Particle filter detection
PIND(颗粒碰撞噪声检测)简介
PIND
Particle Impact Noise Detection
前言：封装后的电子元件腔体内部如果有可动多余物如焊锡等将导致设备短路引发重大事故, PIND 设备能有效检测出这些多余物体,提高产品可靠性!
一、简介
颗粒碰撞噪声检测（PIND）用于电子元器件封装后,对器件内多余粒子碰撞噪声检测试验,目的在于检测器件封装腔体内存在的自由粒子,是一种非破坏性实验。
用来测试电器零件从而提高电器零件的可靠性。
常用于检测集成电路、晶体管、电容器、航空/航天/军事领域的继电器等电子元器件封装内的多余物松散颗粒。
二、工作原理：
颗粒碰撞噪声检测（Particle Impact Noise Detection，PIND）其原理是利用振动台产生一系列指定的机械冲击和振动，通过冲击使被束缚在产品中的颗粒（即多余物）松动，再通过一定频率的振动，使多余物在系统内产生位移。
活动多余物在产品中发生位移的过程，是多余物相对产品壳体的滑动过程和撞击过程的一个随机组合过程。
在这个过程中，将产生应力弹性波和声波。
两种波在产品壳体中传播，并形成混响信号，这个混响信号被定义为位移信号。
采用压电传感器拾取到位移信号后，经前置放大器放大后，位移信号由检测装置的主机采集、处理并显示。
三、组成；
控制器,振动台,传感器, 灵敏度测试单元,软件, 示波器, 电缆, 耗材, 及相关文件。
基于检测的多目标跟踪算法综述
基于检测的多目标跟踪算法综述一、本文概述随着计算机视觉技术的快速发展，多目标跟踪（Multi-Object Tracking，MOT）算法在视频监控、自动驾驶、人机交互等领域的应用日益广泛。
多目标跟踪算法旨在从视频序列中准确地识别并持续跟踪多个目标对象，为上层应用提供稳定、连续的目标状态信息。
本文旨在对基于检测的多目标跟踪算法进行全面的综述，分析各类算法的优势与不足，并探讨未来的发展趋势。
本文将介绍多目标跟踪算法的研究背景与意义，阐述其在各个领域的应用价值。
本文将对基于检测的多目标跟踪算法进行详细的分类和介绍，包括基于滤波的方法、基于数据关联的方法、基于深度学习的方法等。
对于每类算法，本文将分析其基本原理、实现步骤以及优缺点，并通过实验数据对其性能进行评估。
本文还将讨论多目标跟踪算法面临的挑战，如目标遮挡、目标丢失、场景变化等问题，并探讨相应的解决方案。
本文将展望多目标跟踪算法的未来发展趋势，提出可能的研究方向和应用前景。
通过本文的综述，读者可以全面了解基于检测的多目标跟踪算法的研究现状和发展趋势，为相关领域的研究和应用提供有益的参考。
二、基于检测的多目标跟踪算法的基本原理基于检测的多目标跟踪算法（Detection-Based Multi-Object Tracking，DBT）是计算机视觉领域的一个重要研究方向。
其主要原理是将目标检测和目标跟踪两个任务结合起来，通过利用目标检测算法提供的目标位置信息，实现多目标在连续视频帧中的持续跟踪。
目标检测：通过目标检测算法（如Faster R-CNN、YOLO等）在每一帧图像中检测出所有感兴趣的目标，并获取它们的位置信息（如边界框）。
特征提取：对于每个检测到的目标，提取其视觉特征（如颜色、纹理、形状等）或运动特征（如速度、加速度等），以便在后续的跟踪过程中进行匹配和识别。
数据关联：在连续的视频帧中，通过数据关联算法（如匈牙利算法、Joint Probabilistic Data Association等）将当前帧中的目标与前一帧中的目标进行匹配，形成目标的轨迹。
焊补工艺英文版
Welding Process of GS20Mn5 Steel Casting Defect1.steel casting material controlProduct composition based on the standard of GS20Mn5,carbon equivalent≤0.502.Welders must obtain the certification of welding repairing.Must obtain the welding qualification certificate.(must obtain the EN287 certificate)3.Conditions of welding machine and welding process (according tothe corresponding WPS)The maximum grinding depth of the CA area is 0.5mm! Any welding repairing is rejected in this area.Welding should be on the position of downhand welding or the position which ensuring the welding quality.Welding methods can be electrode welding or carbon dioxide arc welding, must use DC welder.Welding position should avoid artificial blowing or any draught. electrode adopt J501\J506\J507\E5016\E5015Reference current:Electrode baking:Alkaline low hydrogen electrode should be baked 1~2hours under 350°C~400°C. dried electrodes should be put in the heat preservation bucket which is during 100~150℃. low hydrogen electrode should be baked again after placing in normal temperature for 4 hours, and it’s unallowed to repeated baking over 3 times.4. Detection and remove of defects4.1 Magnetic particle flaw detection(except dry powder method) to inspect the quantity, size and position of defects.4.2 if there is crack, depicting the length of crack, and drilling stopholes on the begin and end of the crack. The diameter of stophole is 10~15mm, the distance from stophole to the two ends of crack is 4~5mm, and the stophole should be 2~4mm deeper than crack.4.3 defects removal should only by machining or artificial polishing. Remove the carbide with sanding machine, control shape when rub gap, which means rub as U shape and no sharp angles on both sides.4.4 Magnetic particle flaw detection after removing the defect, make sure there is no defect and then go on to weld repairs.4.5 The modified groove form is basically as followed.4.6 Clean up oil, water and dirt 30mm from the both sides of groove.5.Preheat and weld of defect5.1 The preheat temperature of welding seam(weld repairs position)is 150~200℃ (the distance from preheat position to welding center is 100mm). Heating with oxyacetylene torch, preheat must be slow and even for fear to crack and deformation. Measure at 75~100mm from the side of heat affected zone which is outside the fusion line with temperature measuring gun (it should be done 3 minutes after heating).5.2 it’s not allowed to arcing on none-patched side.5.3 Backing weld should be small diameter electrode(￠3.2) or solder wire to prevent crack.5.4 The thickness of soldering seam in each layer should no more than 3mm when use multi-layer welding.5.5 Clean up welding slag and other human-harmed materials on each layer.5.6 Wide soldering seam should firstly weld the two sides of groove, then intermediate welding bead and the welding bead of each layer should be opposite direction.5.7 Intermediate welding bead can be welded by bigger diameter welding rod to increase speed.5.8 When multi-layer welding, the temperature between two layers should be more than 250℃, and less than the lowest preheattemperature-100℃.5.9 The two sides of groove of cosmetic welding should use small diameter welding rob and small specification welding to prevent edge cutting.5.10 If the welding piece has dealt with precious machining, it should be covered by adiabatic bands or coated by anti-spatter around the soldering seam, to prevent damaging the surface.5.11 Continuous welding as far as possible, use slow cooling measures (cover thick insulating cotton) if interrupt the welding. And heat the workpiece again(according to preheat process) before welding again.5.12 The electrode should not make a large lateral swing, what means the amplitude should not exceed 3 times more than it’s diameter. Long welding seams should be divided into several parts and welding zigzag to prevent deformation stress.5.13 When surfacing, the overlap between welds should not less than 1/3 of welds width.Multi-layer welding is suggested to follow this process:6.Heat preservation after welding.6.1 heat the workpiece to 300℃, and then slowly cooling it down with asbestine or other heat preservation materials. Test MT for workpieces after 48 hours of completely finished welding. Make sure there is no crack and then take pictures and preserve.7.heat treatment after welding7.1 When repairing welding exceeds 20% or 25mm(with the smallest data as standard) of the thickness of workpiece, it should be dealt with stress relief annealing or normalizing.7.2 Tempering is carried out when the dimension of groove exceeds 65mm². Differential heat treatment is permitted to stress relieved, and it is at least 100mm far from welding area.。
无损检测常用专业术语
无损检测汉译英词汇汇编A(a)安全灯 safelight安全防护 safety protection安全阀 safety valve安全防护设备 safety equipment安全措施 safety action, safety practice, safety precautionA型扫描显示 A-scan display A显示 A-display按钮式喷雾器 aerosol暗室 darkroom无损检测汉译英词汇汇编B(b)便携金相检查仪 portable metallographic analyzer, portable metallographic inspection apparatus便携式光谱分析仪 portable spectroscopic analyzer, portable spectrograph便携式氢检漏仪 portable hydrogen leak便携式磁通计 portable flux indicator detector标准密度校验片 Calibrated Density标记带 Marking tapesReference Scale标准回波探头 standard echo transducers，Standard echo probe标准试块 standard test block(STB)标准试片 standard test piece表面波探头 surface wave transducers, Rayleigh Wave probe表面（声）波 surface acoustic wave(SAW)表面张力 surface tension表面活性剂 surfactant背景光 back light背景、本底 background布氏硬度 ball hardness，Brinell hardness布氏硬度值 Brinell hardness number（BHN）布氏硬度计 Brinell hardness tester, Brinell's machine棒材 bar stock棒阳极（X射线）管 rod-anode tube钡水泥 barium concrete巴克豪森噪声分析 Barkhausen noise巴克豪森效应 Barkhausen effectanalysis（BNA）β射线测厚仪 beta thickness gaugeB型扫描显示 B-scan display, B-scopeB型扫描 B-scanpresentation曝光曲线 exposure curve曝光图表 exposure chart曝光宽容度 exposure latitude曝光过度 over exposure,solarization曝光与暗室附件 Exposure and darkroomaccessories玻璃纤维 fibreglass玻璃X射线管 glass X-ray tube玻璃纤维增强塑料 fibreglass reinforced plastics（FRP）冰醋酸 glacial acetic acid半衰期 half life, half-life period,half-time半值层，半价层 half value layer（HVL）半值层厚度，半价层厚度 half value thickness（HVT）丙烯酸树脂 methacrylate resin白点（钢缺陷）thermal burst补充剂 replenisher, replenishment补焊 repair welding，rewelding波长 wavelength波动物理学 wave physics波束角 beam angle薄板、页 sheet薄膜 thin film薄板 thin sheet薄壁管 thin-walled tubeC(c)参考试块 reference block参考照片 Reference Radiographs参考试片、标准试片 reference piece, reference test piece测厚仪用分割式直探头:thickness gauge division straight transducers, Partitioned straight beam probe for wall thickness measurement测厚仪 thickness gauge, thickness meter 测力计，测功器，测功计 dynamometer，ergometerC型扫描 C-scan C型扫描显示 C-scan display, C-scope presentation磁膏 magnetic paste, concentrate, paste 磁悬液浓度 bath concentration, particle content磁场指示器 field indicator磁铁 magnet磁通计 flux meter, magnet meter, 磁轭 yoke, magnetic yokemaxwellmeter磁强计，磁场强度计 field intensity set, magnetic field meter, magnetometer磁钢 magnet steel磁探伤仪 magnetic flaw detector磁粉探伤用磁悬液 magnetic flaw detection ink, magnetic ink, suspension磁粉 magnetic particle磁粉检测 magnetic particle testing（MT）磁橡胶检验 magnetic rubber inspection磁化线圈 magnetizing coil（MRI）磁化电流 magnetizing current磁化曲线 magnetizing curve磁化夹钳 magnetizing tongs磁粉含量 particle content磁致伸缩换能器 magnetostriction transducer, magnetostrictive transducer磁导率 permeability磁导率计 permeameter磁饱和稳压器 saturation core regulator磁化曲线，B-H曲线 B-H curve磁粉探伤机 magnetic particle inspection machine, magnetic particle flaw detector磁粉探伤仪 magnetic particle flaw detector,magnetism-powder crack-detection instrument磁饱和装置 magnetic saturation system草图、示意图 sketchCh(ch)超声波探伤仪 ultrasonic flaw detector超声流量计 ultrasonic flow meter超声标准试块 ultrasonic calibration超声对比试块 ultrasonic reference block block超声相控阵 Ultrasonic phased arrays超声波测厚仪 ultrasonic thickness gage, ultrasonic thickness gauge超声测厚探头 ultrasonic thickness gauge transducers, the transducers for ultrasonic thickness gauge超微粒胶片 extra-fine grain film 超灵敏度渗透系统 supersensitive penetrant system充电器 charger充电器连线 charge up line，Charger cable 插座转接板 socket adapter插头 plug插座 jack, rosette, socket差动线圈，差分线圈 differential coil穿过式线圈 feedthrough coil穿晶裂纹（金属缺陷）transgranular crack 串列式扫查 tandem scan场强计 field strength meter（FSM）重复频率 repetition frequency长水柱耦合探头 probe with long water column coupling吹砂 sand blasting, sandblast冲击试验机 impact tester,impact testingapparatus成像板 IP（Imaging Plates）无损检测汉译英词汇汇编D(d)电子拉伸试验机 electron-tensile tester 电子扫描（E-扫描）Electronic scanning (E-scans)电子线性扫描（E-扫描）Electronic linear scans (E-scans)电脑轴承分析仪 computer bearinganalyzer电动机故障检查仪 electromotor fault inspector 电参量测试仪 electricity parameter tester电动试压装置 electromotion pressuretesting device电缆 cable电池供电的 battery powered电池电源 battery supply电池，电池组 Battery电缆磁化 cable magnetization 电火花加工 electro-discharge machining（EDM）电子回旋加速器 microtron电致发光，场致发光 electroluminescence（EL）电学参量 electric parameter电磁超声检测electromagnetic-ultrasonic testing电子束焊接 electron beam welding（EBW）电子直线加速器 linear electronaccelerator电致伸缩 electrostriction电离式辐射监测器 ionization-typeradiation monitor电子显微镜 electron microscope电磁声 electromagnetic-acoustic（EMA）电流计，检流计 galvanometer电磁声换能器 electromagnetic-acoustic transducer（EMAT）电磁检测 electromagnetic detection（ED），electromagnetic testing电磁超声换能器，电磁超声探头 electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, electromagnetoacoustic probe电子（显微）探针分析 electron microprobe analysis（EMA）低频直探头 slow frequency straight transducers，Low frequency straight beam probe 低灵敏度渗透剂 low sensitivitypenetrant底片标志 film marker底片黑度 photographic density底片评定范围 film evaluation scope带宽，频带宽度 bandwidth带通放大器 band amplifier带通滤波器 band filter, bandpass filter 带保护膜的直探头 straight-beam faced unit(probe)大气压 barometric pressure单位 unit对接焊缝 butt weld对苯二酚，几奴尼 hydroquinone 对比试块、参考试块 reference block滴落时间 drain time, drainage time大苏打，硫代硫酸钠 hypo多频涡流系统 multifrequency eddycurrent system渡越时间 time of flight(TOF)定影 fixation，fixing 定影液 fixation solution, fixing solution定影剂 fixer定影粉 fixer powder定影槽 fixing bath定影时间 fixing time端点衍射 tip diffraction 端点最大反射波 maximum tip reflected wave导波 guided wave导轨、滑轨、支架、框架、座架 rack订单 order订单号 order No.毒性 toxicity断电相位控制器 phase controlled circuit breaker, phase regulated circuit breaker无损检测汉译英词汇汇编E(e)耳机，听筒 earphone耳机转接器 earphone adapter二维矩阵列 2-D matrix array额外费用 extra fee1）超声测厚探头:5MHz频率，直径10mm(或1/2英寸)的双晶、高阻尼dual element, 5 MHZ, 10 mm ( or 1/2 " ) diam, high damping transducer for ultrasonic thickness gage（2）GT-1A型探伤车用探头:straight transducers for the GT-1A crack detection vehicle GT-1A type rail probe(special)（超声检测）（3）由缺陷引起的底波降低量（BG/BF）（dB）loss of back reflection caused by flaws BG/BF(dB)（超声检测）（4）与系统不匹配 don't matching with the system（5）不能满足系统要求 can't satisfy the request of system（6）明亮清晰指示 Bright, crisp indications （渗透检测）（7）低的残留背景 Low residual background （渗透检测）（8）极好的耐热性与耐紫外光减弱 Excellent heat and UV fade resistance （渗透检测）（9）可控制的水洗性，较少受过洗影响 Controlled washability, less susceptible to over-washing（渗透检测）（10）极好的返渗性能 Excellent bleed-back properties （渗透检测）（11）适用于浸渍或传统的静电喷涂 Applied by immersion or conventional electrostatic spray （渗透检测）（12）低VOC的水洗型荧光着色渗透剂 Low VOC Water Washable Fluorescent Dye Penetrants （渗透检测）注：VOC是挥发性有机化合物的英文简称，是人为源和天然源的排放到大气中有机化合物-非甲烷烃类的总称，目前正受到日趋广泛的关注。
收敛粒子群全区域自适应粒子滤波算法及其应用
1 ： k －1
将重要性函数 q（ x0： k | y1： k ） 并将其改写成 q （ x0： k | y1： k ） = q （ x0 ） q（ x j | x0： j－1 ， y1： j ） ∏ j=1 y1： k | x0： k ） p （ x0： k ） wk = q（ x k | x0： k－1 ， y1： k ） q（ x0： k－1 ， y1： k ） = w k－1 p（ y k | x k ） p（ x k | x k－1 ） q（ x k | x0： k－1 ， y1： k ） （ 7）
3． 2
LAPSOPF 算法步骤 x e 为当前粒子的个 设 m 是正在迭代的次数，
i
pbest t m 为 t 时刻第 m 次迭代后的粒子 i 最 体极值， gbest m 优解， t 为 t 时刻第 m 次迭代后的全局最优 初始化 D i ， 通过比较适应度 Y 更新最优解。 解， （ 1 ） 在 k = 0 时刻， 在初始时刻从重要性函数 i = 1， …， N ｝ 作为初始样本。 中采样 N 个粒子｛ x0 ， 重要性密度函数为 x ik ～ q（ x ik | x ik－1 ， z k ） = p（ x ik | x ik－1 ） 令适应度函数为： 1 － Y = exp［ （ z －z ） ］ 2 R k New Pred （ 2 ） 计算重要性权值 w ik = w ik－1 p（ z k | x ik－1 ） = w ik－1 = w ik－1 p（ z k | x ik ）
1
粒子滤波原理
x i2 ， …， x in ） ， v i2 ， …， v in ） 。 每一次迭 速度 V i = （ v i1 ， P i2 ， …， P in ） 和全 代， 粒子通过个体极值 P i = （ P i1 ， g2 ， …， g n ） 来不断更新自己的速 局极值 G = （ g1 ， 度和位置， 从而达到寻优 。更新公式如下： V i = k ×V i +c1 ×Rand（ ） ×（ P i －X i ） + c2 ×Rand（ ） ×（ G －X i ） （ 10 ） X i+1 = X i +V i （ 11 ） 1 ） 区间内的随机数； k 为 式中： Rand 是介于在（ 0 ， c1 和 c2 为学习因子。 惯性系数， 2． 2 PF 算法简述 标准 PSO常规的粒子滤波的重要性采样过程是次优 。 的 而将 PSO 算法融入粒子滤波， 可以优化粒子 ， 滤波的采样过程 使得粒子集在权重值更新前更 加趋向于高似然区域， 从而解决了粒子贫乏的问 题， 有助于减少粒子滤波所需要的粒子数量 ， 同时 一定程度上提高了精度。 PSO 方法与 PF 融合，
新一代粒子影响噪音检测（PIND）系统说明书
Computer based controller with predefined MIL-STD test sequences stored (New)Create unlimited custom tests with multiple vibration frequencies and acceleration and other parameters to meet unique requirements (New) Easily store and recall custom tests (New)Continuous on screen display of test noise, frequency, vibration level, time and device serial and lot numbers, etc. for test reports A custom shaker capable of testing packages up to 5kg/10lbs at 20gs A custom test platen with up to 5 particle detection sensorsOn screen monitoring of signals created by loose particlesOn screen indicator signals particle detectionsStops the test when particle noise threshold is exceeded (user select-able)Easily store and recall test results (New)Supports both fully automatic and manual operation modesSensitivity Test Unit (STU) provided to verify MIL-STD complianceB&W Engineering Corp. is proud to present the next generation in Particle Impact Noise Detection (PIND). With the advent of economical high performance data acquisition and control products and the PCs with their intuitive graphical interface, B&W has developed the most advanced and reli-able PIND system available. The ease of use of the BW-LPD-DAQ4000 software and the workhorse reliability of over 30 years of the shaker and sensors ensure this PIND tester will be on the job for many years.Until now there has been no significant The BW-LPD-DAQ4000 comes pre-programmed to meet or exceed MIL-STD -883 Method 2020 for hybrids and MIL-STD 750 Method 2052 and provides the option to store the results of each test run.BW-LPD-DAQ4000PC Controlled PIND Tester on test benchP ARTICLEB&W Engineering Corporation introduces a new generation in P article I mpact N oise D etection systems, the BW-LPD-DAQ4000. Our new test system is the one you will need to accurately test cavity devices for particle contamination with the ease you want and the reliability and precision you require. Programming of the new BW-LPD-DAQ4000 is so simple that any operator can be trained with ease. Our new PC controller provides the flexibility to comply with the evolving MIL-STDs, or your in-house tests at no additional cost. The constant digital displayed frequency and acceleration may be set by the user or, password protected allowing only engineering personnel to change the program. After mounting the device with either the ultrasonic couplant or tape dots supplied, simply depress the footswitch, and programmed tests will begin. Throughput can exceed 200 parts per hour. Production is enhanced and your product is protected by using the optional PIND station Test Bench with ESD work surface and operator grounding. Any signal derived from loose particles is transmitted by our patented Particle Sensor w i t h b u i l t -i n p re -a mp l i fi e r. T h e pre-amplification allows low impedance signal transmission which does away with interference caused by cable noise etc., the assembly is acoustically isolated to suppress the reception of mechanical noise.The optional Transient Detector provides an independent sensor which detectsenvironmental failure stimulus (RFI/EMI) so that you can be reassured that only devices with particles are rejected. The detection of such stimuli is presented on the INF Indicator. Our patented PIND Shock Test Fixture produces true co-test shocks with or without stopping the vibration. Select the shock application on the controller screen – in the DYNAMIC , (A) position the shock is applied simultaneously with the vibration. The vibrations stops for less than 250 milliseconds during the shock while in the STATIC , (B) position. As a standard feature B&W supplies a 100 force pound vibration shaker which can test devices up to one pound. Sinusoidal vibration between 40Hz and 250Hz is standard and may be lowered to 27Hz at no additional cost with the click of a button. You may also frequency sweep through this range during the test. G level is accurate throughout the frequency range. The magnitude and frequency are constantly presented on the digital displays. BW-LPD-DAQ4000 P article I mpact N oise DetectorThe degaussing magnet on our 100 force pound shaker reduces the magnetic field at the Device Under Test (DUT) loca-tion to less than 5 gauss to ensure the detection of ferrous particles. The co-test shock fixtures allows shocking with vibration.Any noise bursts as detected by any one of the three detection systems is cause for the deviceto be rejected. You may discover these defects visually as spikes on the oscilloscope screen, audibly as clicks or pops on the speaker, or by simply observing a lit threshold detector FAIL indication. Although the FAILacts as the prime failure indicator, the other indicators provide useful evidence in failure analysis.To assist in your evaluation of devices, we recommend that you retain two samples ofeach device type as “check units”. One of these devices should be known to be free of particles; the other seeded with particles ofthe type expected to be the most prevalent inthat package and of minimum size. You willuse these two samples to evaluate the mount-ing means, confirm the vibration frequency tobe used, and to identify any noises generatedby other than loose particles. The device should be visually inspected for cleanliness immediately prior to performing the PIND test. Devices that are particularly prone to particle contamination can be decontaminated by a PIND test immediately prior to final seal. The product manufacturer can apply this type oftest in all production processes to help determine weld schedules, sealing techniques, cleaning processes, and other means of controlling contamination.Each of our systems comes with a full one year warranty, Calibration Certification in accordance with ANSI-Z540, MIL-STD-45662Aand meets or exceeds all the requirements ofMIL-STD-883, 750, and 202 for PIND. The Maintenance Manual contains all calibration procedures and outlines the instruments required. A well equipped calibration lab willhave adequate instruments for mostprocedures. B&W Engineering provides complete system calibration including preventative maintenance and is completed typically within 5 days from receipt. Sensorsare completed within 3 days.PIND CONTROLLER AUTOMATIC MODECustom fixtures withmulti sensors available. PIND CONTROLLER MANUAL MODESPECIFICATIONS: PARTICLE IMPACT NOISE DETECTORBW-LPD-DAQ4000CONTROLLER: TYPE.......................................................PC WINDOWS XP or HIGHER SHOCK: SEQUENCE.....................................................PROGRAMMABLE TEST DURATION..............................................INFINITE PROGRAMMABLE INTERFACE………...CUSTOM USB DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL VIBRATION: FREQUENCY.............................................SINE WAVE 27Hz TO265Hz ACCELERATION..........................................................0 TO 20G PEAK SHAKER…………………………………...100 FORCE LBS., 0.75 IN. STROKE,75 IN.PER/SECVELOCITY AMPLIFIER.....................................................250 WATTS MINIMUMD.U.T. WEIGHT.......................200 GRAMS PRACTICAL LIMIT @ 20G SHOCK: DURATION.....................LESS THAN 100 MICROSECONDS HALF SINE AMPLITUDE......................................................TYPICAL 1000 ± 200 G APPLICATION…………....AUTO OR MANUAL WITH OR WITHOUT SIMULTANEOUS VIBRATION AXIS...................................................................SAME AS VIBRATION DETECTION:ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER....................SENSITIVITY= -77.5 ± 3dB re 1 VOLT per μBAR @ 155 ± 5KHzAMPLIFIER....................................................60 ± 2dB @ 155 ± 5KHz WITH LESS THAN 10mV PEAK NOISETHRESHOLD DETECTOR...............................ADJUSTABLE 0 - INFINITEOUTPUTS:ACCELERATION..................................................... 2.5 DIGIT DISPLAYFREQUENCY..............................................................2 DIGIT DISPLAYTHRESHOLD DETECTOR.......................................RED DISPLAY "FAIL"TEST COMPLETE...........................GREEN DISPLAY "TEST COMPLETE"TEST TIME.....................................PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL CLOCKSHOCK MULTIPLIER TIMES.......................................1 DIGIT DISPLAYSHOCK LEVEL DISPLAY…………………...........................4 DIGIT DISPLAYTRANSIENT DETECTOR (OPTIONAL)........................YELLOW DISPLAYSPEAKER.................................................INTEGRAL PC OR EXTERNALOSCILLOSCOPE.................INTEGRAL PC VERTICAL = 20mV per CM,HORIZ. » 200mV per GDIMENSIONS / WEIGHT:LAPTOP...................................APPROX. 15"W x 10"H x 1.5"D, 6 LBS.INTERFACE............................................18"W x 3.5"H x 16"D, 20 LBS.SHAKER............................................................10"H x 8"DIA., 50 LBS.AMPLIFIER...............................................15"W x 7"H x 10"D, 24 LBS.。
PARTICAL测试操作指南
PQA Monitor组工作手册Particle 测试操作指南MS Wang 09/01/2004PQA Monitor/PQA /MPIE/DGN2一、工作概述尘粒度是无尘室重要因素之一。
我们现在采用DAILY 的方式监控C/R的空气环境质量,并及时反馈给相关部门,作为改善和提高C/R环境的原始依据.因此,对我们来讲PARTICLE 虽小,意义却相当重要!二、测试仪器设备及使用方法1.仪器设备名称：Particle Counter 2400/24082.仪器设备配件：Particle counter 机身、探头、三角架、配套三角电源线、15米220V电源线3. 仪器设备操作步骤：(1)检查探头与三角架、气管与Sample Inlet Sensor (Particle 入口)是否连接紧密。
(2)将三角电源线一头接于机身，另一头接上220V电源。
(3)打开Counter开关至“I”状态(关闭时为“O”状态)。
(4)在Display/program面板，按键移至Date/time处，确认当前日期是否正确。
否则按Program、更改日期，最后按Enter确认。
(5)移动键至Period/Hold处，查看当前测试时间是否为1分钟。
否则按Program、更改，应设为：00,01,00 状态，最后按Enter确认。
(6)在Printer面板，按Enable键，灯亮为可打印状态。
(7)在Modes面板，按Mode键选择Manual状态。
按Count Mode 选择Cumulative状态。
(8)按Run进行测试，此时Counting灯亮。
若中断/停止测试按Stop键，Counting灯灭。
否则，Counter会按Period/Hold设置的时间来确定何时停止测试。
(9)重复步骤8进行下一个循环的测试。
4. 仪器设备各功能键解析：(1) Count：灯亮时，按Program可设置报警SPEC。
当测试值超过此SPEC时，Counter左上角Limit灯会闪烁报警。
颗粒碰撞噪声检测系统阈值灵敏度校准方法研究
颗粒碰撞噪声检测系统阈值灵敏度校准方法研究作者：李晓强徐军来源：《数字技术与应用》2013年第08期摘要：本文依据颗粒碰撞噪声检测系统的工作原理及基本特性，提出了一种基于校准腔体的方法对颗粒碰撞噪声检测系统的灵敏度阈值进行校准，并研制了具有自主知识产权的校准腔体。
试验结果表明，该方法科学可行，能准确反映系统阈值灵敏度的真实情况，达到校准目的。
关键词：颗粒碰撞噪声检测校准阈值灵敏度校准腔体中图分类号：TB9 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-9416（2013）08-0083-011 引言由于元器件生产工艺的不完善，造成大量空封器件存在多余物。
据有关部门统计，在各种型号产品试验失败次数中，由于元器件多余物造成的占30%。
如澳星第一次发射失败，就是由于控制火箭点火的继电器存在多余物，点火后由于多余物造成继电器误动作而关闭一个发动机最终失利。
因此，型号用元器件多余物的检测十分重要，颗粒碰撞噪声检测（Particle Impact Noise Detection，以下简称PIND）就是目前使用最为普遍的元器件多余物检测专用设备。
PIND系统由阈值检测器、振动冲击台、控制驱动器、PIND传感器、灵敏度测试装置等部分组成，其原理图见图1。
试验时，用声耦合剂将被测元器件固定在激振器器件安装面上，控制仪采用闭环控制，用示波器监测产品振动时产生的波形。
当被测元器件中有多余物存在时，示波器上会出现干扰波形，同时控制仪报警，甚至中断试验。
PIND系统是通过传感器将微粒碰撞噪声转化为电信号，用示波器监测来实现装机元器件多余物检测的测量设备，其适用范围广，测量精度高，应用较为广泛和频繁。
阈值灵敏度是指PIND系统中检测传感器的灵敏度值。
它是PIND系统的一个主要技术参数，表示着系统对多余物反应的灵敏程度，过大过小都会使检测结果产生误判。
因此，它是系统运行的一项重要指标，准确与否直接关系到PIND系统检测结果的质量。
本文研究了一种新的灵敏度阈值校准方法——腔体法，可作为现有校准方法的补充，实现对PIND系统阈值灵敏度的有效校准。
焊接专业术语中英对照
焊接专业术语中英对照焊接欠缺与检验焊接欠缺welding imperfection焊接缺陷weld defect气孔blowhole/ gas pore针尖状气孔pinhole密集气孔porosity条虫状气孔wormhole裂纹crack表面裂纹surface crack咬边undercut焊瘤overlap凹坑pit烧穿burn through塌陷excessive penetration未焊透incomplete penetration/ lack of penetration未熔合lack of fusion/ incomplete fusion 未焊满incompletely filled weld根部凹陷root concavity电弧擦伤arc scratch夹渣slag inclusion夹杂物inclusion夹钨tungsten inclusion白点fish eye/ flake错边misalignment/ dislocation焊接检验试件test piece试样test specimen无损检验nondestructive test破坏检验destructive test外观检查visual examination超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection直射法超声波探伤straight beam method斜射法超声波探伤angle beam method液浸法超声波探伤immersion method射线探伤radiographic inspection/ radiographyX射线探伤X-ray radiographic inspection γ射线探伤gamma-ray inspectionX射线工业电视探伤X-ray industrial television inspection磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection电磁探伤electromagnetic inspection/ eddy current test探伤灵敏度flaw detection sensitivity渗透探伤penetration inspection荧光探伤flurescent penetrant inspection 着色探伤dye penetrant inspection密封性检验leak test气密性检验air tight test枕形气密检验pillow test耐压检验pressure test水压检验hydraulic test气压检验pneumatic test液晶检验liquid crystal test声发射检测acoustic emission testing面弯试验face bend testing背弯试验root bend test侧弯试验side bend test横弯试验horizontal bend test纵弯试验axial bend test压扁试验squeezing testactual weld-throat thick-ness焊缝厚度all-around weld整周焊缝all-around weld (整周焊缝)环焊缝angle butt weld斜对接焊angle weld角焊appearance of weld焊缝成形arc-seam weld电弧缝焊arc-spot weld电弧点焊arc-weld电弧焊aspect ratio of weld焊缝成形系数at weld edge在焊缝边上attachment weld连接焊缝automatic spot weld自动点焊法automatic weld自动焊接axis of a weld焊缝行南? 焊接轴线axis of weld焊缝轴线; 焊接轴线back of weld焊缝背面backing groove of weld焊缝反面坡口backing weld底焊; 底焊焊缝bare metal arc weld裸焊条电弧焊bead weld珠焊; 堆焊bead-on-plate weld堆焊焊缝beading weld凸焊beam-to-beam weld梁间焊接; 梁式引线焊接block sequence weld分段多层焊bond weld钢轨接头焊接bridge seam weld桥缝焊接; 桥线焊brize weld硬焊butt weld对接焊缝butt weld ends对头焊接端butt-weld碰焊; 平式焊接; 对头焊接butt-weld in the downhand position对接平焊butt-weld joint对头焊接butt-weld pipe mill对焊管轧机button spot weld按电钮点焊cap weld最后焊层; 盖面焊缝carbon content of weld materials焊接材料的碳含量cast-weld construction铸焊结构caulk weld填缝焊caulking weld密实焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld链式分段角焊; 并列间断角焊缝chain intermittent weld并列焊接circular weld环形焊缝circumferential weld环缝; 环焊缝cleft weld裂口焊closed weld底边无缝焊; 无间隙焊缝closed-chamber fusion weld闭室熔焊cluster weld丛聚焊缝coil weld卷板对接焊; 卷板对接焊; 板卷焊cold weld冷压接commutator-controlled weld换向控制焊接complete penetration butt weld贯穿对焊composite weld紧密焊缝; 强度密封焊缝concave filled weld凹形角焊缝concave filler weld凹角焊concave fillet weld凹面填角焊concave weld凹焊缝; 凹面焊; 凹形焊缝; 轻型焊connective weld联系焊缝continuous butt-weld mill连续式炉焊管机组continuous fillet weld连续(填)角焊缝; 连续角焊缝; 连续贴角焊continuous weld连续焊缝continuous weld process连续式炉焊管法contour weld特形焊接convex fillet weld凸角焊缝; 凸形角焊缝convex weld凸焊缝; 凸形焊缝copper weld wire包铜钢丝corner flange weld单卷边角焊缝corner weld角焊corner-flange weld卷边角焊缝; 卷边角焊缝crack of weld焊部裂纹cross weld十字交叉焊缝; 横向焊缝cross-wire weld十字焊crotch weld楔接锻接; 楔接焊接cup weld带盖板焊缝depth of weld焊接深度dissimilar weld metal不同的焊接金属; 不同金属的焊接distance between the toes of a weld焊缝宽度double groove weld双面坡口焊缝double-bevel groove weld双斜边坡口焊缝; 双斜坡口焊double-flanged butt weld双弯边对接焊缝double-V groove weld双斜边坡口焊缝; 双斜坡口焊downhand weld平焊缝duplex spot weld双点点焊接头edge joint weld边缘焊edge weld端接焊; 端接焊缝; 端面焊缝; 对边焊electric resistance weld mill电阻焊管机electric weld-pipe mill电焊管机焊接专业英语词汇（通用部分）acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接nugget 点焊熔核overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条reinforcement of weld 加强焊接resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接seam 焊缝 seaming 接合seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬welding electrode production line 电焊条生产线welding electrode 焊条welding fixture 焊接夹具welding generator 电焊机welding goggles 焊工护目镜welding gun 焊枪welding helmet 电焊帽welding inspection ruler 焊接检验尺welding machine 焊接机welding mill 焊管机welding motor generator 电动焊接发电机welding nozzle 焊嘴welding paste 焊接药膏welding pipe 焊接管welding powder 焊粉welding rectifier 焊接整流器welding robot 焊接机器人welding rod extrusion press 焊条挤压机welding rod with acidic coating 酸性焊条welding rod with alkaline coating 碱性焊条welding rod 焊条welding simulator 焊接模拟器welding stainless electrode 不锈电焊条welding steel tube 焊接钢管welding tin billet 焊锡棒料welding tongs 焊接夹钳welding torch 焊炬welding transformer 电焊变压器welding unit 焊机welding wire machine 焊线机welding wire 焊丝welding-cutting hose 熔焊及切割胶管welding-cutting tool 焊割具welding-rod core 焊条芯welding-seam cleaner 焊缝清理机weldless pipe 无缝管weldless steel tube 无缝钢管well borer 凿井机well counter 井式计数器well deck vessel 井形甲板船well drill 钻井机well platform 钻井平台well rig 钻井机well testing truck 试井车well thermometer 井温计well tube filter 井管滤管well type tempering electric furnace 井式回火电炉well winch 矿井绞车well-logging probe 测井探头well-type counter 井型计数器Wella Balsam Conditioner 威娜宝护发素Wella Balsam shampoo 威娜宝香波Wellene 韦纶聚酯短纤维wellhead acid preventer 井口防酸器wellington 惠灵顿防雨呢Wellingtons 长筒皮靴Welltite 韦纶泰特聚丙烯和聚乙烯单丝Welsbach's alloy 韦尔斯巴赫发火合金Welsh flannel 威尔士法兰绒Welsh wool 威尔士粗羊毛welsh-onion stalk 葱白welsh-onion 葱welt cementing machine 贴边粘合机welt coloring machine 贴边染色机welt cutting machine 切沿条机welt fitting machine 贴边机welt footwear 加贴边的鞋welter screen 翻滚筛welter 镶边机Wepsin 三唑磷胺Werlisa 威里沙牌照相机Werner 维尔纳牌手表weskit 紧身背心Wessel silver 韦塞尔铜镍锌合金West cigarette 威狮牌香烟West ginseng 西洋参West Lake Dragon Well tea 西湖龙井茶West Lake silk umbrella 西湖绸伞West Lake silk 西湖丝绸West Lake water shield 西湖莼菜Westeeco 韦斯蒂科镍铬铁耐热合金Western king prawn 宽沟对虾Western saddle pants 西式马裤Western sand cherry 沙樱桃Western shirt 西式衬衫western style bed sheet 西式床单Western style hat 西式呢帽Western style pajamas 西式睡衣裤Western style pants 西裤Western style shirt 西式衬衫Western style shirt-waist blouse 西式衬衫上衣Western style suit 西服western tie 西式领带Western wool 美国西部羊毛Western-made shirt in plaid gingham 长方格贞咸布西式衬衫Westinghouse alloy 西屋镍铜热磁补偿合金wet spinning frame 湿纺细纱机wet air compressor 湿空气压缩机wet air pump 湿空气泵wet and dry bulb hygrometer 干湿球湿度计wet and dry bulb recording hygrometer 干湿球自记湿度计wet and dry bulb thermometer 干湿球温度计wet ball mill 湿式球磨机wet blue goat leather 山羊蓝湿革wet blue goat skin 蓝湿山羊皮wet board machine 湿式纸板机wet brush 湿刷wet chrome goat skin 铬湿山羊皮wet cleaner 湿法清洗器wet cloth 湿光布wet clutch 湿式离合器wet collector 湿式除尘器wet condenser 湿式冷凝器wet crude 含水原油wet crushing mill 湿粉碎机wet cylinder liner 湿式气缸套wet drill 湿式风钻wet dust collector 湿式收尘器wet dust separator 湿式除尘器wet electro-magnet 湿式电磁铁wet electrolytic capacitor 电解液电容器wet feeder 湿式给料机wet fiber filter 湿式纤维过滤器wet filter 湿式过滤器wet fourdrinier board machine 长网湿抄机wet frame 湿纺机wet furfural condenser 含水糖醛冷凝器wet gas meter 湿式气量计wet gas scrubber 湿法气体洗涤质量合格证书certification of fitness原材料rawmaterial 底板 bottom plate垫层 cushion侧壁 sidewall中心线center line条形基础 strip footing附件 accessories型钢 pro钢板 steel plate熔渣 slag飞溅 welding spatter定位焊 tacking引弧 generating of arc熄弧 quenching of arc焊道 welding bead坡口 beveled edges外观检查 visual inspection重皮 doubleskin水平方向弧度 radian in horizontal direction 成型 molding直线度 straightness accuracy焊缝角变形 welding line angular distortion 水平度 levelness铅垂度 verticality翘曲变形 buckling deformation角尺 angle square对接焊缝 butt weld母材 parent metal法兰密封面 flange sealing surface夹层interlayer表面锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration挠曲变 bending deformation超声波探伤 ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination压力容器 pressure vessel预制下料prefabrication baiting排版直径 set-type diameter焊缝 welding line中幅板 ? center plate测量方法 measuring method基准点 datum mark跳焊 skip welding允许偏差 allowable variation补强板 stiffening plate开孔 tapping对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing角钢 angle iron安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱 hoisting upright column焊接钢管 welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope 带板 band plate槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring环口 collar extension局部变形 local distortion环缝 circumferential weld顶板 top plate拱顶 vault顶板加强肋 stiffening rib对接 butt joint胎具 clamping fixture卷板机 plate bending rolls中心支架 center bearing bracket椭圆度 ovality等分线 bisectrix搭接宽度lap width点焊spot welding搭接焊 overlap welding对称：symmetrically螺旋爬梯cockle stairs放料阀baiting valve液位计 content gauge充水试验 filling water test错边量 unfitness of butt joint底圈 foundation ring真空度检漏 vacuum degree leak test丁字焊缝 tee welding渗透探伤 oil whiting test充水试验 filling water test内侧角焊缝接头 interior angle welding line jointfoundation settlement 基础沉降测量基准点 datum mark?稳定性试验 stability test排气阀 outlet valve角钢 angle steel构件 component part机械损伤 mechanical damage缩孔 shrinkage cavityenfoldment 折迭碳钢管 carbon steel tube公称直径 nominal diameter预埋件 embedded part轴测图 axonometric drawing布置图arrangement diagram氧乙炔气割 oxyacetylene gas cutting低合金钢管low alloy steel 热影响区 heat affected area修磨polish砂轮片grinding wheel等离子plasma panel重皮 coldlap凹凸unevenness缩口necking down端面 head face倾斜偏差 dip deviation外径 external diameter砂轮grinding wheel管件 pipe casting单线图single line drawing平齐parallel and level两端 two terminals满扣 buckle螺栓紧固 bolton周边 periphery附加应力 additional stress同轴度 axiality平行度 parallelism随机 stochastic允许偏差 allowable variation重直度verticality水平度 levelness隔离盲板 blind plate氩弧焊argon arc welding压盖螺栓 gland bolt间距spacing有效期 period of validity担任 take charge of ;undertake焊条 welding rod碳钢焊条carbon steel焊丝 welding wire熔化焊 melting钢丝 steel wire气体保护焊 gas shielded arc welding 烘干drying清洗ablution制度system焊接工艺welding procedure相应corresponding手工电弧焊manual electric arc welding 手工钨极 manual tungsten electrode打底render电源power source交流alternating current焊件 weldment管壁厚度 pipe thickness对接焊缝 butt weld工件壁厚 workpiece飞溅物 splash沾污 smirch油污 oil stain细锉 smooth file铣刀 milling cutter氧化膜 oxide film脱脂处理 ungrease treatment]棉质纤维 cotton fibre丙酮acetone硫 sulfur焊剂 welding flux钢板 steel plate纵向焊缝 l0ngitudinal weld l0ngitudinal seam筒节 shell ring封头 end socket卷管 reelpipe强度试验strength test起弧arc starting穿堂风draught熔合fusion反面reverse side整体integral封堵block up焊口 weld bond医用胶布medical proof fabric高频 high frequency焊炬welding torch送气air supply焊接专业英语词汇（熔化焊）熔接fusion welding压接pressure welding焊接过程welding process焊接技术welding technique焊接工艺welding technology/procedure焊接操作welding operation焊接顺序welding sequence焊接方向direction of welding焊接位置welding position熔敷顺序build-up sequencedeposition sequence焊缝倾角weld slope/inclination of weld axis 焊缝转角weld rotation/angle of rotation平焊位置flat position of welding横焊位置horizontal position of welding立焊位置vertical position of welding仰焊位置overhead position of welding 平焊downhand welding/flat position welding 横焊horizontal position welding立焊vertical position welding仰焊overhead position welding全位置焊all position welding：熔焊时，焊件接逢所处空间位置包括平焊、横焊、仰焊等位置所进行的焊接。
粒子滤波原理
粒子滤波原理粒子滤波（Particle Filter）是一种非参数实时滤波方法，用于估计目标的状态。
它适用于非线性和非高斯问题，并被广泛应用于机器人感知、目标跟踪、信号处理等领域。
本文将介绍粒子滤波的基本原理、流程和应用。
1. 基本原理粒子滤波的基本原理是根据贝叶斯定理，通过推断目标状态的后验分布来预测目标状态。
具体来说，粒子滤波将目标状态表示为一组粒子，每个粒子代表一种可能的状态。
粒子的数量越多，则对目标后验分布的估计就越准确。
粒子滤波算法的流程如下：（1）初始化粒子集合，即根据先验信息生成一组随机的粒子，并赋予它们相应的权重；（2）接收观测数据，并对每个粒子进行状态转移和权重更新。
状态转移是根据系统模型进行的，对于机器人定位问题，状态转移可以使用运动学方程描述机器人在环境中的运动；权重更新是根据观测模型计算得到的，对于机器人定位问题，权重可以用激光传感器的测量值和地图进行匹配计算；（3）根据粒子的权重进行重采样，生成新的粒子集合。
重采样的目的是为了减小样本的方差，并确保样本的代表性。
（4）重复步骤（2）、（3），直到目标状态的后验分布收敛，或达到设定的迭代次数。
2. 算法改进粒子滤波算法在实际应用中存在一些问题，例如样本退化和计算复杂度高等。
为了解决这些问题，学者们提出了一系列改进算法，主要包括以下几种：串行粒子滤波（Sequential Monte Carlo, SMC）、粒子群优化算法（Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO）、希尔伯特-黄变换粒子滤波（Hilbert-Huang Transform Particle Filter, HHTPF）和变分粒子群优化算法（Variational Particle Swarm Optimization, VPSO）等。
串行粒子滤波算法是一种常用的改进算法，它将原始粒子集合分为若干个子集，在每个子集上执行滤波过程。
通过这种方式，可以减少不必要的计算，提高算法的效率。
粒子滤波方法
粒子滤波方法
粒子滤波（Particle filtering）是一种基于贝叶斯滤波理论的非线性滤波方法，用于解决非线性系统状态估计问题。
粒子滤波通过采样一组粒子来表示概率分布的近似，利用这些粒子进行状态估计和预测。
粒子滤波的基本步骤如下：
1. 初始化：根据先验分布，生成一组初始粒子，并赋予相应的权重。
2. 预测：利用系统模型，根据上一时刻的状态估计和粒子进行状态预测，并按照预测结果更新粒子的状态。
3. 权重更新：根据测量信息，计算每个粒子的权重。
权重的计算通常基于观测模型和预测模型之间的残差。
4. 标准化：将粒子的权重标准化，使得权重之和等于1。
5. 抽样：根据粒子的权重，进行重采样。
重采样时，根据权重大小进行有放回抽样，权重大的粒子有更大的概率被选中。
6. 重复预测和更新：重复进行预测、权重更新、标准化和抽样的步骤，直到达到满足要求的状态估计精度或满足一定的终止条件。
粒子滤波方法的优点在于能够处理非线性和非高斯的系统状态
估计问题，同时也适用于高维状态空间的估计。
然而，粒子滤波也存在一些缺点，如粒子数目的确定以及粒子退化的问题需要注意。
因此，改进的版本如残差重采样算法等被提出来，用于提高算法的效率和精度。
LabVIEW 中Vision各模块说明
一．LabVIEW机器视觉前面板上的模块有以下几类（如图1所示）1．IMAQ Image.ctl2．Image Display control3．IMAQ Vision controls4．Machine Vision controls图11 IMAQ Vision controls对图像进行分析和处理所用到的一些控件，包括图像的类型，图像处理的方式和不同的形态算子以及颜色的类型的选择等等。
如图2图21.1 Image Type用于图片类型的选择，可以选择的类别有8bits，16bits，Float，Complex，RGB和HSL。
一般用在从文件中读取图片时类型的选择。
1.2 ROI DescriptorROI区域的描述。
ROI是Region Of Interesting的简称，中文应该翻译为目标区域。
一般用在一个大图中取一块特定形状的区域，以便后续的处理和分析。
ROI为一簇数据，包括一个整数数组和一个簇组成的数组。
整数数组内有4个元素，为图形最小外接矩形的四条边的坐标。
簇数组中的簇由轮廓类型（整数），ROI类型（整数）和图形坐标点（为数组，根据ROI类型的不同，数组的定义也不同）1.3Optional Rectangle选择的矩形区域，为四个元素的数组，代表矩形的四条边的坐标。
1.4Color Mode色彩模式，彩色图形的显示和处理模式，包括RGB,HSL,HSV,HIS四种。
1.5Threshold Range阀值范围，为一包含两个数组元素的簇，常用于灰度或色彩图像阀值处理模块中。
1.6 Convolution Kernel二维浮点数组成的数组，用于构造一些算法的算子。
1.7 Morphology Operation形态算法的选择。
可以选择不同的数据处理方式。
1.8 Structuring Element结构元素，为二维的整数数组。
2 Machine Vision controls机器视觉中用到的一些控件，只要是对图像画面进行选择的一些工具，包括点，线和面的选择以及坐标系的设定。
粒子数动态调整的粒子滤波新算法
粒子数动态调整的粒子滤波新算法粒子滤波（Particle Filter）是一种基于随机粒子采样的状态估计算法，最初由Doucet等人于2000年提出。
它在非线性、非高斯的动态系统中展示出较优的估计性能，广泛应用于目标跟踪、机器人导航、传感器网络等领域。
然而，传统的粒子滤波算法对粒子数的要求较高。
如果粒子数设置过低，会导致估计结果不准确，滤波效果较差；而设置过高则会增加计算量，导致实时性差。
因此，如何根据具体情况动态调整粒子数，成为一个重要的研究课题。
近年来，学者们提出了许多粒子数动态调整的算法，其中一种较为典型的方法是基于重采样的自适应粒子滤波（Resampling based Adaptive Particle Filter）。
传统粒子滤波算法包含两个主要步骤：预测和更新。
预测步骤通过对每个粒子进行状态转移，以获得下一个时刻的粒子集合；更新步骤通过与观测数据进行比较，按照权重对粒子进行抽样和重采样，以更新粒子集合。
自适应粒子滤波算法通过动态调整重采样阈值来实现粒子数的动态调整。
具体步骤如下：1.初始化粒子集合：根据先验知识，初始化一组粒子，并给予初始权重。
2.预测：根据系统模型，对每个粒子进行状态转移，得到下一时刻的粒子集合。
3.更新权重：根据观测数据，计算每个粒子的权重，代表其与观测数据的吻合程度。
4.判断重采样：根据一定的条件，判断是否进行重采样。
当重采样条件满足时，进入下一步；否则，返回第2步。
5.重采样：根据粒子的权重，进行抽样和重采样操作，得到新的粒子集合。
6.终止条件：当满足停止准则时，结束滤波过程，返回最终估计结果；否则，返回第2步。
自适应粒子滤波算法中的重采样阈值是关键。
一种常见的阈值选择方法是基于粒子权重的方差。
当权重方差超过一定阈值时，即表示需要进行重采样，以防止粒子集合退化。
此外，还可以根据滤波器的性能，如估计误差、均方误差等，来动态调整重采样阈值。
例如，如果估计误差较大，可以适当降低阈值，增加重采样频率；反之，如果估计误差较小，可以适当提高阈值，减少重采样频率。
焊接专业英语词汇
焊接专业英语词汇焊接欠缺 welding imperfection焊接缺陷 weld defect气孔 blowhole/ gas pore针尖状气孔 pinhole密集气孔 porosity条虫状气孔 wormhole裂纹 crack表面裂纹 surface crack咬边 undercut焊瘤 overlap凹坑 pit烧穿 burn through塌陷 excessive penetration未焊透 incomplete penetration/ lack of penetration 未熔合 lack of fusion/ incomplete fusion未焊满 incompletely filled weld根部凹陷 root concavity电弧擦伤 arc scratch夹渣 slag inclusion夹杂物 inclusion夹钨 tungsten inclusion白点 fish eye/ flake错边 misalignment/ dislocation试件 test piece试样 test specimen无损检验 nondestructive test破坏检验 destructive test外观检查 visual examination超声波探伤 ultrasonic inspection直射法超声波探伤straight beam method斜射法超声波探伤angle beam method液浸法超声波探伤immersion method射线探伤radiographic inspection/ radiographyX射线探伤X-ray radiographic inspectionγ射线探伤gamma-ray inspectionX射线工业电视探伤X-ray industrial television inspection 磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection电磁探伤electromagnetic inspection/ eddy current test探伤灵敏度flaw detection sensitivity渗透探伤penetration inspection荧光探伤flurescent penetrant inspection着色探伤dye penetrant inspection密封性检验leak test气密性检验air tight test枕形气密检验pillow test耐压检验pressure test水压检验hydraulic test气压检验pneumatic test液晶检验liquid crystal test声发射检测acoustic emission testing面弯试验face bend testing背弯试验root bend test侧弯试验side bend test横弯试验horizontal bend test纵弯试验axial bend test压扁试验squeezing test焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应力welding stress焊接瞬时应力transient welding stress焊接残余应力welding residual stress热应力thermal stress收缩应力contraction stress局部应力local stress拘束应力constraint stress固有应力inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应力测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法Sach’s methodX射线衍射法X-ray stress analysis小孔释放法Mathar method固有应变法inherent strain method消除应力stress relieving局部消除应力local stress relieving应力重分布stress redistribution退火消除应力stress relieving by annealing温差拉伸消除应力low temperature stress relieving 机械拉伸消除应力mechanical stress relieving应力松弛stress relaxation焊接变形welding deformation焊接残余变形welding residual deformation局部变形local deformation角变形angular distortion自由变形free deformation收缩变形contraction deformation错边变形mismatching deformation挠曲变形deflection deformation波浪变形wave-like deformation火焰矫正flame straightening反变形backward deformation焊接力学welding mechanics断裂力学fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂变形elasto-plastic fracture mechanics线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics延性断裂ductile fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture应力腐蚀开裂stress corrosion cracking热应变脆化hot straining embrittlement临界裂纹尺寸critical crack size裂纹扩展速率crack propagation rate裂纹张开位移（COD）crack opening displacement拘束度restraint intensity拘束系数restraint coefficient应变速率strain rate断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factors罗伯逊止裂试验Robertson crack arrest testESSO试验ESSO test双重拉伸试验doucle tension test韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验Well’s wide plate test帕瑞斯公式Paris formula断裂分析图fracture analysis diagram焊接车间welding shop焊接工作间welding booth焊接工位welding post/ welding station焊工welder电焊工manual arc welder气焊工gas welder焊接检验员weld inspector焊工培训welders training焊工模拟训练器trainer of synthetic weld焊工考试welder qualification test焊工合格证welder qualification/ welder qualified certification 钢板预处理steel plate pretreatment喷沙sand blast喷丸shot blast矫正straighten开坡口bevelling (of the edge)/ chanfering 装配assembly/ fitting安装erect刚性固定rigid fixing装配焊接顺序sequence of fitting and welding 焊接工艺评定welding procedure qualification 焊接工艺规程welding procedure specification 焊接工艺试验welding procedure test焊接工艺卡welding procedure card工序operational sequence焊接材料消耗定额welding consumables quota 焊接工时定额welder-hour quota清渣slag removal清根back gouging/ back chipping锤击peening返修次数number of rewelding焊接工作台welding bench装焊平台welding platen电磁平台electromagnetic platen焊接翻转机welding tilter焊接变位机positioner焊接滚轮架turning rolls焊接操作机manpulator焊工升降台welder’s lifting platform焊接夹具welding jig/ fixture磁力夹紧器magnetic jig螺旋推撑器screw operated tensioning unit焊丝盘绕机welding wire coiler焊条压涂机welding electrode extrusion press 红外线加热器infra-red heater干燥箱dryer焊条保温筒thermostat for electrode流量计flow meterCO2预热器CO2 heaterCO2干燥器CO2 desiccator焊接电缆welding cable电缆夹头welding connector地线earth lead地线夹头earth clamp焊接参数记录仪welding parameter recorder焊缝检测规weld gauge喷嘴通针tip cleaner测温笔tempil stick敲渣锤chipping hammer焊接衬垫backing/ welding backing保留垫板fusible backing/ permanent backing临时垫板temporary backing焊剂垫flux backing惰性气体衬垫inert-gas backing引弧板run-on tab/ end tab/ starting weld tab引出板run-off tab/ end tab定位板strong-back加强勒stiffener嵌条insert套环ferrule面罩helmet滤光镜片filter glass/ welding glass防护镜片cover glass/ plain glass气焊眼镜welding goggles焊接机器人welding robot点焊机器人spot welding robot弧焊机器人arc welding robot切割机器人cutting robot焊接机器人工作站welding robot station机器人运动自由degree of free for robot机器人工作空间robot working space轨迹重复精度path repeatability点位重复精度PTP repeatability焊接专家系统welding expert system焊接机器人示数welding robot play back焊接图象识别pattern recognition for welding焊接图象处理welding image processing计算机辅助焊接工艺设计computer-aided welding process programming (CAWPP) 计算机辅助焊接结构设计computer-aided design for welding structure焊接烟尘weld fume焊接发尘量total amount of fumes焊接烟尘浓度weld fume concentration焊接烟尘容限浓度threshold limit values of weld fume (TLV)焊接发尘速率weld fume emission rate焊接有害气体welding toxic gases/ weld harmful gases标定卫生空气需要量nominal hygienic air requirement焊工尘肺pheumocomsis of welder焊工锰中毒chronic occupational manganese poisoning of welder焊工氟中毒fluorosis of welder焊工金属烟热metal fume fever of welder电光性眼炎eye-flash (arc eye)电光性皮炎electro-photo dermatitis电弧紫外线灼伤ultraviolet ray burn防电击装置voltage reducing device除尘装置dust collection device焊工手套welding gloves护脚welding spats防护鞋shielding shoes熔接fusion welding压接pressure welding焊接过程welding process焊接技术welding technique焊接工艺welding technology/procedure焊接操作welding operation焊接顺序welding sequence焊接方向direction of welding焊接位置welding position熔敷顺序build-up sequence deposition sequence焊缝倾角weld slope/inclination of weld axis焊缝转角weld rotation/angle of rotation平焊位置flat position of welding横焊位置horizontal position of welding立焊位置vertical position of welding仰焊位置overhead position of welding平焊downhand welding/flat position welding横焊horizontal position welding立焊vertical position welding仰焊overhead position welding全位置焊all position welding：熔焊时，焊件接逢所处空间位置包括平焊、横焊、仰焊等位置所进行的焊接。
基于重要性采样的粒子滤波算法的改进与应用
基于重要性采样的粒子滤波算法的改进与应用粒子滤波算法（Particle Filter Algorithm）是一种基于随机采样的非线性滤波方法，主要用于非线性、非高斯环境下的目标跟踪、定位等问题。
本文将对基于重要性采样的粒子滤波算法进行改进与应用，并介绍其原理、改进方法和实际应用。
一、粒子滤波算法原理粒子滤波算法是一种基于随机采样的序贯蒙特卡洛方法，主要由以下几个步骤组成：1. 初始化阶段：通过随机采样生成一组粒子，每个粒子表示系统的一个可能状态。
2. 预测阶段：根据系统的动态模型，对每个粒子进行状态更新。
3. 权重更新阶段：根据观测数据，计算每个粒子的权重，反映其与观测数据的吻合度。
4. 重采样阶段：根据粒子的权重，以概率分布的方式对粒子进行重采样，增加权重较高的粒子的数量，减少权重较低的粒子的数量。
5. 综合反演阶段：根据重采样得到的粒子集合，对系统状态进行估计，如计算均值、方差等。
二、基于重要性采样的粒子滤波算法的改进方法1. 重要性采样改进：传统的重要性采样容易导致有效样本不足或重叠样本多的问题，可以采用重采样前的调整因子来改进重要性采样的效果，即根据每个粒子的权重调整其采样概率分布，使得粒子的采样更符合真实的分布。
2. 粒子滤波的动态模型改进：针对特定问题的特殊性，可以对粒子滤波算法中的动态模型进行改进，使其更好地适应具体应用场景。
3. 高维状态空间问题的处理：在高维状态空间中，传统的粒子滤波算法的计算量会非常大，因此可以采用各种降维方法来减少计算复杂度，例如使用特征提取或特征选择的方法。
4. 粒子滤波算法的并行化：利用多处理器或分布式计算平台，将粒子滤波算法的计算任务分配到多个处理器或计算节点上并行计算，以加快算法的执行速度。
5. 故障检测和容错处理：对于长时间运行的系统，在实际应用中很容易出现故障，因此可以引入故障检测和容错处理机制，提高系统的稳定性和可靠性。
三、基于重要性采样的粒子滤波算法的应用1. 目标跟踪：粒子滤波算法被广泛应用于目标跟踪领域，可以通过跟踪目标在状态空间的变化，实现对目标的准确预测和定位。
particle counter原理
particle counter原理Particle counter works on the principle of detecting and counting particles in a given sample. It uses a variety of techniques such as light scattering, laser diffraction, and electrical resistance to accurately identify and quantify particles present in the sample.颗粒计数器是基于检测和计数给定样品中的颗粒的原理工作。
它使用各种技术，如光散射、激光衍射和电阻来准确识别和量化样品中存在的颗粒。
One of the key aspects of particle counter is its ability to provide accurate and reliable results. By using sophisticated technology and advanced algorithms, it can ensure that the measurements are precise and consistent, which is crucial for various applications such as environmental monitoring, cleanroom validation, and contamination control.颗粒计数器的关键之一是其提供精确可靠结果的能力。
通过使用先进的技术和先进的算法，它可以确保测量精确且一致，这对于各种应用非常重要，比如环境监测、洁净室验证和污染控制。
Another important aspect of particle counter is its versatility. It can be used in a wide range of industries including pharmaceutical, semiconductor, aerospace, and food and beverage. This versatility allows for the adaptation of the particle counter to meet specific industry requirements and standards, making it an indispensable tool for quality control and regulatory compliance.颗粒计数器的另一个重要方面是其多功能性。
什么是生物PCD不合格的原因
什么是生物PCD不合格的原因引言生物PCD（Particle Count Detection，颗粒计数检测）是一种检测样品中颗粒污染的技术。
当生物PCD的结果显示为不合格时，即存在颗粒数超出规定限制的情况，需要进一步分析原因并采取相应措施。
本文将介绍生物PCD不合格的原因，供相关行业参考和借鉴。
颗粒来源生物PCD不合格的主要原因之一是样品中存在颗粒污染。
颗粒可以来自多个渠道，以下是几个常见的颗粒来源：1. 生产原料污染生产原料中的颗粒污染可能会导致生物PCD结果不合格。
例如，在制药工业中，药品的原料可能受到空气中颗粒的污染，或者在原料收集、储存、运输等过程中产生颗粒。
2. 工作环境污染颗粒污染可能源自实验室或生产现场的工作环境，例如，在无尘室使用不当、空气净化设备故障或维护不当的情况下，会导致颗粒进入样品中。
3. 操作人员污染操作人员的操作误差和不规范的操作流程可能导致样品的颗粒污染。
例如，在操作过程中未注意个人卫生、使用不洁净的工具或设备，容易将颗粒引入样品中。
仪器设备问题除了颗粒来源外，仪器设备的问题也是导致生物PCD不合格的原因之一。
以下是两个可能的设备问题：1. 仪器故障仪器故障可能导致生物PCD的结果不准确。
例如，仪器的采样头堵塞、光路有污染或偏移等问题，会导致颗粒的检测结果偏高或偏低。
2. 仪器校准不准确生物PCD仪器需要定期进行校准，校准不准确会导致检测结果的误差。
校准不当可能是由于操作人员不熟悉校准程序、仪器维护不当等原因引起的。
样品处理不当样品的处理方法可能会对生物PCD的结果产生影响。
以下是两种可能的样品处理问题：1. 样品采集不当样品采集时，如果未能严格按照规定的方法和标准操作，可能会导致样品中颗粒的污染。
采样容器、采样工具等也可能成为颗粒来源。
2. 样品处理步骤不规范样品处理过程中，如果操作不规范，例如使用不洁净的容器、工具，或者没有严格控制温度、湿度等环境因素，可能会导致颗粒污染。
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激光切割 laser cutting(lc); laser beam cutting电⼦束切割 electron beam cutting喷⽓激光切割 gas jet laser cutting碳弧切割 carbon arc cutting⽔下切割 underwater cutting喷⽔式⽔下电弧切割 waterjet method underwater arc cutting氧⽭切割 oxygen lancing; oxygen lance cutting溶剂氧切割 powder lancing⼿⼯⽓割 manual oxygen cutting⾃动⽓割 automatic oxygen cutting仿形切割 shape cutting数控切割 nc (numerical-control) cutting快速切割 high-speed cutting垂直切割 square cut叠板切割 stack cutting坡⼝切割 beveling; bevel cutting碳弧⽓割 carbon arc air gouging⽕焰⽓刨 flame gouging⽕焰表⾯清理 scarfing氧熔剂表⾯修整powder washing预热⽕焰preheat flame预热氧preheat oxygen切割氧cutting oxygen/ cutting stream切割速度cutting speed切割线lone of cut/ cut line切割⾯face of cut/ cut face切⼝kerf切⼝上缘cutting shoulder切⼝宽度kerf width后拖量drag切割⾯平⾯度evenness of cutting surface/ planeness of cutting surface割纹深度depth of cutting veins/ stria depth切割⾯质量quality of cut face上缘熔化度shoulder meltability/ melting degree of shoulder切⼝⾓kerf angle缺⼝notch挂渣adhering slag结瘤dross割炬cutting torch/ cutting blowpipe/ oxygen-fuel gas cutting torch割枪cutting gun割嘴cutting nozzle/ cutting tip快速割嘴divergent nozzle/ high-speed nozzle表⾯割炬gouging blowpipe⽔下割炬under-water cutting blowpipe⽔下割条electrode for under-water cutting粉剂罐powder dispenser数控切割机nc cutting machine门式切割机flame planer光电跟踪切割机photo-electric tracing cutting⽕焰切管机pipe flame cutting machine磁轮式⽓割机gas cutting machine with magnetic wheels焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应⼒welding stress焊接瞬时应⼒transient welding stress焊接残余应⼒welding residual stress热应⼒thermal stress收缩应⼒contraction stress局部应⼒local stress拘束应⼒constraint stress固有应⼒inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应⼒测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法sach’s methodx射线衍射法x-ray stress analysis⼩孔释放法mathar method固有应变法inherent strain method消除应⼒stress relieving局部消除应⼒local stress relieving应⼒重分布stress redistribution退⽕消除应⼒stress relieving by annealing温差拉伸消除应⼒low temperature stress relieving机械拉伸消除应⼒mechanical stress relieving应⼒松弛stress relaxation焊接变形welding deformation焊接残余变形welding residual deformation局部变形local deformation⾓变形angular distortion⾃由变形free deformation收缩变形contraction deformation错边变形mismatching deformation挠曲变形deflection deformation波浪变形wave-like deformation⽕焰矫正flame straightening反变形backward deformation焊接⼒学welding mechanics断裂⼒学fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂变形elasto-plastic fracture mechanics线弹性断裂⼒学linear elastic fracture mechanics延性断裂ductile fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture应⼒腐蚀开裂stress corrosion cracking热应变脆化hot straining embrittlement临界裂纹尺⼨critical crack size裂纹扩展速率crack propagation rate裂纹张开位移（cod）crack opening displacement拘束度restraint intensity拘束系数restraint coefficient应变速率strain rate断裂韧度fracture toughness应⼒强度因⼦stress intensity factor临界应⼒强度因⼦critical stress intensity factors应⼒腐蚀临界应⼒强度因⼦critical stress intensity factor of stress corrosion cracking j积分j-integration罗伯逊⽌裂试验robertson crack arrest testesso试验esso test双重拉伸试验doucle tension test韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验well’s wide plate test帕瑞斯公式paris formula断裂分析图fracture analysis diagram焊接车间welding shop焊接⼯作间welding booth焊接⼯位welding post/ welding station焊接环境welding surroundings焊⼯welder电焊⼯manual arc welder⽓焊⼯gas welder焊接检验员weld inspector焊⼯培训welders training焊⼯模拟训练器trainer of synthetic weld焊⼯考试welder qualification test焊⼯合格证welder qualification/ welder qualified certification 钢板预处理steel plate pretreatment喷沙sand blast喷丸shot blast矫正straighten开坡⼝bevelling (of the edge)/ chanfering装配assembly/ fitting安装erect刚性固定rigid fixing装配焊接顺序sequence of fitting and welding焊接⼯艺评定welding procedure qualification焊接⼯艺规程welding procedure specification焊接⼯艺试验welding procedure test焊接⼯艺卡welding procedure card⼯序operational sequence焊接材料消耗定额welding consumables quota焊接⼯时定额welder-hour quota清渣slag removal清根back gouging/ back chipping锤击peening返修次数number of rewelding焊接⼯作台welding bench装焊平台welding platen电磁平台electromagnetic platen焊接翻转机welding tilter焊接回转台floor turnable positioner焊接变位机positioner焊接滚轮架turning rolls焊接操作机manpulator焊⼯升降台welder’s lifting platform焊接夹具welding jig/ fixture磁⼒夹紧器magnetic jig螺旋推撑器screw operated tensioning unit焊丝盘绕机welding wire coiler焊条压涂机welding electrode extrusion press红外线加热器infra-red heater⼲燥箱dryer焊条保温筒thermostat for electrode流量计flow meterco2预热器co2 heaterco2⼲燥器co2 desiccator焊接电缆welding cable电缆夹头welding connector地线earth lead地线夹头earth clamp焊接参数记录仪welding parameter recorder焊缝检测规weld gauge喷嘴通针tip cleaner测温笔tempil stick敲渣锤chipping hammer焊接衬垫backing/ welding backing保留垫板fusible backing/ permanent backing临时垫板temporary backing焊剂垫flux backing惰性⽓体衬垫inert-gas backing引弧板run-on tab/ end tab/ starting weld tab引出板run-off tab/ end tab定位板strong-back加强勒stiffener嵌条insert套环ferrule⾯罩helmet滤光镜⽚filter glass/ welding glass防护镜⽚cover glass/ plain glass⽓焊眼镜welding goggles焊接机器⼈welding robot点焊机器⼈spot welding robot弧焊机器⼈arc welding robot切割机器⼈cutting robot焊接机器⼈⽣产线robot line for welding焊接机器⼈⼯作站welding robot station机器⼈运动⾃由degree of free for robot机器⼈⼯作空间robot working space轨迹重复精度path repeatability点位重复精度ptp repeatability焊接专家系统welding expert system焊接机器⼈⽰数welding robot play back焊接图象识别pattern recognition for welding焊接图象处理welding image processing计算机辅助焊接⼯艺设计computer-aided welding process programming (cawpp)计算机辅助焊接结构设计computer-aided design for welding structure焊接烟尘weld fume焊接发尘量total amount of fumes焊接烟尘浓度weld fume concentration焊接烟尘容限浓度threshold limit values of weld fume (tlv)焊接发尘速率weld fume emission rate焊接有害⽓体welding toxic gases/ weld harmful gases标定卫⽣空⽓需要量nominal hygienic air requirement焊⼯尘肺pheumocomsis of welder焊⼯锰中毒chronic occupational manganese poisoning of welder焊⼯氟中毒fluorosis of welder焊⼯⾦属烟热metal fume fever of welder电光性眼炎eye-flash (arc eye)电光性⽪炎electro-photo dermatitis电弧紫外线灼伤ultraviolet ray burn防电击装置voltage reducing device除尘装置dust collection device焊⼯⼿套welding gloves护脚welding spats防护鞋shielding shoes焊接⽋缺welding imperfection焊接缺陷weld defect⽓孔blowhole/ gas pore针尖状⽓孔pinhole密集⽓孔porosity条⾍状⽓孔wormhole裂纹crack表⾯裂纹surface crack咬边undercut焊瘤overlap凹坑pit烧穿burn through塌陷excessive penetration未焊透incomplete penetration/ lack of penetration未熔合lack of fusion/ incomplete fusion未焊满incompletely filled weld根部凹陷root concavity电弧擦伤arc scratch夹渣slag inclusion夹杂物inclusion夹钨tungsten inclusion⽩点fish eye/ flake错边misalignment/ dislocation试件test piece试样test specimen⽆损检验nondestructive test破坏检验destructive test外观检查visual examination超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection直射法超声波探伤straight beam method斜射法超声波探伤angle beam method液浸法超声波探伤immersion method射线探伤radiographic inspection/ radiographyx射线探伤x-ray radiographic inspectionγ射线探伤gamma-ray inspectionx射线⼯业电视探伤x-ray industrial television inspection 磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection电磁探伤electromagnetic inspection/ eddy current test 探伤灵敏度flaw detection sensitivity渗透探伤penetration inspection荧光探伤flurescent penetrant inspection着⾊探伤dye penetrant inspection密封性检验leak test⽓密性检验air tight test枕形⽓密检验pillow test耐压检验pressure test⽔压检验hydraulic test⽓压检验pneumatic test液晶检验liquid crystal test声发射检测acoustic emission testing⾯弯试验face bend testing背弯试验root bend test侧弯试验side bend test横弯试验horizontal bend test纵弯试验axial bend test压扁试验squeezing test。
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7
Optimal particle weight
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
8
Observation of road region
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
9
Weight value
method is based on global energy minimization which needs a series of control points, while our
method is based on tracking framework and only a start point is necessary.
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
11
Starting point selection and stopping rule
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
12
Result and conclusion
• For a homogeneous road area, the additive white Gaussian noise is with
zero and standard deviation, and the parameter can be estimated by the variance of the observed road region.
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
10
Joint detection algorithm based on particle filter
• Step 1: initialization • Step 2: re-sampling • Step 3: propagation • Step 4: weight calculation
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
2Leabharlann Introduction• SAR images in different bands can provide different spectrum information, which is dependent on the wavelength and penetrability of the electromagnetic wave transmitted. • • The framework of the proposed method is based on the particle filter and joint detection. The local detection step and the fusion step are organically incorporated into the tracking procedure. The local linear feature of a road in each SAR image is reflected in the corresponding weight of particle, whereas the optimal weight and the particle’s propagation are determined by the fusion method. • This work is partly inspired from the snake method, however, the difference is that the snake
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
3
Multi-segmented poly-line road model
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
4
Bayesian tracking framework
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
14
• The larger the weight is, the more likely the segment belongs to a road. • For multi-band SAR images, one weight can be obtained for each particle in every image. • Fusion technology based on the statistical optimization is employed to combine the particle weights for more accurate performance. • It has been establishes that the log-transformed speckle noise in SAR image is statistically close to the Gaussian probability density function.
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
13
Particle filter based road detection in SAR image
• Abstract: we first claim that roads in SAR images can be
extracted in a Bayesian tracking framework. • Then the particle filter is employed for the tracking implementation, where local linear feature and global contextual knowledge are incorporated into the filtering procedure.
Particle filter detection
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
1
Particle filter based approach to road detection in multi-band SAR images
• Abstract: first, the multi-segmented poly-line model is introduced to provide a more accurate description of road curve. • Then, the roads in SAR images are extracted in a Bayesian tracking framework, and the particle filtering algorithm is employed to implement the tracking. • Finally, a joint detection method is proposed to determine the optimal weights of particles based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion
• In the tracking procedure, the weight of a particle was determined not
only by the local linear feature of road in a SAR image, but also by the homogeneity of the estimated area.
• By introducing the multi-segmented poly-line model for road, the road
extraction can be solved in the Bayesian tracking framework, and the particle filter was employed for tracking implementation.
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
5
Particle filter
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
6
The procedure of particle filter
2011-8-5
particle filter SAR image detection
• In a highly textured area, the road segment tends to be misdetected using only one image; however, by combining the information of each source, the proposed joint detection takes advantage of multi source to improve the accuracy of detection greatly.