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paper写作解读
英文科技论文写作作者: xdxh(站内联系TA)发布: 2011-03-11英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。
一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。
撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。
最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Intro duction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。
IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题：Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？Results（结果）：发现了什么?Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么?按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。
首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。
你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。
画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。
哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。
如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。
绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。
这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。
2020年智慧树知道网课《学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译》课后章节测试满分答案
第一章测试1【单选题】(10分)我们俗称的“十大情报源”不包括以下哪组文献类型（）A.图书、期刊、会议文献、学位论文B.卫星资料、电子地图C.专利文献、标准文献D.政府出版物、公司产品资料、科技报告、技术档案2【单选题】(10分)如果我们想要访问Springer数据库，应该在数据库导航的“按字顺浏览”里点击字母（）A.TB.WC.FD.S3【单选题】(10分)以下属于大学出版社的是（）A.ElsevierB.CambridgeUniversityPress和OxfordUniversityPressC.ClarivateD.SpringerNature4【单选题】(10分)查询期刊影响因子的数据库是（）A.EssentialScienceIndicators,ESIB.KopernioC.JournalCitationReports,JCRD.Publons5【多选题】(10分)WebofScience核心合集包括的数据库有（）A.SSCIB.A&HCIC.SCID.CPCI-SE.CPCI-SSH6【多选题】(10分)信息检索的基本过程包括哪6个步骤（）A.上机检索B.确定检索词C.整理和分析检索结果D.构造检索式E.选择数据库F.分析课题7【单选题】(10分)构造检索式的时候，以下哪个说法是的（）A.用or联接同一概念的检索词B.用not排除不需要的词语C.用and联接不同概念的检索词D.用截词符来限制词语之间的相对位置关系8【单选题】(10分)有一种文献能帮助我们了解国际上某领域的研究现状、水平和发展趋势，了解某个理论的渊源及演进过程，以及了解某个课题有什么人在研究，达到什么水平、存在什么不足以及正在向什么方向发展等，这种文献类型是（）A.Article论文B.Letter快讯C.Review综述D.MeetingAbstract会议摘要9【单选题】(10分)关于ESI高被引论文（HighlyCitedPaper），哪个说法是的（）A.高被引论文指的是“过去10年中发表的论文,被引用次数在同年同学科发表的论文中进入全球前1%”的论文B.高被引论文在WebofScience里是用一个小奖杯的图标来表示C.高被引论文每2个月更新一次D.高被引论文指的是“过去2年中所发表的论文，在最近2个月中其影响力排在某学科前0.1%的论文”10【多选题】(10分)常用的全文获取方式包括以下哪些（）A.通过论文中的EMAIL向作者本人索取B.图书馆的馆藏资源C.文献传递和馆际互借D.网络的OA资源第二章测试1【单选题】(10分)其它文献管理软件中文献可否导入Mendeley？A.可以导入但操作比较复杂B.不可直接导入C.可直接导入D.可以导入且操作简单2【单选题】(10分)Mendeley软件可否直接进行文献阅读？A.可以进行简单的文献浏览B.可以进行文献阅读但不可记笔记C.不可进行，仅可进行文献管理D.可以进行文献阅读且可以记笔记3【单选题】(10分)当使用通过pdf文档识别导入文献时，第一步如何操作？A.将pdf文档移入文献数据库中B.都不对C.直接在Endnote中添加附件D.直接在Endnote中打开pdf文件4【单选题】(10分)Mendeley中文献管理功能主要在哪一板块？A.ALLDocumentsB.UnsortedC.FavoritesD.Mylibrary5【单选题】(10分)在Endnote个人数据库管理方面，视频中介绍了该方面的几种功能？A.3种B.6种C.5种D.4种6【单选题】(10分)视频中提到的第三种Endnote文献导入方式是：A.直接从网络数据库识别导入B.通过pdf文档识别导入C.手动输入D.联机检索下载7【单选题】(10分)视频中提到Mendeley中如何按照作者查看文献？A.专门给每个作者设一个文件夹B.都是对的C.在ALLdocuments一栏中按作者姓氏首字母排序D.点击左下方作者姓名8【单选题】(10分)Endnote手动输入文献后A.都是对的B.数据库中会直接生成相关文献C.还需导入附件D.还需从线上数据库中导入文献9【判断题】(10分)从网络数据库导入的方法是所有数据库都支持的吗？A.对B.错10【单选题】(10分)下载Endnote之后如何在电脑中导入参考文献？A.word文档第一排所有选项最后有Endnote导入B.点击引用后导入C.无法导入第三章测试1【多选题】(10分)Thenormaltype(s)ofacademicpaperare(is)：A.CoursepaperB.JournalpapersC.DissertationD.Proposal2【单选题】(10分) ThenormallengthofBookreviewis：A.2500-3000B.3500-4000C.4500-5000D.1500-20003【单选题】(10分) Bothliteraturereviewandbookreportbelongto：A.dissertationB.coursepaperC.journalpaperD.researchpaper4【单选题】(10分)Theprocessofreadingpaperis：A.title-abstract-conclusion-charts-introduction-results-discussion-methodsB.title-abstract-conclusion-charts-introduction-discussion-result-methodsC.title-conclusion-abstract-charts-introduction-results-discussion-methodsD.followingtheorderofthepaper5【多选题】(10分)Themainstructure(s)ofresearchpaperare(is)：A.Results，DiscussionB.methodsC.ConclusionD.introduction6【单选题】(10分)Whatisthemainaimofresearcharticle?A.analyzingordiscussingresearchespreviouslypublishedbyothersB.summariesandcommentsonanewlypublishedacademicbookC.summaries,reviewsandcommentstheresearchtrends,themajordiscoveries,significantfindings,theleadingo pinionsonaparticularsubject.D.analyzingaperspectiveorarguesapoint7【单选题】(10分)Whatisthemainaimofbookreview?A.analyzingordiscussingresearchespreviouslypublishedbyothersB.analyzingaperspectiveorarguesapointC.summariesandcommentsonanewlypublishedacademicbookD.summaries,reviewsandcommentstheresearchtrends,themajordiscoveries,significantfindings,theleadingo pinionsonaparticularsubject8【单选题】(10分)Whatisthemainaimofliteraturereview?A.summaries,reviewsandcommentstheresearchtrends,themajordiscoveries,significantfindings,theleadingo pinionsonaparticularsubjectB.analyzingaperspectiveorarguesapointC.analyzingordiscussingresearchespreviouslypublishedbyothersD.summariesandcommentsonanewlypublishedacademicbook9【单选题】(10分)Whatisthemainaimofreview?A.summariesandcommentsonanewlypublishedacademicbookB.analyzingordiscussingresearchespreviouslypublishedbyothersC.analyzingaperspectiveorarguesapointD.summaries,reviewsandcommentstheresearchtrends,themajordiscoveries,significantfindings,theleadingo pinionsonaparticularsubject10【单选题】(10分)TheletterMinIMRDreferstoA.methodsB.IntroductionC.ResultsD.discussion第四章测试1【单选题】(10分) Whatcanthestructureofdiscussionandconclusionsectionbethoughtofas?A.asquareB.anuprighttriangleC.aninvertedtriangle2【单选题】(10分)Whatisthefirstmoveinmethodpart?A.ContextualizingStudyMethodsB.EstablishingcredibilityC.Describingthestudy3【单选题】(10分) Whatisthesecondmoveinmethodpart?A.ContextualizingStudyMethodsB.DescribingthestudyC.Establishingcredibility4【单选题】(10分) Whatisthethirdmoveinmethodpart?A.EstablishingcredibilityB.ContextualizingStudyMethodsC.Describingthestudy5【单选题】(10分) Whichoneisbelongtofigure?A.textB.pictureC.table6【单选题】(10分) Whichfeatureisbelongtopiechart?A. ThefigureshowtrendortendencyduringacertainperiodoftimeB.ThefigureispresentedinpercentagesC. Thefigurecanbedrawneitherverticallyorhorizontally7【单选题】(10分) Whatthetable’sforminAPAstyle?A.Three-linetableB.Four-linetableC.Five-linetable8【单选题】(10分) Whereisthetitleofthetable?A.Onthetable’srightsideB.RightbelowthetableC.Rightabovethetable9【单选题】(10分)Whichsection(s)is(are)thebodypartofthewholeresearchpaper?A.ConclusionsectionB.Method,ResultandDiscussionsectionsC.Introductionsection10【单选题】(10分)WhatisLinL,H,Cthreeelements?A.Astatementthatlocatesthefigure/sortable/swheretheresultscanbefound.B.Statementsthatcommentontheresults.C.Statementsthathighlightthemostimportantfindings第五章测试1【判断题】(10分)请判断对错。
医学英文论文写作5-Results
A statement of the results
A substantiation or reiteration of the
results
Three Steps of Move 1 Step One
A metatextual expression referring to later text or a visual element Step one is directing the readers’ attention to text which exists below or to data which exists in an accompanying illustration or table.
●
一般过去时(Past tense): 所叙述或总结研究结果的 内容为关于过去的事实
●
After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.
Results Tables and figures are usually an integral part of this section. Don’t use the text to parrot the information they contain.
Readers can see the data for themselves.
Web-based Medical Writing Course
Unit 5 Results
IMRAD Format Introduction Methods Results
2023年莆田市一级消防工程师考后审核
2023年莆田市一级消防工程师考后审核1.考试成绩将于两周内公布。
The exam results will be announced within two weeks.2.请考生密切关注官方通知渠道。
Candidates are advised to closely follow official notification channels.3.任何形式的作弊行为将被严肃处理。
Any form of cheating will be dealt with seriously.4.请合理安排个人时间，不要迟到或早退。
Please manage your personal time properly and do not arrive late or leave early.5.进入考场前请将手机关机或调至静音模式。
Please turn off your mobile phone or switch it to silent mode before entering the examination room.6.各位考生需自行准备好考试所需的文具及参考资料。
Candidates need to prepare their own stationery and reference materials for the exam.7.请保持考场安静，不要影响其他考生。
Please keep the examination room quiet and do not disturb other candidates.8.考试完成后，请按监考人员的指示有序离场。
After the exam, please leave the examination room in an orderly manner as directed by the invigilators.9.有关考试内容和要求，请仔细阅读相关文件。
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题
高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题1. In academic research, a hypothesis is a ______ that is tested through experiments and observations.A. predictionB. conclusionC. theoryD. assumption答案：D。
本题考查学术研究中“假说”相关的基本概念。
选项A“prediction”意为“预测”，通常是基于现有信息对未来的估计；选项B“conclusion”指“结论”，是在研究后得出的最终判断；选项C“theory”是“理论”，是经过大量研究和验证形成的体系；选项D“assumption”表示“假定、设想”，更符合“假说”的含义，即在研究初期未经充分验证的设想。
2. The main purpose of conducting academic research is to ______ new knowledge and understanding.A. discoverB. createC. inventD. produce答案：A。
此题考查学术研究目的相关的词汇。
选项A“discover”意思是“发现”，强调找到原本存在但未被知晓的事物；选项B“create”意为“创造”，侧重于从无到有地造出新的东西；选项C“invent”指“发明”，通常指创造出新的工具、设备等；选项D“produce”有“生产、产生”的意思，比较宽泛。
在学术研究中，主要是“发现”新知识和理解，所以选A。
3. A reliable academic research should be based on ______ data and methods.A. accurateB. preciseC. correctD. valid答案：D。
本题关于可靠学术研究的基础。
选项A“accurate”侧重于“准确无误”，强调与事实完全相符；选项B“precise”意为“精确的、明确的”，更强调细节的清晰和明确；选项C“correct”指“正确的”；选项D“valid”表示“有效的、有根据的”，强调数据和方法具有合理性和可靠性。
如何向SCI生物医学期刊投稿
1.文题 (title)
Most important part of the paper To attract readers
Content of Titles
• Independent variable (s) Dependent variable (s) Who or what was studied Circumstances of data collection Research design
Methods
• Chronological order • Avoid trade name or proprietary name • Human subjects: IRB
informed consent • Statistical analyses
CONSORT 2010 Flow Diagram
3.摘要(abstract)
Most important part of a biomedical article, after the title For readers For the reviewers
Types of Abstracts
Publication abstracts - Unstructured abstract descriptive
Analysed (n= ) Excluded from analysis (give reasons) (n= )
Analysis
Analysed (n= ) Excluded from analysis (give reasons) (n= )
6.结果(results)
FUNCTIONS To tell what happened during the study To present the findings (data) of the study To explain any changes from the study as planned
2008年考研英语真题及参考答案
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is to say it anyway. He is that bird, a scientist who works independently any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.he, however, might tremble at the of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 12-15 points above the value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been to social effects, such as a strong tradition of education. The latter was seen as a (an) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one un desirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t co pe as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from i t more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s thehardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations fro m the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But itgoes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, t oday’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations –apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmenta l level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients –notably, protein –to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women –hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near futureto design a p iece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God:George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The s tudent who wrote “The A &P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times –and then again –working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to t he A &P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A &P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poe try. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. D9. B 10. C11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. ASection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. D26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C36. D 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. BPart B (10 points)41. D 42. G 43. A 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 他相信正是这个困难具有一个补偿性优点：迫使他长时间专注地思考每一句，因此促使他发现推理及他本人观察上的错误。
preliminary paper submissions
preliminary paper submissionsPreliminary Paper SubmissionsIntroduction•What are preliminary paper submissions?•Importance of preliminary paper submissions in the academic community•Purpose of this articleKey Components of Preliminary Paper Submissions1.Abstract–Brief summary of the paper’s objectives, methods, and findings–Typically limited to a certain word count2.Introduction–Background information on the topic of the paper–Research questions and objectives–Significance of the study3.Literature Review–Review of relevant scholarly articles and research–Identification of gaps in existing literature–Theory or conceptual framework supporting the study 4.Methodology–Description of research design and methods employed –Sample selection and data collection procedures–Ethical considerations5.Results and Analysis–Presentation of findings in a clear and concise manner–Use of tables, figures, or graphs to enhanceunderstanding–Data analysis techniques applied6.Discussion–Interpretation of the results in relation toresearch questions–Comparison with previous studies–Limitations and implications of the findings7.Conclusion–Summary of the key points discussed in the paper–Restatement of the study’s significance andcontribution–Suggestions for future researchSubmission Process•Selecting an appropriate conference or journal •Formatting requirements and guidelines•Submission deadline and procedures•Peer review and revision processTips for Writing a Strong Preliminary Paper Submission•Clearly state the research objectives and questions •Provide a comprehensive literature review•Use appropriate methodology and data analysis techniques •Present results and findings effectively•Discuss implications and limitations of the studyConclusion•Importance of preliminary paper submissions in academic research•Key components and submission process•Tips for writing an effective submissionRemember to check the specific guidelines and requirements of the conference or journal you are submitting to. Good luck with your preliminary paper submissions! Preliminary Paper SubmissionsIntroductionIn the academic community, preliminary paper submissions play a crucial role in promoting and disseminating research findings. This article aims to provide an overview of preliminary paper submissions, their importance, and guidelines for writing an effective submission.Key Components of Preliminary Paper Submissions1.AbstractThe abstract serves as a concise summary of the paper. It should provide a clear overview of the objectives,methodology, and findings. Typically, the abstract is limited to a certain word count, usually around words.2.IntroductionThe introduction section sets the stage for the research study. It should provide background information on the topic, highlight the research questions or objectives, and explain the significance of the study. A well-written introduction grabs the reader’s attention and creates interest in the research.3.Literature ReviewThe literature review evaluates the existing scholarly articles and research relevant to the study. It helpsidentify gaps in the literature and establishes the theoretical or conceptual framework. A strong literature review demonstrates the researcher’s u nderstanding of the field and provides a foundation for the study’s methodology and analysis.4.MethodologyThe methodology section describes the research design, methods, and techniques used in the study. It should clearly explain how the data was collected, what sample selectionprocedures were employed, and any ethical considerations considered. A robust methodology ensures the study’s credibility and replicability.5.Results and AnalysisThe results and analysis section presents the findings of the study. It should provide a clear and structured presentation of the data, using appropriate tables, figures, or graphs to enhance understanding. Statistical analysis techniques should be applied to draw meaningful conclusions from the data.6.DiscussionThe discussion section interprets the results in light of the research questions and objectives. It compares and contrasts the findings with previous studies in the field. The discussion should also address the limitations of the study and highlight its implications for future research or practical applications.7.ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes the key points discussed in the paper. It restates the significance of the study and its contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Theconclusion may also suggest directions for future research to further explore the topic.Submission ProcessSubmitting a preliminary paper requires careful attention to the submission process. Key steps include:1.Selecting an appropriate conference or journal thataligns with the research topic and objectives.2.Familiarizing yourself with the specific formattingrequirements and guidelines provided by the conferenceor journal.3.Meeting the submission deadline and following thedesignated submission procedures, which may involveonline submission platforms or email submission.4.The submitted paper will undergo a peer review process,where experts in the field evaluate the quality,methodology, and significance of the research. Oncefeedback is received, revisions may be required beforefinal acceptance.Tips for Writing a Strong Preliminary Paper SubmissionTo increase the chances of acceptance and to make your preliminary paper submission stand out, consider thefollowing tips:1.Clearly state the research objectives and questions inthe introduction.2.Provide a comprehensive and critical literature reviewthat highlights the significance of the research.e appropriate methodology and data analysis techniquesto address the research questions effectively.4.Present results and findings in a clear and logicalmanner, supporting them with visual aids if necessary.5.Discuss the implications and limitations of the study,demonstrating a deep understanding of the research’sbroader context.ConclusionPreliminary paper submissions are a crucial part of academic research. By following the guidelines outlined in this article and considering the submission process and tips provided, researchers can enhance the quality and impact oftheir submissions. Good luck with your preliminary paper submissions!。
如何撰写科普文章
Write after you complete the other sections 完成其他部分后再开始编写 Falls into place by lifting and paraphrasing a few sentences from each section 每部分摘取几句内容进行释义，确保文章有条不 紊 Usually different from conference abstract 通常不同于会议摘要
Order of Writing 文章内容编排
7. References 参考文献
Do along the way, but don’t spend too much time 边撰写正文边完成，但无需花费太多时间 Leave place holders and find reference later 留注补位数字供以后查找参考文献 Don’t let this be an excuse to put off writing 不要让参考文献成为推迟写作的借口
How to Write a Scientific Paper 如何撰写科普文章
• Ethical obligation to subjects 对于研究对象的道义责任
More reasons to publish… 更多发表原因…
• Ethical obligation to society 对于社会的道义责任
• Express in words the important findings of the Tables and Figure 用文字阐述表格和图解包含的重要研究发现
Subject description: recruitment, eligibility, univariate, main outcome 研究对象说明：招募、资格、单变量、主要研究结果 Bivariate: associations with main outcome 双变量：与主要研究结果的联系 Multivariate: strengthen hypothesis testing 多变量：强化假设检验 Sub-analyses, secondary aims 子目分析、次要目标
research paper格式
research paper格式Research papers generally follow a specific format, which includes the following sections:1. Title: The title of the research paper should be concise and clearly reflect the content of the study.2. Abstract: The abstract provides a brief summary of the research paper, including the research question, methods, major findings, and conclusions. It is usually around 150-250 words long.3. Introduction: The introduction section provides background information on the topic of the research, states the research problem or question, and outlines the objectives and significance of the study.4. Literature Review: This section presents a review of relevant existing literature and studies on the research topic. It provides a critical analysis of previous research and helps to situate the current study within the existing knowledge base.5. Methodology: The methodology section describes the methods and procedures used in the research. It includes information on the study design, population/sample, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. This section should be detailed enough for another researcher to replicate the study.6. Results: The results section presents the findings of the research. This may include statistical analyses, tables, charts, or graphs to summarize and illustrate the data. The results section should beobjective and provide a clear presentation of the findings without interpretation or discussion.7. Discussion: In the discussion section, the researcher interprets and explains the results in the context of the research question and objectives. It may also compare the findings with previous studies and discuss the implications of the results on the broader field of research.8. Conclusion: The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study and provides a concise answer to the research question. It may also outline any limitations of the research and suggest avenues for future research.9. References: The references section lists all the sources cited in the research paper, following a specific citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago). It demonstrates the research paper's credibility and allows readers to locate and verify the cited sources.It is important to note that research paper formats may vary depending on the specific requirements of the academic institution or the discipline of the research. Students or researchers should thoroughly read and follow the guidelines provided by their instructors or journals when formatting their research papers.。
大学专业课平时成绩评定的创新模式——以卷面加分为例
黑龙江科学HEILONGJIANG SCIENCE第12卷第3期2021年2月Vol. 12Feb. 2021大学专业课平时成绩评定的创新模式―以卷面加分为例杜宇能▽，吴阳彳，陆晓佳$(1.安徽农业大学农科教结合研究中心，合肥230036； 2.安徽农业大学经济管理学院，合肥230036)摘要：以卷面加分为例对大学专业课平时成绩评定的创新模式进行研究。
收集了安徽农业大学金融学专业2011级、2012级、2014 级、2016级学生的投资学平时成绩和卷面成绩的评定结果，得到了总计772个独立样本，每个独立样本包含一个平时成绩、一个卷面成绩。
经统计分析发现,卷面成绩和平时成绩呈显著的正相关关系，减分越多的学生卷面成绩越低,加分越多的学生卷面成绩越 高，认为卷面加分的平时成绩评定模式是对大学专业课课程教学质量提升的一种有益尝试。
关键词：大学专业课;平时成绩评定；创新模式；卷面加分中图分类号：G642 文献标志码：A文章编号：1674-8646(2021)03 -0012 -02Innovative Model of Usual Performance Evaluationof Professional Courses of College Students------Through Taking Question Paper Awarded Marks as an ExampleDu Yuneng 1 2, Wu Yang 2, Lu Xiaojia 2(1. Academic Institute of Since-technology , Education & Agricultural Development ,Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China ；2. College of Economics and Management , Anhui Agricultural University , Heifei 230036, China)Abstract : Through taking question paper awarded marks as an example , innovative model of usual performanceevaluation of professional course of college students is researched. We collect the evaluation results of usual and paper results of students of 2011 , 2012, 2014 and 2016 grades of Finance Major of Anhui Agricultural University , and gain772 independent samples. Each independent sample includes usual and paper results. Through statistical analysis , there is positive correlation between paper and usual results. The more the scores deduction is , and the lower the students ' paper results are ・ The more the scores awarded marks are , and the higher the paper results are ・ It is believed that usual results model based on paper awarded marks is a kind of beneficial attempt on course teaching quality improvement of college majors ・Key words : Major courses in colleges ； Usual results evaluation ； Innovative model ； Paper awarded mark平时成绩的评定是大学专业课课堂教学过程的重要控制手段,期末考试成绩占比70% ,平时表现占比 30%是当前很多高校成绩评定的主流方法。
一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板
一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿，第一次做这个工作，还有点不知如何表达。
幸亏遇上我的处女审稿，我想不会枪毙它的，给他一个majorrevision后接收吧。
呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。
2345、对678、如何凸现原创性以及如何充分地写literaturereview: Thetopicisnovelbuttheapplicationproposedisnotsonovel.9、对claim,如A＞B的证明，verification: Thereisnoexperimentalcomparisonofthealgorithmwithpreviouslyknownwork,soitisimpossible tojudgewhetherthealgorithmisanimprovementonpreviouswork.10、严谨度问题：MNQiseasierthantheprimitivePNQS,howtoprovethat.11、格式（重视程度）：Inaddition,thelistofreferencesisnotinourstyle.Itisclosebutnotcompletelycorrect.Ihavea ttachedapdffilewith"InstructionsforAuthors"whichshowsexamples. Beforesubmittingarevisionbesurethatyourmaterialisproperlypreparedandformatted.Ifyouar eunsure,pleaseconsulttheformattingnstructionstoauthorsthataregivenunderthe"Instructio nsandForms"buttoninheupperright-handcornerofthescreen.12、语言问题（出现最多的问题）：有关语言的审稿人意见：ItisnotedthatyourmanuscriptneedscarefuleditingbysomeonewithexpertiseintechnicalEnglis heditingpayingparticularattentiontoEnglishgrammar,spelling,andsentencestructuresothat thegoalsandresultsofthestudyarecleartothereader.个人认为文章还是有一些创新的，所以作为审稿人我就给了66分，（这个分正常应该足以发表），提了一些修改意见，望作者修改后发表！登录到编辑部网页一看，一个文章竟然有六个审稿人，详细看了下打的分数，60分大修，60分小修，66分（我），25分拒，（好家伙，竟然打25分，有魄力），拒但没有打分（另一国人审），最后一个没有回来！两个拒的是需要我们反思和学习的！（括号斜体内容为我注解）Reviewer4ReviewerRecommendationTerm:Rejectm.eraturedata,RESULTSANDDISCUSSION-discussion),-ithastobeaddedinthemanuscriptwhatkindofXXXXXXbyothermethodscomparedtothisnovelone(IN TRODUCTION-literaturedata,RESULTSANDDISCUSSION-discussion),-ithastobeoutlinedwhatisthebenefitofthismethod(ABSTRACT,RESULTSANDDISCUSSION,CONCLUSI ONS).（很多人不会写这个地方，大家多学习啊）2.WhendiscussingXRDdataXXXauthors-statethatXXXXX-statethatXXXX-Thisusuallyhappenswithincreasingsinteringtime,butarethereanydatatopresent,density,pa rticlesize?（很多人用XRD，结果图放上去就什么都不管了，这是不应该的）3.Whendiscussingluminescencemeasurementsauthorswrite"XXXXXIfthereissecondharmonicinex4.Name:Deareditor:Thankyouforinvitingmetoevaluatethearticletitled"XXXX“.Inthispaper,theauthorsinvestig atedtheinfluencesofsinteringconditiononthecrystalstructureandXXXXXX，However,itisdifficultforustounderstandthemanuscriptbecauseofpoorEnglishbeingused.Thetextisnotwellarrangedandthelogicisnotclear.ExceptEnglishwriting,therearemanymistak esinthemanuscriptandtheexperimentalresultsdon'tshowgoodandnewresults.SoIrecommendtoyo uthatthismanuscriptcannotbeaccepted.Thefollowingarethequestionsandsomemistakesinthism anuscript:（看看总体评价，不达标，很多人被这样郁闷了，当然审稿人也有他的道理）1.TheXXXXXXX.However,thiskindmaterialhadbeeninvestigatedsince1997asmentionedintheauth or'smanuscript,andsimilarworkshadbeenpublishedinsimilarjournals.Whatarethenovelfindin gsinthepresentwork?Thesynthesismethodandluminescencepropertiesreportedinthismanuscrip tdidn'tsupplyenoughevidencetosupporttheprimenoveltystatement.（这位作者好猛，竟然翻出自己1997年的中文文章翻译了一边就敢投国际知名杂志，而且没有新的创新！说实不说了）好东西原文地址：对英文审稿意见的回复作者：海天奥博一篇稿子从酝酿到成型历经艰辛，投出去之后又是漫长的等待，好容易收到编辑的回信，得到的往往又是审稿人不留情面的一顿狂批。
一些英文审稿意见的模板【转】
一些英文审稿意见的模板【转】最近在审一篇英文稿第一次做这个工作还有点不知如何表达。
幸亏遇上我的处女审稿我想不会枪毙它的给他一个major revision后接收吧。
呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。
1、目标和结果不清晰。
It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar spelling and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader. 2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。
In general there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study. Furthermore an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided. 3、对于研究设计的rationale: Also there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design. 4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨The conclusions are overstated. For example the study did not show if the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation. 5、对hypothesis的清晰界定A hypothesis needs to be presented。
山西省近5年(2018-2022)中考英语作文及范文汇总
请根据以上内容，结合图片信息，写一篇英语短文。内容包括：
1.从以上提示中选择某个方面，谈谈你对这个选择的观点；
2.围绕以上观点，描述你曾经历过的一件事；
不但……而且……
5. get a deeper understanding of sth.对……有了更深的理解
6. in my opinion在我看来
同义替换：from my point of view; as far as I’m concerned; from my perspective
2.2021年山西省中考英语作文
WORDBANK
objective adj.客观的
reasonable adj.理性的
attitude n.态度
3.这件事带给你的思考。
要求：
1.词数不少于80词；
2.提示词汇仅供参考；
3.文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。
（图片信息：the volleyball club volunteer …;
Robinson Crusoe Tom Sawyer;
2. connect A with B把A和B联系起来
connectswhat I’ve learnt with real life把所学内容与真实生活联系起来
该句中what I’ve learnt为宾语从句。
3. in an interesting way以一种有趣的方式
4. not only +部分倒装（be/助动词/情态动词提前）,but also +正常语序句子
测试报告(SVHC)
*CR/2010/10077*
測試方法: 參照SGS內部方法RSTS-EE-SVHC-002. 由感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜儀, 紫外光可見光譜儀, 氣相層析儀質譜儀, 液相層析質 譜儀和氣相層析儀/火焰光度偵測器進行分析。(SGS In-House method-RSTS-EE-SVHC-002. Analyzed by ICP-AES, UV-VIS, GC/MS, LC/MS and GC/FPD.) 備註: 1. (1) 15項SVHC化學分析，依歐洲化學總署(ECHA)於2008年10月28日所公佈的清單，藉由現有的分析技術進行篩檢。這清 單是由ECHA所評估且未來可受更改。(The chemical analysis of 15 SVHC is performed by means of currently available analytical techniques against the list published by ECHA on 2008 October 28. This list is under evaluation by ECHA and may subject to change in the future.) 請參照(refer to) http://echa.europa.eu/doc/press/pr_08_38_candidate_list_20081028.pdf (2) 15項SVHC化學分析，依歐洲化學總署(ECHA)於2009年09月01日所公佈的第二版建議清單，藉由現有的分析技術進行 篩檢。這清單是由ECHA所評估且未來可受更改。(The chemical analysis of 15 SVHC in the proposed list of second version is performed by means of currently available analytical techniques against the list published by ECHA on 2009 September 01. This list is under evaluation by ECHA and may subject to change in the future.)
technical correctness of the paper评审
technical correctness of the paper评审To assess the technical correctness of a paper, reviewers usually evaluate several aspects, including:1. Methodology: Reviewers verify if the research methodology used is appropriate for the research question and objectives. They assess if the data collection, analysis, and interpretation methods are correctly applied and whether they support the paper's claims.2. Experimental design: If the paper includes experiments or simulations, reviewers assess the design to ensure it is appropriately planned and executed. They evaluate the control variables, sample size, and statistical tests used to draw conclusions.3. Results and analysis: Reviewers scrutinize the data analysis techniques, such as statistical methods and modeling approaches, to ensure they are used correctly. They evaluate if the results presented accurately represent the findings and if they align with the paper's research question.4. Interpretation of results: Reviewers consider if the author's interpretation of the results is justified and supported by the evidence presented. They evaluate if the conclusions drawn from the results align with the research aims and if alternative explanations have been adequately considered.5. Literature review: Reviewers assess the background literature provided in the paper to determine if it is comprehensive, up-to-date, and relevant to the research topic. They evaluate if previous studies are correctly cited and if the paper builds upon existing knowledge in a meaningful way.6. Technical soundness: Reviewers ensure that the paper exhibits a high level of technical rigor, considering factors such as mathematical correctness, programming logic, and algorithmicsoundness. They assess if the paper adheres to best practices and standards in the relevant field of study.7. Clarity of presentation: Reviewers assess the organization, clarity, and coherence of the paper. They consider if the information is presented in a logical and understandable manner and if the paper adheres to the formatting and style guidelines outlined by the journal or conference.。
医学英文综述的书写
A male with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) excess and an autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma is presented. The problem of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in the presence of TGB excess is discussed. The utility of the Thyrotropin-releasing hormone test (TRH) is emphasized.
Type (2)
• 3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)： 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部 分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。
Indicative abstract – example 1
Autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma in a male with thyroxine-binding globulin excess: a case report
Full-structured abstract
1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes 首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创 导下，美国《内科学记事》（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在国际 上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。 Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素： 1. 目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 2. 设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质 3. 地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 4. 对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究 的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 5. 处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 6. 主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结 果而进行的主要测定项目 7. 结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果 8. 结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义
先想先写最后做
先想先写最后做:1. 做研究之前，必须想清楚：结果能不能发表？发表在哪里？2. 先把文章大框写好，空出数据，等做完实验填完空就可以发了；正所谓心中有沟壑！3. 在未搞清“写什么、发哪里、自己研究与同类研究有何出色之处”之前，就不要动手做！4. 继续去看文献，去想；想不清楚就做还不如不做！5. 要想这样做，就得先看文献！要知道如何把文章架起来、要知道别人是如何讨论的、要知道自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不同的东东或别人没有做过……这个过程就是阅读文献及思考的过程，这些搞清楚了，写就简单了！6. 要是先做事，做完发现别人做过，或无法用理论来解释，岂不是冤大头？二、如何科学选题:1. 课题选择和国际接轨。
想在国际核心期刊发表文献，就必须了解国际研究动态，选择与国际学术研究合拍的课题。
由于多方面因素的影响，我国科学研究选题与国际先进水平还有一定距离。
我国一家权威科研机构不久前在国内挑选了许多前沿领域的研究课题，准备参与国际合作，但到美国后发现近三分之二的课题已经不属前沿，在美国很少有人研究。
在高校，一些教师治学严谨、基础扎实，但科研成果不突出，重要原因就是不重视有关领域学术动态，不能选得合适的课题。
2. 课题要有可发展性。
课题可发展性对高水平论文的持续产出具有极大作用。
中国科技大学范洪义另辟蹊径，发展了诺贝尔奖得主狄拉克(Dirac)奠定的量子论的符号法，系统地建立了“有序算符内的积分理论”，1998年有24篇论文被SCI收录；他对自己论文高产的解释是，研究“具有开创性，突破一点以后就可以向纵深发展，使研究工作自成系列、成面成片”。
我院被SCI收录论文最多的杨新民老师从事凸性理论研究，该理论兴起于20世纪70年代，90年代进入高峰。
作为新兴研究领域，该理论本身有许多尚待研究之处，同时该理论也可用来解决最优化方面的问题。
反之，有人由于所接触的问题已处于该研究分支的末端，即使在该点上有所突破，也难持续发展。
3. 借助工具选题：①查阅有关领域的检索工具，这些工具各高校都有；②了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态，ISI期刊信息可从查获，也可从SCI印刷版每期Ａ、Ｄ分册的来源出版物目录(Lists of Source Publications)查找，还可从ISI引用期刊报告(Journal Citation Reports，简称JCR)了解期刊信息，该文献有印刷版、网络版(JCR on the Web)和光盘版(JCR on CD-ROM)；③利用ISI提供的选题工具帮助，例如，能对正在开展的工作进行量化分析以保证用户科学研究同科学发展趋向一致的(Essential Science Indicators)，介绍有关最杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和发展趋向的(ISI Highly )；④利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料。
审稿人评语集锦
审稿人评语集锦【转】2011-03-19 17:02:35| 分类：默认分类| 标签：manuscript authors paper审稿review|字号大中小订阅注：转载的，很搞笑。
给专业期刊审稿，都是义务劳动，没有报酬。
不像在中国，还有什么审稿费。
审稿人一般都是利用自己的业余时间，辛勤劳动的。
在网上见过一些很负责任的审稿人，其审稿之仔细严谨，甚过可以重新写一篇论文。
我曾遇到过一审稿人，给我写了5页的审稿意见，把我感动的眼泪哗哗的。
也遇到过只写3句审稿意见的。
一般来说，意见越长，越好修改，因为怎么改人家都写的很详细了。
而那些真正让人头疼的，就是那些短短的审稿意见,因为无法确定怎么去改才好。
好了，不废话了，大家欣赏吧。
红色字体为我的评注。
我们写文章的时候最常见的问题就是英文语法和写作的问题了--The authors need to remember that adverbs in English tend to end in -ly.--The work is basically sound but unfortunately the presentationis a bit of a dog’s breakfast.（狗的早餐，估计作者看到要哭死了）--The authors seem unable to think/write in a straight line!--They have no clue what they write about.--I’m not convinced that they know what they’re talking abo ut.严重到前后文脱节，文字繁琐冗余--The Introduction and the Discussion sections are contradictory. I even believe that the Discussion may actually belong to another manuscript.--The Abstract and Results read much like a laundry list.--The Abstract describes results that I could not find in the Results section.--Page X, line Y claims both ‘rare’ and ‘unusual.’Madonna and Tony Blair might use both in the same sentence.--It seems that the manuscript was written by a mathematician, rather than a microbial ecologist.（公式太多了？）--I only am willing to read this again if it has less than 20 pages (Ed.: the original submission had 54)--I would be glad to look at a revised manuscript, but please give me a few months to get over the current version!--These hobby scientists present their data in such a verbose way that it is not worth to print.甚至漏洞百出--Mouldy bread（发霉的面包）. Unfortunately there are too many technical flaws in this one. Too bad because the potential was high.--For sake of time I have listed only a few (13!) of the most glaring errors.（这让我想起了“您的论文的第一个错误在××页”的典故）--Hundreds of commas are missing! (先笑一个）而有些人仍然想自圆其说--The authors of this study blindly run through the darkness and keep writing down details of their trail.最后的结果就是一竿子拍死--I have found this ms. boring to death.--The peaceful atmosphere between Christmas and New Year was transiently disrupted by reading this manuscript. （唉，运气不好啊，人家正在休假呢）-This one almost killed me. I am a ‘detail person’, obviously.--I am sorry that I have spoiled my Xmas holidays with s uch a bad manuscript.（又是一个在休假时审稿的）--I am fed up with people ignoring totally the instructions for authors.--I wonder if you and I do not have better things to do than help people who can’t help themselves.--My heart sinks when I have to review papers from this group as I know my response is most likely going to be as long as the paper. （完了，这个组肯定要上黑名单了）--I hate this paper. It’s a bunch of engineers trying to do microbial ecology by numbers and not thinking about what/why they are doing it.--This paper is essentially illegible. I have made suggestions for improvement to the authors, but a full list would have taken much longer than this paper is worth. You will see that I tried to be civil to the authors, as I assume they tried their best to write a good paper.--Reject – did not meet any of their objectives.--This is an altogether dispensable paper. The contribution to the field is ZERO.--This is an essentially unreadable paper sent to the wrong journal.--This is the most chaotic manuscript I have ever had for review. I am sorry for the colleagues to have wasted such an amount of time and resources to put this non-informative manuscript together and am I sorry for me to have read it many times to find at least something which is valid (but I could not find a single piece).--Feels like banging my head against a brick wall with this one.--This paper is long-winded. You can reject it without causing damage for the scientific community.引文的年代问题也不能忽视--Almost all references used by the authors are from the last century.（太老的文献最好少引）以量取胜的文章小心被揪住为啥数据都不做重复呢--I really think it is time for molecular studies to use proper replication and not use the amount of work as an excuse anymore.有些作者自以为是，动不动就是first time work，不尊重同行已有的工作，审稿人最为反感--They were not the first to have done this, but they don't seem to know that.--The shear ignorance of work that has been done earlier is frightening!----I don't think the authors understood the literature well enough to perform the right experiments.不引用同行的工作，正好落到该同行手里，有可能的评语就是：--Here and elsewhere they make it clear that they do not admire X or Y research (Ed.: Y is the reviewer), they make that quite clear by their non-citation of relevant work. But I have gotten used to it. Once they tighten this up, it is a clear accept. （唉，人啦，大抵如此）审稿人对实验结果的取笑不是每个人都能扛得住的--It also suffers from death by DGGE gels (11 in total –aaargh!).--It is amazing to see how much sequencing effort was done and how little profit taken from it.交叉学科的研究也得小心招致审稿人对外行的取笑--I am sorry to say . . .but it seems that good chemists walked into the area of environmental microbiology without any knowledge about it.还有笑话作者的知识水平的--I have taken out my earlier comment that the authors retake Chemistry 101（重修基础化学）, that is probably not allowable.--This was a possible candidate for the ‘worst use of statistics to substantiate a falsehood’ award.审稿人读到很糟糕的稿子都会强烈后悔当初同意审稿的决定，并努力把这段经历从记忆中抹去--I got increasingly angry during the two hours I dedicated to the review. I know that the editors of EM are very busy but they should avoid being an author of a manuscript written in such a style.--Dear Editor, try not to force the poor reviewers to do a work which overcomes their field of expertise. Remember: a happy reviewer (I am not sure if reviewers could reach any level of happiness) should be a better reviewer.--This was a very poor paper. I am sorry I read it; I will try to purge it from my mind.--A terrible paper, not even a good science fair project. Please let me have some time to complete grant applications.不过，审稿人对好文章也会不吝溢美之词，毕竟他们也是有血有肉的性情中人--A jewel that the Journal will be proud of for many years to come.--This year I have had the dubious pleasure of reviewing a lot of truly terrible manuscripts. However, this manuscript was a real beauty to review. Please accept this ASAP.--Meticulously presented manuscript, almost perfect in style and grammar (never seen in a ms. coming from Japan).--I found the manuscript to be well performed in all aspects, from the experimental design to the writing ofthe manuscript. I wish all manuscripts I review were of this quality.--Could become a major highlight of the Journal for many years to come.--Top-quality superb paper with two Achilles’ heels.--Wow: Systems Biology is knocking at the Journal’s door.（这些是最让人羡慕的评语，啥时自己能被这样评价就好了）有审稿人会比较喜欢搞怪的吧，用些我们不大明白的俚语--I felt like I was teaching my grandmother to suck eggs. Accept with minor revision.（教祖母吸鸡蛋，啥意思？）--I nearly said reject. But then I recalled that I have a hangover and I am feeling grumpy.--Tank this turkey!（接收了，肯定）作为新手得提防收到这样的评语--It looks as if the project was started by a beginner. At some point the seniors realized the initia l weaknesses and tried to compensate by high-quality technology and application of up-to-date algorithms.However, if the fundamentals are wrong, any further investments are a waste of time.其他一些问题有：不知道通讯作者们有多少是根本不读稿子的--Another ms bites the dust – I don’t think the corresponding author has read it.而且，署名作者的数量太多也会被质疑--It is hard for me to understand why it takes 5 authors to perform and describe one simple experiment. 数据太完美的问题比较少见，不过也得小心--I do not want to accuse the authors of falsification of the data, but these figures are simply too perfect! 最后，多体谅一下老先生们的眼睛吧，尽量用大点的字号！--The only other major criticism is the font size in Fig. 2. It is a strain on old eyes!注：所有句子原始出处均可在Environmental Microbiology期刊的网站上下载得到，每年最后一期的最后一篇文章都是referee’s quotes。