testing procedure on freshly mixed concrete

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5AS 1012.1-1993-混凝土试验方法方法1：混凝土拌合物取样

Australian Standard®澳大利亚标准®Methods of testing concrete混凝土试验方法Method 1: Sampling of fresh concrete 方法1：混凝土拌合物取样PREFACEThis edition of this Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Methodsof Testing Concrete as part of its ongoing program to revise the AS 1012 series of Standardson the testing of concrete. It supersedes AS 1012.1—1981.前言本版《标准》由澳大利亚混凝土试验标准委员会编制，此项工作系正在实施过程中的AS1012混凝土试验系列标准修订计划的组成部分之一。

本标准将取代此前的AS 1012.1—1981版本。

CONTENTSPage1 SCOPE (1)2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS (2)3 DEFINITIONS (2)4 APPARATUS (2)5 TEST SAMPLES (2)6 SAMPLING LOCATIONS (3)7 SAMPLING PROCEDURE (3)8 MIXING THE TEST SAMPLE (4)9 RECORDS (5)APPENDIX A VOLUMES OF CONCRETE REQUIRED FOR TESTS COVEREDBYAS1012 (6)目录页码1 范围 (1)2 参考文件 (2)3 定义 (2)4 主要仪器 (2)5 试样 (2)6 取样位置 (3)7 取样程序 (3)8 试样的混合 (4)9 记录 (5)附件A：AS1012试验所需混凝土数量 (6)METHOD试验方法1 SCOPE This Standard sets out the method for obtaining samples of freshly-mixedconcrete—1 范围：本标准对新拌合混凝土的以下取样方法作出了规定：(a) directly from mixers;(b) from agitator or non-agitator units;(c) from concrete deposited in readiness for casting; and(d) from concrete deposited in the forms.（a）直接从混凝土搅拌器中取样;（b）从混凝土拌合机或者非拌合机装置中取样;（c）从具备浇注条件的混凝土中取样；以及（d）从沉积成型的混凝土中取样。

无菌工艺模拟试验指南英语

无菌工艺模拟试验指南英语Aseptic Processing Simulation Test GuideAseptic processing is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing, ensuring the sterility and safety of products. The implementation of a comprehensive aseptic processing simulation test is essential to validate the effectiveness of the aseptic techniques and procedures employed in the production environment. This guide provides a detailed overview of the key elements and considerations for conducting a successful aseptic processing simulation test.The primary objective of an aseptic processing simulation test is to assess the ability of the manufacturing personnel to maintain sterile conditions throughout the entire production process. This includes the proper gowning procedures, aseptic manipulations, equipment handling, and environmental monitoring. The simulation test should closely mimic the actual production process, allowing for the identification and resolution of any potential weaknesses or areas of improvement.One of the crucial components of the aseptic processing simulationtest is the selection of the appropriate microbiological media and challenge organisms. The media should be capable of supporting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and molds. The challenge organisms should be representative of the potential contaminants that may be encountered in the production environment. Common examples include Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.The simulation test should be designed to evaluate the entire aseptic process, from the initial gowning and preparation of the work area to the final product handling and packaging. This includes the assessment of the following key elementsGowning ProceduresThe proper donning and doffing of the required personal protective equipment (PPE), such as sterile gowns, gloves, masks, and head coverings, is crucial to maintaining the sterile environment. The simulation test should assess the ability of the personnel to correctly don and remove the PPE without compromising the sterile integrity.Aseptic ManipulationsThe simulation test should evaluate the personnel's ability to perform aseptic manipulations, such as the transfer of materials, the handling of equipment, and the execution of critical process steps. This includes the assessment of hand-eye coordination, dexterity,and adherence to established aseptic techniques.Environmental MonitoringThe simulation test should incorporate environmental monitoring to assess the cleanliness of the work area and the effectiveness of the facility's air handling and filtration systems. This may include the use of settle plates, active air samplers, and surface monitoring techniques to detect the presence of viable microorganisms.Media Fill TestingMedia fill testing is a critical component of the aseptic processing simulation test. This involves the use of a sterile growth medium, such as soybean-casein digest medium (SCDM), to simulate the actual production process. The test assesses the ability of the personnel to maintain sterile conditions throughout the entire process, from the preparation of the growth medium to the final product filling or packaging.Incubation and EvaluationThe inoculated media fill samples should be incubated under appropriate conditions to allow for the growth of any potential contaminants. The samples are then evaluated for the presence of microbial growth, which can indicate a breach in the aseptic process.Data Analysis and ReportingThe results of the aseptic processing simulation test should be thoroughly analyzed and documented. This includes the evaluation of the environmental monitoring data, the media fill test results, and any observed deviations or issues during the simulation. The analysis should identify any areas of concern and provide recommendations for corrective actions or process improvements.The frequency and scope of the aseptic processing simulation test should be determined based on the complexity of the manufacturing process, the risk profile of the products, and the regulatory requirements. In general, the simulation test should be conducted at least annually, or more frequently if significant process changes or deviations occur.It is important to note that the aseptic processing simulation test is not a one-time event but rather a continuous process of evaluation and improvement. The results of the simulation test should be used to identify and address any weaknesses in the aseptic techniques and procedures, as well as to provide valuable feedback for the ongoing training and development of the manufacturing personnel.In conclusion, the aseptic processing simulation test is a critical component of ensuring the sterility and safety of pharmaceutical and medical products. By implementing a comprehensive simulation test, manufacturers can validate the effectiveness of their asepticprocesses, identify areas for improvement, and ultimately enhance the quality and reliability of their products.。

美国混凝土标准

ANSI/ANS 6.4-1997
ANSI/ASAE S261.7-1996
ANSI/ASAE S289.2-1998
ANSI/ASTM A421/A 421M-1998
ANSI/ASTM A615/A 615M-2001
ANSI/ASTM A704-1996
ANSI/ASTM D6783-2005
ANSI/AWWA C300-2004
ANSI/AWWA C301-1999
ANSI/AWWA C302-2004 ANSI/AWWA C303-2002 ANSI/AWWA C304-1999
ANSI/AWWA D110-2004
ANSI/AWWA D115-1995
Standard for Circular Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks with Circumferential Tendons Standard for Safety for Hand-held Motor-operated Electric Tools - Safety - Part 2-12: Particular
ASTM A 704/A 704M-2006
Standard Specification for Welded Steel Plain Bar or Rod Mats for Concrete Reinforcement Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete
手持式电动工具的 ANSI/UL 安全标准. 60745-2-12-2005 安全.第 2-12 部分:
混凝土振捣器的特殊要求 ANSI/UL 618-2003 混凝土圬工砌筑单元的安全规范 ASME 锅炉和压力容器规程.第 3 节:核设施元部件制造规则. 第 2 分册. 混凝土反应堆容器和外壳标准核电厂建筑阶段结构混凝土, 结构钢,土质和地基的安装,检验以及测试用附加质量保证要求

ASTC C192-Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory

Many laboratories performing this important work are independently inspected or accredited.Practice C1077identiﬁes and deﬁnes duties, responsibilities,including minimum responsibilities of the laboratory personnel and minimum technical requirements for laboratory equipment used.Many laboratories ensure qualiﬁed technicians by participating in national certiﬁcation programs such as the American Concrete Institute Laboratory Technician Program or an equivalent program.4.Apparatus4.1Molds,General—Molds for specimens or fastenings thereto in contact with the concrete shall be made of steel,cast iron,or other nonabsorbent material,nonreactive with concrete containing portland or other hydraulic cements.Molds shall conform to the dimensions and tolerances speciﬁed in the method for which the specimens are required.Molds shall hold their dimensions and shape under all conditions of use. Watertightness of molds during use shall be judged by their ability to hold water poured into them.Test procedures for watertightness are given in the section on Test Methods for Elongation,Absorption,and Watertightness of Speciﬁcation C470.A suitable sealant,such as heavy grease,modeling clay, or microcrystalline wax,shall be used where necessary to prevent leakage through the joints.Positive means shall be provided to hold base platesﬁrmly to the molds.Reusable molds shall be lightly coated with mineral oil or a suitable nonreactive release material before use.4.2Cylinder Molds:4.2.1Molds for Casting Specimens Vertically shall conform to the requirements of4.1and Speciﬁcation C470.4.2.2Horizontal Molds for Creep Test Cylinders shall conform to the requirements of4.1and to the requirements for symmetry and dimensional tolerance in the section on General Requirements except for verticality requirements of Speciﬁca-tion C470.The use of horizontal molds is intended only for creep specimens that contain axially embedded strain gages. Molds for creep cylinders to beﬁlled while supported in a horizontal position shall have aﬁlling slot parallel to the axis of the mold which extends the full length to receive the concrete.The width of the slot shall be one half the diameter of the specimen.If necessary the edges of the slot shall be reinforced to maintain dimensional stability.Unless specimens are to be capped or ground to produce plane ends,the molds shall be provided with two machined metal end plates at least 1in.[25mm]thick and the working surfaces shall comply with the requirements for planeness and surface roughness given in the section on Capping Plates of Practice C617.Provision shall be made forﬁxing both end platesﬁrmly to the mold.The inside surface of each end plate shall be provided with at least three lugs or studs approximately1in.[25mm]long,ﬁrmly fastened to the plate for embedment in the concrete.One base plate shall be drilled from the inside at an angle to permit the lead wire from the strain gage to exit the specimen through the edge of the plate.Provision shall be made for accurately positioning the strain gage.All necessary holes shall be as small as possible to minimize disturbance to subsequent strain measurements and shall be sealed to prevent leakage.4.3Beam and Prism Molds shall be rectangular in shape (unless otherwise speciﬁed)and of the dimensions required to produce the desired specimen size.The inside surfaces of the molds shall be smooth and free from indentations.The sides,bottom,and ends shall be at right angles to each other and shallbe straight and true and free of warpage.Maximum variationfrom the nominal cross section shall not exceed1⁄8in.[3mm]for molds with depth or breadth of6in.[150mm]or more,or 1⁄16in.[2mm]for molds of smaller depth or breadth.Except forﬂexure specimens,molds shall not vary from the nominallength by more than1⁄16in.[2mm].Flexure molds shall not beshorter than1⁄16in.[2mm]of the required length,but mayexceed it by more than that amount.4.4Tamping Rods—Two sizes are speciﬁed in ASTM meth-ods.Each shall be a round,straight steel rod with at least thetamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip of the samediameter as the rod.Both ends may be rounded,if preferred.4.4.1Larger Rod,5⁄8in.[16mm]in diameter and approxi-mately24in.[600mm]long.4.4.2Smaller Rod,3⁄8in.[10mm]in diameter and approxi-mately12in.[300mm]long.4.5Mallets—A mallet with a rubber or rawhide headweighing1.2560.50lb[0.660.20kg]shall be used.4.6Vibrators:4.6.1Internal Vibrators—The vibrator frequency shall be atleast7000vibrations per minute[115Hz]while the vibrator isoperating in the concrete.The diameter of a round vibratorshall be no more than one fourth the diameter of the cylindermold or one fourth the width of the beam or prism mold.Othershaped vibrators shall have a perimeter equivalent to thecircumference of an appropriate round vibrator.The combinedlength of the vibrator shaft and vibrating element shall exceedthe depth of the section being vibrated by at least3in.[75mm].Check the performance of the vibrator in accordancewith ACI309.4.6.2External Vibrators—The two types of external vibra-tors permitted are either table or plank.The external vibratorfrequency shall be3600vibrations per minute[60Hz]orhigher.4.6.3Provisions shall be made for clamping the moldsecurely to the apparatus for both types of vibrators.N OTE2—Vibratory impulses are frequently imparted to a table or plank vibrator through electromagnetic means,or by use of an eccentric weight on the shaft of an electric motor or on a separate shaft driven by a motor.4.7Small Tools—Tools and items such as shovels,pails,trowels,woodﬂoat,blunted trowels,straightedge,feeler gage,scoops,rulers,rubber gloves,and metal mixing bowls shall beprovided.4.8Slump Apparatus—The apparatus for measurement ofslump shall conform to the requirements of Test Method C143.4.9Sampling and Mixing Pan—The pan shall beﬂat-bottom and of heavy-gage metal,watertight,of convenientdepth,and of sufficient capacity to allow easy mixing by shovelor trowel of the entire batch;or,if mixing is by machine,toreceive the entire batch on discharge of the mixer and allowremixing in the pan by trowel or shovel.4.10Wet-Sieving Equipment—If wet-sieving is required,theequipment shall conform to the requirements of Practice C172.4.11Air Content Apparatus—The apparatus for measuringair content shall conform to the requirements of either TestMethods C231or C173.4.12Scales—Scales for determining the mass of batchesofmaterials and concrete shall be accurate within0.3%of the test load at any point within the range of use.N OTE3—In general the mass of small quantities should not be determined on large capacity scales.In many applications the smallest mass determined on a scale should be greater than about10%of the maximum capacity of the scale;however,this will vary with the performance characteristics of the scale and the required accuracy of the determination.Acceptable scales used for determining the mass for concrete materials preferably should determine mass accurately to about 0.1%of total capacity and the foregoing precaution is applicable. However,certain analytical and precision balances are exceptions to this rule and should weigh accurately to0.001%.Particular care must be exercised in measuring small quantities of material by determining the difference between two much larger masses.4.13Temperature Measuring Device—The temperature measuring device shall conform to the requirements of Test Method C1064.4.14Concrete Mixer—A power-driven concrete mixer shall be a revolving drum,tilting mixer,or suitable revolving pan or revolving-paddle mixer capable of thoroughly mixing batches of the prescribed sizes at the required slump.N OTE4—A pan mixer is usually more suitable for mixing concrete with less than1-in.[25mm]slump than a revolving drum mixer.The rate of rotation,degree of tilt,and rated capacity of tilting mixers are not always suitable for laboratory mixed concrete.It may be found desirable to reduce the rate of rotation,decrease the angle of tilt from the horizontal,and use the mixer at somewhat less than the manufacturer’s rated capacity.5.Specimens5.1Cylindrical Specimens—Cylinders for such tests as compressive strength,Young’s modulus of elasticity,creep, and splitting tensile strength may be of various sizes with a minimum of2-in.[50-mm]diameter by4-in.[100-mm]length. Where correlation or comparison withﬁeld-made cylinders (Practice C31)is desired,the cylinders shall be6by12in.[or 150by300mm].Otherwise,dimensions should be governed in accordance with5.4and the speciﬁc test method concerned. N OTE5—When molds in SI units are required and not available, equivalent inch-pound unit size mold should be permitted.5.1.1Cylindrical specimens for tests other than creep shall be molded and allowed to harden with the axis of the cylinder vertical.5.1.2Cylindrical creep specimens may be cast with the cylindrical axis either vertical or horizontal and allowed to harden in the position in which cast.5.2Prismatic Specimens—Beams forﬂexural strength, prisms for freezing and thawing,bond,length change,volume change,etc.,shall be formed with their long axes horizontal, unless otherwise required by the method of test in question, and shall conform in dimension to the requirements of the speciﬁc test method.5.3Other Specimens—Other shapes and sizes of specimens for particular tests may be molded as desired following the general procedures set forth in this practice.5.4Specimen Size versus Aggregate Size—The diameter ofa cylindrical specimen or minimum cross-sectional dimension of a rectangular section shall be at least three times the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate in the concrete as deﬁned in Terminology C125.Occasional over-size aggregate particles(of a size not normally found in the average aggregate grading)shall be removed by hand picking during the molding of the specimens.When the concrete contains aggregate larger than that appropriate for the size of the molds or equipment to be used,wet-sieve the sample as described in Practice C172.5.5Number of Specimens—The number of specimens and the number of test batches are dependent on established practice and the nature of the test program.Guidance is usually given in the test method or speciﬁcation for which the specimens are ually three or more specimens are molded for each test age and test condition unless otherwise speciﬁed(Note6).Specimens involving a given variable should be made from three separate batches mixed on different days.An equal number of specimens for each variable should be made on any given day.When it is impossible to make at least one specimen for each variable on a given day,the mixing of the entire series of specimens should be completed in as few days as possible,and one of the mixtures should be repeated each day as a standard of comparison.N OTE6—Test ages often used are7and28days for compressive strength tests,or14and28days forﬂexural strength tests.Specimens containing Type III cement are often tested at1,3,7,and28days.For later test ages,3months,6months,and1year are often used for both compressive andﬂexural strength tests.Other test ages may be required for other types of specimens.6.Preparation of Materials6.1Temperature—Before mixing the concrete,bring the concrete materials to room temperature in the range from68to 86°F[20to30°C],except when the temperature of the concrete is stipulated.When a concrete temperature is stipulated,the method proposed to obtain the concrete temperature needs approval of the stipulator.6.2Cement—Store the cement in a dry place,in moisture-proof containers,preferably made of metal.The cement shall be thoroughly mixed to provide a uniform supply throughout the tests.It shall be passed through a850-µm[No.20]orﬁner sieve to remove all lumps,remixed on a plastic sheet,and returned to sample containers.6.3Aggregates—In order to preclude segregation of a coarse aggregate,separate into individual size fractions and for each batch recombine in the proper proportions to produce the desired grading.N OTE7—Only rarely is a coarse aggregate batched as a single size fraction.The number of size fractions will generally be between2and5 for aggregate smaller than21⁄2in.[60mm].When a size fraction to be batched is present in amounts in excess of10%,the ratio of the opening of the larger to the smaller sieve should not exceed2.0.More closely sized groups are sometimes advisable.6.3.1Unlessﬁne aggregate is separated into individual size fractions,maintain it in a damp condition or restore to a damp condition until use,to prevent segregation,unless material uniformly graded is subdivided into batch size lots using a sample splitter with proper size openings.If unusual gradings are being studied,theﬁne aggregate may need to be dried and separated into individual sizes.In this instance,if the total quantity ofﬁne aggregate required is larger than can be efficiently blended in a single unit,then the individual size fractions should be determined in a mass required foreachindividual batch.When the total quantity ofﬁne aggregate needed for the complete investigation is such that it can be thoroughly mixed,blended,and maintained in a damp condi-tion,then it should be handled in that manner.Determine the speciﬁc gravity and absorption of aggregates in accordance with either Test Methods C127or C128.6.3.2Before incorporating in concrete,prepare the aggre-gate to ensure a deﬁnite and uniform condition of moisture. Determine the weight of aggregate to be used in the batch by one of the following procedures:6.3.2.1Determine the mass of low-absorption aggregates (absorption less than1.0%)in the room-dry condition with allowance made for the amount of water that will be absorbed from the unset concrete(Note8).This procedure is particularly useful for coarse aggregate which must be batched as indi-vidual sizes;because of the danger of segregation it can be used forﬁne aggregate only when theﬁne aggregate is separated into individual size fractions.N OTE8—When using aggregates with low absorption in room-dry condition the amount of water that will be absorbed by the aggregates before the concrete sets may be assumed to be80%of the difference between the24-h absorption of the aggregates determined by Test Methods C127or C128,and the amount of water in the pores of the aggregates in their room-dry state,as determined by Test Method C566.6.3.2.2Individual size fractions of aggregate may be weighed separately,recombined into a tared container in the amounts required for the batch,and immersed in water for24 h prior to use.After immersion the excess water is decanted and the combined weight of aggregate and mixing water determined.Allowance shall be made for the amount of water absorbed by the aggregate.The moisture content of the aggregates may be determined in accordance with Test Meth-ods C70and C566.6.3.2.3The aggregate may be brought to and maintained ina saturated condition,with surface moisture contained in sufficiently small amounts to preclude loss by draining,at least 24h prior to use.When this method is used,the moisture content of the aggregate must be determined to permit calcu-lation of proper quantities of the damp aggregate.The quantity of surface moisture present must be counted as a part of the required amount of mixing water.Surface moisture inﬁne aggregate may be determined in accordance with Test Methods C70and C566,making due allowance for the amount of water absorbed.The method outlined here(moisture content slightly exceeding absorption)is particularly useful forﬁne aggregate. It is used less frequently for coarse aggregate because of the difficulty of accurately determining the moisture content,but if used,each size fraction must be handled separately to ensure that the proper grading is obtained.6.3.2.4Aggregates,ﬁne or coarse,may be brought to and maintained in a saturated surface-dry condition until batched for use.This method is used primarily to prepare material for batches not exceeding1⁄4ft3[0.007m3]in volume.Care must be taken to prevent drying during weighing and use.6.4Lightweight Aggregates—The procedures for speciﬁc gravity,absorption,and preparation of aggregates mentioned in this practice pertain to materials with normal absorption values.Lightweight aggregates,air-cooled slag,and certain highly porous or vesicular natural aggregate may be soabsorptive as to be difficult to treat as described.The moisturecontent of lightweight aggregate at the time of mixing mayhave important effects on properties of freshly mixed andhardened concretes such as slump loss,compressive strength,and resistance to freezing and thawing.6.5Admixtures—Powdered admixtures that are entirely orlargely insoluble,that do not contain hygroscopic salts and areto be added in small quantities,should be mixed with a portionof the cement before introduction into the batch in the mixer soas to ensure thorough distribution throughout the concrete.Essentially insoluble materials which are used in amountsexceeding10%by mass of cement,such as pozzolans,shouldbe handled and added to the batch in the same manner ascement.Powdered admixtures which are largely insoluble butcontain hygroscopic salts may cause balling of cement andshould be mixed with the sand.Water-soluble and liquidadmixtures should be added to the mixer in solution in themixing water.The quantity of such solution used shall beincluded in the calculation of the water content of the concrete.Admixtures,incompatible in concentrated form,such as solu-tions of calcium chloride and certain air-entraining and set-retarding admixtures,should not be intermixed prior to theiraddition to concrete.The time,sequence,and method of addingsome admixtures to a batch of concrete can have importanteffects on concrete properties such as time of set and aircontent.The method selected must remain unchanged frombatch to batch.N OTE9—The mixing apparatus and accessories shall be thoroughly cleaned to ensure that chemical additions or admixtures used in dissimilar batches of concrete do not affect subsequent batches.7.Procedure7.1Mixing Concrete:7.1.1General—Mix concrete in a suitable mixer or by handin batches of such size as to leave about10%excess aftermolding the test specimens.Hand-mixing procedures are notapplicable to air-entrained concrete or concrete with no mea-surable slump.Hand mixing should be limited to batches of 1⁄4ft3[0.007m3]volume or less.Mixing procedures are given in7.1.2and7.1.3.However,other procedures may be usedwhen it is desired to simulate special conditions or practices,orwhen the procedures speciﬁed are impracticable.A machine-mixing procedure suitable for drum-type mixers is described.Itis important not to vary the mixing sequence and procedurefrom batch to batch unless the effect of such variation is understudy.7.1.2Machine Mixing—Prior to starting rotation of themixer add the coarse aggregate,some of the mixing water,andthe solution of admixture,when required,in accordance with6.5.When feasible,disperse the admixture in the mixing waterbefore addition.Start the mixer,then add theﬁne aggregate,cement,and water with the mixer running.If it is impracticalfor a particular mixer or for a particular test to add theﬁneaggregate,cement,and water while the mixer is running,thesecomponents may be added to the stopped mixer after permit-ting it to turn a few revolutions following charging with coarseaggregate and some of the water(Note10).Mix the concrete,after all ingredients are in the mixer,for3min followed bya3-min rest,followed by a2-minﬁnal mixing.Cover the open end or top of the mixer to prevent evaporation during the rest period.Take precautions to compensate for mortar retained by the mixer so that the discharged batch,as used,will be correctly proportioned(Note11).To eliminate segregation, deposit machine-mixed concrete in the clean,damp mixing pan and remix by shovel or trowel until it appears to be uniform. N OTE10—An experienced operator may add water incrementally during mixing to adjust to the desired slump.N OTE11—It is difficult to recover all of the mortar from mixers.To compensate for this difficulty one of the following procedures may be used to ensure the correctﬁnal proportions in the batch:(1)“Buttering”the Mixer—Just prior to mixing the test batch,the mixer is“buttered”by mixing a batch proportioned to simulate closely the test batch.The mortar adhering to the mixer after discharging is intended to compensate for loss of mortar from the test batch.(2)“Over-Mortaring”the Mix—The test mix is proportioned by the use of an excess mortar,the amount established in advance,to compensate for that which,on the average,adheres to the mixer.In this case the mixer is cleaned before mixing the test batch.7.1.3Hand Mixing—Mix the batch in a watertight,clean (Note9),damp,metal pan or bowl,with a bricklayer’s blunted trowel,using the following procedure when aggregates have been prepared in accordance with6.3.2.1,6.3.2.3,and6.3.2.4.7.1.3.1Mix the cement,powdered insoluble admixture,if used,andﬁne aggregate without addition of water until they are thoroughly blended.7.1.3.2Add the coarse aggregate and mix the entire batch without addition of water until the coarse aggregate is uni-formly distributed throughout the batch.7.1.3.3Add water,and the admixture solution if used,and mix the mass until the concrete is homogeneous in appearance and has the desired consistency.If prolonged mixing is necessary because of the addition of water in increments while adjusting the consistency,discard the batch and make a new batch in which the mixing is not interrupted to make trial consistency tests.7.1.4Mixed Concrete—Select the portions of the batch of mixed concrete to be used in tests for molding specimens so as to be representative of the actual proportions and condition of the concrete.When the concrete is not being remixed or sampled cover it to prevent evaporation.7.2Slump,Air Content,Yield,and Temperature:7.2.1Slump—Measure the slump of each batch of concrete immediately after mixing in accordance with Test Method C143.N OTE12—The slump test is unsuitable for concrete so dry that it slumps less than1⁄4in.[6mm].No-slump concrete may be tested by one of several means described in ACI211.3.7.2.2Air Content—Determine the air content,when re-quired,in accordance with either Test Methods C173or C231. Test Method C231should not be used with concretes made with lightweight aggregates,air-cooled blast-furnace slag,or aggregates of high porosity.Discard the concrete used for the determination of air content.7.2.3Yield—Determine the yield of each batch of concrete, if required,in accordance with Test Method C138.Concrete used for slump and yield tests may be returned to the mixing pan and remixed into the batch.7.2.4Temperature—Determine the temperature of each batch of concrete in accordance with Test Method C1064. 7.3Making Specimens:7.3.1Place of Molding—Mold specimens as near as prac-ticable to the place where they are to be stored during theﬁrst 24h.If it is not practicable to mold the specimens where they will be stored,move them to the place of storage immediately after being struck off.Place molds on a rigid surface free from vibration and other disturbances.Avoid jarring,striking,tilting, or scarring of the surface of the specimens when moving the specimens to the storage place.7.3.2Placing—Place the concrete in the molds using a scoop,blunted trowel,or shovel.Select each scoopful,trow-elful,or shovelful of concrete from the mixing pan to ensure that it is representative of the batch.It may be necessary to remix the concrete in the mixing pan with a shovel or trowel to prevent segregation during the molding of specimens.Move the scoop or trowel around the top edge of the mold as the concrete is discharged in order to ensure a symmetrical distribution of the concrete and to minimize segregation of coarse aggregate within the mold.Further distribute the con-crete by use of a tamping rod prior to the start of consolidation. In placing theﬁnal layer the operator shall attempt to add an amount of concrete that will exactlyﬁll the mold after compaction.Do not add nonrepresentative samples of concrete to an underﬁlled mold.7.3.2.1Number of Layers—Make specimens in layers as indicated in Table1.7.4Consolidation:7.4.1Methods of Consolidation—Preparation of satisfac-tory specimens requires different methods of consolidation. The methods of consolidation are rodding,and internal or external vibration.Base the selection of the method on the slump,unless the method is stated in the speciﬁcations under which the work is being performed.Rod or vibrate concrete with slump greater than or equal to1in.[25mm].Vibrate concrete with slump less than1in.(Note13).Do not use internal vibration for cylinders with a diameter less than4in. [100mm],and for beams or prisms with breath or depth less than4in.N OTE13—Concrete of such low water content that it cannot be properly consolidated by the methods described herein is not covered by TABLE1Number of Layers Required for SpecimensSpecimen Type and Size Mode ofConsolidationNumbers of Layersof ApproximateEqual Depth Cylinders:Diameter,in.[mm]3or4[75to100]rodding26[150]rodding39[225]rodding4up to9[225]vibration2Prisms and horizontal creepCylinders:Depth,in.[mm]up to8[200]rodding2over8[200]rodding3or moreup to8[200]vibration1over8[200]vibration2ormorethis practice.Provisions for specimens and methods of testing will befound in the standards concerned.There are concretes that can beconsolidated by external vibration,but additional forces on the surface arerequired to embed the coarse aggregate thoroughly and consolidate themixture.For such mixtures the following procedures may be followed:using external vibration ﬁll 6by 12-in.[150by 300-mm]cylinder moldsin 3in.[75mm]lifts using a 10-lb [4.5-kg]cylindrical surcharge,or 3by6-in.[75by 150-mm]cylinder molds in 2in.[50mm]lifts using a 2.5-lb[1-kg]cylindrical surcharge.The surcharge should have a diameter 1⁄4in.[6mm]less than the inside of the mold.Simultaneously each lift shouldbe compacted by external vibration with the surcharge on the top surfaceof the concrete,until the mortar begins to ooze around the bottom of thesurcharge.7.4.2Rodding —Place the concrete in the mold,in therequired number of layers of approximately equal volume.Rodeach layer with the rounded end of the rod using the number ofstrokes and size of rod speciﬁed in Table 2.Rod the bottomlayer throughout its depth.Distribute the strokes uniformlyover the cross section of the mold and for each upper layerallow the rod to penetrate through the layer being rodded andinto the layer below approximately 1in.[25mm].After eachlayer is rodded,tap the outsides of the mold lightly 10to 15times with the mallet to close any holes left by rodding and torelease any large air bubbles that may have been ean open hand to tap light-gage single-use molds which aresusceptible to damage if tapped with a mallet.After tapping,spade the concrete along the sides and ends of beam and prismmolds with a trowel or other suitable tool.7.4.3Vibration —Maintain a uniform duration of vibrationfor the particular kind of concrete,vibrator,and specimen moldinvolved.The duration of vibration required will depend uponthe workability of the concrete and the effectiveness of theually sufficient vibration has been applied as soonas the surface of the concrete becomes relatively smooth andlarge air bubbles cease to break through the top surface.Continue vibration only long enough to achieve proper con-solidation of the concrete (see Note 14).Overvibration maycause segregation.Fill the molds and vibrate in the requirednumber of approximately equal layers (Table 2).Place all theconcrete for each layer in the mold before starting vibration ofthat layer.When placing the ﬁnal layer,avoid overﬁlling bymore than 1⁄4in.[6mm].When the ﬁnish is applied aftervibration,add only enough concrete with a trowel to overﬁllthe mold about 1⁄8in.[3mm],work it into the surface and thenstrike it off.N OTE 14—Generally,no more than 5s of vibration should be requiredfor each insertion to adequately consolidate the concrete with a slump greater than 3in.[75mm].Longer times may be required for lower slump concrete,but the vibration time should rarely have to exceed 10s per insertion.7.4.3.1Internal Vibration —In compacting the specimen insert the vibrator slowly and do not allow the vibrator to rest on or touch the bottom or sides of the mold or strike embedded items such as strain meters.Slowly withdraw the vibrator so that no large air pockets are left in the specimen.7.4.3.2Cylinders —The number of insertions of the vibrator is given in Table 3.When more than one insertion per layer is required,distribute the insertions uniformly within each layer.Allow the vibrator to penetrate into the layer below approxi-mately 1in.[25mm].After each layer is vibrated,tap the outside of the mold at least 10times with the mallet to close the holes that remain and to release entrapped air e an open hand to tap cardboard or single-use metal molds that are susceptible to damage if tapped with a mallet.7.4.3.3Beams,Prisms,and Horizontal Creep Cylinders —Insert the vibrator at intervals not exceeding 6in.[150mm]along the center line of the long dimension of the specimen,or along both sides but not in contact with the strain gage in the case of creep cylinders.For specimens wider than 6in.[150mm],use alternating insertions along two lines.Allow the shaft of the vibrator to penetrate into the bottom layer approximately 1in.[25mm].After each layer is vibrated,tap the outsides of the mold sharply at least 10times with the mallet to close holes left by vibrating and to release entrapped air voids.7.4.4External Vibration —When external vibration is used,take care to ensure that the mold is rigidly attached to or securely held against the vibrating element or vibrating surface (Note 13).7.5Finishing —After consolidation by any of the methods,strike off the surface of the concrete and ﬂoat or trowel it in accordance with the method concerned.If no ﬁnish is speciﬁed,ﬁnish the surface with a wood or magnesium ﬂoat.Perform all ﬁnishing with the minimum manipulation necessary to produce a ﬂat even surface that is level with the rim or edge of the mold and which has no depressions or projections larger than 1⁄8in.[3mm].7.5.1Cylinders —After consolidation ﬁnish the top surfaces by striking them off with the tamping rod where the consis-tency of the concrete permits,or with a wood ﬂoat or trowel.If desired,cap the top surface of freshly made cylinders with a thin layer of stiff portland cement paste which is permitted to harden and cure with the specimen.See the section on Capping Materials of Practice C 617.TABLE 2Diameter of Rod and Number of Roddings to be Used in Molding Test SpecimensCylinders Diameter of Cylinder,in.[mm]Diameter of Rod in.[mm]Number of Strokes/Layer 2[50]to <6[150]3⁄8[10]256[150]5⁄8[16]258[200]5⁄8[16]5010[250]5⁄8[16]75Beams and Prisms Top Surface Area of Specimen,in.2[cm 2]Diameter of Rod in.(mm)Number of Roddings/Layer 25[160]or less3⁄8[10]2526to 49[165to 310]3⁄8[10]one for each 1in.2[7cm 2]of surface 50[320]or more5⁄8[16]one for each 2in.2[14cm 2]of surface Horizontal Creep Cylinders Diameter of Cylinder in.[mm]Diameter of Rod in.[mm]Number of Roddings/Layer 6[150]5⁄8[16]50total,25along both sides ofaxis。

检验规则及方法英文

检验规则及方法英文Inspection Rules and Methods.Inspection is a crucial process in ensuring the quality, safety, and compliance of products, services, or systems.It involves the evaluation of specified requirements, standards, or specifications to determine if they are met. Effective inspection rules and methods are essential for identifying defects, preventing failures, and ensuring the reliability of products or services.1. Types of Inspection.There are several types of inspections based on the purpose, scope, and timing of the inspection:Initial Inspection: Conducted at the beginning of a process or project to establish a baseline and ensure that all requirements are met before proceeding.In-process Inspection: Performed during the production or service delivery process to monitor and control quality.Final Inspection: Carried out at the end of theprocess or project to ensure compliance with all specified requirements before release or delivery.Periodic Inspection: Conducted at regular intervals to monitor the condition and performance of equipment, systems, or structures.Random Inspection: Performed at random intervals or on a random sample to assess the overall quality and identify any potential issues.2. Inspection Rules.Inspection rules are guidelines that define thecriteria, procedures, and standards to be followed during the inspection process. They ensure consistency, repeatability, and fairness in the evaluation of productsor services. Some common inspection rules include:Sampling Rules: Define the method and criteria for selecting samples for inspection. Sampling can be either random or systematic, depending on the requirements and objectives of the inspection.Defect Classification: Defects are categorized based on their severity, impact on performance, and potential safety hazards. This classification helps in prioritizing corrective actions and ensuring that critical defects are addressed promptly.Acceptance Criteria: Define the minimum standards or specifications that a product or service must meet to be considered acceptable. These criteria are usually based on industry standards, regulations, or customer requirements.Non-Conformance Handling: Specify the procedures to be followed when a product or service fails to meet the acceptance criteria. This may include rejection, repair, rework, or retesting, depending on the nature and severity of the non-conformance.3. Inspection Methods.Inspection methods refer to the techniques, tools, and procedures used to conduct the inspection. The choice of inspection method depends on the type of product or service, the nature of the defects to be detected, and the available resources. Some common inspection methods include:Visual Inspection: Conducted by trained personnelusing their eyes to identify visible defects, damage, or discrepancies. It is widely used in various industries dueto its simplicity and cost-effectivenesss.Mechanical Inspection: Involves the use of measuring devices and tools to measure dimensions, angles, or other physical properties of products or components. This methodis essential for precision manufacturing and quality control.Electrical Testing: Used to evaluate the electrical properties of products or systems, such as voltage, current,resistance, and capacitance. It helps in identifying electrical faults and ensuring the safety and reliabilityof electrical systems.Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Involves techniqueslike X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic particle inspection, and liquid penetrant testing to detect internal defects without damaging the product. These methods are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries where product integrity is crucial.4. Importance of Inspection Rules and Methods.Inspection rules and methods play a pivotal role in ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of products and services. They help in:Identifying Defects: Inspection rules and methods provide a structured approach to identifying defects, discrepancies, and non-conformances in products or services.Preventing Failures: Timely identification andcorrection of defects can prevent failures and ensure the smooth operation of systems and equipment.Meeting Customer Expectations: Compliance with inspection rules and methods ensures that products or services meet customer requirements and expectations, enhancing customer satisfaction.Improving Processes: Feedback from inspections can be used to identify process improvements, enhance product design, and refine manufacturing techniques.Ensuring Compliance: Inspection rules and methods ensure that products or services comply with industry standards, regulations, and safety requirements.In conclusion, inspection rules and methods are essential for ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of products and services. They provide a structured approach to identifying defects, preventing failures, and meeting customer expectations. By adhering to these rules and using appropriate inspection methods, organizations canimprove their processes, enhance product quality, and maintain a competitive edge in the market.。

检验过程英语范文

检验过程英语范文Testing ProcessIntroductionTesting is an essential part of the software developmentlife cycle. It involves evaluating and verifying the functionality, performance, and reliability of a software product. Proper testing helps to identify defects and bugs, ensuring that the software meets the requirements and quality standards set by the stakeholders. In this article, we will discuss the testing process, including its goals, types of testing, and the steps involved.Goals of TestingThe primary goal of testing is to find as many defects as possible to ensure the software's quality. However, testing also helps to achieve other important objectives:1. Verification and Validation: Testing helps to verify that the software meets the specified requirements and validate that it works as expected.2. Reliability and Stability: Testing helps to improve the software's reliability and stability, ensuring that it operates without errors or crashes.3. Performance: Testing evaluates the software's performance, ensuring that it performs efficiently under different loads and scenarios.5. Security: Testing evaluates the software's security measures, identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring data protection.Types of Testing3. System Testing: It tests the entire software system as a whole to validate its functionality, performance, andreliability.4. Acceptance Testing: This type of testing is performed by end-users to validate if the software meets their requirements and expectations.5. Performance Testing: It evaluates how the software performs under different workloads and stress conditions.6. Security Testing: This testing ensures that the softwareis secure against threats and vulnerabilities.7. Usability Testing: It focuses on evaluating thesoftware's user interface and user experience.Steps Involved in the Testing ProcessThe testing process generally follows a series of steps:1. Test Planning: In this step, the testing team determines the scope, objectives, and resources required for testing. The test plan is created, including the testing approach, test cases, and schedules.2. Test Design: In this step, the test cases are designed based on the requirements and specifications. The test scenarios and data are also identified.3. Test Environment Setup: The required hardware, software, and test data are set up for testing. The test environmentshould replicate the production environment as closely as possible.5. Defect Tracking: In this step, the identified defects are logged in a defect tracking system. The defects are categorized, prioritized, and assigned to the development team for fixing.6. Test Reporting: Test reports are generated, summarizing the testing activities, including the test coverage, test results, and defect metrics.7. Retesting and Regression Testing: Once the defects are fixed, the retesting is performed to ensure that the defectshave been resolved. Regression testing is also conducted toverify that the changes or fixes have not introduced new defects.ConclusionThe testing process is crucial to ensure the quality and reliability of software products. It helps to identify defects and verify that the software meets the specified requirements. By following the steps involved in the testing process and performing different types of testing, developers can deliver software that is functional, performant, and secure.。

ASTM C143-C143M 12 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete

Designation:C143/C143M−12Standard Test Method forSlump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation C143/C143M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This test method covers determination of slump of hydraulic-cement concrete,both in the laboratory and in the ﬁeld.1.2The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material.These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables andﬁgures)shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldC138/C138M Test Method for Density(Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content(Gravimetric)of ConcreteC172Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the V olumetric MethodC231Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con-crete by the Pressure MethodC670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics3.Summary of Test Method3.1A sample of freshly mixed concrete is placed and compacted by rodding in a mold shaped as the frustum of a cone.The mold is raised,and the concrete allowed to subside. The vertical distance between the original and displaced position of the center of the top surface of the concrete is measured and reported as the slump of the concrete.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1This test method is intended to provide the user with a procedure to determine slump of plastic hydraulic-cement concretes.N OTE1—This test method was originally developed to provide a technique to monitor the consistency of unhardened concrete.Under laboratory conditions,with strict control of all concrete materials,the slump is generally found to increase proportionally with the water content of a given concrete mixture,and thus to be inversely related to concrete strength.Underﬁeld conditions,however,such a strength relationship is not clearly and consistently shown.Care should therefore be taken in relating slump results obtained underﬁeld conditions to strength.4.2This test method is considered applicable to plastic concrete having coarse aggregate up to11⁄2in.[37.5mm]in size.If the coarse aggregate is larger than11⁄2in.[37.5mm]in size,the test method is applicable when it is performed on the fraction of concrete passing a11⁄2-in.[37.5-mm]sieve,with the larger aggregate being removed in accordance with the section titled“Additional Procedure for Large Maximum Size Aggre-gate Concrete”in Practice C172.4.3This test method is not considered applicable to non-plastic and non-cohesive concrete.N OTE2—Concretes having slumps less than1⁄2in.[15mm]may not be adequately plastic and concretes having slumps greater than about9in. [230mm]may not be adequately cohesive for this test to have signiﬁ-cance.Caution should be exercised in interpreting such results.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.60on Testing Fresh Concrete.Current edition approved Nov.1,2012.Published November2012.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2010as C143/C143M–10aDOI:10.1520/C0143_C0143M-122Section on Safety Precautions,Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol.04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United States5.Apparatus5.1Mold—The test specimen shall be formed in a mold made of metal or plastic not readily attacked by the cement paste.The mold shall be sufficiently rigid to maintain the speciﬁed dimensions and tolerances during use,resistant to impact forces,and shall be non-absorbent.Metal molds shall have an average thickness of not less than 0.060in.[1.5mm]with no individual thickness measurement less than 0.045in.[1.15mm].Plastic molds shall be ABS plastic or equivalent (Note 3)with a minimum average wall thickness of 0.125in.[3mm],with no individual thickness measurement less than 0.100in.[2.5mm].The manufacturer or supplier shall certify the materials used in mold construction are in compliance with the requirements of this test method.The mold shall be in the form of the lateral surface of the frustum of a cone with the base 8in.[200mm]in diameter,the top 4in.[100mm]in diameter,and the height 12in.[300mm].Individual diameters and heights shall be within 61⁄8in.[3mm]of the prescribed dimensions.The base and the top shall be open and parallel to each other and at right angles to the axis of the cone.The mold shall be provided with foot pieces and handles similar to those shown in Fig.1.The mold shall be constructed without a seam.The interior of the mold shall be relatively smooth and free from projections.The mold shall be free from dents,deformation,or adhered mortar.A mold which clamps to a nonabsorbent base plate is acceptable instead of the one illustrated,provided the clamping arrangement is such that itcan be fully released without movement of the mold and the base is large enough to contain all of the slumped concrete in an acceptable test.N OTE 3—ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)plastic exhibits the following minimum mechanical properties:Tensile modulus of elasticity,at 73°F [23°C]320000psi[2206MPa]Tensile strength (Test Method D638)5670psi [39MPa]Percent Elongation at Break,at 73°F [23°C]40%5.1.1Check and record conformance to the mold’s speciﬁed dimensions when it is purchased or ﬁrst placed in service and at least annually thereafter.5.1.1.1If the condition of any individual mold is suspected of being out of tolerance from the as manufactured condition,a single comparative test shall be performed.If the test results differ by more than 0.50in.[15mm]from that obtained using the metal mold,the mold shall be removed from service.5.2Tamping Rod—A round,smooth,straight steel rod,with a 5⁄8in.[16mm]61⁄16in.[2mm]diameter.The length of the tamping rod shall be at least 4in.[100mm]greater than the depth of the mold in which rodding is being performed,but not greater than 24in.[600mm]in overall length (Note 4).The rod shall have the tamping end or both ends rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod.N OTE 4—A rod length of 16in.[400mm]to 24in.[600mm]meets the requirements of the following:Practice C31/C31M ,Test Method C138/C138M ,Test Method C143/C143M,Test Method C173/C173M ,and Test Method C231.5.3Measuring Device—A ruler,metal roll-up measuring tape,or similar rigid or semi-rigid length measuring instrument marked in increments of 1⁄4in.[5mm]or smaller.The instruement length shall be at least 12in.[300mm].5.4Scoop—of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representa-tive and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the mold.6.Sample6.1The sample of concrete from which test specimens are made shall be representative of the entire batch.It shall be obtained in accordance with Practice C172.7.Procedure7.1Dampen the mold and place it on a rigid,ﬂat,level,moist,nonabsorbent surface,free of vibration,and that is large enough to contain all of the slumped concrete.It shall be held ﬁrmly in place during ﬁlling and perimeter cleaning by the operator standing on the two foot pieces or by a clamping arrangement to a base plate as described in 5.1.From the sample of concrete obtained in accordance with Section 6,immediately ﬁll the mold in three layers,each approximately one third the volume of the mold (See Note 5).Place the concrete in the mold using the scoop described in 5.4.Move the scoop around the perimeter of the mold opening to ensure an even distribution of the concrete with minimal segregation.N OTE 5—One third of the volume of the slump mold ﬁlls it to adepthDimensional Unitsin.1⁄161⁄81⁄21331⁄84812mm[2][3][15][25][75][80][100][200][300]FIG.1Mold for SlumpTestof25⁄8in.[70mm];two thirds of the volumeﬁlls it to a depth of61⁄8in. [160mm].7.2Rod each layer25times uniformly over the cross section with the rounded end of the rod.For the bottom layer, this will necessitate inclining the rod slightly and making approximately half of the strokes near the perimeter,and then progressing with vertical strokes spirally toward the center. Rod the bottom layer throughout its depth.For each upper layer,allow the rod to penetrate through the layer being rodded and into the layer below approximately1in.[25mm].7.3Inﬁlling and rodding the top layer,heap the concrete above the mold before rodding is started.If the rodding operation results in subsidence of the concrete below the top edge of the mold,add additional concrete to keep an excess of concrete above the top of the mold at all times.After the top layer has been rodded,strike off the surface of the concrete by means of a screeding and rolling motion of the tamping rod. Continue to hold the mold downﬁrmly and remove concrete from the area surrounding the base of the mold to preclude interference with the movement of slumping concrete.Remove the mold immediately from the concrete by raising it carefully in a vertical direction.Raise the mold a distance of12in.[300 mm]in562s by a steady upward lift with no lateral or torsional plete the entire test from the start of the ﬁlling through removal of the mold without interruption and complete it within an elapsed time of21⁄2min.7.4Immediately measure the slump by determining the vertical difference between the top of the mold and the displaced original center of the top surface of the specimen.If a decided falling away or shearing off of concrete from one side or portion of the mass occurs(Note6),disregard the test and make a new test on another portion of the sample.N OTE6—If two consecutive tests on a sample of concrete show a falling away or shearing off of a portion of the concrete from the mass of the specimen,the concrete probably lacks necessary plasticity and cohesive-ness for the slump test to be applicable.8.Report8.1Report the slump in terms of inches[millimetres]to the nearest1⁄4in.[5mm]of subsidence of the specimen during the test.9.Precision and Bias49.1Precision—The estimates of precision for this test method are based upon results from tests conducted in Fayetteville,Arkansas by15technicians from14laboratories representing3states.All tests at3different slump ranges,from 1.0in.[25mm]to6.5in.[160mm],were performed using one load of truck-mixed concrete.The concrete was delivered and tested at a low slump,with water then being added and mixed into the remaining concrete to independently produce moderate andﬁnally high-slump concrete.The concrete mixture that used a No.67crushed limestone aggregate and a washed river sand,contained500lb of cementitious materials per cubic yard [297kg of cementitious material per cubic metre].The500lb [227kg]were equally divided between a C150,Type I/II cement and a Class Cﬂy ash.A double dosage of a chemical retarder was used in an attempt to minimize slump losses and maintain workability of the concrete.Concrete temperatures ranged from86to93°F[30to34°C].Slump losses averaged 0.68in.[17mm]during the20min required to perform a series of6tests at1slump range.Testing was performed alternately using metal and plastic molds,which were determined to produce comparable results.Precision data thus applies to both metal and plastic molds.A total of270slump tests were performed.9.1.1Inch-Pound[SI]—The data used to develop the preci-sion statement were obtained using metric units(millimetres). The precision values shown in inch-pound units are conver-sions from the millimetre measurements,which were recorded to the nearest1mm.9.1.2Measure of Variability—The standard deviation was determined to be the most consistent measure of variability and was found to vary with the slump value.9.1.3Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator stan-dard deviation represented by(1s)is shown in Table1by average slump values.The reported results for the replicate readings apply to tests conducted by the same operator performing successive tests,one immediately following the other.Acceptable results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on the same material(Note7)will not differ from each other by more than the(d2s)value of the last column of Table1for the appropriate slump value and single-operator precision.9.1.4Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory stan-dard deviation represented by(1s)is shown in Table1by average slump values.The reported results for the replicate readings apply to tests conducted by different operators from different laboratories performing tests less than4min apart. Therefore,acceptable results of two properly conducted slump tests on the same material(Note7)by two different laborato-ries will not differ from each other by more than the(d2s)value of the last column of Table1for the appropriate slump value and multilaboratory precision.N OTE7—“Same materials,”is used to mean freshly mixed concrete from one batch.4The test data used to develop this precision statement were based on tests performed in September1997.Supporting data have beenﬁled at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1022.TABLE1PrecisionSlump and Type Index StandardDeviation(1s)AAcceptableRange of TwoResults(d2s)A Single-Operator Precision:in.[mm]in.[mm] Slump1.2in.[30mm]0.23[6]0.65[17] Slump3.4in.[85mm]0.38[9] 1.07[25] Slump6.5in.[160mm]0.40[10] 1.13[28] Multilaboratory Precision:Slump1.2in.[30mm]0.29[7]0.82[20] Slump3.4in.[85mm]0.39[10] 1.10[28] Slump6.5in.[160mm]0.53[13] 1.50[37] A These numbers represent,respectively,the(1s)and(d2s)limits as described in Practice C670.9.2Bias—This test method has no bias since slump isdeﬁned only in terms of this test method.10.Keywords10.1concrete;concrete slump;cone;consistency;plasticity;slump;workabilitySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue, C143/C143M–10a that may impact the use of this test method.(Approved November1,2012)(1)Revised5.1to remove the comparative testing require-ments for plastic molds.(2)Deleted old5.1.2,5.1.2.1,Note3,and Note4.(3)Added new Note3.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA01923,Tel:(978)646-2600;/。

ASTM C1611-C1611M 14 Standard Test Method for Slump Flow of Self-Consolidating Concrete

Designation:C1611/C1611M−14Standard Test Method forSlump Flow of Self-Consolidating Concrete1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation C1611/C1611M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1This test method covers the determination of slumpﬂow of self-consolidating concrete(SCC).1.2The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material.These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables andﬁgures)shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC172Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the V olumetric MethodC670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials 3.Terminology3.1For deﬁnitions of terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology C125.3.2Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:3.2.1halo,n—an observed cement paste or mortar ring that has clearly separated from the coarse aggregate,around the outside circumference of concrete afterﬂowing from the mold.3.2.2spread,n—the distance of lateralﬂow of concrete during the slump-ﬂow test.3.2.3stability,n—the ability of a concrete mixture to resist segregation of the paste from the aggregates.3.2.4viscosity,n—resistance of a material toﬂow under an applied shearing stress.4.Summary of Test Method4.1A sample of freshly mixed concrete is placed in a mold either in the upright or inverted position.The concrete is placed in one lift without tamping or vibration.The mold is raised,and the concrete is allowed to spread.After spreading ceases,two diameters of the concrete mass are measured in approximately orthogonal directions.Slumpﬂow is the average of the two diameters.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1This test method provides a procedure to determine the slumpﬂow of self-consolidating concrete in the laboratory or theﬁeld.5.2This test method is used to monitor the consistency of fresh,unhardened self-consolidating concrete and its uncon-ﬁnedﬂow potential.5.3It is difficult to produce self-consolidating concrete that is bothﬂowable and nonsegregating using coarse aggregates larger than25mm[1in.].Therefore,this test method is considered applicable to self-consolidating concrete having coarse aggregate up to25mm[1in.]in size.Appendix X1 provides non-mandatory visual rating criteria that may be used to classify the ability of a self-consolidating concrete mixture to resist segregation(stability).5.4The rate at which the concrete spreads is related to its viscosity.Appendix X1provides a non-mandatory procedure that may be used to provide an indication of relative viscosity of self-consolidating concrete mixtures.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.47on Self-Consolidating Concrete.Current edition approved April1,2014.Published May2014.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2009as C1611/C1611M–09bε1.DOI:10.1520/C1611_C1611M-14.2Section on Safety Precautions,Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United States6.Apparatus6.1Mold—The mold used in this test method shall conform to that described in Test Method C143/C143M.6.2Base Plate—A nonabsorbent,smooth,rigid plate havinga minimum diameter of915mm[36in.](See Note1).N OTE1—Field experience and results from the round robin test program have shown that base plates made from sealed/laminated plywood,acrylic plastic,or steel are suitable for performing this test.6.3Strike-off Bar—As described in Test Method C173/ C173M.6.4Measuring Device—A ruler,metal roll-up measuring tape,or similar rigid or semi-rigid measuring instrument marked in increments of5mm[1⁄4in.]or less.6.5Sample Receptacle—A pan or wheelbarrow that is water-tight,has a nonabsorbent surface,and is large enough to allow both remixing of the entire sample and retain a volume of concrete sufficient toﬁll the mold.6.6Pouring Vessel for SCC—A water-tight container havinga volume such that concrete is not spilled during placement in the mold.N OTE2—A pouring vessel with a pouring lip is useful in reducing the probability of concrete spilling whileﬁlling the mold.6.7Other Tools—Items such as shovels and scoops capable of remixing the concrete in the sample receptacle,ﬁlling the pouring vessel,or both.7.Sample7.1Obtain a sample of freshly-mixed self-consolidating concrete in accordance with Practice C172and place it in the 34sample receptacle.8.Procedure8.1Perform this test on aﬂat,level,nonabsorbent work surface such as a concreteﬂoor or base e a base plate in conditions where aﬂat,level surface is not available,such as on a construction site.When the base plate is used,position and shim the base plate so that it is fully supported.Dampen the work surface,removing any standing water.Do not subject the work surface or mold to vibration or disturbance.8.1.1When performing the slumpﬂow test for a given study or project,do not change the base plate surface type for the duration of the study or project.8.2Remixing of Sample—Remix the sample,obtained in accordance with7.1,in the sample receptacle using a shovel or scoop so that the concrete is homogeneous.8.3Filling the Mold—Fill the mold by following either Procedure A or Procedure B(See Note3).8.3.1Filling Procedure A(Upright Mold)—Dampen the interior of the mold and place it on the work surface,or centered on the base plate,with the larger opening facing down.Hold the moldﬁrmly in place duringﬁlling by standing on the two foot pieces.8.3.2Filling Procedure B(Inverted Mold)—Dampen the interior of the mold and place it on the work surface,or centered on the base plate,with the smaller opening facing down(See Note4).N OTE3—During the development of this test method,it was found that some of the users preferred to perform the test with the large opening of the mold facing down as is performed in Test Method C143/C143M.The provision of a collar to the top of the mold is useful to reduce the probability of concrete spilling over the mold and on to the base plate. Other users preferred to place the mold with the smaller opening face down,which facilitates the ease ofﬁlling.Bothﬁlling procedures have been found to be suitable when performing this test.The precision statement in Section10reﬂects the use of both procedures.Test data using the twoﬁlling procedures can be obtained in the round robin test report available from ASTM headquarters.N OTE4—As a precaution,whenﬁlling the mold in the inverted position, the mold may be supported to prevent accidental movement or tipping. Experienced users of this test method have found that it is not necessary to support the mold.8.3.3Fill Pouring Vessel—Immediatelyﬁll the pouring vessel with a portion of SCC from the sample receptacle,either by passing the pouring vessel through the concrete or by scooping concrete into the vessel.8.3.4Filling Procedure—Immediatelyﬁll the mold with SCC by tilting the pouring vessel.Position the lowest point on the rim of the pouring vessel no more than125mm[5in.] above the top of the mold.Ensure an even distribution of concrete,without rodding the concrete or tapping the sides of the mold,whileﬁlling the mold.8.3.5If necessary,repeat the procedures in8.3.3and8.3.4 until the mold isﬁlled slightly above its rim.8.4Strike off the surface of the concrete level with the top of the mold by a sawing motion of the strike-off bar.Remove concrete from the area surrounding the base of the mold to preclude interference with the movement of theﬂowing concrete.Remove the mold from the concrete by raising it vertically.Raise the mold a distance of225675mm[963 in.]in361s by a steady upward lift with no lateral or torsional plete the entire test from the start of ﬁlling through removal of the mold without interruption within an elapsed time of21⁄2min.8.5Wait for the concrete to stopﬂowing and then measure the largest diameter(d1)of the resulting circular spread of concrete.When a halo is observed in the resulting circular spread of concrete,it shall be included as part of the diameter of the concrete.Measure a second diameter(d2)of the circular spread at an angle approximately perpendicular to theﬁrst measured diameter(d1).Measure the diameters to the nearest5 mm[1⁄4in.].Determine the Slumpﬂow in accordance with Section9.8.6If the measurement of the two diameters differs by more than50mm[2in.],the test is invalid and shall be repeated.9.Calculation9.1Calculate the slumpﬂow using Eq1:Slump flow5~d11d2!/2(1) where:d1=the largest diameter of the circular spread of the concrete,andd2=the circular spread of the concrete at an angle approxi-mately perpendicular to d1.9.2Record the average of the two diameters to the nearest 10mm[1⁄2in.].10.Report10.1Report theﬁlling procedure(A or B)used.10.2Report the slumpﬂow to the nearest10mm[1⁄2in.].11.Precision and Bias411.1The precision of this test method was determined based on the results obtained from a round robin test program conducted by members of the ASTM C09.47subcommittee on January9,2003.The round robin test program consisted of using single and multiple operators performing3replicas of the test using the mold in both the upright and inverted positions. The tests were performed using self-consolidating concrete with high and low levels of slumpﬂow and on stable and unstable plete details of the round robin test program are available from ASTM headquarters in a report entitled“Report on Development of a Precision Statement for the Slump Flow Test Method for Self-Consolidating Concrete.”11.2Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator preci-sion statement reﬂects the use of both procedures A and B.The single-operator standard deviation for slumpﬂow has been found to be27mm[1.1in.](See Note5)for mixtures having slumpﬂow values between approximately480and680mm[19 and27in.].Therefore,results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on the same batch of concrete should not differ by more than75mm[3.0in.](See Note5).11.3Multi-Operator Precision—The multi-operator preci-sion statement reﬂects the use of both procedures A and B.The multi-operator standard deviation for slumpﬂow has been found to be27mm[1.1in.](See Note5)for mixtures with slumpﬂow values between approximately530and740mm[21 and29in.].Therefore,the results of properly conducted tests by two operators on the same batch of concrete should not differ by more than75mm[3.0in.](See Note5).N OTE5—These numbers represent,respectively,the(1s)and(d2s) limits as described in Practice C670.11.4Bias—The procedure used in this test method has no bias since slumpﬂow is deﬁned only in terms of this test method.12.Keywords12.1halo;self-consolidating concrete;slumpﬂow;spread; stability;viscosity;visual stability indexAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.RELATIVE MEASURE OF FLOW RATE,VISCOSITY,AND STABILITY X1.1Theﬂow rate of a self-consolidating concrete mixtureis inﬂuenced by its viscosity.Hence,for the purpose ofdeveloping a self-consolidating concrete mixture in thelaboratory,a relative measure of viscosity is useful.Whenperforming the slumpﬂow test,the time it takes for the outeredge of the concrete mass,to reach a diameter of500mm[20in.]from the time the mold isﬁrst raised,provides a relativemeasure of the unconﬁnedﬂow rate of the concrete mixture.For similar materials,this time period,termed T50,gives anindication of the relative viscosity of the self-consolidatingconcrete mixture.N OTE X1.1—The T50value can provide information on theﬂowproperties of the self-consolidating concrete mixture,whereby longer values normally correspond to increased viscosity.Special high-range water-reducing admixtures are typically used to modify theﬂow proper-ties of the self-consolidating concrete mixture.In addition,viscosity-modifying admixtures and other changes in mixture proportions and materials can also inﬂuenceﬂow properties and resistance to segregation. X1.2The stability of self-consolidating concrete can be observed visually by examining the concrete mass and there-fore can be used for quality control of self-consolidating concrete mixtures.Table X1.1contains Visual Stability Index (VSI)values with corresponding criteria to qualitatively assess the stability of self-consolidating concrete.However,these values do not quantify a concrete property.X1.3Apparatus:X1.3.1Inscribed Base Plate—a base plate as described in 6.2,with a circular mark centrally located for the placement of mold,and a further concentric circle at500mm[20in.].N OTE X1.2—The centrally located circular mark made at the500mm [20in.]location on the base plate will assist the user in determining the T50value.X1.3.2Stop Watch—least reading of not more than0.01s. X1.4Procedure:X1.4.1To determine T50,use a stopwatch to measure the time in seconds it takes any part of the outer edge of the spreading concrete to reach the inscribed mark on the base plate from the time the mold isﬁrst lifted.4Supporting data have beenﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1033.Contact ASTM CustomerService at service@.TABLE X1.1Visual Stability Index ValuesVSI Value Criteria0=Highly Stable No evidence of segregation or bleeding.1=Stable No evidence of segregation and slight bleeding observedas a sheen on the concrete mass.2=Unstable A slight mortar halo#10mm[#0.5in.]and/or aggregatepile in the of the concrete mass.3=Highly Unstable Clearly segregating by evidence of a large mortar halo >10mm[>0.5in.]and/or a large aggregate pile in the center of the concretemass.X1.4.2After spreading of the concrete has stopped,visually inspect the concrete mixture by observing the distribution of the coarse aggregate within the concrete mass the distribution of the mortar fraction particularly along the perimeter,and the bleeding characteristics.Assign a Visual Stability Index (VSI)value to the concrete spread using the criteria shown in Table X1.1and illustrated in Figs.X1.1-X1.4.X1.5Recording:X1.5.1Record T 50to the nearest 0.2second.X1.5.2Record the VSIvalue.FIG.X1.1VSI =0–Concrete Mass is Homogeneous and No Evi-dence ofBleeding.FIG.X1.2VSI=1–Concrete Shows Slight Bleeding Observed asa Sheen on the Surface.FIG.X1.3VSI=2–Evidence of a Mortar Halo and Water Sheen.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D09has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C1611/C1611M –09b ε1)that may impact the use of this standard.(Approved April 1,2014.)(1)Added new 6.5,6.6with Note,and 6.7.(2)Revised 7.1.(3)Revised 8.1.(4)Added new 8.2.(5)Revised 8.3,including the addition of 8.3.3–8.3.5.(6)Removed old Note 3.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@ (e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (/COPYRIGHT/).FIG.X1.4VSI =3–Concentration of Coarse Aggregate at Centerof Concrete Mass and Presence of a MortarHalo.。

环丙沙星和地塞米松混悬滴耳液(USP32)

Ciprofloxacin and Dexamethasone Otic Suspension» Ciprofloxacin and Dexamethasone Otic Suspension is a sterile aqueous suspension containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and dexamethasone. It contains not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 110.0 percent of the labeled amount of ciprofloxacin(C17H18FN3O3), and not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 110.0 percent of the labeled amount of dexamethasone (C22H29FO5). Packaging and storage— Preserve in tight containers, protected from light. Avoid freezing.USP Reference standards11—USP Ciprofloxacin Ethylenediamine Analog RS .USP Ciprofloxacin Formamide RS.USP Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride RS .USP Dexamethasone RS .USP Dexamethasone Acetate RS.Identification—A: The chromatogram of the Assay preparation, obtained as directed inthe Assay for ciprofloxacin, exhibits a major peak for ciprofloxacin, the retention time of which corresponds to that obtained in the chromatogram of the Standard preparation, obtained as directed in the Assay for ciprofloxacin. B: The chromatogram of the Assay preparation, obtained as directed inthe Assay for dexamethasone, exhibits a major peak for dexamethasone, the retention time of which corresponds to that obtained in the chromatogram of the Standard preparation, obtained as directed in the Assay for dexamethasone.Sterility71— It meets the requirements when tested as directedfor Membrane Filtration under Test for Sterility of the Product to be Examined. pH791: between 3.8 and 4.8.Particle size—Carrier fluid— Heat Purified Water to a temperature of 40 to 50, add 100 mg of dexamethasone per L while stirring, cool to room temperature while stirring, pass through a 0.2-µm filter, and store in a clean, covered container.Test preparation— Dilute a volume of about 10 µL of Otic Suspensionwith Carrier fluid to 25 mL.Procedure— (see Light Obscuration Particle Count Test under Particulate Matter in Injections 788). Analyze the Test preparation using an electronic,liquid-borne particle counting system that employs a light obscuration sensor with a suitable sample feeding device. Not less than 99.5% of the particles are 25 µm, not less than 99.95% are 50 µm, and not less than 99.995%are 100 µm.Osmolality785: between 270 and 330 mOsmol per kg.Limit of ciprofloxacin formamide—Buffer— Add 6.0 mL of phosphoric acid to 2.0 L of water. Adjust with 50% sodium hydroxide to a pH of 3.0.Mobile phase— Prepare a filtered and degassed mixture of Buffer and acetonitrile (73:27). Make adjustments if necessary (see SystemSuitability under Chromatography621).Standard solution— Transfer about 25 mg of USP Ciprofloxacin Formamide RS, accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, and dissolve in and dilute with methanol to volume. Transfer 3.0 mL of this solution to a 50-mL volumetric flask, and dilute with Mobile phase to volume to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 0.015 mg per mL.System suitability solution— Transfer about 2.5 mg of USP Dexamethasone RS and about 2.5 mg of USP Ciprofloxacin Formamide RS to a 100-mL volumetric flask. Dissolve in 15 mL of methanol, then dilute with Mobile phase to volume.Test solution— Transfer an accurately measured volume of freshly mixed Otic Suspension, equivalent to about 6 mg of ciprofloxacin, to a 10-mL volumetric flask, dilute with Mobile phase to volume, and mix.Chromatographic system (see Chromatography621)— The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a 280-nm detector and a 3.9-mm × 15-cm column that contains packing L1. The flow rate is about 1.5 mL per minute. Chromatograph the System suitability solution, and record the peak responses as directed for Procedure: the column efficiency for ciprofloxacin formamide is not less than 2000 theoretical plates; the resolution, R, between ciprofloxacin formamide and dexamethasone is not less than 8; and the tailing factor for ciprofloxacin formamide is not more than 2.0. The relative standard deviation for replicate injections of the Standard solution is not more than 2.0%. Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 50 µL) of the Standard solution and the Test solution into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for the peaks at the retention time of ciprofloxacin formamide. Calculate the percentage of ciprofloxacin formamide in the portion of the Otic Suspension taken by the formula:10(C/VL)(r U / r S)100in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Ciprofloxacin Formamide RS in the Standard solution; V is the volume, in mL, of Otic Suspension taken; L is the labeled amount, in mg per mL, of ciprofloxacin; and r U and r S are the ciprofloxacin formamide peak responses obtained from the Test solution and the Standard solution, respectively. Ciprofloxacin formamide is not more than 0.5% of the labeled amount of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin related compounds—Procedure— From the chromatogram of the Assay preparation, obtained as directed in the Assay for ciprofloxacin, measure the responses for the ciprofloxacin ethylenediamine analog and the other minor peaks. Calculate the percentage of each related compound in the portion of Otic Suspension taken by the formula:(331.34/367.81)25(C/V)(r U / r S)100/FLin which 331.34 and 367.81 are the molecular weights of ciprofloxacin and anhydrous ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, respectively; C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride RS in the Dilute standard preparation, calculated on the anhydrous basis; V is the volume, in mL, of Otic Suspension taken; r U and r S are the related compound peak responses obtained from the Assay preparation and the ciprofloxacin peak response obtained from the Dilute standard preparation, respectively; F is the relative response factor (1.3 for ciprofloxacin ethylenediamine analog and 1.0 assumed for all other degradation products); and L is the labeled amount, in mg per mL, of ciprofloxacin. The ciprofloxacin ethylenediamine analog is not more than 0.4% of the labeled amount of ciprofloxacin. No other single related compound is greater than 0.2%, and the sum of all related compounds found is not more than 0.8%.Dexamethasone related compounds—Procedure— From the chromatogram of the Assay preparation, obtained as directed in the Assay for dexamethasone, measure the responses for the21-dehydro-17-deoxy related compound, the 20-carboxy-17-desoxy related compound, and other minor peaks. Calculate the percentage of each related compound in the portion of the Otic Suspension taken by the formula:10(C/VL)(r U / r S)100in which C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Dexamethasone RS in the Dilute standard preparation; V is the volume, in mL, of Otic Suspension taken; L is the labeled amount, in mg per mL, of dexamethasone;and r U and r S are the related compound peak responses obtained fromthe Assay preparation and the dexamethasone peak response obtained from the Dilute standard preparation, respectively. The 21-dehydro-17-deoxy related compound is not more than 1.0%, the 20-carboxy-17-desoxy related compound is not more than 2.6%, no other related compound is greater than 0.3%, and the sum of all related compounds found is not more than3.5%.[NOTE—Identification of known related compounds is accomplished by measuring relative retention times versus dexamethasone. The relativeretention times are about 1.4 to 1.6 for the 21-dehydro-17-deoxy related compound and about 2.8 to 3.2 for the 20-carboxy-17-desoxy related compound.]Assay for ciprofloxacin—Buffer— Add 6.0 mL of phosphoric acid and 8 g of diethylamine phosphate to 2.0 L of water. Adjust with 50% sodium hydroxide to a pH of 3.0.Mobile phase— Prepare a filtered and degassed mixture of Buffer and acetonitrile (89:11). Make adjustments if necessary (see SystemSuitability under Chromatography621).Standard preparation— Accurately weigh about 37 mg of USP Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride RS into a 25-mL volumetric flask, and dissolve in and dilute with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid to volume. Transfer 5.0 mL of this solution to a 50-mL volumetric flask, and dissolve in and dilute with Mobile phase to volume to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 0.13 mg of ciprofloxacin per mL.Dilute standard preparation— Transfer 2.0 mL of the Standard preparation to a 100-mL volumetric flask, and dilute with Mobile phase to volume to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 0.0025 mg of ciprofloxacin per mL.System suitability solution— Weigh about 1 mg of USP Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride RS and 1 mg of USP Ciprofloxacin Ethylenediamine AnalogRS into a 25-mL volumetric flask, and dilute with Mobile phase to volume. Transfer 2.0 mL of this solution to a 50-mL volumetric flask, and dilutewith Mobile phase to volume.Assay preparation— Transfer an accurately measured volume of freshly mixed Otic Suspension, equivalent to about 3 mg of ciprofloxacin, to a 25-mL volumetric flask, dilute with Mobile phase to volume, and mix. Chromatographic system (see Chromatography621)— The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a 280-nm detector and a 3.9-mm × 15-cm column that contains packing L1. The flow rate is about 1.5 mL per minute. Chromatograph the System suitability solution, and record the peak responses as directed for Procedure: the resolution, R, between ciprofloxacin and the ciprofloxacin ethylenediamine analog is not less than 3.0; the column efficiency for ciprofloxacin is not less than 2500 theoretical plates; and the tailing factor for ciprofloxacin is not more than 2.0. The relative standard deviation for replicate injections of the Standard preparation is not more than 2.0%; and the relative standard deviation for replicate injections of the Dilute standard preparation is not more than 2.0%.Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 20 µL) of the Standard preparation and the Assay preparation into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for the major peaks. Calculatethe quantity, in mg, of ciprofloxacin (C17H18FN3O3) in each mL of the Otic Suspension taken by the formula:(331.34/367.81)(25C/V)(r U / r S)in which 331.34 and 367.81 are the molecular weights of ciprofloxacin and anhydrous ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, respectively; C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride RS in the Standard preparation, calculated on the anhydrous basis; V is the volume, in mL, of Otic Suspension taken; and r U and r S are the ciprofloxacin peak responses obtained from the Assay preparation and the Standard preparation,respectively.Assay for dexamethasone—Buffer and Mobile phase— Prepare as directed under Limit of ciprofloxacin formamide.Standard preparation— Transfer about 50 mg of USP Dexamethasone RS, accurately weighed, to a 25-mL volumetric flask, dilute with acetonitrile to volume, and mix. Transfer 5.0 mL of this solution to a 50-mL volumetric flask, dissolve in and dilute with Mobile phase to volume, and mix. This solution contains about 0.2 mg of USP Dexamethasone RS per mL.Dilute standard preparation— Transfer 2.0 mL of the Standard preparation to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with Mobile phase to volume, and mix. This solution contains about 0.004 mg of USP Dexamethasone RS per mL. System suitability solution— Transfer about 2 mg of USP DexamethasoneRS and about 2 mg of USP Dexamethasone Acetate RS to a 10-mL volumetric flask, dissolve in and dilute with Mobile phase to volume, and mix.Assay preparation— Transfer an accurately measured volume of freshly mixed Otic Suspension, equivalent to about 2 mg of dexamethasone, to a 10-mL volumetric flask, dilute with Mobile phase to volume, and mix. Chromatographic system (see Chromatography621)— The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a 254-nm detector and a 3.9-mm × 15-cm column that contains packing L1. The flow rate is about 1.5 mL per minute. Chromatograph the System suitability solution, and record the peak responses as directed for Procedure: the column efficiency for dexamethasone is not less than 2000 theoretical plates; the resolution, R, between dexamethasone and dexamethasone acetate is not less than 12; the tailing factor for dexamethasone is not more than 2.0; the relative standard deviation for replicate injections of the Standard preparation is not more than 2.0%; and the relative standard deviation for replicate injections of the Dilute standard preparation is not more than 2.0%.Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 50 µL) of the Standard preparation and the Assay preparation into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for the major peaks. Calculate the quantity, in mg, of dexamethasone (C22H29FO5) in each mL of the Otic Suspension taken by the formula:10(C/V)(r U / r S)71Radhakrishna S Tirumalai, Ph.D. Senior Scientist 1-301-816-8339。

C172-04 Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete

Designation:C172–04Standard Practice forSampling Freshly Mixed Concrete1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation C172;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This practice covers procedures for obtaining represen-tative samples of fresh concrete as delivered to the project site on which tests are to be performed to determine compliance with quality requirements of the speciﬁcations under which the concrete is furnished(Note1).The practice includes sampling from stationary,paving and truck mixers,and from agitating and nonagitating equipment used to transport central-mixed concrete.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values shown in parentheses are provided for information only.N OTE1—Composite samples are required by this practice,unless speciﬁcally excepted by procedures governing the tests to be performed such as tests to determine uniformity of consistency and mixer efficiency. Procedures used to select the speciﬁc test batches are not described in this practice,but it is recommended that random sampling be used to determine overall speciﬁcation compliance.1.3This practice also covers the procedures to be used for preparing a sample of concrete for further testing where it is desirable or necessary to remove the aggregate larger than a designated size.This removal of larger aggregate particles is preferably accomplished by wet-sieving.1.4The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material and shall not be considered as requirements of the practice.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3E11Speciﬁcation for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes3.Signiﬁcance and Use3.1This practice is intended to provide standard require-ments and procedures for sampling freshly mixed concrete from different containers used in the production or transporta-tion of concrete.The detailed requirements as to materials, mixtures,air content,temperature,number of specimens, slump,interpretation of results,and precision and bias are in speciﬁc test methods.4.Sampling4.1The elapsed time shall not exceed15min.between obtaining theﬁrst andﬁnal portions of the composite sample.4.1.1Transport the individual samples to the place where fresh concrete tests are to be performed or where test speci-mens are to be molded.They shall be combined and remixed with a shovel the minimum amount necessary to ensure uniformity and compliance with the maximum time limits speciﬁed in4.1.2.4.1.2Start tests for slump,temperature,and air content within5min after obtaining theﬁnal portion of the composite plete these tests expeditiously.Start molding specimens for strength tests within15min after fabricating the composite sample.Expeditiously obtain and use the sample and protect the sample from the sun,wind,and other sources of rapid evaporation,and from contamination.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.60on Testing Fresh Concrete.Current edition approved June1,2004.Published June2004.Originally approved st previous edition approved in1999as C172–99.2Section on Safety Precautions,Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.5.Procedure5.1Size of Sample—Make the samples to be used for strength tests a minimum of28L(1ft3).Smaller samples are not prohibited for routine air content,temperature,and slump tests.The size of the samples shall be dictated by the maximum aggregate size.5.2The procedures used in sampling shall include the use of every precaution that will assist in obtaining samples that are truly representative of the nature and condition of concrete sampled as follows:N OTE2—Sampling should normally be performed as the concrete is delivered from the mixer to the conveying vehicle used to transport the concrete to the forms;however,speciﬁcations may require other points of sampling,such as the discharge of a concrete pump.5.2.1Sampling from Stationary Mixers,Except Paving Mixers—Sample the concrete by collecting two or more portions taken at regularly spaced intervals during discharge of the middle portion of the batch.Obtain these portions within the time limit speciﬁed in posite the portions into one sample for testing purposes.Do not obtain portions of the composite sample from the veryﬁrst or last part of the batch discharge(Note3).Perform sampling by passing a receptacle completely through the discharge stream,or by completely diverting the discharge into a sample container.If discharge of the concrete is too rapid to divert the complete discharge stream,discharge the concrete into a container or transportation unit sufficiently large to accommodate the entire batch and then accomplish the sampling in the same manner as given above.Take care not to restrict theﬂow of concrete from the mixer,container,or transportation unit so as to cause segregation.These requirements apply to both tilting and nontilting mixers.N OTE3—No samples should be taken before10%or after90%of the batch has been discharged.Due to the difficulty of determining the actual quantity of concrete discharged,the intent is to provide samples that are representative of widely separated portions,but not the beginning and the end of the load.5.2.2Sampling from Paving Mixers—Sample the concrete after the contents of the paving mixer have been discharged. Obtain samples from at leastﬁve different portions of the pile and then composite into one sample for test purposes.Avoid contamination with subgrade material or prolonged contact with and absorptive subgrade.To preclude contamination or absorption by the subgrade,sample the concrete by placing three shallow containers on the subgrade and discharging the concrete across the posite the samples so obtained into one sample for test purposes.The containers shall be of a size sufficient to provide a composite sample size that is in agreement with the maximum aggregate size.N OTE4—In some instances,the containers may have to be supported above the subgrade to prevent displacement during discharge.5.2.3Sampling from Revolving Drum Truck Mixers or Agitators—Sample the concrete by collecting two or more portions taken at regularly spaced intervals during discharge of the middle portion of the batch.Take the samples so obtained within the time limit speciﬁed in Section4and composite them into one sample for test purposes.In any case do not obtain samples until after all of the water has been added to the mixer; also do not obtain samples from the veryﬁrst or last portions of the batch discharge(Note3).Sample by repeatedly passing a receptacle through the entire discharge stream or by com-pletely diverting the discharge into a sample container.Regu-late the rate of discharge of the batch by the rate of revolution of the drum and not by the size of the gate opening.5.2.4Sampling from Open-Top Truck Mixers,Agitators, Nonagitating Equipment,or Other Types of Open-Top Containers—Take samples by whichever of the procedures described in5.2.1,5.2.2,or5.2.3is most applicable under the given conditions.6.Additional Procedure for Large Maximum SizeAggregate Concrete6.1When the concrete contains aggregate larger than that appropriate for the size of the molds or equipment to be used, wet-sieve the sample as described below except perform density(unit weight)tests for use in yield computations on the full mix.N OTE5—The effect of wet-sieving on the test results should be considered.For example,wet-sieving concrete causes the loss of a small amount of air due to additional handling.The air content of the wet-sieved fraction of concrete is greater than that of the total concrete because the larger size aggregate which is removed does not contain air.The apparent strength of wet-sieved concrete in smaller specimens is usually greater than that of the total concrete in larger appropriate size specimens.The effect of these differences may need to be considered or determined by supplementary testing for quality control or test result evaluation pur-poses.6.2Deﬁnition:6.2.1wet-sieving concrete—the process of removing aggre-gate larger than a designated size from the fresh concrete by sieving it on a sieve of the designated size.6.3Apparatus:6.3.1Sieves,as designated,conforming to Speciﬁcation E11.6.3.2Wet-Sieving Equipment—Equipment for wet-sieving concrete shall be a sieve as noted in6.3.1of suitable size and conveniently arranged and supported so that one can shake it rapidly by either hand or mechanical means.Generally,a horizontal back and forth motion is preferred.The equipment shall be capable of rapidly and effectively removing the designated size of aggregate.6.3.3Hand Tools—Shovels,hand scoops,plastering trow-els,and rubber gloves as required.6.4Procedure:6.4.1Wet-Sieving—After sampling the concrete,pass the concrete over the designated sieve and remove and discard the aggregate retained.This shall be done before remixing.Shake or vibrate the sieve by hand or mechanical means until no undersize material remains on the sieve.Mortar adhering to the aggregate retained on the sieve shall not be wiped from it before it is discarded.Place only enough concrete on the sieve at any one time so that after sieving,the thickness of the layer of retained aggregate is not more than one particle thick.The concrete which passes the sieve shall fall into a batch pan of suitable size which has been dampened before use or ontoaclean,moist,nonabsorbent surface.Scrape any mortar adher-ing to the sides of the wet-sieving equipment into the batch. After removing the larger aggregate particles by wet-sieving remix the batch with a shovel the minimum amount necessary to ensure uniformity and proceed testing immediately.7.Keywords7.1air content;batch;composite sample;concrete;slump; temperature;wet-sievingSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue,C172–99, that may impact the use of this practice.(Approved June1,2004)(1)Made an addition to1.5safety caveat.(2)Replaced“unit weight”with“density”in6.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

《电力建设施工质量验收规程第2部分：锅炉机组》

DL I CS27F20备案号:J901-20XX中华人民共和国电力行业标准P DL/T 5210.2-XXXX电力建设施工质量验收规程第2部分：锅炉机组Code for construction quality acceptanceof electric power constructPart 2：boiler unit（报批稿）XXXX -XX-XX发布 XXXX-XX-XX实施国家能源局发布本规程是根据《国家能源局关于下达2014年第二批能源领域行业标准制（修）订计划的通知》（国能科技〔2015〕12号）的要求，在原《电力建设施工质量验收及评价规程第2部分锅炉机组》DL/T5210.2-2009和《电力建设施工质量验收及评价规程第8部分加工配制》DL/T5210.8-2009基础上修订的。

《电力建设施工质量验收规程》DL/T5210共6个部分：——DL/T 5210.1 第1部分土建工程——DL/T 5210.2 第2部分锅炉机组——DL/T 5210.3 第3部分汽轮发电机组——DL/T 5210.4 第4部分热工仪表及控制装置——DL/T 5210.5 第5部分焊接——DL/T 5210.6 第6部分火电机组调整试验本部分是DL/T 5210的第2部分。

本规程共14章和4个附录，主要内容包括：总则、术语、基本规定、施工质量验收范围划分表、施工质量验收通用表格及记录签证清单、锅炉本体安装、锅炉除尘装置安装、锅炉燃油系统设备及管道安装、锅炉辅助机械安装、输煤设备安装、烟气脱硫设备安装、烟气脱硝装置安装、锅炉炉墙砌筑、加工配制等。

附录A、附录B、附录C、附录D为规范性附录。

本规程由中国电力企业联合会提出。

由电力行业火电建设标准化技术委员会归口。

本规程主要起草单位：中国电建集团核电工程公司、中国能源建设集团天津电力建设有限公司、中国能源建设集团安徽电力建设第一工程有限公司。

本规程参加起草单位：中国电建集团河南工程公司、中国能源建设集团湖南火电建设有限公司、四川电力建设三公司、中国能源建设集团浙江火电建设有限公司、上海电力建设有限责任公司、山东诚信工程建设监理有限公司、中国电力建设工程咨询有限公司。

实验的过程的英语作文

实验的过程的英语作文Title: The Process of an Experiment。

Conducting an experiment is a fundamental aspect of scientific inquiry, allowing researchers to test hypotheses, explore phenomena, and advance knowledge in various fields. In this essay, I will outline the general process of conducting an experiment, from hypothesis formation to data analysis, without revealing specific details about the prompt.1. Formulating a Hypothesis。

The first step in any scientific experiment is to formulate a clear and testable hypothesis. This hypothesisis a tentative explanation for a phenomenon or a prediction about the outcome of an experiment. It serves as the foundation for the entire experimental process.2. Designing the Experiment。

Once the hypothesis is established, the next step is to design the experiment. This involves determining the variables to be measured and controlled, selecting appropriate materials and equipment, and designing procedures for data collection. A well-designed experiment ensures that the results will be reliable and meaningful.3. Obtaining Materials and Equipment。

倾注平板法的流程和注意事项

倾注平板法的流程和注意事项英文回答：Pour plate method, also known as the slump cone method, is a commonly used technique for determining theworkability of fresh concrete. It involves measuring the consistency and fluidity of the concrete by observing the deformation of a concrete cone when it is lifted and allowed to slump.The procedure for conducting the pour plate method is as follows:1. Prepare the slump cone: Clean the slump cone and wet it with water. Place it on a level, non-absorbent surface.2. Fill the cone with concrete: Fill the slump cone with freshly mixed concrete in three equal layers. Each layer should be compacted using a tamping rod, with 25 strokes for each layer.3. Remove the excess concrete: After filling the cone, strike off the excess concrete using a trowel, ensuringthat the top of the cone is level and smooth.4. Lift the cone: Hold the handles of the slump cone firmly and lift it vertically in a smooth and steady motion. Avoid any twisting or jerking movements.5. Observe the slump: Measure the difference in height between the original height of the cone and the height of the concrete after it slumps. This is known as the slump value.The slump value indicates the workability of the concrete. A higher slump value indicates a more workableand fluid concrete, while a lower slump value indicates a stiffer and less workable concrete. The appropriate slump value depends on the specific application and requirementsof the concrete.中文回答：倾注平板法，也称为塌落锥法，是一种常用的测定新鲜混凝土可塑性的技术。

混凝土中密实度检测标准

混凝土中密实度检测标准一、前言混凝土密实度是衡量混凝土质量的一个关键指标，它直接影响混凝土的强度、密度、耐久性等性能，因此，密实度检测也成为混凝土工程中不可或缺的一部分。

本文将从混凝土密实度的定义、检测方法、检测标准等多个方面进行详细介绍。

二、混凝土密实度的定义混凝土密实度是指混凝土中的空隙率，是指混凝土中实际体积与理论体积之比。

一般来说，混凝土密实度越高，混凝土的强度、密度、耐久性等性能就越好。

因此，在混凝土施工中，密实度检测是非常重要的。

三、混凝土密实度的检测方法下面介绍几种常见的混凝土密实度检测方法：1.流动度法流动度法也叫斯特莱特森法，是通过测量混凝土在规定条件下的流动性来判断混凝土的密实度。

具体的操作方法是，将混凝土倒入锥形漏斗中，漏斗底部开口封闭，然后将漏斗底部的开口打开，记录混凝土从漏斗流出所需的时间，根据流出时间来判断混凝土的密实度。

2.振实度法振实度法也叫密实度棒法，是通过测量混凝土在规定条件下的振实次数来判断混凝土的密实度。

具体的操作方法是，将密实度棒插入混凝土中，并在一定高度上抛落，记录棒的振实次数，根据振实次数来判断混凝土的密实度。

3.压实度法压实度法也叫压实试验法，是通过测量混凝土在规定条件下的压实程度来判断混凝土的密实度。

具体的操作方法是，将混凝土压实在规定的模具中，测量压实后混凝土的高度，根据高度的变化来判断混凝土的密实度。

四、混凝土密实度的检测标准下面介绍几个常见的混凝土密实度检测标准：1.国家标准GB/T 50080-2016《混凝土工程施工质量验收规范》该标准是我国混凝土工程施工中的标准规范，其中包括了混凝土密实度的检测标准。

根据该标准，混凝土密实度的检测应该采用振实度法、流动度法和压实度法中的任意一种方法进行，检测结果应符合标准规定的要求。

2.美国标准ASTM D1556/D1556M-15a《Standard Test Methodfor Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-Cone Method》该标准是美国土木工程师学会制定的标准，主要适用于土壤密实度的检测。

混凝土取样标准及数量

混凝土取样标准及数量英文回答：Concrete sampling standards and quantities vary depending on the specific requirements and purposes of the project. In general, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provides guidelines for concrete sampling procedures.Concrete sampling is crucial to ensure the quality and performance of the concrete. It involves taking representative samples from different batches of freshly mixed concrete. These samples are then tested for various properties such as compressive strength, workability, and air content.The ASTM standard for concrete sampling is ASTM C172, which outlines the procedure for obtaining samples from different parts of a batch. It recommends that samples should be taken at least once per day or once per 150 cubicyards of concrete, whichever is more frequent. The standard also specifies the size of the sample and the equipment to be used for sampling.The quantity of concrete samples required depends on the size of the project and the testing requirements. For small projects, a few samples may be sufficient. However, for large-scale projects or projects with specific performance requirements, a larger number of samples may be needed to ensure representativeness.For example, if I am working on a construction project that requires a high level of concrete strength, I would need to take more samples to ensure that the concrete meets the specified strength requirements. This could involve taking samples from different batches, different locations within the structure, and at different stages of the curing process.In addition to ASTM standards, local building codes and specifications may also provide specific requirements for concrete sampling. It is important to consult theseregulations to ensure compliance with local requirements.中文回答：混凝土取样的标准和数量根据项目的具体要求和目的而有所不同。

产品试装作业流程规范

产品试装作业流程规范英文回答:Product trial installation is an essential process in ensuring the quality and functionality of a product before it is released to the market. It involves the assembly and testing of the product to identify any potential issues or improvements that need to be made. In this response, I will outline the standardized workflow for product trial installation.Firstly, the product trial installation process begins with the preparation of the necessary equipment and tools. This includes ensuring that all required components are available and in good condition. It is important to have a checklist to verify the presence and condition of each component to avoid any missing or defective parts.Next, the assembly phase begins. This involvesfollowing the provided instructions or technical drawingsto put together the product. It is crucial to pay attention to details and ensure that all connections and fittings are secure and properly aligned. Any deviations or discrepancies should be promptly addressed to prevent further issues down the line.Once the product is assembled, it is time for the testing phase. Various tests are conducted to assess the functionality and performance of the product. These tests may include stress testing, durability testing, and functionality testing. The results of these tests are carefully recorded and analyzed to identify any defects or areas for improvement.In case any issues are identified during the testing phase, they are documented and reported to the relevant departments or teams for further investigation and resolution. It is crucial to have a clear and efficient communication system in place to ensure that all stakeholders are informed about the issues and their progress in resolving them.After the necessary adjustments or improvements have been made, the product undergoes a final round of testing to ensure that all issues have been addressed. This step is crucial in ensuring that the product meets the required standards and specifications.Finally, the product trial installation process concludes with a comprehensive evaluation and feedback gathering. This involves collecting feedback from the individuals involved in the installation process, as well as from potential end-users or customers. This feedback is invaluable in identifying any remaining issues or areas for improvement, and it helps in refining the product beforeits official release.中文回答：产品试装作业流程规范是确保产品在上市前质量和功能符合要求的重要步骤。

检验测试程序英文版

Quality Procedure Testing & InspectionTable of Contents1TESTING & INSPECTION (3)1.1I NTRODUCTION &P URPOSE (3)1.1.1Process Activity Map (3)1.1.2References ..............................................................................................................................................................................1.1.3Terms & Definitions (3)1.2A PPLICATION &S COPE (4)1.3R ESPONSIBILITIES (4)1.4T ESTING &I NSPECTION P ROCESS (4)1.4.1General ...................................................................................................................................................................................1.4.2Receiving Inspection (4)1.4.3First Article Inspection (5)1.4.4In-process Inspection (5)1.4.5Final Inspection ....................................................................................................................................................................1.4.6Non-conformities (6)1.5F ORMS &R ECORDS (6)1.6T ESTING &I NSPECTION P ROCESS M AP (7)1Testing & Inspection1.1Introduction & PurposeThe purpose of this procedure is to establish and define the process for testing and inspection activities that verify product, material and service conformance, and to verify that process inputs and outputs conform to specified requirements. Documented Records and information of inspection include evidence of conformity with the acceptance criteria and traceability to the person authorizing the release. Records of inspection are maintained.1.1.1Process Activity Map1.1.2ReferencesStandardTitleDescriptionBS EN ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary BS EN ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems RequirementsBS EN ISO 9004:2018Quality management systemsGuidelines for performance improvements1.1.3Terms & DefinitionsTerm DefinitionInspection Conformity evaluation by observation/judgement/appropriate measurement or testing Test Determination of one or more characteristics according to a procedureVerificationConfirmation, through the objective evidence (3.8.3), requirements (3.6.4) were fulfilledOutput?Validated products?Signed inspection records ?Non-conformance reports ?Calibration certificates and logs?Traceability to material and process certificates ?How?Measurement & analysis ?Inspections?Comparison to criteriaWith what measure?Critical tolerances ?Acceptance criteria ?Customer requirementsWith what?Calibrated measuring and monitoring devices ?Incoming materials?Documents and drawings ?In-process articles ?Finish articlesWith who?Operations Manager ?QC Inspectors ?Top management ?QEHS Manager ?Production TeamsActivityInput?Stock and materials ?Customer specifications ?Technical data ?Inspection plan ?Control plans?Contract requirements ?Control plans ?Define methods of inspecting products, materialand services to ensure conformance with requirements。

CHEMSTRIP 10 尿渣检测薄纸指南说明书

CHEMSTRIP 10 WITH SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)- URINE TEST STRIPPURPOSERapid, semi-quantitative measurement of multiple urine chemistry parameters at the point of care. The test is useful in the initial evaluation and monitoring of renal, urinary, and metabolicdisorders.PRINCIPLEThe CHEMSTRIP urine test system (Roche Corporation) is a multi-parameter test strip thatsimultaneously measures specific gravity, pH, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketones, leukocytes, and blood in urine. Different reagent pads attached to inert plastic strips change color as they react with the various constituents to be measured. The color change provides semi-quantitativemeasurements which are read visually against a standard color chart on the test strip container. See the package insert for individual principles and composition of reagent pads.TESTING PERSONNEL∙Qualified Licensed Registered Nurses (RNs) and approved Health Care ProvidersSPECIMEN∙Freshly voided urine collected in a clean container deep enough to allow complete immersion of the reagent pads on the test strip. Do not use preservatives. ∙Stability: Perform testing within one hour of collection. ∙Specimen labeling is not required when testing is performed in the presence of the patientand only the sample from one patient is tested at a time. If the potential for specimen mix-up exits, the specimen container must be labeled with patient’s full name and medicalrecord number.REAGENTS AND SUPPLIES1.Chemstrip 10 with SG, Roche Corporation. Available through MaterialsManagement. Store test trips at 2-30ºC. Do not freeze. Chemstrip urine test stripsare stable in the original capped vial until the listed expiration date. In order toavoid exposure to moisture, the vial must be closed immediately after removal of astrip, using the original stopper, which contains a drying agent. Date container andrecord the lot number when the container is opened.2.Absorbent paper or gauze.3.KOVA Liqua-Trol normal and abnormal controls. Controls are stored in theClinical Laboratory, and may be obtained from the POCT Service. Ranges for new University of California, San Francisco – Department of Laboratory Medicine Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110Clinical Laboratory – Barbara Haller, MD, PhD, Director Title:CHEMSTRIP 10 WITH SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) - URINE TEST STRIP, Document No.: 48667.268 (version 2.0).Approved and current, Effective starting 6/08/2021.lot(s) of controls are verified by the Hematology Division prior to expiration dateof the old lot(s).Store controls at 2 - 8º C until the expiration date located on the label(s). Do notfreeze.4.Timer.QUALITY CONTROL:1.Abnormal and normal controls are run daily by qualified ward/clinic personnel.2.Remove the controls from the refrigerator and warm for 15 minutes to room temperature (18 - 30º C).3.The lot number on the bottle of KOVA Liqua-Trol should be the same as the lotnumber on the record form. Check the expiration date. Control bottle should have date opened on it. This date should also be on the record form.4.Gently swirl the control to assure good mixing, open the vial cap and apply KOVA Liqua-Trol directly onto the reagent strips with a spraying technique. Hold thereagent strip horizontally, ensure good pad saturation and remove excess controlby tilting the reagent strip on its edge on a paper towel. Each pad should bethoroughly moistened.5.Read the urine dipsticks following the same procedure as patient specimen.6.Promptly recap the bottle and return the controls to refrigerated storage.PROCEDURE:A.Using two patient identifiers, verify patient’s identity, and explain procedure to patient and/or family.B.Observe universal precautions; wear gloves and other personal protective equipment as appropriate.C.Urine should be in a container that permits complete immersion of the test strip reagent area. Mix the urine thoroughly before testing.D.Remove a strip from the container. Close the container immediately. Prolongedexposure of strip to air can cause false positive results. Check strip against colorblocks on Chem 10 container to ensure no pad has been prematurely activated.E.Briefly (no longer than 1 second) dip the test strip into the urine. The entire teststrip reagent area must be totally immersed.University of California, San Francisco – Department of Laboratory Medicine Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110Clinical Laboratory – Barbara Haller, MD, PhD, Director Title:CHEMSTRIP 10 WITH SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) - URINE TEST STRIP, Document No.: 48667.268 (version 2.0).Approved and current, Effective starting 6/08/2021.F.Draw the edge of the strip along the rim of the specimen container to removeexcess urine.G.On a piece of absorbent paper or gauze, turn the strip on its side and tap once toremove excess urine and to prevent possible mixing of chemicals.H.Holding the strip close to the color blocks on the Chemstrip 10 container andorienting the strip to the color chart on the container, match the color of each padto a corresponding color on the container.All values may be read between:specific gravity 60 secondspH 60 secondsleukocyte esterase *60-120 secondsnitrite 60 secondsprotein 60 secondsglucose 60 secondsketones 60 secondsblood 60 seconds*Read at 60 seconds. If trace, it should be read again at 120 secs.Caution:∙False positive protein result may be obtained if the urine pH is >9∙Reagent pad colors are stable up to 120 seconds after immersion. Colorchanges that occur after 2 minutes from immersion are irrelevant and should beignored. Color changes that occur only along the edge of the test pads shouldbe ignored as well (careful removal of excess urine should eliminate thiseffect).REPORTING RESULTSReport the results in the medical record as read off the standardized color chart: ParameterNormal Result Abnormal Result Specific Gravity1.000 – 1.030< 1.000 or >1.030Leukocyte EsteraseNegative (“neg”) 1-3+pH5.0 - 9.0< 5.0 and > 9.0NitriteNegative (“neg”)1-3+Protein:Negative (“neg”)1-3+Glucose:Normal (“neg”)1-4+Ketones:Negative (“neg”)1-3+Blood Negative (“neg”)1-3+University of California, San Francisco – Department of Laboratory Medicine Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110Clinical Laboratory – Barbara Haller, MD, PhD, Director Title:CHEMSTRIP 10 WITH SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) - URINE TEST STRIP, Document No.: 48667.268 (version 2.0).Approved and current, Effective starting 6/08/2021.PROCEDURE NOTES:A.Bilirubin and urobilinogen are not reported.B. B. Staff approved to perform this Point of Care Test must first pass ColorDiscrimination Testing provided by Occupational Health or the ClinicalLaboratory.LIMITATIONSA.Glucose TestFalse positive results may be produced by strong oxidizing cleaning agent residues in the urine container. False negative results may occur due to high concentrations of ascorbic acid from ingestion of vitamins, antibiotics or fruit juices. At glucoseconcentrations of 100 mg/dL and above, this effect has been eliminated, so thatfalse negative readings should be rare, even at high concentrations of ascorbicacid.B.Protein TestThe following may cause false positive readings:1.strongly basic urine (pH 9 or higher);2.therapy with phenazopyridine;3.with infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone (found in blood substitutes);4.residues of disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium groups or chlorohexidine in the urine container.C.Refer to the package insert for information regarding additional limitations. REFERENCES:1. Package Insert by Roche Diagnostics for Chemstrip 10 with SG, v. 7.0 (6/2020)2. Package Insert by HYCOR Biomedical, Inc., KOVA Liqua-Trol. 10/06.3. McPherson RA and Pincus MR (eds.). Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management byLaboratory Methods. 21st ed., pp. 397-407; 2007.DISTRIBUTION:A.POCT Master Procedure Binder (2M 14)D.Approved Point of Care Testing locations.University of California, San Francisco – Department of Laboratory Medicine Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110Clinical Laboratory – Barbara Haller, MD, PhD, Director Title:CHEMSTRIP 10 WITH SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) - URINE TEST STRIP, Document No.: 48667.268 (version 2.0).Approved and current, Effective starting 6/08/2021.。

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