software. If there is any doubt as to the legitimacy of a particular commercial product, participants must contact the International RoboCupJunior Rescue Technical Committee several months prior to any competition to confirm. Organisers will treat all inquiries with the utmost privacy, and will not release details to any 3rd parties.2.3 Team:2.3.1 In each round, a single robot is deployed which must perform its tasks autonomously. (In certain international competitions, this rule can be modified such that two or more robots are deployed together and have to cooperate in fulfilling the task. Check the bylaws for the competition.)2.4 Inspection:2.4.1 The robots will be examined by a panel of referees before the start of the tournament and at other times during the competition to ensure that they meet the constraints described above.2.4.2 It is the responsibility of teams to have their robots re-inspected if their robots are modified at any time during the tournament.2.4.3 Students will be asked to explain the operation of their robot in order to verify that the construction and programming of the robot are their own work.2.4.4 Students will be asked questions about their preparation efforts, and may be requested to answer surveys and participate in video-taped interviews for research purposes.2.5 Violations:2.5.1 Any violations of the inspection rules will prevent that robot competing until modifications are effected.2.5.2 However, modifications must be made within the time schedule of the tournament and teams must not delay tournament play while making modifications.2.5.3 If a robot fails to meet all specifications (even with modification), it will be disqualified from that round (but not from the tournament).2.5.4 If there is excessive mentor assistance or the work on the robots is not substantially original work by the students, then the team will be disqualified from the tournament.3. Play3.1 Pre-round Practice:3.1.1 Where possible, competitors will have access to practice arenas for calibration, testing and tuning throughout the competition.3.1.2 Where there are dedicated competition and practice fields, it will be at the organisers' discretion if testing is allowed on the competition fields.3.2 Humans:3.2.1 Teams should designate one human who will act as captain and be allowed to move the robot, based on the stated rules and as directed by the referee.3.2.2 The captain can move robots only when told to do so by the referee.3.2.3 Other team members (and any spectators) within the vicinity of the rescue arena are to stand at least 150 cm (approximately 60 inches) away from the arena while their robot is active, unless otherwise directed by the referee.3.3. Start of Play:3.3.1 The round begins at the scheduled starting time whether or not the team is present/ready. Start times will be posted prominently around the venue.3.3.2 Once the round has begun, Robots are not permitted to leave the competition area for any reason.3.3.3 Robots will be given a maximum time of 8 minutes to calibrate their robot and complete the course. The time for each round will be kept by the referee.3.3.4 Calibration is defined as the taking of sensor readings and modifying robot program to accommodate such sensor readings. Once the clock has started, teams may calibrate their robot in as many locations as desired on the arena, but the clock will continue to count down. Robots are not permitted to move under power while calibrating and no points are scored while a team is calibrating.3.3.5 Once teams are ready to perform a scoring run, they must notify the referee. To begin a scoring run, the robot is placed on the starting tile in the first room as indicated by the referee. Once a scoring run has begun, no more calibration is permitted.3.4. Scoring:3.4.1 The robot must attempt to follow the black line where it is present.3.4.2 Robots are awarded 10 points for successfully negotiating each gap in the black line.3.4.3 Robots are awarded 10 points for successfully avoiding each obstacle blocking the black line.3.4.4 Robots are awarded 5 points for successfully completing a tile that has one or many speed bumps on the black line.3.4.5 Robots are awarded 50 points for successfully entering a room through one doorway and exiting through the other doorway without incurring a touch penalty. Robots that do incur the touch penalty may restart that particular room (see rule 3.6.2) and still be eligible for the room completion points. The hallway, ramp and RedZone are not considered rooms for scoring purposes'3.4.6 Robots are awarded 20 points for successfully negotiating a ramp without any assistance.3.4.7. Robots are penalized 15 points for each lack of progress (see section 3.6 below).3.4.8 Robots are awarded points for a successful rescue - See figure below for graphical representation∙Primary - A rescue is completed when the victim is moved completely within the evacuation zone, in its original upright orientation. The victim must be released so that no part of the robot remains in contact with the victim - 50 points∙Secondary - A rescue is comprises two partso lifting the victim (no part of the victim is touching the floor) - 20 pointso releasing the victim on the evacuation platform in its original upright orientation. - 50 points (No part of the victim can be touching either the robot or the floor of the arena)3.4.9. Ties in scoring will be resolved on the basis of the time taken by each robot (or team of robots) to complete the course. This includes calibration time.3.4.10. No team shall receive a score below zero for any round. If a team successfully completes at least one room during a round (per rule 3.5.5) their minimum score for the round is 50.Primary Rescue A - A,B,C,D,E,FSecondary Rescue A - G,H,I,J,K,LBoth - M (Can must be in the original upright orientation)3.5 Lack of progress:3.5.1 Lack of progress occurs if the robot is stuck in the same place or loses the black line without an obvious attempt to regain it. The line must be regained by the next tile in sequence.3.5.2 If a robot loses the line or fails to appropriately negotiate a piece of debris it must be returned to the start of the room, hallway or ramp (and in the process incur a 15 point touch penalty). If after the third attempt, there is a lack of progress, the team captain can choose to move the robot to the end of the room, hallway or ramp to continue on.3.5.3 A team may elect to stop the round early at any time. In this case, the team captain must indicate to the referee the team's desire to terminate. The team will be awarded all points achieved thus far.obstacleobstacleobstacleobstacleobstacleobstacle3.6 Victim Placement:3.6.1 Six different victim Placement Areas in the Red Zone, each approximately 300mm x 300mm in size, will be designated on the day of the competition.3.6.2 The location of each area will be made known on the day of the competition but will not be marked on the field. No Placement Area will come within 100mm of a wall.3.6.3 Only 1 victim will be used in a round.3.6.4 Once a robot begins its scoring round and has entered the Arena, the referee will roll a standard 6 sided dice to determine which Placement Area the victim will be located. The referee will place the victim randomly within the chosen 300mm x 300mm Placement Area. The victim placement will occur after the robot has begun its scoring round3.6.5 If the victim is moved from its spot by a robot attempting a rescue, and the robot subsequently requires a restart, the victim will remain where it moved to. If it has been knocked over, it will remain knocked over.3.6.6 If the robot has grabbed the victim and subsequently requires a restart, the victim will be placed upright, at the location where the robot requested a restart.4 Conflict resolution4.1 Referee:4.1.1 During game play, the referee's decisions are final.4.2 Rule clarification:4.2.1 Rule clarification may be made by members of the International RoboCupJunior Rescue Technical Committee.4.3 Special circumstances:4.3.1 Specific modifications to the rules to allow for special circumstances, such as unforeseen problems and/or capabilities of a team's robot, may be agreed to at the time of the tournament, provided a majority of the contestants agree.5. Documentation5.1 Presentation:5.1.1 Each team must bring an electronic presentation (e.g. in PowerPoint or Flash format) and/or an A3 poster documenting the design, construction and programming of their robot.5.1.2 Presentations and/or posters are to be shown to the judges during the scheduled interview session before being put up for viewing by the judges, other teams and the visiting members of the public.5.1.3 The presentation should provide information about the team and how they prepared for RoboCupJunior. Areas that could be covered include:∙Team name;∙Division (primary or secondary);∙Team members' names and (perhaps) a picture of the team members;∙Team's country and location within country;∙Team's school and district;∙Pictures of the robot under development;∙Information about the robot, including schematics, mechanical drawings and samples of code;∙Any interesting or unusual features of the robot;∙What the team hopes to achieve in robotics.5.1.4 Judges will review the presentation and discuss the contents with team members.5.1.5 Competitors are requested to provide a digital version of their presentation and poster.5.1.6 Prizes may be awarded to teams with outstanding presentations.5.2 Sharing:5.2.1 Teams are encouraged to view one another's posters and presentations.6. Code of Conduct6.1 Fair Play:6.1.1 Robots that cause deliberate or repeated damage to the arena will be disqualified.6.1.2 Humans that cause deliberate interference with robots or damage to the arena will be disqualified.6.1.3 It is expected that the aim of all teams is to participate fairly.6.2 Behaviour:6.2.1 Participants should be mindful of other people and their robots when moving around the tournament venue.6.2.2 Participants are not to enter setup areas of other leagues or other teams, unless expressly invited to do so by team members.6.2.3 Participants who misbehave may be asked to leave the building and risk being disqualified from the tournament.6.2.4 These rules will be enforced at the discretion of the referees, officials, tournament organizers and local law enforcement authorities.6.3 Mentors:6.3.1 Mentors (teachers, parents, chaperones and other adult team members) are not allowed in the student work area.6.3.2 Sufficient seating will be supplied for mentors to remain in a supervisory capacity close to the student work area.6.3.3 Mentors are not to repair robots or be involved in programming of students' robots.6.3.4 Mentor interference with robots or referee decisions will result in a warning in the first instance. If this recurs, the team will risk being disqualified.6.4 Sharing:6.4.1 An understanding that has been a part of world RoboCup competitions is that any technological and curricular developments should be shared with other participants after the competition.6.4.2 Any developments may be published on the RoboCupJunior website after the event.6.4.3 This furthers the mission of RoboCupJunior as an educational initiative.6.5. Spirit:6.5.1 It is expected that all participants (students and mentors alike) will respect the RoboCupJunior mission.6.5.2 The referees and officials will act within the spirit of the event.6.5.3 It is not whether you win or lose, but how much you learn that counts!7. SuperTeams, Istanbul 2011This competition is for the primary and secondary robots that perform best in the individual competition. The challenge will make use of the existing arenas and focus on team cooperation.A Superteam will be made up of 2 individual teams and the pairings will be decided by a draw once the results of the individual competition are known.The details of the challenge will be released in Istanbul 24 hours before the Superteam competition starts.。

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