2013职称英语强化班_阅读理解_方法技巧讲义

目录方法一：大标题做题法 (5)Snowflakes【雪花】 (5)The National Park Service【国家公园的服务机构】 (6)Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles【福特放弃电动汽车】 (7)Older Volcanic Eruptions【远古火山喷发】 (8)U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars【美国科学家确认火星上有水】 (9)大标题做题法文章参考答案 (10)方法二：红花绿叶原则 (11)Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe【地下煤着火—即将来临的灾难】 (11)Medical Journals【医学杂志】 (12)The Cherokee Nation【彻罗基部落】 (12)Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning【听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警】 (13)红花绿叶原则文章参考答案 (14)方法三：顺序出题原则 (15)IQ-Gene【智商基因】 (15)Education of Students with Vision Impairments【视力损伤的学生的教育】 (16)顺序出题原则文章参考答案 (16)方法四：关键词回归定位法 (17)Controlling the Growing TB Crisis in China【控制中国不断增长的结核病危机】 (17)U.S. Marks 175 Locomotive Years【美国纪念火车机车诞辰175周年】 (18)关键词回归定位法文章参考答案 (19)方法五：专有名词题 (19)Pool Watch 【泳池监护】 (19)Obesity: the Scourge of the Western World【肥胖症：西方世界的灾祸】 (20)Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-Destruct【黑洞导致行星的自我 (21)Too Little for Global Warming【全球变暖“缺油”】 (22)专有名词题文章参考答案 (23)方法六：数字题 (23)Drug Reactions—A Major Cause of Death【药物反应—导致死亡的主要原因】 (23)Need for Emphasis on Treatment【加强治疗的需要】 (24)Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women【孕期妇女宜多补充多维制剂】 (25)数字题文章参考答案 (26)方法七：相似相反题 (26)Adaptation of Living Things (26)A Gay Biologist【一名同性恋生物学家】 (27)相似相反题文章参考答案 (28)方法八：主旨题 (28)Silent and Deadly【无症状的却致命的】 (28)Early or Later Day Care【送儿童上日托早些还是晚些】 (29)Drug Resistance1 Fades Quickly in Key Aids Drug (30)主旨题文章参考答案 (31)方法九：是非判断题 (33)In-line Skating and Injuries【轮滑（滑旱冰）和损伤】 (33)Diseases of Agricultural Plants【农作物的病害】 (34)是非判断题文章参考答案 (34)方法十：生活常识做题法 (35)Malnutrition【营养不良】 (35)生活常识做题法文章参考答案 (35)方法十一：中文题 (36)Acceptance of Chronic Illness (36)中文题文章参考答案 (36)方法十二：词汇题 (37)Attitudes to AIDS Now (37)Immigration and Problems (37)Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements【诺贝尔奖的公布从医学奖开始】38 词汇题文章参考答案 (39)前言一、职称英语等级考试介绍全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员管理司组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。

考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。

每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。

A、B、C三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。

每个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。

考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。

1、考试内容及试卷结构如下：考试内容及试卷结构一览表题型材料内容答题要求题量分值第一部分词汇选项(四选一)15个句子给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

15 15第二部分阅读判断(三选一)1篇短文(300～450词)给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断(正、误、没有直接或间接提到)。

7 7第三部分概括大意与完成句子(选择搭配)1篇短文(300～450词)分两部分：1．概括大意(6选4)；2．完成句子(6选4)。

8 8第四部分阅读理解(四选一)3篇短文(各300～450词)每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个最佳答案。

15 45第五部分补全短文(选择搭配)1篇短文(300～450词)短文中有5处空白，要求应试者通读短文并将移出的部分重新放回短文的相应位置(6选5)。

5 10第六部分完形填空(四选一)1篇短文(300～450词)短文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者从中选出1个最佳答案。

15 15 2、考试要求学员：级别阅读任务量词汇量语法阅读理解能力A 3000词左右阅读任务6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语1.考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括：2.英语句子的基本语序及其意义；3.英语句子的结构和常用句型；4.各种时、体的形式及其意义；5.各种从句的构成及其意义；6.句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。

1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2.了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；3.利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系；5.根据所读材料进行判断和推论；6.领会作者的观点、意图和态度。

B 2600词左右阅读任务5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语C 2200词左右阅读任务4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语3、职称英语考试词典的要求：职称英语考试是闭卷考，但允许考生携带词典进入考场。

关于词典，国家有明确的规定，以下词典不允许带入考场：（1）有职称字样的词典不要带入考场；（2）针对职称英语考试编写的词典不能带入考场；（3）电子出版物，即电子词典不能带入考场。

二、学习内容根据往年的规律职称考试的阅读至少会有2篇文章来自于课外的内容，如果把握这些陌生的文章，能够顺利拿到分数是非常关键的。

通过这部分老师讲解的技巧和方法能够很好的帮助学员解决这部分的问题。

这部分讲义是老师通过多年的教学经验结合考试内容和规律总结出来的关于阅读理解的做题技巧和方法。

老师会详细的讲解这些解题技巧和方法如果在文章当中得到应用，通过实际例子来帮助学员理解和消化这些解题技巧和方法。

解题方法和技巧汇总：1.大标题做题法2.红花绿叶做题法3.顺序出题原则4.关键词回归定位原则5.专有名词做题法6.数字题做题法7.相似相反做题法8.主旨题9.是非判断题10.生活常识做题法11.中文题12.词汇题上面这些解题技巧和方法老师会以相应的文章题目为例子去进行讲解。

三、学习目标通过对这部分内容的学习要达到以下两个目标1.能够理解和熟记这些解题方法，对于老师讲解的文章内容能够明白所用的是哪种解题方法，并能学会自己应用。

2.灵活运用这些解题技巧和方法，学会组合，形成自己的解题思路和切入点。

以便能应对课外的2篇阅读文章。

方法一：大标题做题法Snowflakes【雪花】Y ou’ve probably heard that no two sn owflakes are alike. Of course, nobody has ever confirmed that statement by examining every one of the estimated one septillion snowflakes that drift to Earth each year. still, Kenneth Libbrecht, a professor at the California Institute of Technology, is confident that the statement is true.Snowflakes aren’t flaky, says Libbrecht. At their basic level, they’re crystalline. The lattice of every snowflake is six-sided in shape. The simplest snow crystals are six-sided flat plates and six-sided columns. Such crystals are common in places where the air is extremely cold and dry. Snow crystals acquire their special beauty when their simple six-sided symmetry blossoms. Under the right conditions, each of the six corners of a crystal sprouts what is called an arm. In a matter of minutes, the arms can become highly ornate and give the crystal a star like appearance.Several factors in the environment affect the shape and growth rate of a snow crystal. One factor is humidity. Crystals grow faster and in more intricate shape as humidity increases. A second factor is air temperature. A snowflake is born when several molecules of water vapor in a could land on a speck of dust and freeze to form a simple crystal. As the young crystal bops around in the cloud, it passes through air pockets of varying temperatures. If the crystal passes through a pocket of air that is, says,—15 degrees Celsius, it will grow quickly and sprout six arms, says Libbrecht. If the crystal is then tossed into a warmer pocket, one about-10℃, the arms’ tips will stop growing quickly and form six-side plates. If the crystal then drifts into an even warmer pocket of about -℃, its top and bottom will grow more quickly than its sides and become more column like in shape.In the course of its life span, a snow-crystal might flutter through many warmer and colder pockets, acquiring a complicated and unique growth history. Such a history will give rise to a snowflake that is unlike any other. Each arm on the snowflake will look exactly like every other one, but the crystal itself will be one of a kind.Using his cooling tanks, Libbrecht has learned how to create snow crystals of different shapes—plates, colhuns, needles etc. Libbrecht has even refined his techniques so that he can make crystals that look highly similar to one another. Still, he lacks the control to manufacture identical twin snowflakes. A slight difference in humidity and temperature can upset the growth profile of a crystal.练习：1. What does Professor Libbrecht believe to be true?A. No two snowflakes are exactly the same in shape.B. Somebody has examined all the snowflakes that on Earth.C. The statement that no two snowflakes are alike is confirmed.D. None of the above.2. Libbrecht is not able toA. create snow crystals of different shapes.B. make crystals that look similar to one another.C. create snowflakes that are exactly alike.D. refine his techniques.The National Park Service【国家公园的服务机构】America’s national parks are like old friends. Y ou may not see them for years at a time, but just knowing they're out there makes you feel better. Hearing the names of these famous old friends-Y osemite, Y ellowstone, Grand Canyon-revives memories of visits past and promotes dreams of those still to come.From Acadia to Zion, 369 national parks are part of a continually evolving system. Ancient fossil beds, Revolutionary War battlefields, magnificent mountain ranges, and monuments to heroic men and women who molded this country are all a part of our National Park System (NPS). The care and preservation for future generations of these special places is entrusted to the National Park Service. Uniformed Rangers, the most visible representatives of the Service, not only offer park visitors a friendly wave, a helpful answer, or a thought-provoking history lesson, but also are skilled rescuers, firefighters, and dedicated resource protection professionals. The National Park Service ranks also include architects, historians, archaeologists, biologists, and a host of other experts who preserve and protect everything from George Washington's teeth to Thomas Edison's wax recordings.Modern society has brought the National Park Service both massive challenges and enormous opportunities. Satellite and computer technologies are expanding the educational possibilities of a national park beyond its physical boundaries. Cities struggling to revive their urban cores are turning to the Park Service for expert assistance to preserve their cultural heritage, create pocket parks and green spaces, and re-energize local economies. Growing communities thirsty for recreational outlets are also working with the NPS to turn abandoned railroad tracks into bike and hiking trails, as well as giving unused federal property new life as recreation centers.To help meet these challenges and take advantage of these opportunities, the National Park Service has formed partnerships-some dating back 100 years, some only months old-with other agencies, state and local governments, corporations, American Indian tribes and Alaska Natives, Park Friends groups, cooperating associations, private organizations, community groups and individuals who share the National Park ethic.National Park Week 1996 is a celebration of these partnerships.练习：1. What is this passage about?A. It is about the American National Parks.B. It is about the National Park Service.C. It is about the National Park Service partnerships.D. It is about the care and preservation of the National Parks in America.Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles【福特放弃电动汽车】The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.General Motors and Honda ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.Three years ago, the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think neighbor. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1,700 carts have been sold so far in 2002.“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market,” Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. “We feel we have given electric our best shot.”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time General Motor’s EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota RA V4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles.“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program, and that is what we will be judging them on,” Roger Higman, a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service.Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines on vehicle emissions in the US.However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufactures hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.练习：1.what have the Ford motor company, General Motor’s and Honda done concerning electric cars?A. They have started to produce electric cars.B. They have done extensive research on electric cars.C. They have given up producing electric cars.D. They have produced thousands of electric cars.2.According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe, battery-powered carsA. Will be the main transportation vehicles in the future.B. Will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future.C. Will be good to the environment in the future.D. Will replace petrol-powered vehicles in the future.3.Which auto manufactures are still producing electric vehicles?A. Toyota and Nissan.B. General Motor’s and Honda.C. Ford and Toyota.D. Honda and Toyota.4.According to the eighth paragraph, hybrid carsA. offer fewer mileage than petrol driven cars.B. run faster than petrol driven cars.C. run more miles than petrol driven cars.D. offer more batteries than petrol driven cars.5.Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph?A. Low-emission cars should be banned.B. Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorways.C. The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric cars.D. The legislation will allow more low-emission to produced.Older Volcanic Eruptions【远古火山喷发】V olcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5million years for the planet to recover. Y et 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.V incent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.练习：1. What is the main thesis of the article?A．V olcanic eruptions are not always deadly.B．Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.C．Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.D．It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars【美国科学家确认火星上有水】NASA scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander have identified water in a soil sample. The lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that identifies vapors produced by the heating of samples."We have water," said William Boynton of the University of Arizona, lead scientist for the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer, or TEGA. "This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted."The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of, what its water is like, and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep. When the robotic arm first reached that depth, it hit a hard layer of frozen soil. Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop. Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days,letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle."Mars is giving us some surprises," said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona. "We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck, different from what we expected, from all the Mars simulation testing we've done so far."Since landing on May 25, Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab, TEGA, a microscope, a conductivity probe and cameras. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead."It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars," said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.A full-circle, color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft."The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see," said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University, lead scientist for Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager camera. "They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale."练习：1. What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?A V ast lakes.B Flowing rivers.C Water in a soil sample.D Living things.大标题做题法文章参考答案文章名称参考答案1 2 3 4 5Snowflakes A CThe National Park Service BFord Abandons E lectric Vehicles C B A C D Older Volcanic E ruptions BU.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars C方法二：红花绿叶原则Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe【地下煤着火—即将来临的灾难】Coal burning deep underground in China, India and Indonesia is threatening the environment and human life, scientists have warned, these large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can even ignite forest first, a panel of scientists told the annual meeting of the American Association For the Advancement of Science in Denver. The resulting release of poisonous elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned.“Coal fires are a global catastrophe,” said Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East Georgia College in Swainsboro, USA, But surprisingly few people know about them.Coal can heat up on its own, and eventually catch fire and burn, if there is a continuous oxygen supply. The heat produced is not cause to disappear and under the right combinations of sunlight and oxygen, can trigger spontaneous catching fire and burning. This can occur underground, in coal stockpiles, abandoned mines or even as coal is transported. Such fires in China consume up to 200 million tones of coal per year, delegates were told. In comparison, the U.S. economy consumes about one billion tones of coal annually, said Stracher, whose analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Coal Ecology. Once underway, coal fires can burn for decades, even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes of greenhouse gases poisonous fumes and black particles into the atmosphere.The members of the panel discussed the impact these fires may be having on global and regional climate change, cand agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult to protect. One of the members of the panel, Assistant Professor Paul V an Dijk of the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth observation in the Netherlands, has been working with the Chinese government to detect and monitor fires in the northern regions of the country.Ultimately, the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method of containing the fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a heat-resistant grout (a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices), which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off the oxygen supply.练习：1. What did Stracher analyze in his article published in the International Journal of Coal Ecology?A. Annual consumption of coal in U.S.B. Annual consumption of coal in China.C. How long coal fires has lasted in the northern region of China.D. Coal fires can have an impact on the environment.Medical Journals【医学杂志】Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.练习：1.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Many medical journals also publish online.B. A few medical journals are general medical journals.C. Most medical journals publish only online.D. Most medical journals are specialty journals.The Cherokee Nation【彻罗基部落】Long before the white man came to the America, the land belonged to the American Indian nations. The nation of the Cherokees lived in what is now the southeastern part of the United States.After the white man came, the Cherokees copied many of their ways. One Cherokee named Sequoyah saw how important reading and writing was to the white man. He decided to invent a way to write down the spoken Cherokee language. He began by making word pictures. For eachword he drew a picture. But that proved impossible—there were just too many words. Then he took the 85 sounds that made up the language. Using his own imagination and an English spelling book, Sequoyah invented a sign for each sound. His alphabet proved amazingly easy to learn. Before long, many Cherokees knew how to read and write in their own language. By 1828, they were even printing their own newspaper.In 1830, the U. S. Congress passed a law. It allowed the government to remove Indians from their lands. The Cherokees refused to go. They had lived on their lands for centuries. It belonged to them. Why should they go to a strange land far beyond the Mississippi River?The army was sent to drive the Cherokees out. Soldiers surrounded their villages and marched them at gunpoint into the western territory. The sick, the old and the small children went in carts, along with their belongings. The rest of the people marched on foot or rode on horseback. It was November, yet many of them still wore their summer clothes. Cold and hungry, the Cherokees were quickly exhausted by the hardships of the journey. Many dropped dead and were buried by the roadside. When the last group arrived in their new home in March 1839, more than 4,000 had died. It was indeed a march of death.练习：1. When the Cherokees began to leave their lands.A. they went in carts.B. they went on horseback.C. they marched on foot.D. all of the above.Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning【听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警】A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers. The device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated, the scientists say. Such natural disasters arc common in countries that experience sudden, heavy rainfall, and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion.Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move, but the early stages can be hard to spot. Following this initial movement, "slopes can become unstable in a matter of hours or minutes," says Nell Dixon at Southborough University, UK. He says a warning system that monitors this movement "might be enough to evacuate a block of flats or clear a road, and save lives. "The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changes in its shape. Surveyors can do this by measuring aside directly, or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope. Slopes can. however,change shape without triggering a landslide, so either method is prone to causing false alarms. Now Dixon's team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations' caused when particles begin moving within a slope.The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a borehole in a slope. The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope. These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface. Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent.The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle, UK. Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems. Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested, the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous Slopes." Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this," says Adam Poulter, an expert at the British Red Cross. "As long as it doesn't cost too much, " But, Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own. "Y ou need to have the human communication," he says. "Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult. "练习：1. Which of the following statements is true of landslides?A The initial movement is hard to spot.B They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock.C They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes.D All of the above.红花绿叶原则文章参考答案文章名称参考答案1 2 3 4 5Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe D Medical Journals C The Cherokee Nation D Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning D。