新东方笔记2010笔记大总结
新东方高中3500核心词汇速记班笔记整理
新东方高中3500 核心词汇速记班笔记整理字母：Ａ牛，尖锐Ｂ孕妇，房子Ｃ拿，喊叫，运输Ｄ门，向外引导，挖Ｅ向外，由内而外发散的，窗，眼睛Ｆ标记（大部分表示的是不好的标记），飞Ｇ搬运，土地Ｈ梯子，高，篱笆，手，拥抱Ｉ自己（eg：im-否定）Ｊ跳跃（这个字母出现在莎士比亚后期）Ｋ嘴，口Ｌ长度，拉伸，手臂，腿Ｍ山，水Ｎ标准，门Ｏ嘴，圆形的东西Ｐ手掌Ｑ女性（女性的背面），敏捷、迅速（猴子）Ｒ芽，草，直立，旋转，路Ｓ曲线，牙齿，切分Ｔ连接，舌头，标记（正向的标记）Ｕ（由V 演变而来）Ｖ水，胜利，路，看Ｗ水，女性（两个V 连起来是W）Ｘ未知，愈Ｚ曲线字母互变规律：1.元音字母互变规律eg: do-de ad-ac2.辅音字母互变规律eg: f-v b-p r-l-n(南方人老奶奶热牛奶—lao lai lai le liu lai)3.字母同化规律eg: a+相同的两个字母，则a+第一个字母=ad4.字母省略规律eg: already的al 实际上是all，“全部”的意思5.字母错位规律词根：acu：尖端acute 尖锐的ag：做,行动agency代理处；agenda 议程agri：田地,农业agriculture 农业ann: 年annual 每年的astro，aster :(star) 星星，天体disaster灾难；astronomy 天文学audi, audit 听：audible 可听见的；audience 观众，听众bi，bio：生命：biology 生物学biography 传记brillil ：发光：brilliant 闪耀的ceed，cess 走：access进入；process程序；succeed成功；accessible易接近的ceive: 拿，抓：receive收到cept : 拿，抓: accept 接受；concept 概念，观念；except 除⋯以外；reception接待circ，cycl :圆，圈，环：circle圆圈；cycle 循环cid : 切，落下: accident意外; incident 事件cline:倾斜: decline 下降衰败clud :关闭：conclude 完成，结束；include 包括，包含cogn: 知道：recognize认出，承认cred: 相信: credit 信赖cur curr: 跑，发生：occur发生；current 当前的；currency货币；curriculum程课cur: 关心: accurate准确的；accuracy准确的cuse : 理由：accuse谴责dic，dict：说：dictionary 字典；predict预言预报duc，duct :引导，带来：conduct 引导；educate教育equ :平等，相等: equal相等的; adequate足够的，适当的fect：做：effect 效果fend：打击：defend 防御；防护fer:带来，拿:conference会议; refer 提到;differ 有区别; suffer 受苦fic，fit: 做：beneficial 有益的；benefit 使受益flect，flex：弯曲：reflect 反射，反映;flexible 柔软的，灵活的flu : 流动：fluent 流畅的；influence 影响fuse ：流：confuse 是糊涂，搞乱gener：产生: generous慷慨的grad：级：graduate毕业gram，graph：写，画，文：diagram图表；telegram电报；photograph照片gress：行走：progress进步，上进；aggressive侵略的hes：粘附：hesitate 犹豫，踌躇hibit：拿住，持着prohibit 禁止，阻止ident：相同identity 一致init：开始：initial 开始的，最初的ject：投，扔：object 反对；reject拒绝jud：判断：prejudice偏见jur：法律：injure 法律的lect：收集，讲：collect 收集；lecture讲课lect，leg：选：select选择，挑选；elect（投票）选举；elegant文雅的，雅致的leg：法律：legal 法律的lim ：限制：limit 限制，限定liter：文字，字母：literary 文学的；literature 文学loc：地方：allocate分配，配给；local 地方的log：说：apologize道歉；dialogue对话main：留：remain余下，留下maj：大：major 主要的mand：命令：command命令；demand要求mat：动：automatic自动的medi：中间：medium 中间的；媒介memor：记忆：memory记忆；memorial纪念物，纪念碑ment：想；心智：mental 精神的，脑力的；mention 提及，说起mir：惊奇：admire钦佩，羡慕miracle 奇迹miss，mit：送：admission准许进入；admit 承认；commitment 献身，投入；dismiss解雇mob：动：mobile 活动的，可移动的mod：方式；风度：modest谦虚的mor：道德：moral 道德的mot，mote：动，移动：promote 促进，提升；remote 遥远的noc：伤害：innocent纯真的numer：数量：numerous多的，大量的oper：工作：operate操作；operation 手术optim ：最好：optimistic乐观的par：相等separate(使)分开，（使）分离pass：感情：passive被动的；消极的pend：悬，挂：depend 取决于pens：花费：expense费用，支出pet：追求，寻求：compete竞赛competence能力ple：满，填满：complete完成；结束ply：重叠：apply应用：multiply 增加supply 供给port：拿，运：portable轻便的；transport运输；export 出口pos，posit：放：oppose反对；positive积极的；expose 暴露，揭露preci：价值：appreciate欣赏；precious 宝贵的，珍贵的prim，prem：第一，首要：primary 首要的；premier首相，总理priv：私有：private 私人的；私营的puls：驱动，推：compulsory义务的punct：刺：punctual 准时的physic：自然：physical 客观存在的rect: 正,直:correct 改正,纠正; rectangle长方形rupt: 断裂: corrupt 腐败的abrupt 突然的,意外的sacr: 神圣的：sacred庄严的，神圣的；sacrifice牺牲，奉献scribe：写: subscribe订阅describe描写sect：切割：insect昆虫sembl：类似的：resemble 像，类似sens：感觉：sensitive敏感的sert：加入，插，放：desert遗弃; insert 插入sist，stat，stant：站：consist 由⋯组成；consistent一致的；constant不断的；insist坚持; instant 立即的; status 身份，地位solut ：松开：absolute 完全的spect：看：aspect外表；respect尊重；inspect检查，察觉sphere：球体：atmosphere 大气statute：建立：institute 建立，设立sume：拿，取：assume承担surd：不合理的：absurd 荒谬的tain：拿住: contain 包含,包括tach:钉:attach 粘上,系上tempor:时间：contemporary 同时代的; temporary暂时的tend，tens；伸展：tendency倾向，趋势；tension 拉紧，张力tent：张开：intention 意图，目的tract：拉：attract吸引；abstract概要tribute：给予：contribute 捐献turb：搅乱：disturb扰乱urb; 城市: urban城市的urg：驱动，驱使：urge 催促，力劝；urgent急迫的，紧急的vac：空：vacant空的vail ：价值：available可用的vent：来：adventure 冒险；prevent 阻止vers，vert ：转a dvertise做广告；anniversary 周年纪念；controversial争议的；diverse不同的，多种多样的；universe宇宙vis，vid：看：advise劝告；evident明显的vit ，viv ，vive：生命：survive 比⋯活得长；vital 生死攸关的；vivid 生动voc：声音，喊叫：advocate 提倡；鼓吹void：空: avoid 避免，躲开wis，wit ：知道，了解：wisdom 智慧；witness 目击，作证：前缀a- 表加强：alike 相似的; available 可用的在⋯：aside 在旁边ab- 离去：absent 不在的；abrupt突然的的表加强：absolute 完全的；absurd 荒谬ac-（ad-的一种形式）靠近：access进入责表加强：accurate 准确的；accuse谴ad- 靠近：admission 准许进入表加强：admire钦佩; advocate 提倡ag- （ad-的一种形式）表加强：aggressive 侵略的al- （ad-的一种形式）表加强：allocate 分配ambi- 两，两边：ambiguous 不明确的an- （ad-的一种形式）表加强：announce 宣布，宣告ap- (ad- 的一种形式) 表加强：appeal 呼吁；apply应用；appoint 任命ar-（ad-的一种形式）表示加强：arrange 安排as-（ad-的一种形式）表示加强：aspect 外表；assume 承担at-（ad-的一种形式）表加强：atmosphere 大气；attempt试图，尝；attract吸引auto- 自己，自动：automatic 自动的bene- 善，好；beneficial 有益的；benefit 使受益cata- 下面：catastrophe 灾难；category 种类col- （com- 的一种形式）表加强：collect 收集com- 共同：combine （使）结合；comment评论表加强：command 命令；commitment 献身；投入con- （com- 的一种形式）共同：conference 会议；confuse 使糊涂；consistent 一致的：conduct 引导；管理；constant 不断的表加强contra- 反: contradict 同⋯抵触；contradictory 互相矛盾cor- （com- 的一种形式）全部：corrupt 腐败的表示加强：correct 改正；纠正de- 表加强：declare 宣布，声明；describe 描写向下: decline 下降；decrease 减少，减小弃使没有：defend 防御；防护；desert遗去掉：desperate 令人绝望的di- 双,二：dioxide 二氧化物的（dis-的一种形式）分开：divide 划分；diverse 不同的，多种多样dia-贯通，透过，相对：diagram图表，图样dif- （dis-的一种形式）不，分开：differ 有区别dis- 分开：dismiss 解雇；disturb扰乱; distribute 分配否定：disappoint 使失望；disadvantage 不利条件；disabled 残疾的disagree 不同意;disaster灾难分离：discourage使气馁现去掉：discover发e- 出：educate 教育；elect（投票）选举；erupt 爆发ef- 出：effect 效果em-进入：embarrass 使困窘en- 使⋯: enlarge扩大，放大；encourage 鼓励，激励进入：envelope 信封境在⋯中：environment环ex- 表加强：exact 精确的出：explode 爆炸；expose 暴露；explicit 清楚的；expense费用，支出前任：ex-husband 前夫；ex-president前总统extra- 以外：extraordinary 非凡的fore-预先：forecast预测，报前：forehead前额il- （in-的一种形式）不：illegal 非法的im-（in-的一种形式）不，无：immediately 立即in- 不：innocent 清白的，纯真的；independence独立的inter- 在⋯之间：interrupt 打断interval间隔，间隔；interview 会见，面试ir-（in-的一种形式）不，irregular 不规则的进入：irrigation 灌溉micro- 微，小：microscope显微镜m icrowave 微波mini- 小：minimum 最小量，最小值mis-错，不：mistake错误，弄错；misunderstand误会，不理解multi- 多：multiply 相乘，增加non- 不，无，非：non-stop不停的ob- 逆，反：object 反对的靠近：obvious 明显表示加强得：obtain获oc-（ob-的一种形式）表加强：occur发生，出现op- （ob 的一种形式）反：oppose反对；opposite相反，相反的per- 自始至终：permission允许；permanent永久的，持久的贯穿：perfume香味post- 在后面：postpone 推迟，延期pre-预先：predict预言，预报；prescription处方，药方；preview预习在前的：previous在前的，早先的pro- 向前：proceed程序；progress进步，上进；prohibit 禁止，阻止支持，provide 提供re- 相反：react反抗；reflect 反射，反映；reject 拒绝重新：recite背诵；recover重新获得；reform 改革；recycle回收一再：recommend推荐；relax 放松；remain余下，留下的离开：remote遥远出，承认；remove移动：recognize认表加强se- 分开：select现出；separate分开，分离semi- 半：semicircle 半圆step-后，继：stepmother继母sub- 下级的：submit 提交，递交；substitute 替换下面：subscribe订阅suf- （sub-的一种形式）在下面：suffer 受苦super- 在⋯上面superior 上级，较高的sur- 超过：surplus剩余；survive 比⋯活得长sus-（sub-的一种形式）在⋯下面：suspect怀疑；suspension悬挂；暂停sym-共同，相同：symptom 症状；sympathy同情；symphony交响音乐tele-远：telescope望远镜trans-转：transform转变，换；translate翻译；transport运输，传送：transparent透明的超过un- 不：unbearable无法忍受的；unbelievable难以置信的；unconditional 无条件的under- 在⋯下：underline 在⋯下面划线在⋯内：underwear内衣up- 向上：update 更新；upward向上with- 向后：withdraw缩回，撤回后缀：-able （形容词后缀）可⋯的,有⋯性质的：portable 轻便的； stable 稳定的； reliable 可靠的； available 可用的 -ably （副词后缀）构成以 -able 结尾的形容词相应的副词：probably 很可能，大概-age （名词后缀）表性质、状态：storage 贮藏，储存-al （形容词和名词后缀）表人、物、行为，⋯ 的：criminal 罪犯； international 国际的-an （形容词和名词后缀）⋯ 的，表人American 美国的，美国人 ; urban 城市的-ance （名词后缀）表性质、状态、动作：importance 重要性-ant （形容词和名词后缀）表人或物，⋯ 的：applicant 申请人 important 重要的-ary （名词后缀）表人、物、场所 ,⋯ 的：secretary 秘书； library 图书馆； literary 文学的-ate （动词、名词、形容词后缀）做，使⋯ ，表人，⋯ 的：calculate 计算； graduate 毕业,毕业生 ; private 私人的 -atic （形容词后缀）⋯ 的 :bureaucratic 官僚政治的； systematic 系统的-ation （名词后缀）表状态、动作、过程、结果：education 教育； generation 代，一代-ative （形容词后缀）⋯ 的： alternative 选择性的-ator （名词后缀）表人，物： educator 教育家； calculator 计算器 -cide （名词后缀）杀： suicide 自杀， pesticide 杀虫剂-cy （名词后缀）表性质、状态： accuracy 准确性-dom （名词后缀）表状态、身份、领域： freedom 自由； kingdom 王国 -ed (形容词后缀)⋯ 的 excited 激动的-ee (名词后缀)表人： employee 雇员-eer （名词后缀）表人： engineer 工程师-e词、）使，似⋯ 的： sharpen 削减； golden 金黄色的 -ence （名词后缀）表性质、状态、行为： difference 区别； confidence 自信 -ency （名词后缀）表性质、状态、行为：emergency 紧急情况； tendency 倾向，趋势-ent （形容词后缀）⋯ 的：different 不同的； independent 独立的-er （名词后缀）表人或物：employer 雇主； computer 计算机-ern （形容词后缀）表方位，⋯ 的southern 南方的 ; eastern 东方的-ery （名词后缀）表场所、状态、行业：bakery 面包店 bravery 勇敢-ess (名词后缀)女性(人),雌性 (动物 ):hostess女主人；actress女演员-etic（形容词后缀）⋯的：energetic精力旺盛的-ety（名词后缀）表性质、状态：variety 种种，种类；safety安全-eur（名词后缀）表人：amateur业余活动者-faction（名词后缀）表情况，状态，行为：satisfaction满意-fic （形容词后缀）⋯的：scientific 科学的-ful（的，有⋯的：skillful 熟练的；successful成功的；handful 一把；hopeful 有希望的-fy（动词后缀）使得；使⋯化：satisfy 使满意-h o o d ）：childhood 童年；neighbourhood 四邻-ia（名词后缀）表性质，状态：criteria标准；media媒介-ial （形容词后缀）⋯的：facial 面部的；initial 开始-ian（形容词和名词后缀）⋯的，⋯人：Canadian加拿大，加拿大人；Christian 基督教徒-ibility （名词后缀）可能性：possibility 可能的-ible （形容词后缀）可⋯的，有⋯性质的：accessible可进入的；terrible 可怕的-ibly （副词后缀）可能地：possibly 可能地-ic（形容词和名词后缀）⋯的，表人：economic经济的；alcoholic 酒精的；饮酒过度的人-ical（形容词后缀）⋯的，有⋯的：sceptical怀疑的；theoretical 理论-ician（名词后缀）表人：physician医生；politician 政治家-icity （名词后缀）表性质、状态：electricity电，电流-ics（名词后缀）学科：mathematics 数学；physics物理学-id（形容词后缀）⋯的：acid酸的-ier（名词后缀）表人或物：solder士兵；barrier栅栏-ify (动词后缀)使得；使⋯化：clarify 澄清，阐明；classify 分类-i l e （）⋯ 的，可⋯ 的： fragile 易碎的，脆的； mobile 活动的，移动的 -ion (名词后缀）表状态、动作、过程： tension 紧张，拉力； decision 决定 -i s h （）如⋯ 的，稍⋯ 的，使⋯ 造成： foolish 愚蠢的； distinguish 区别，辨别;selfish 自私的 -ism （名词后缀）主义，学说： Buddhism 佛教； communism 共产主义； socialism 社会主义 -i s t ）⋯者，从事⋯ 的人： socialist 社会主义者； specialist 专科医生； scientist 科学家 -ition （名词后缀）表性质、行为： competition 比赛，竞争； composition 作文； exhibition 展览； position 位置 -i t y ）： similarity 类似； ability 能力 -ive （形容词和名词后缀）⋯ 的，表人或物： subjective 主观的； supportive 支持的； aggressive 侵略 -i z ）使⋯ 化： apologize 道歉； recognize 认出； realize 认识到 -less （形容词后缀）不，没有： hopeless 没有希望的； sleepless 失眠的； stainless 无瑕疵的 -logy （名词后缀）学科： psychology 心理学-ly （形容词和副词后缀）⋯ 的，每⋯ 的，⋯ 地：friendly 友好的 ;daily 每天的； carefully 小心地； conveniently 方便地 -me n t ）表物： punishment 惩罚； encouragement 鼓励； agreement 同意 -ness （名词后缀）表性质、状态： fierceness 强烈的； kindness 仁慈的； friendliness 友好的 -or （名词后缀）表人： editor 编辑； educator 教育家 -ory （形容词后缀）⋯ 的 contradictory 矛盾的 -ous （形容词后缀）：various 各种各样的 ; courageous 英勇的-ship (名词后缀)表状态，性质，身份：friendship 友谊： membership 会员资格-sion （名词后缀）表行为，状态：decision 决定； expression 表情，表达法-some （形容词后缀）充满⋯ 的，令人⋯ 的 ：tiresome 令人厌烦的 ;troublesome 讨厌的 -th ）第⋯，⋯之一，sixth 第六； warmth 温暖的，暖和 -tic （形容词后缀）⋯ 的： enthusiastic 热情的： fantastic 极好的，美妙的 -tion （名词后缀）表行为、状态：instruction说明；intention计划，意图；invention发明-tude （名词后缀）表状态；altitude 高度，高处-ty（名词后缀）表性质，状态、数量：activity 活动；certainty 肯定；plenty 大量-ual（形容词后缀）⋯的：punctual准时的；visual视觉的，视力-u r e ）：agriculture农业；pressure压力，压强-ward （形容词和副词后缀）表方向、方位：upward 向上forward 向前地-wards（形容词和副词后缀）表方向，方位：upwards向上地；outwards向外-y（）有⋯的，多⋯的，所：twenty 二十；discovery发现；sunny有阳光的；hairy 多毛的。
新东方考研英语复习笔记：阅读
新东方考研英语复习笔记: 阅读1. 来源: 西方的报刊杂志2. 文体: 议论文, 说明文, 记叙文, 应用文3. 历年考题: 多为社会科学, 自然科学, 人文科学4. 大纲key word:三步走:1. 通读全文, 抓住中心（1）文章叙述的主要内容是什么？（2）文章中有无题到核心概念？（3）作者大致态度是什么？2. 仔细审题返回原文（1）通常是由题干出发, 使用寻找关键词定位原则。
大写字母, 地名, 时间, 数字等。
（2）自然段定位原则: 出题顺序与行文的顺序是大体一致的。
3. 重叠选项, 得出答案。
困难:1. 单词量不大, 句型结构复杂2. 作者的观点具有一点的隐蔽性3. 选项的迷惑性做题误区：1．做得太快, 做题靠印象或直觉2．先看题后读文章3．不知如何做记号标点符号：1．“。
”句号, 分隔句子。
以“。
”为单位, 把段分隔成块, 而后逐个击破。
2．“, ”逗号, 两个逗号之间是补充说明成份时, 在阅读过程中可以跳过去不读。
3．“：”冒号, 后面进一步补充说明前面的内容, 冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。
4．“；”分号, 并列结构, 语义上的并列, 结构上的并列。
5．“——”破折号, 两个“——”之间是补充说明成份, 可以先不去读。
6．““”“引号, 引用某人的观点, 反讽, 讽刺。
7．“（）”补充说明, 解释生词。
例证题：1. 当文中出现example, case, illustration2. 返回原文, 找出该例证所在的位置, 既给该例子定位。
3. 90%向上, 10%向下搜索该例证周围区域找出该例证的论点。
注意：举例的目的是支持论点。
4. 找出该论点, 并与4个选项比较, 得出选项中与观点最一致的答案。
5. 错误题的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。
词汇题:1. 返回原文找出该词会出现的地方2. 注意结合上下文理解该单词的意思3. 如该词回为简单词汇, 则其字面意思必然不是正确答案4. 词汇题的正确答案经常隐藏在干词汇的原文出现的附近5. 注意同位语、特殊标点、定语从句以及前后缀微观阅读方法：1. 抓主干2. 看标点符号3. 被动变主动4. 消减否定法5. 重新段句6. 对照法----即抓一些重点词（1）如in other words 等词组（2）转折词（3）表结果的词（4）表递进的词起、承、转、合注意引用目的: 不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明文章主题或主旨, 否则就无意义, 引述也就没有必要了。
新东方托福冲刺精讲班笔记吐血
Listening1.开头——复习+主旨例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态开始标志：now,today, OK, while②老师道歉③归纳法的开头,先给出例子,再给出结论--记例子的主体&论点2.结尾——推断+细节3.注意重复的细节与观点4.举例——记例子主体,注意提示词5.定义解释——其中的关系6.注意可以的停顿7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today8.讲课中的问答9.因果关系10.听清层次——firstly secondly...11.注意转折12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复Speaking notesQ1&Q2To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose...today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea.Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my ideaTake me for example... For instance... For exampleFurthermore what's moreTo summarize to conclude all in allBased on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice...Q31.The school wants/plans to doThe school policy is...The school wants to carry out a policy which is...2.sb suggests/advises that the university should stop do...3.In the conversation, the man disagrees, and he has two pointsIn the listening material, the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons...4.First, the school think, however the man think...Second...Based on the two points the man disagree.Q4In this set of material, the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which meanssuggests that...In the lecture, the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory.The first is about...The second is ...Q51.time conflict①to find sb else to replace/take place of youto find sb to help him②drop, give up,cancel one of the plans③reschedulePut off, delay, postpone,to find another day to do.Do/finish...before...④ask for extension/extra days/putting off the dead line2.course is not available①to take the same/similar course next semester②take it in another school③choose the graduate lessonQ6The lecture is about/the topic is about...The professor mainly talked about ...According to the lecture...In this listening material the professor explain...All in all/in conclusion...Tips1.DefinitionThe term ...is defined as..The definition of the term is...2.ResultThe/it result turn out to be...pareIn the experiment, students are divided into two groups.The first group is... In the second group the situation is totally different/is on the contrary.Writing一、Heading一方案1凸显主题引述观点我的立场1.凸显主题①As is often the case, Under many circumstances,Currently / In contemporary society, +X/ the issue of X+is widely discussed.is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. is much concerned at such a degree that a wide discussion has beenaroused.is much/ widely discussed to a point where a deep contemplation has been aroused.②so…that…He is so 2 that he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. / ved. + to a / the point whereHe is 2 to a point where he is used to running outside at cold winter mid-night with nothing on.= subj+ v. + adj. /ved. + at such a degree that…He is 2 at such a degree that…2.引述观点againstSome people maintain/ hold that it is …that…A few people hold the opinion that…One point is that…One perspective is that…One conventional idea/ acceptance / view / notion is that…forA common belief is that…A prevailing notion/ acceptance is that…题目核心名词不动题目中观点的方向不动3.我的立场程度+ 态度①程度to large extent,at large degree,on large scale,②态度I agree with this opinion.I am on the side of this claim / assumption / assertionI side with this claim.I stand with this claim.I would nod in agreement with this claim.I lean toward this claim.I disagree with this opinion.I am on the opposite side of this claim.I side on the opposite.I stand against this claim.I would cast doubt on this claim.I would frown on this claim.全局Currently, the issue of X is much concerned to a point where a wide discussion has been aroused. Some people maintain that it is … that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim. 二方案2一分钟快捷法：Some people hold / maintain that…I reckon/ deem thatagainstSome people maintain that…. To large extent, however, I am on the opposite side of this claim and reckon that it assumes a distorted and narrow view.forA prevailing acceptance is that…. To large extent, I am on theside of this claim and reckon that it sensible and rational. Body structureBody+support+strong二、基本思路框架：一1.让步Concede：客观性—题目观点有点道理To begin with, I have to concede that…2.主旨段1：分析—题目观点/言论谬误NeverthelessNonethelessthe claim—problematicAttention: 探讨论点 > 议论话题3.主旨段2:推理—后果严重,危害巨大At last, the influence—negative4.其他备选思路Optional 1: 可行性欠佳not feasibleOptional 2: 效用差ineffectiveOptional 3: 当A>B时,支持弱者B is also significantOptional 4：当题目中X is the …est,质疑“最”X is not the …est. Optional 5：因果关系不合理No direct relation between A and B二中心句：1 .让步To begin with, I have to admit that…To begin with, it is undisputable that…First of all, I have to concede that X, at some / certain degree, is/ can…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree,is beneficial与题目立场一致.限制级让步—避免喧宾夺主…, to some / certain extent,……, at some/ certain degree,……, on some/ specific occasions,….…, in particular / certain cases, ……, under some / particular circumstances,……, theoretically speaking,……, in short-terms,…… is/ can somewhat…… is/ can relatively…2. against1—分析：题目观点谬误本质使然驳斥言论>质疑话题Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that…is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several defects/ irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.Do—undertake Be engaged inTip:下定义A isB B=n. –A functionA serves asB / A functions as BFriends serve as companionships.media serve as sources of influence.作判断A is B B=adj. / n.A is accepted / acknowledged as BThis proposal is accepted as beneficial.This proposal, to large extent, is accepted as beneficial.3. against2—推理：后果很严重/危害巨大effect vs influenceNegative influence—destructive consequencesdisastrous consequencesAt last, the consequences/ misleading of…would be negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences/ misleading that … is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.4.其他备选思路中心句Option1: 这样做不可行 feasible = viable--It is not feasible the feasibility of … is open to question.--It is not viable the viability of… is open to question.The feasibility/ viability of … is vulnerable to any question or challenge.… can hardly be converted from blueprint into reality.… can merely rest on the blueprint.Option1 效果欠佳--切断联系Step1 It can not solve this problemStep2 It fails to offer solutions to this problem.Step3For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a reference for...PracticeThis proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….Option2: B重要 for A>B 话题B is of great significance for …Great significance for…is closely attached to B--Great significance for the rise of a nation is closely attached to the promotion of education.--Great significance for leading a healthy life is closely attached to the preservation of environment.--Great significance for the duty of celebrities is closely attached to the participation of social services.Option4: X并非最佳There is no point to claim that X serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.It is groundless to assert that…serve as—function asOption5: 因果关系不合理There is no direct causal relation between A and BThis claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.This assumption/ assertion fails to establish a causal relation betweenA and B.三、Body一1.让步First of all/ to begin with, I have to concede that X, at certain degree, is beneficial / is effective.2.观点谬误Nevertheless, the assumption that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question. Nevertheless, the assumption that… is also contaminated with several irrationalities, which degrades this claim as problematic / misrepresentative.3 .后果严重At last, the consequences / the misleading that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. / disastrous/ pernicious.4.可行性欠佳The feasibility / viability of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.5. Ineffective即使有结果,也很难达到目的for 建议类话题To carry the idea further, this proposal / solution/ approach is awkward in serving as a key that guarantees the effectiveness and efficiency.for 定义/结论类话题To carry the idea further, this definition/ conclusion is awkward in serving as a convincing reference that can offer objective and accurate / reliable / trustworthy guidance.6. not the best/ --est for 最…话题There is no point to claim that... serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.7. 挽救B—B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.8. 因果关系不能建立This claim suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.First of all, I have to concede that…, at some / certain degree, is/ can…For one thing, X, on some occasions, is/ can…For the other, it is/ can also somewhat/ relatively…, on the ground that…, for the reason that…, for the sake that…First of all, I have to concede that doing some writing, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, such exercises, on some occasions, contribute to promoting writing skills. For the other, writing can somewhat sharpen the mind.二方案1—双论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial. 论据1For one thing, X serves as 是什么 through which 作用/效果论据2For the other, X also contributes to/ X is also effective in人例case of/ the case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which, to large extent, can support / solidify /consolidate my claim that it is… that…事例the personal experience of … serves as an example / evidence that/ which can largely consolidate/lend credible support to my claim that…方案2—单论据论点First of all, I have to concede that X, on certain occasions, is beneficial, CS2. against1—本质不好i Nevertheless, the inherited/intrinsic /inborn defect of X can largelyundermine the claim/ assumption that….ii Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which makes this claim/ assumption / assertion open to question.Nevertheless, X/ the conclusion that…/ the proposal that… is not immune to several defects, which degrades this claim as problematic /misrepresentative.For 建议类话题：复杂任务简单化As is often the case, / Under many circumstances,/ As a matter of fact, 待解决之问题/达成之目标 is acknowledged as a complicated task/ project/ cause whose solution involves/ requires a combination/ joint of efforts on both the internal and external layers and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by XAs is often the case, 待介定之事物 is acknowledged as a complicated phenomenon / concept/ existence whose definition involves/ requires/ concerns a combination of elements / factors on both the subjective and objective layers and cannot possibly be defined by highlighting X.数据With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between and in European countries / . claimed that…With reference for a survey by International …, % of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . claimed that X is the last option employed to…With reference for a survey by International …, %of the people / respondents between 15 and 65 in European countries / . had gloomy views over the effectiveness / the prospect of XAccording to a survey by International Deserts , the deserts all over the world are extending at a rate of 250 football fields every 3 hours.实事—caseThe case concerning … serves as an example/ evidence / an evident example which can, to large extent, support/ solidify/ justify / reinforce / bolster / consolidate my claim that…人例—personal experienceThe personal experience concerning … serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim that…Optional结论/建议未必适用于所有情形无视个案差异… is not unexceptionally acceptable… is not undisputable all the time / under any circumstances The other flaw is that the validation of the view presented in this topic is not universally self evident. On occasions that…,/ On conditions that… , the utmost significance is supposed to be attached to X, whereas when this prerequisite/ the condition removes, the emphasis/ focus would also be switched to other….Tip: 本段质疑言论的组织架构：言论谬误The assumption/ assertion that… is problematic.谬误/漏洞1—复杂的事物被简化X复杂,解决/定义需要诸多 a combination of 努力 efforts/ 因素elements谬误/漏洞2—观点的合理性是有条件的X 不总正确not universally self-evident, 只有在…条件下,on conditions that…, 才合理,否则就不行X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best …Any other efforts / possibilities have been proved to be vain attempts X has been proved to be the most effective …/ the best … that can ruleout any other …X enjoys the widest preference后果很严重At last, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.子论据1：负面影响+小的个体 individual 大到整体 society/ system/ industry One point that is worth of mentioning is that…The negative influence of X would be infectious.The negative influence of X would result in a series of chain reaction. The negative influence of X would give rise to Domino Effect/ Butterfly Effect.it can inevitably endanger/ jeopardize both the individual… and the whole society/ industry/ system.The negative influence of X would be infectious, which can inevitably jeopardize / endanger both the individual… and the whole…子论据2：弊大于利To carry the idea further,Other than that,In addition, advantages vs. disadvantagesthe disadvantages outweigh the advantages.= the advantages are outweighed by the disadvantages.the disadvantages overshadow the advantages.= the advantages are overshadowed by the disadvantages.Advantages:The expected/ the foreseeable benefits and opportunities / solutions…can offerFor conclusion The expected reference and guidance … can offer Disadvantages:the potential risks and uncertainties … can incurFor conclusion--the potential confusions and misleading … can incurDisadvantage > advantage--the potential risks and uncertainties … incurs far outweigh the expected benefits and opportunities it can offer.--the potential confusions and misleading … incurs can rule out any reference and guidance it can offer.To be exact, it is tantamount to an act of trading A for Btrade long-term … for short term…trade … in the long run for … at presenttrade the possibility of sustainable development for the reality of present interests.trade the unique… for common…trade the cherished… for common / ordinary …trade the invaluable … for the valueless …trade everything for nothing子论据3影响负面且深远Even worse, It runs the risk of driving …to a dead end.This proposal / conclusion is acknowledged as an illogical and irrational assumption/ assertion which indicates / reveals / mirrors a set of misplaced values that run the risk of driving … to a dead end.三思路框架：1.让步To begin with, I have to concede that knowing how to use money effectively, at certain degree, is beneficial. For one thing, it somewhat minimizes the risk of financial problems in the future. For the other, the acquisition of such knowledge and skills, at certain degree, contributes to relatively sensible consuming habits.2．因素分析Nevertheless, the claim of emphasizing the role that learning money management at young age plays in making a financially responsible adult is contaminated with several intrinsic irrationalities. As is often the case, implanting a sense of financial responsibility into an individual is acknowledged as a complicated task whose solution involves a combination of efforts on both the internal and external respects and cannot possibly be tackled/ accomplished by simply making children learn management. The personal experience of Madoff serves as an evident example which can largely consolidate my claim. Although Madoof received good education for money management since he was young, he did not have any sense of responsibility and was labeled as a cheater in 2008. The other flaw this assumption suffers from is that it ignores the differentials among cases. On conditions that that the learning of managing money is combined with the instillation of conscience and moral, or that this proposal has been proved as the most effective measure which can rule out any other solutions, making children learn to manage money is acceptable, whereas when this prerequisite removes, the things would be otherwise.3. 演绎推理At last, the consequences that this proposal is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive. One point that is worth of mentioning is that the misleading and confusion that relating managing money to financial responsibility can incur far outweigh the expected benefits and solutions it can offer. Other than this, learning money management on early stage bears the possibility of bringing in materialism into our education and misplacing the values, which runs the risk of driving the healthy growth of our next generation to a dead end.EndingTo sum up, at large degree, I would cast doubt on this assumption. What is more, it is essential for us to have circumspection over all the factors before any critical decision-makings.Tip:其他备用思路：Option1--可行性欠佳What is more, the feasibility of X is vulnerable to any question or challenge.A host of impediments that are expected to encounter like A, B, C andD are acknowledged as significant factors that play decisive rolesin minimizing the viability.In this sense, it is almost a mission impossible to…重要因素表达—用于论点+论据… serves as a significant factor that plays decisive role in….… serves as an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.Tip :不可行的障碍--show no respect the legal principles--overlook the basic laws of nature--violate the ethical bottom line--the unsatisfactory voices from the public--limited budgets or financial problemsOption2--即使有结果,也很难达到目的个性化方案—选配--牵强的联系For 建议This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...教师是否应该根据他们的表现而支付薪水Paying teachers in accordance with their performance is awkwardin serving as a key to enhancing / improving/ promoting /upgrading the education.This proposal / solution/ approach/ X is awkward in serving as a key to….+切断联系 For 建议As a matter of fact/ In effect, A/ the former does not function as the exclusive prerequisite for B/ the latter.+冲淡联系1 原因多样Under many circumstances, a host of solutions/ possibilities such as A1, A2, A3 and A4 are also indispensable/ significant approaches that are not supposed to be overlooked....is a significant factor that plays a decisive role in…… is also an indispensable element that is not supposed to be overlooked.+冲淡联系2 结果无效On the other hand, such oversimplified strategy would be doomed/ deemed as counterproductive.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A andB the result and the proposal.For 结论This definition/ conclusion/ X is awkward in serving as a convincing/ credible reference for...+切断联系For 结论A does not serve as an exclusive prerequisite for gaining a betterunderstanding about B+冲淡联系1可能性多样Under certain circumstances, B can be concluded as A1, whereas under others, the definition/ conclusion like A2, A3, A4 are also sensible/ acceptable/ rational.+冲淡联系2 定义/概括无效GeneralOn the other hand, such over generalized conclusion fails to be representative.+阶段性结论In this sense, there exists no direct relation between the conclusion/ definition and the phenomenon.In this sense, A can tell just part of the story.Option 3-- ... is not the ..estThere is no point to claim that A serves as the best/ ultimate/ the most approved solution / definition.A multitude of other options/ elements/ possibilities / solutions such as B, C, and D are also significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In this sense, it is groundless to put ultimate premium on A.Option 4--挽救B-B重要 for A>B 话题Great significance is also supposed to be attached to B.Option5—因果无法建立：Furthermore, the claim that… suffers from a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Furthermore, the claim that … rests on a gratuities causal relationship which is in short of legitimacy.In effect, the former does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for the latter.Under many circumstances, a host of approaches / solutions/ reasons/ possibilities as A, B, C and D are also acknowledged as significant factors that are not supposed to be overlooked.In addition, this conclusion runs the risk of misleading the understanding / the definition of…In addition, this proposal bears the possibility of driving the result to quite different paths.In this sense, there exists no direct causal relation between A and B.Topics:Because we are busy, we can do few things well.Because we are busy, politeness has become unnecessary and out of fashion. In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.For这样很好本性使然… is blessed/ gifted withadvantagemerit in …./thatgeniusX is blessed with a multitude of merits.As it stands, X enjoys many advantages like A, B, C and D.According to a survey by…, X% of the respondents …这是不可避免的 indispensable / 重要部分A is a part of B= A is included in B= A serves as / functions as an indispensable episode in composing B the absence of… would result in…Families serve as indispensable episode in composing our society.Failures in every segment of our life serve as indispensable episodes in composing our growth.Competition serves as indispensable episode in composing our market. The multimedia and the internet serve as indispensable episodes in composing our modern life.The quantum leaps in science and technology serve as indispensable episode in composing our civilization.这样做可行且运转良好What is more, the feasibility of X can withstand question or challenge.A host of factors such as A, B, C and D are acknowledged as significantelements that play decisive roles in maximizing the viability.Not only does it enjoy feasibility, but also it can operate in a smooth way.如果这样,结果诱人Other than this, the positive consequences of X would turn out to be profound.it will benefit both the individual and the whole systemit contributes to promoting …., boosting …..and …will thereafter beenhancedIt contributes to promoting the advance of economy, boosting the communication among cultures and the reputation of a city is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting the efficiency, boosting the effectiveness and our self-confidence is thereafter enhanced.It contributes to promoting our skills in getting along with others, boosting our abilities in thinking over things and our minds are thereafter sharpened.Advantage> Disadvantage应该这样,因为这样做不仅有益,而且无害;A andB can co-exist harmoniouslyA andB are not 2 mutually exclusive matters.A andB are compatibleA andB are 2 mutually exclusive matters. As a matter of fact, the former andthe latter can co-exist harmoniously.The existence/ advance of A does not act/ serve as a terminator forBThe existence / advance of A does not bring negative influence / consequenceon BTo sum up, I side on the opposite of the claim that… What is more, it is essential for us to pay more attention to …/ What is more, special attention is called for to四、Tip1.若要/为了X目的, 就得YX and Y are closely relatedthere is a direct causal relation between X and YY serves as the exclusive prerequisite for Xcreate—creativity,advent,reckon,doomed to be,the sin revelation 2.这样不好/不应该本性/本质使然be born with / to be inherit intrinsic natureinborn problematiclast, the consequences/ influence of… is negative / destructive / pernicious.At last, the consequences that X is expected to bring about would turn out to be destructive.and more--an/ the increasing number of +可数名词--the increasing + 不可数名词--the increasingly + adj. + n.Give rise toof great significance for…great significance for… is closely attached to…great significance for your future career is closely attached to your study.great significance for the effectiveness of leadership is closely attached to the respect from the public.7.可能…, to large extent, …… bears the possibilities that…… runs the risk of…--This measure runs the risk of triggering disasters.switch alter convertDo undertake be engaged in estimate assess9.10.没有上过大学Lyndon Johnson AbrahamLincolnGrover Cleveland—honest + independent Andrew Jackson—the incarnation of courageMike Dell Stephen Jobs Zuckburge接受过优秀教育OxfordMargaret Hilda Thatcher David Cameron Bill ClintonStephen Hawking Mr. BeanHarvardFranklin Roosevelt Obama John F. KennedyGeorge W. Bush Gary Faye Locke素材accumulate the knowledge train the skills broaden the horizon experience the defeats/ failures strengthen the willsharpen the mind develop personalities shape valuespurify the soul detach the view12.媒体books:magazine; text book; bibliography; encyclopedia; novelTV programs; TV networksvideo; audience; display; screenread—reading—reader words; lines; passages重要影响力杂志New Yorker；the Times—实事评论性杂--through which we can extract insightful thoughts.Vogue；ELLE;—时尚杂志--let us breathe fashionable airReader’s Digest—综合性期刊National Geography—人文景观the Palace museumthe Louver Palacethe Expos—有必要出现暴力内容的娱乐the western movies—pioneering spiritGone with Wind--setting Atlanta on fire—chaosSchindler's List--Whoever saves one life, saves the world entireSaving Private Ryan-- the value of lifeBrave Heart-- shedding blood and sacrificing for just one chance for freedom Negative—过分暴力的娱乐-- Transformer 3-- justice do not have to be exchanged by extreme violencenor at the price of the whole Chicago City with thousandsof innocent lives.small step though it is for young people, a giant leap for the future life.That's one small step for me, one giant leap for mankind.Achilles’ Heelthe absence of innovation/ sympathy is acknowledged as the Achilles’Heel of our education.the absence of creditability is acknowledged as the Achilles’ Heel of political leadership.significant五、综合写作一HeadingThelecturerefutesobjects tosides on the opposite ofthepointsillustratedinthereadingmaterial.In accordance with With reference forAccordingto the listening,theprofessorthe lecturerclaims /asserts that。
新东方作文笔记
新东方作文笔记(强烈推荐)此笔记出自新东方杨煜(winson)老师,这个老师虽然名气不大,但我感觉他的课讲得很好,很负责任.这个笔记一共分四个课时.因为他讲课喜欢穿插的讲,也就是说讲到综合部分的阅读时会讲一些写作的方法,所以我整理了一下分为综合部分,独立部分. 在这四个课时里他讲了很多写作的技巧.以及他在接受ETS培训的时候ETS明确提出的一些问题(ETS明确提出的地方我会标注),个人觉得对大家的写作帮助很大.PART I 综合部分.重点:1.词语:同义词的变化很重要,不断的用相同的词语(除了中心词和无法变换的词语)要扣分.→Webster电子软件同义词词典2.格式:每一段的开头不空格,段与段间空行.每一段的开头空四格,段与段间不空行.3.特别提示:正式文体书写最好不要用缩写.→can’t=cannot don’t=do not (这是ETS明确提出的)4.每一段的分论点应该是由听力开头,而不是阅读.→虽然OG上有阅读开头的范文,但是最好不要这么写.5.阅读部分不可抄原文,论点要用自己的话重新总结(ETS明确指出)6.这个部分的开头并无实际的意义,所以如果要写的话最好有一个15-20词的长句.7.阅读文章如果来不及看,反应背景的部分可以扫过,因为它与topic sentence无关,之后用1分钟提论点,然后再话1分半钟来看论点后面的论述.最后半分钟用来推测(这个后面会讲到).8.听力中表示反驳的词汇除了常见的那些but/however等还有new/today/change等.如果听力中有设问,那么它的答案一定要听清楚明白.9.写作的时候给出了听力中分论点后同样需要例子来支持.一般听力中讲的时候后有例子,这个也需要记录下来..需要训练的技巧:在读阅读的时候就要会推测听力的论点.哪怕推得不完全对也要推.如果你无法推测就说明两种情况:1.阅读中的论点没有找到.2.文章确实是无法推测. 关于这点是winson特意花了时间训练我们的.也就是说这点可能在综合写作的部分确实是很重要.我就拿3.10号的考题来举个例子吧.阅读说到speed cameras可以用来取代police.三点:1.限制司机的驾车速度.2.取代警察.3.为court提供更确切的证据找到这三个论点之后你推测你就往反的方向想就可以了.1.也许speed camera未必可以限制车速; 2.可能因为种种原因它未必可以取代警察; 3.同样因为种种原因它未必可以为traffic court提供便利.这么做看上去很简单,实际上它是有一定潜在的好处的:1.帮助加深考生对阅读中论点的印象.2.有助于在听力中更集中精力. 在听听力之前,考生往往想知道自己的推测是不是正确.在听的时候如果推对的话就要集中听那个”种种原因”到底是什么原因.如果推错的话就会更仔细的听到底它给出的是什么论点.这里需要注意的是,不论是推对了还是推错了都要镇定的听下去,不要太兴奋或者是太失落!!!PART II 独立部分这个部分winson讲的有点散,我就分条列出来好了!先讲一下ETS对这个部分是怎么评分的.1.对比----改卷老师手边上都有从1分到满分的样本答案,改的时候这些样本答案是摊在桌上的.通过对比判断你大概是哪个分数档次.这个步骤主要是看文章的字数,结构,句子的平均长度(这个在下面会说到)以及主题句.winson说这个步骤是很重要的,如果文章给人感觉是3分档的,那么在仔细看过之后就算写得比3分档好一般也就3+,最多到4分档.所以第一印象很重要.2.句子长度----ETS有专门的计算句子平均长度的机器.计算方法是:总的字数/句子数=句子的平均长度.一般平均长度在13-18词/句为佳.也就是说长句子不能太多,一般短句应该比长句多一点.3.议论段的浏览---ETS指明好的文章应该是第一段主体段的长度>第二段主体段的长度>第三段主体段的长度.(也就是说三个议论段的字数要有明显的递减趋势,最重要的最中心的写在第一段)重点技巧:1.符号的多样性----可多用引号,连字符,问号,感叹号. ETS明确指出连字符有加分.30分里面加1分.连字符有几种简单的构成方法:(a.)表示”再”的时候用re-,比如说re-exam; (b.)数字+n. 比如:five-layer; (c.)可用连字符表示大规模,大范围等等.后面加scale.比如:large-scale price ; (d.)几分之几. 比如:one-fifth. 同样的,多用设问句可以加强文章的生动性.比如:Can you guess the ending of this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. 再者说,引号可以用来表示(a.)否定,讽刺; (b.) 引用;(c.)强调.2.单词的难度和级别要一致.也就是说不能一个高中词汇,一个GRE词汇.3.对于举例的要求: 2 examples→ETS指明一个example是不足以说明问题的.最好是两个examples都用短事例.要lay-out,而不是deep reasoning. 同时,在example后面最好用一个长句来解释example,也就是说这个example怎么证明了你的topic sentence.4.不论是综合部分或者是独立部分,都要遵守短语优先原则.但是这里的短语必须要有把握才能用.5.写的时候最好是不要用过于绝对的或者是尖锐的词汇,比如说must, should,everyone,everytime.多用像likely, probobly, perhaps,more or less, sometimes, in a way, in the sense这样没有说死的词汇/词组.6.能用修辞的时候可以适当的用点修辞,但必须在有把握能用对的情况下才能用.比如: ateam of people attack the project.7.多用代词,代词是最好的过渡词,可以加强句子的连贯性.8.灵活使用词汇.可将n.→v. 例如:surface不一定要用做n. 还可以做v.关于句式的问题.1.把能打开的词组或者是搭配拉得越开越可体现文字的表达能力.比如:A group of people has a wider range of knowledge,expertise, and skills than any singleindicidual is likely to possess.2.关于句子的强调: 多用新奇的强调,一些老调强调,比如not only…but also/ it is that….要多用了.因为中国学生一般强调就是这么两种方式,人家也看得烦了!可以用一些比较少见的强调方式.(a.)用and 连接两个拼写不同但是意思相同或者是相近的词语.比如:problems and issues.(b.)Not only ….but also的改写:not only x but x……例如: To get his or her contributions andideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant.(c.)用逗号连接两个形容词表示强调. 比如:it took many, many meetings to build theagreement.(这个方法我个人比较汗…..)3.尽量不要用no ,not, none等表示否定.用free from/little等代替.4.为了丰富符号,插入语的两个逗号可以用破折号代替.开头立场的问题:1.合格的:立场2.完美的:在主题句中暗示了2.3.4.段的主要内容,有立场,有原因.例如:While there is still hunger, poverty, and illiteracy on Earth, our resources should be focused not in outer space.3. 不要用谁的优点大于谁这种句子做为观点.因为没有立场.谁的观点大于谁, 并不代表你就支持那个优点多的.。
新东方阅读笔记
阅读题型：一、summary 填空题方法：预测，寻找，大胆预测；小心求证对要填的词进行预测，预测需要区分上义词和下义词上义词：概括性，抽象性的词（vehicle）下义词：具体的，明确的词（bus car等）二、matching题找出配对项之间的差别，包括主旨，时态等三、判断题记判断肢中的关键词到原文中区寻找。
选T项一般是有近义词替换，出现原词的项通常是NG。
四、段落信息题站在写作的角度分析，此题是应该出现在开头还是结尾（如果是提出问题，通常应该文章或是段落的开头，如果是解决问题，则应该在文章或段落的结尾）阅读方法：3Sscan：定位题目中关键词，到原文中scan出位置并标注出来skim：归纳本段主旨skip：跳读，与考题有关的信息重点看（包括这句的前后句），其他信息跳过，无需翻译1．基于scan的定位法●60秒时间读标题和插图及开头段，了解本文的话题和态度●读一个或者多个考题，并划出考题的定位词，然后记住这些定位词到原文中找到每个考题的出题句。
多数考题的出题句只有一句话，甚至只有半句。
●根据出题句的意思，解答此题，个别难题需要看懂这个出题句的言外之意或内涵才能作对定位词如何找？先看本文话题词（如public transport），思考题里那个单词在原文中容易找到什么样的词，不可以做定位词？本文的主题词，其他的在本文里可能会多次出现的词，介词，连词，冠词，一般情况下不可以。
2. 基于skim的方法●5分钟读文章，每段话读前一半的句子，归纳或找到主旨，并把主旨记录在每段话旁边（如A段：因纽特人的问题B段：北极很困难）●15分钟做题，看这个题的意思与哪段主旨有关，此题就应该在哪一段里有出题句，部分考题还需要划出定位词，到原文中scan出题句，根据出题句的意思解答考题。
具体题型解答方式一、填词题（填空和简答）答题前需要明确几个原则？1.填空题答案来自哪里——必须填原词2.写几个字——必须有字数限制3.答案不能蒙，此题也不能放在最后做如何找到填空题的答案？1.定位词+预测空格处大概填什么词（上义词，下义词）——名词，动词，形容词，副词，数字。
新东方笔记
解题四步走一、扫描题干，划出关键词1、建立目标感2、对文章的主要内容有整体性有一个脉络的把握二、通读全文，抓住中心通读时把我两个重点：1、文章的首段2、其余各段的转折和首尾句文章叙述的主要内容是什么？文中有无提到核心概念？作者大致的态度是什么三、仔细审题，返回原文两大定位原则：关键词定位：通常由题干出发，寻找题干中关键信息（首选大写字母、人名。
地名、数字、时间等）自然段界定定位原则：行文的顺序与出题的顺序是基本一致的四、重叠选项，得出答案补充：遇到难的文章时，可以看一题，读一段解一题34页的第二篇36页的第三篇作业标点符号在阅读中作用1、逗号。
两个逗号之间是补充说明成分时可以先不读2、冒号。
冒号的后面进一步补充前面的信息，冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程P13 Overwhelming 压倒性的overwhelm打翻；制服；不知所措3、分号。
并列结构。
语义上的并列；结构上的并列For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. 语义上的并列4破折号两个破折号之间是补充说明成分可以先不读At the same time, the American Law Institute —a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight —issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "5 引号引用；反分讽刺6、括号补充说明；解释生词72精读击破法第一关背单词要经历四个阶段第二关翻译5～10个难句进行背诵第三关题目的分析（分析对错的原因，找到解题的思路）新概念三重点阅读精读泛读每周读一份英文报纸China Daily或者21世纪报每个月读一篇英文杂志经济学家或者经济学人、Time时代周刊、Newsweek新闻周刊上网，和雅虎门户网站原句分析题：---------上下句逻辑返回原文找出该句子；若该剧的含义不能确定，则依据上下句的逻辑关系进行判断（并列、转折）；文中任何一句换都不是孤立存在的，局部含义是有整体决定的。
新东方读书笔记摘抄纸
新东方读书笔记摘抄纸
最近我读了一本厚厚的《伊索寓言》，里面的故事数不胜数，其中，使我深有感触的是《蚂蚁与屎壳郎》的故事
故事的大意是这样的：
夏天，别的小动物都悠闲地生活着，只有蚂蚁在田间跑来跑去，搜集大麦和小麦，给自己储存冬天吃的食物，屎壳郎问它为何要这般勤劳?蚂蚁只是笑了笑，并没有马上回答它。
冬天来了，大雨冲掉了牛粪，饥肠辘辘的屎壳郎来向蚂蚁乞讨粮食，蚂蚁对它说：“喂!伙计，如果在我劳动之时，你不是在讽刺我，不是在嘲笑我，而是加入我的队伍一起去做工的话，现在就不会忍饥挨饿了!”
是啊!如果屎壳郎当时和蚂蚁一样，也都在储存食物的话，它就不会挨饿了。
看了这个故事，我明白了，如果是用不劳而获的财富去过生活的话，我认为，那一定会不开心，如果是用不劳而获的财富的话，那么即使是小康，我认为，那家人一定会很快活。
这不禁让我想起了童第周爷爷，他第一次考试因不及格，学校准备开除他。
可在他的再三要求下，他还是进了级，但他必须考及格，从那以后，他更加努力，当别人都睡觉时，他在看书;当别人在踢足球时，他在背单词;当别人放假回家时，他在汽车上也在复习。
他总比别人勤奋，总比别人努力，他的考试成绩终于及格了!后来，他成就了一番伟大的事业。
天道酬勤，就是偏爱于勤奋的人。
新东方TOEFL笔记
所以要想保证听得懂，就要保证说得对） （4）不看只听，跟读，要求同上 （5）不看不听，复述或背诵 （6）以上步骤适当重复，直到达到目的
#听 lecture 需要的能力和锻炼方法（二十段法） （1）听觉识别力――句法结构、专业词汇 训练方法（二十段法） ： (材料下载地址: /dispbbs.asp?boardid=19&id=190221) a. 节选出 20 段 lecture（见附带文件，此 20 段包含了所有教授讲 lecture 时的说话套路） ，将这 20 段分成 5×4 四部分 b. 对于第 1－5 段，听一句，写一句（听写） ，每句听不超过三遍， 每段听完后打开原文，扫清障碍，没听懂处便是听力薄弱环节。 （以上前 5 天完成） 第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 5 段材料 c. 对于第 6－10 段，每听 2－3 句总结大意，听完整篇后，所写出的 东西应该通顺完整。之后打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天 完成） 第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 10 段材料 d. 对于第 11－15 段，听全文，写 keypoint（听三遍，每遍补充） （一 般不只一个 keypoint。之后打开原文，核实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成）
单词建立联系，或者将一个单词与一件事物、一个事情联系起来去 记，这样便不仅记住了你要记的东西“是什么” ，还记住了这个东 西“在哪里” ，效果就会很好。 （5 ） 词汇的维度： #强、弱（程度） #正式、非正式 # 褒义、贬义 #单词、词
根(同样一个词会有这样两种写法，就像中文中， “水”字写成汉字 和偏旁部首时写法也是不同的一样) （6 ） #高级、低级（用法）
第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 15 段材料 e. 对于第 16－20 段，听全文 3 遍，之后用英文复述，打开原文，核 实，扫清障碍（以上 5 天完成） 第 6 天泛听（不看材料）以上 20 段材料 f. 20 篇都听完后，找出听得不熟的。用跟读法再解决 *此方法综合训练听说读写能力 （2）提高记忆力：关键是提高听力水平！ （3）提高听段子时的注意力：关键还是提高听力水平！ （4）猜的能力：把注意力放在听懂了的地方！没听懂的地方随便一猜 就行了，别花太多心思，以免因小失大。而且越是不容易听懂的 地方，越不容易是出题点。
新东方笔记2009笔记大总结
阅读一、主旨大意题1.问法： a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型2.命题规律：a.首段 b.尾段 c.中间段3.方法：首末句原则法（首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句）4.技巧：①结构 a. 2~4→尽可能用完 b.≥5→用过1/2部分②首段首句问句③首段尾段独句段：主旨题即为此句④首段举例/谚语：一定在首段两句5.选项分析：正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立6.词汇：同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇二、例证题1．问法：example; case; cite; mention; illustrate; prove/show2. 解题方法：跳开本句，左（90%）顾右（10%）盼3. 技巧：①准确定位②例子不看③90%→一句 10%→一句二句三、指代题1. 问法：“代”→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语↘which 一定向左，可以指代单词，也可以指代句子2. 方法：代入→语法功能→向左or向右四、长难句分析1.定义：30words左右，多个分词，多个从句2.分析：前→后寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词转折让步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳过，定状细节尽量删五、文章来源题1.方法：中心思想法2.来源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture 六、细节题㈠事实细节题1.问法：4W/H 实义题干+正确选项=原文一二句2.方法：寻读①key words（a.实词 b.一次）②research(a.顺序 b.关键词第一次出现的地方) ③position（a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同义转换/词性转换/上下文）3.命题规律：①转折词（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically ）附近②专有名词（人名地名年代）③特殊标点符号④段落首末句4.技巧：①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆，不要指着读5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调6.复习：①思路scan ②在找到的位臵达到择读㈡是非判断题1.问法： which； true； correct； mention； except2.命题规则：①中心思想法（3错1对）②并列列举（3对1错）3.方法：① 3错1对中心思想法②3对1错选项反定位法4.解题技巧：①判断是3对1错还是3错1对②看题目是否有指定段落③看是否有关键词七、论点论据题1.题型：①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题2.文章结构：①花开两朵型（总分）②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型（倒序，结果常在开头）④问题解决型（常以问题开头）⑤层层递进（具体→概括中心常在最后一段）八、观点态度题情感词：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral干扰词： indifferent, biased, contemptuous①口诀法：有客观选客观，没客观选乐观，没乐观选谨慎，没谨慎选惊讶②中心思想法：寻找情感技巧：①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确⑥I hold,personally---表作者九、语义理解题1.命题规律：①一词多义②特殊词（符号/缩略词/拼缀词）③超纲词汇2.方法：看选项词性（浏览选项）→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃（跳开本句，左顾右盼）3.选项分析：正确答案常为引申含义，错误选项常为表面含义十、判断推论题（整体推论&局部推论）1.问法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know2.方法：5→尾段末两句 1→首段首末句2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落↘中心思想↘中心思想↘中心思想Ⅰ题顺序无顺序：主旨大意作者态度是非判断顺序：事实细节语义理解判断推论Ⅱ试卷做题顺序a.阅读A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）b.作文（60min）→阅读A（80~100min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ点面结合法（全读）①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心步骤：1.1min通读5个题干（语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项）2.通读全文（7~8min）标记题干，上下段首末句3.回读标记，选择答案（7~8min）四原则：a.时间对等读全文=做题 b.首段原则（关注首段，尤其是转折词之后）c.首末句原则d.路标原则（离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号）Ⅳ解的结构⑴中心思想是解⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趋势是解（trend to, tendency）⑷变化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具体不是解，概括才是解⑺简单不是解，复杂才是解⑻绝对不是解，相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解⑽出乎意料是解⑾内容积极向上是解⑿常识是解⒀本质是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（选项相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）08年主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10翻译redguard.**1.信（忠实原文）达（语言通达）雅（习惯修辞）技巧：不翻被动，换主语①硬翻②主宾颠倒③“是”“有”→实义④添主语2.考研翻译“八荣八耻”以勇于亮剑为荣，以跳过不做为耻；以直接翻译为荣，以通读全文为耻；以忠实原文的直译为荣，以天马行空的意译为耻；以宏观把握为荣，以斤斤计较为耻；以紧扣真题反复训练为荣，以盲目模拟为耻；以给出一个译文为荣，以给出多个译文为耻；以做到信达雅为荣，以通篇翻译为耻；以写对中文汉字为荣，以写错中文汉字为耻。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第一部分：听力）4
6．噪⾳场景 96.12.12/97.8.北美.6规律：室内：调⼩⾳量(turn down) 宿舍隔⾳(sound proof) 意识到噪⾳没有(didn’t realize)室外：⽆能为⼒ 96、5、18噪⾳来源：交通，室友/邻居 （93.10.23）影响：睡觉睡不着，学习受⼲扰I can’t heat myself think.解决：rraffic：学⽣只能忍受，或者向学校反映，或者换地⽅学习 soundproof室友/邻居：ake him to turn down the musicdorm supervise / apartment manager 宿舍管理员7．修理场景fix repair思路：什么坏了，找谁修（修理⼯及故障的表达，96、1、北美、11），修理费贵，修不如买（96、12、28）结合housing场景的：厕所，电话，洗澡。
window is stack 窗户打不开the sink will be clogged⽔池堵了pipe will be clogged管道堵了wiring电线出问题shutters→loose 百叶窗松了8．打⼯场景四个步骤及关键词 96、5、6打⼯职责、感受（段落） 96、1、国内、C2/98、5、B2⾯视者招聘员⼯：⼯作经验，学历被⾯视者（学⽣）：时间、⼯资、经验三要素 96、5、12 hour salary experience9． High-way场景常塞车（怎么办） 96、5、20 be tired up traaffic gam be backed up拐错弯 96、8、24 should have turned从哪出 get out of it考违章 98.5.23 ticket 罚单10．借钱还钱场景 98.10.22不愿借，不想还，为什么注意听语⽓，注意听第⼆句时间副词（soon later some other time）吃喝玩乐篇1．⾳乐会场景规律：永远好听 97、1、8/97、10、10喜欢古典⾳乐，不喜欢摇滚⾳乐提前买票，学⽣折扣作为好坏，是否调换去不是因为学习或考试（语⽓特征：不情愿）剧院座位：谈座位是否好坏，要不要换。
新东方英语总结笔记
新东方考研笔记全公开考研完型填空笔记公开完型填空１、完形考试的特点和测试点：文章不会太长（２４０－３００）；一般来说第一句都是主题句；一般每隔４－１５个词会有一个空；Choose the best one and mark...；任何一个空都是整篇文章的一部分；做题时要考虑整篇文章的信息背景而不是一句话的信息背景；完形的文章体裁：基本上都是以议论文和说明文为主，极个别时会有夹叙夹议，极偶尔时会有叙述文完形的特点：一般会有鲜明的主题；有完整的形式；简洁明了；经常采用总分结构；完形考试的测试点：阅读能力：对文章整体的把握和理解（要读出文章的主题；读出文章的导向或作者态度）要读懂文章上下段、上下句之间的关系；还要读懂句子内部结构；英语知识运用的能力：语法：（占２０％－３０％）习惯用语：（占１０％）词义的辨析和使用：（占６０％－７０％）词义的辨析和使用中的几个误区：只知其一，不知其它；只知大概，不知具体；只知认词，不知辨词；只知词义，不知使用。
用中文的思维，替代英文词的词义。
１、英文的很多词汇都是多意词，而词汇辨析往往就要靠词的多重意义；２、只知道词的大致含义，不知道它具体的解释；３、分辨不出形进次；４、知道词义，不知使用；以往完形题中词性的分布：１动词（２０％）；２名词（１６％）；３形容词和副词（２４％）实词——容易出词义辨析４连词（１６％）；５介词（１０％）；６代词（１０％）虚词——容易考语法和习惯分配２、今年完形考试变化的规律：从题量来看：在２０００年以前为老题型，１０道题，文章长度在１５０－１８０字左右；在２００１年以后题量增加到２０道题，文章长度在２４０－３００字左右。
分值还是１０分；从题材来看：在９６年以前以科普类文章为主；从９７年以后以社会科学类文章为主；按大趋势来说社科类文章会占主流；科普类文章的一些特点：时态比较简单，一般以现在时为主；文章结构简单，句子以判断句为主；为什么说新题型比旧题型难是因为阅读量增加了吗？不是是因为新题型大量使用了复杂句（复合句）；以９４与２００１年考题为例为什么说复杂句难？句子内部结构复杂要注意找句子的基本结构，先找道主干，而后逐层向下分析。
新东方英语语法最终珍藏版笔记
一、英语动词的时态（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。
英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。
有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。
同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。
例如：在“中国是个伟大的国家。
”和“中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。
”这两句话当中，汉语的“是”没有变化，而是用“曾经”这个词来表达时间的不同。
China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。
在这几句中，动词be的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
再如，“他经常帮助我。
”“他昨天帮助我了。
”和“他一直在帮助我。
”这三句话当中，汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化，而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区别。
英语就不同，它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。
He often helps me.他经常帮助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。
He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。
在这几句中，动词help的形态变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化。
（二）英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。
因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。
英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。
主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
新东方阅读笔记
按照内容分为两类：一、文科文章—两点注意：1.文章态度2.抓住文章主题 1）把握主题后不会偏差理解2）与主题相关的选项为优选选项二、理科文章1.试验型（Study\Experiment\Research\Test）2.科技成果型（e.g. Artificial Heart）3.现象解释型按照体裁分为三类：一、说明文 1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实二、议论文属于文科类文章三、记叙文阅读中难点句型：一、多重复合句----关键抓住主句主干成分二、多重并列句----两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起三、强调句----被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语It is that…四、被动句----基本结构 A is done by B五、倒装句----否定词hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only引起句子倒装六、省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.建议采用的阅读方法：一、扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。
二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。
考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句），转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句），时间，数字，人名，比较。
三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。
题型攻略：一、主题题(main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary)两种变体：1.写作目的题型purpose of writing2.文章标题题型the best title做题方法：1.找主题句2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语）二、细节题类型：1.对错题 2.例证题 3.一般细节题做题方法：准确定位三、词汇题类型：1.指代题 2.词义题做题方法：1.根据上下文关系2.构词法（词根词缀）st（位置不变）:stay--stand--stationary--street--star--statue--statuspose（放置）:position-expose (ex向外: exit-export)propose (pro向前)suppose (sup/sub在下面: subway--submarine) depose (de否定)deposit (de向下)interpose (inter: internet, international)背单词方法1. 词根词缀2. 阅读记忆3. 联想记忆如：handsome（其中：h很，s帅，m嘛→英俊的）morose（mo没有，rose玫瑰→郁闷的）ancillary（an + cillary希拉里→辅助的）四、推理题(infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude)正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写五、作者态度题(attitude-be seen as)做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly_________.A) for oceanographic studiesB) for military purposesC) for business considerationsD) for investigating the depths of the oceans22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A) the American NavyB) some early intercontinental travellersC) those who earned a living from the seaD) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'25. This passage is mainly about _________A) the beginnings of oceanographyB) the laying of the first undersea cableC) the investigation of ocean depthsD) the early intercontinental communicationsQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'.注：1.Oceanography 由Ocean (海洋) 和graphy (学科)组成，意为“海洋学”2.application 表示“申请”用介词for,表示“应用”用介词to3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程2.further 跟在to 后面是个动词，表示“推进”For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.注：1. remote 遥远的2.and with...多重复合句3. intercontinental 洲际的（Inter 在之间，continent 大洲）4. let alone 更不用说……5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣，谓语是was6. 第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是什么？”7.route 路线router 路由器It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geographyof the Sea.注：1. it was ...that...强调句型2. turn to sb. for sth.向某人请教某事3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s3. investigate 调查，测量The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that therewas no life in the deeper parts of the sea.注：1.not until 引导的句子要倒装2.living growth 生物3.a fact 作同位语4.contemporary 当代的5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'注：词汇题。
新东方要点总结
1、*写作*正反阐释类：一：段落结构：P1某种现象+一些人认为+理由P2其他人认为+理由（2~3个）P3我的看法和观点二：采分点:1>think firmly/strongly; contend; hold; argue; suggest; consider; prefer;be of the view that; maintain; suppose; be inclined to…; assume; suppose that…2>我认为：in my opinion/view; in my eyes; as far as I am concerned; as for me;in my understanding; personally, I think…; from my point of viewmy view point is that…3>一句话引出社会现象，再谈正反观点。
（98年6月）Do “Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?→Currently ,the problem of “lucky numbers”has been brought to popular concern,same people……When it comes to……，opinions differ from person to person =……，people view it differently=……，people’view vary=……，different people have different ideas三：六级写作高分模板引出现象1、When asked about/When it comes to …，many people claim/believe/argue/say that…2、There is a(n) general/public/heated/ongoing discussion/debate today about…3、Recently, the problem has been brought into focus that…4、One of the universal issues we are faced with is that…5、Currently…，has become the focus of public concern.6、Recently, there has been a widespread concern/feeling/belief/attitude that…7、Now it is widely/commonly/generally thought/believed/held that…8、Now people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize/accept/understand/be aware that…引出分歧的观点There is much disagreement over…/ There are some controversies over…引出对立观点1、Others, however, think differently.2、As opposed to these widely-held views, someone argues that…3、These people may be right about……，but they seem to neglect/fail to note the fact that……表达个人观点及看法1、（否）There is actually no reason to believe /accept/resist that……2、（肯）There is definitely every reason to believe/accept/resist that……谈利弊1、Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages.2、The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B.3、Although A has distinct advantage over B, it can not complete B in…解释现象或图表变化原因（第二段段首）1、The change/phenomenon in……mainly results/arises from……2、A number of factors could account for the change in……3、The rise /decline/phenomenon may be regarded as a sign of/response to……谈解决问题（第三段）1、It is high time that we put an end to the……2、It is important/essential that effective/proper measures/steps should be taken to……3、There is no easy solution to the problem of……，but it might be helpful to……描述图表变化1、It can be seen clearly from the graph that……2、According to the graph……3、As is shown /evidenced in the graph,……描述图标变化总体趋势In the past……years, there has been a sudden/dramatic/sharp/marked/significant/remarked/ Considerable decrease/fall/rise/increase in……2、KFC:Kentucky Fried Chicken （Kentucky是肯德基最初发展的地方）肯德基ICBC:Industrial and Commercial Bank of China （简称：爱存不存，哈哈）中国工商银行ABC:The Agricultural Bank of China 中国农业银行CBC:Construction Bank of China （简称：存不存) 中国建设银行BC:Bank of China（五大银行都归中国人民银行管，千万不要误会它是老大喔~~）中国银行HSBC:HongKong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行City Bank:（美国最大的银行）花旗银行3、哈尔滨最著名的学府——哈工大，它的理想就是致力于建成像美国的麻省理工学院那样优秀的大学，所以连起名也模仿麻省理工学院的：麻省理工学院：Massachusetts Institute of Technology哈工大：Harbin Institute of Technology (简称HIT,字面上就感觉有活力，热情）(请注意此处大学的称谓不是college ,也不是university，而是高级词汇Institute!各位千万不要从字面意思上把工大翻译成技术学院，那就杯具了……cupedy啊cupedy~)4、新词汇（部分联系到构词法和前后缀,都比较新，我们不做Outman~~)蚁族：antizen由蚂蚁ant和后缀组成，联想citizen（市民、居民）所以代表这一类人。
新东方笔记整理-作文(戴云)
作文:戴云所提倡的是一种流水线式的写作的方式，平时要积累一定的写作的模块。
积累自己的模版。
作文分两部分：一：integrated writing .二：independent writing.每一部分都是0-5分。
一部分是150-225字，二部分是300字以上。
各项技能的最低得分Reading: 28 Listening: 26 Writing: 25 Speaking: 22独立写作：作文练习标准：1-5 篇：不限时，结构完整，300字左右。
6-10篇：一小时之内完成，350字以上，结构完整。
写完之后：1 拼写和语法检查。
2 有无跑题或表达不清。
11-20篇：半小时之内完成，400字以上，结构完整。
写完之后：1，2 同上，3 修饰文章。
黄金规则一The longer, the better.一篇好的文章包含以下几个方面: ﹛1 结构 2 句子 3 词语﹜句子的训练方法：1．用多种方法表达同一句意：例如：我认为：I feel \ think \ hold \ claim\ believe\ deem \maintain \ reckon \ argue \ assume that.In my opinionFrom my points of viewAs far as I am concernedI hold \ share the opinion\believe\position\standpoint\idea thatAs I see\view\perceive that the problem\question\issue\case\discussion\ argument\controversy.My viewpoint\belief\opinion is that2．补充句子——不断增加新的语法结构，如同位语，插入语，非谓语结构，各种从句，多于25字。
在一篇文章中至少三句。
3．句式变换(1).开头的变换。
新东方词汇笔记(完美版)
3、单词的发音
语音的基础是一个单词一个单词地读 postcard 名信片，我们对单词的发音，并不敏感，只对单词的拼写和中文意思敏感 pig，第一反应就是“猪” 建设每天花 5 分钟时间跟读单词，读准后再背单词，这样单词才会背得立体
1-2 词汇的记忆方法
一、形象化记忆词汇的方法 人们对于图像的存储速度要远远高于对于语言符号的存储速度。 检验一下我们的“智商”！！开始记忆：
六开屏： 以上的方法都是通过短单词来记忆长单词，但有的时候，也可以通过你所熟悉的长单词来记忆你不熟悉的短单词。 “发动机，引擎”是哪个词？engine 先想 engineer 工程师，什么叫做工程师呢？也就是发明并研究发动机的人。=engine（发动机）+er ，其中 er 表示人 rub 动词“摩擦” 橡皮怎么说呢？rubber temper“脾气”
(2)image 名词“形象，印象” ma 妈妈的感觉，age 年龄，上了年纪，把 i 想象成一根红红的蜡烛
2
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(3)spark 名词“火花” park 公园，把 s 想象成“嘶嘶嘶”的声音，夜晚的公园，响起“嘶嘶嘶”的声音，一堆浪漫的年轻人点燃烟火
三变形： 很多单词并不是那么规整，需要进行简单的变形。 garage 名词“修车厂” g 想成哥哥+(c)ar 小汽车+age 年龄，有一天，哥哥有一辆小汽车，而这个小汽车又上了年纪，那么送哪去？修车厂 gloom 名词“忧愁，郁闷” =gl（隔离）+(r)oom，有一天，你非典了，被隔离在一个小房间里，所以你一定很郁闷。
1-4（接上）词汇的记忆方法
二、词根词缀记单词
1、辨别单词 例 1 The radio can _____ signals. [A] A transmit B emit 辨别两个形近的词汇通常有两种方法 1）用英文的释义 2）用词根 两个单词的共同词根，“mit”表示 send 发射的意思 transmit 这个词的前缀是 trans＝across 跨越，transmit 表示跨越式的发射 为什么表示跨越式呢？我们知道港口是 port，transport 运输 emit，“e”做前缀表示 out 向外的意思，发射性的发射 为什么是发射性呢我们知道，evaporate 蒸发=e（out）+ vapor（名词，水蒸汽）+ate（动词后缀），如激光可以发射光柱，The laser can emit beams.
新东方白易礼语法笔记10
语法系列讲座27尽管原子很小，我们可以击碎它。
Tired as/though he was, he went on working.(=Although he was very tired, he went on working.)虽然他很累，他还是接着工作。
Cold as/though it was, we went out. 虽然天气冷，我们还是出去了。
Child as/though she is, she knows a great deal.她虽然是个孩子，但她懂得很多。
Teacher as he is, he knows little about teaching.尽管他是个老师，但不懂什么教学。
Pilots as he claims he is, no one has ever seen him fly a plane.尽管他声称是个飞行员，但谁也没见过他非飞机。
注意后四句是可数名词单数作表语并提前，习惯上不用冠词。
翻译练习：尽管他自己受伤了，但他还是尽力帮助别人脱险。
→Wounded as he himself was, he still tried to help others to safety.尽管他很有名，但他很平易近人。
→Famous as he is, he is easy going.尽管他是囚犯，他行为举止仍像个国王。
→Captive as he is, he still behaves as if he were a king/behaves like a king.4．虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时，要把从句中的were, had 或should 移到主语之前。
（if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were, had 或should这三个词时。
）例如：If I had been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.=Had I been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.如果我在你的位置，我不会这样早放弃。
2010新东方试卷解析
2010年陕西高考题应该说出的比较完美，向命题委致敬，15道单选题，语法考点覆盖面广，知识点基本全部覆盖，更重要的是难易程度得当，用真题验证了陕西英语独立命题的精巧和严谨。
15道单选题中，两道情景对话题，一道词组辨析题，剩余的12道都是高中语法考核。
上过我的高考强化班，魔鬼训练营，以及后面的押题串讲班班的学生们，面对这个些题应该都很踏实，因为12道语法的考点和解题方法，命题技巧，在高考的不同版型里面都不停的重复和强调。
如果把笔记好好给看看，做这种题应该15分不是梦的。
【阅读部分点评】——西安新东方：陈灿2010年6月8日下午17点零7分，外面下着细雨，坐在书桌前的我收到了一个手机尾号为9095的学生的短信，内容为：“陈灿老师，谢谢你的押题！很有用！”。
我赶紧回了电话过去。
那边的孩子兴奋的说道：语法押中了除常规考点（常规考点试就是经常考的知识点，如非谓语）外的2个非常规考点——虚拟语气，完成进行时。
对于学生的回答我并不意外，因为这2个知识点是陕西省第一届新课标考纲里增加的知识点，而且从06年陕西省独立命题以来，4年没有考过，所以我觉得这一次它们一定会在“江湖上”出现！这并不是什么盲目自信，要知道本人已经连续4年命中非常规考点了（可惜事后没怎么报道过，因为本人为人很低调的，哈哈！）。
话说回来，其实，我特别关心的是阅读，毕竟除了教授语法外，本人还是西安新东方学校的首席高考阅读讲师，而阅读本身分值很大，又不像语法点那样好预测，像“非诚勿扰”一样很有挑战，我深信没人敢说他能预测到阅读原题，除非他是GOD 或“凤姐”！所以我赶忙问阅读难度怎么样，我得到的回答是“还行”。
孩子可能太兴奋了，对阅读反而没什么印象。
我些许怅然，在表达预祝她取得好成绩后，拨通了西安铁一中的尹超同学的电话（已经过尹超同学的同意公开以下谈话），因为他是我一对一单独辅导的学生。
经过交流后得知，他对完型的最后一空印象很深“change”（哈哈，我倒了。
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阅读一、主旨大意题1. 问法： a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型2. 命题规律：a.首段 b.尾段 c.中间段3. 方法：首末句原则法（首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句）4. 技巧：①结构a. 2~4→尽可能用完b.≥5→用过1/2部分②首段首句问句③首段尾段独句段：主旨题即为此句④首段举例/谚语：一定在首段两句5.选项分析：正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立6.词汇：同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇二、例证题1．问法：example; case; cite; mention; illustrate; prove/show2. 解题方法：跳开本句，左（90%）顾右（10%）盼3. 技巧：①准确定位②例子不看③90%→一句10%→一句二句三、指代题1. 问法：―代‖→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语↘which 一定向左，可以指代单词，也可以指代句子2. 方法：代入→语法功能→向左or向右四、长难句分析1.定义：30words左右，多个分词，多个从句2.分析：前→后寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词转折让步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳过，定状细节尽量删五、文章来源题1.方法：中心思想法2.来源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography ⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture六、细节题㈠事实细节题1.问法：4W/H 实义题干+正确选项=原文一二句2.方法：寻读①key words（a.实词b.一次）②research(a.顺序b.关键词第一次出现的地方) ③position（a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同义转换/词性转换/上下文）3.命题规律：①转折词（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically ）附近②专有名词（人名地名年代）③特殊标点符号④段落首末句4.技巧：①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆，不要指着读5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调6.复习：①思路scan ②在找到的位置达到择读㈡是非判断题1.问法：which；true；correct；mention；except2.命题规则：①中心思想法（3错1对）②并列列举（3对1错）3.方法：①3错1对中心思想法②3对1错选项反定位法4.解题技巧：①判断是3对1错还是3错1对②看题目是否有指定段落③看是否有关键词七、论点论据题1.题型：①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题2.文章结构：①花开两朵型（总分）②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型（倒序，结果常在开头）④问题解决型（常以问题开头）⑤层层递进（具体→概括中心常在最后一段）八、观点态度题情感词：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary 贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral干扰词：indifferent, biased, contemptuous①口诀法：有客观选客观，没客观选乐观，没乐观选谨慎，没谨慎选惊讶②中心思想法：寻找情感技巧：①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确⑥I hold,personally---表作者九、语义理解题1.命题规律：①一词多义②特殊词（符号/缩略词/拼缀词）③超纲词汇2.方法：看选项词性（浏览选项）→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃（跳开本句，左顾右盼）3.选项分析：正确答案常为引申含义，错误选项常为表面含义十、判断推论题（整体推论&局部推论）1.问法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know2.方法：5→尾段末两句1→首段首末句2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落↘中心思想↘中心思想↘中心思想Ⅰ题顺序无顺序：主旨大意作者态度是非判断顺序：事实细节语义理解判断推论Ⅱ试卷做题顺序a. 阅读A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）b. 作文（60min）→阅读A（80~100min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ点面结合法（全读）①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心步骤：1.1min通读5个题干（语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项）2.通读全文（7~8min）标记题干，上下段首末句3.回读标记，选择答案（7~8min）四原则：a.时间对等读全文=做题 b.首段原则（关注首段，尤其是转折词之后）c.首末句原则d.路标原则（离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号）Ⅳ解的结构⑴中心思想是解⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趋势是解（trend to, tendency）⑷变化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具体不是解，概括才是解⑺简单不是解，复杂才是解⑻绝对不是解，相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解⑽出乎意料是解⑾内容积极向上是解⑿常识是解⒀本质是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（选项相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）08年主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10翻译 redguard.**1.信（忠实原文）达（语言通达）雅（习惯修辞）技巧：不翻被动，换主语①硬翻②主宾颠倒③―是‖―有‖→实义④添主语2.考研翻译―八荣八耻‖以勇于亮剑为荣，以跳过不做为耻；以直接翻译为荣，以通读全文为耻；以忠实原文的直译为荣，以天马行空的意译为耻；以宏观把握为荣，以斤斤计较为耻；以紧扣真题反复训练为荣，以盲目模拟为耻；以给出一个译文为荣，以给出多个译文为耻；以做到信达雅为荣，以通篇翻译为耻；以写对中文汉字为荣，以写错中文汉字为耻。
3.做轻重：重---谓语核心轻---从、分、小动性词←动词不定式，分词，介词，动名词承载一个意群（动态意群拆分法）4.步骤:①找出动性词②圈定动性词所辐射的意群范围（引导词、关系词、标点符号）③逐个翻译意群（切块翻译意群）④按中文表达习惯调整语序（调语序做勾联）词法翻译①语境②汉语习惯③词根词缀1.词义选择---词无本义，意由境生（根据上下文or汉语表达习惯选择词义）2.中英思维区别：英式思维（直线性、重举例、重数据、自爱）中式思维(迂回性、重说理、轻量化、博爱)3.词义引申：①抽象化引申②具体化引申③词性转化4.定语从句：which, that, who要么做主语，要么是宾语如果定语从句内容简单，信息负载量不大，可以提到中心词前翻译，引导词不需翻；如果句子内容复杂，信息负载量大，要翻到先行词之后，独立成句，重复先行词。
5.状语从句：when, while, that, for, although从句引导词及从句本身一般都按字面翻译，整个从句翻译后与原文没多大区别。
6.同位语从句：同位语从句中that不充当句子成分简单的同位语从句往往译成定语，放在名词前；而复杂同位语从句往往独立成句，that→―：‖一、并列结构：两个或两个以上的并列成分，有明显的连词或标点连接，翻译时常常需要重复并列成分.最常见的连词是：and, or, but, whether…or…, neither…or…, not only…but also二、否定结构：1. 部分否定：指代词或副词，如all, both, every, everybody, every one, many,everything 等与否定词not搭配使用，常翻译为―并非所有‖，all… not…―不全是‖；both…not…―并非两个都‖；not always―不一定‖，not ofen―不经常‖；not necessar y―未必‖e.g. The situation is not necessary.情况并非如此。
2. 全部否定：never, no, not, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, not at alle.g. He is no professor.他根本不是教授。
3. 否定转移：1）否定的主语转为否定谓语No energy can be created, and none destroyed.能量不能创造，也不能消失。
2）主语的否定转为从句的否定She did not come because she wanted to see him.她来了不是因为她想见他。
3）否定主句的谓语转为否定宾语从句的谓语I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.三、比较结构的翻译1.AS系列1）As…as句型：同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样She is as much interested in music as ever.2）Not so…as句型：跟as…as…相反的结构3）Not so much…as…句型：与其说，不如说= not only…but also…He was not so much angry as disappointed.4) Not so much as…句型：甚至没有，甚至不He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.他甚至都没有让我坐下。
2.Than系列1）比较级+than to 不至于做Y ou have more sense than to dump him.你不会把他甩掉吧。
2）More thanMore A than B :与其说，不如说He is more good than bad.More than: 比…多 He more than smiled and laughed.她不仅笑，而且大笑。