Marketing Individual Short Essa1
市场营销学英语知识点归纳
市场营销学英语知识点归纳市场营销是指企业通过调查和分析市场需求，制定营销策略，开展产品销售和推广活动，以满足消费者需求并实现利润最大化的一系列活动。
在市场营销的过程中，英语作为国际通用语言之一，经常被应用于相关领域。
下面将介绍市场营销学英语中的一些重要知识点。
1. 市场调研（Market Research）市场调研是市场营销中非常重要的一环。
它包括对市场、消费者、竞争对手和商品等进行调查和研究，以收集相关信息和数据来指导市场营销活动。
在英语表达方面，常用的词汇包括：market analysis（市场分析）、consumer behavior（消费者行为）、competitor analysis（竞争对手分析）、survey（调查）、sampling（抽样）等。
2. 市场定位（Market Positioning）市场定位是指企业在特定市场中通过品牌、产品特性、价格等方式来塑造自身在消费者心中的形象和地位。
英语表达中常见的相关词汇有：target market（目标市场）、brand positioning（品牌定位）、unique selling proposition（独特卖点）等。
3. 市场营销策略（Marketing Strategy）市场营销策略是企业为实现营销目标而制定的一系列计划和方法。
常见的市场营销策略有市场细分（market segmentation）、差异化营销（differentiated marketing）、直销（direct marketing）、促销（promotion）等。
这些策略也需要用英语进行描述和讨论。
4. 市场营销组合（Marketing Mix）市场营销组合是指企业在市场营销过程中运用的产品、价格、渠道和推广等因素的组合。
在英语中，这四个因素分别对应Product、Price、Place和Promotion，通常被称为“4P”。
其中，Product指的是产品或服务，Price是指价格，Place是指销售渠道，Promotion是指促销活动。
Marketing市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表
市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表Marketing Management营销管理New Products Development新产品开发Service Industry Marketing服务业营销Advertising广告Business Negotiation商业谈判International Marketing国际市场营销Sales Channels销售渠道Public Relationship公共关系Consumer Behavior消费者行为Systems of Management Information管理信息系统Marketing Research营销调研accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略positioning定位market segmentation市场细分sales promotion销售促进advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising message 广告信息advertising source 广告信息来源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折让alteration 退换American Marketing Association 美国营销协会annual marketing plan 年度营销计划assurance 保证attitudes of consumers 消费者态度availability 可获得性/供货能力awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为分析behavioural hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试blue collars 蓝领bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局business strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性wordbuying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道choice criteria 选择标准closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统wordcontribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contribution margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本counter trade 对等贸易courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分word析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminant analysis 差异分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private labels) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统durability 耐用性early vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变wordexchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法focus strategy 集中战略followers 追随者Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组word织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 职能战略games 比赛gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量General Electric (GE) 通用电气General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征geographic adjustments 地理调整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍Gillette 吉列剔须刀global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制global markets 全球市场global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略global teenage segment 全球青少年市场globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市场扩张goals 总目标going-rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法goods producers 产品制造商Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构government buyers 政府采购者government market 政府市场government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 温室效应grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值gross margin 毛利gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs) 总级别指数group/category product manager 类别产品经理growing markets 成长市场growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth-extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略guarantee/warranty 保证/担保guarantees 保证Gucci 古琦（世界著名时装品牌）Haagen-Dazs 哈根达斯hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美国）卫生保健组织heavy buyer 大客户Heileman Brewing CompanyHeinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性Henkel 汉高Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头）Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商wordhigh market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high-contact service system 高接触服务系统high-involvement product 高参与产品high-involvement purchase 高参与购买hight market share 高市场份额战略Hilton 希尔顿Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术idea generation 创意的产生/生成ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想idea-screening process 创意筛选过程identification of segments 识别细分市场Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂image pricing 形象定价imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿战略impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买impulse goods 冲动购买品incentives 激励income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析individual brand 个别品牌individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵industry dynamics 产业动态industry evaluation 产业评估industry evolution 产业演变inelastic 缺乏价格弹性influences 影响者info-communications industry 信息通信行业infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技术information 信息informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈in-house use tests 内部使用测试innovation 创新innovativeness 创新性installation 设施in-store display 店内展示in-store positioning 店内布局in-store promotion 店内促销intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan (IMC) 整合营销传播计划integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合Intel 因特尔intensity of market position 市场地位的集中程度intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分销interactions across multiple target markets 多目标市场间的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒体interest rates 利率internal data sources 内部数据来源internal marketing 内部营销wordinternal organizational structure 内部组织结构international advertising 国际广告international channels 国际分销渠道international division 国际分部international marketing 国际营销international organizational design 国际组织设计internationalization of services 服务的国际化introductory stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的推出阶段inventory level 库存水平investor relations advertising 投资关系广告issue advertising 观点广告jobbers 批发商Johnson & Johnson 强生joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法just noticeable difference (JND) 恰巧注意到的差异just-in-time (JIT) management system 准时制管理体系just-in-time purchasing arrangements 及key account management 主要客户管理key accounts 关键客户key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户laboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构legal services 法律服务legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度Levi Strauss 李维·史特劳斯Levi's 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Loyd's of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司localization strategy 本地化战略location pricing 场所定价location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟long-term memory 长期记忆lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易·威登（法国著名时尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接触服务系统low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构macro risks 宏观风险macro-environment 宏观环境macro-segmentation 宏观细分mail-order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufacturing process 制造过程manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵wordmarket circumstances 市场环境market demographics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略market factors 市场因素market followers 市场跟随者market growth rate 市场增长率market hierarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market leaders 市场领导者market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析market oriented 以市场为导向的market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market research 市场研究market segment 细分市场market segmentation 市场细分market share 市场份额market targeting 目标市场选择market 市场marketability 市场开拓能力market-entry strategies 市场进入战略marketing action plan 营销行动计划marketing audit 营销审计marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price 产品/溢价价格Marlboro 万宝路Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构Mitsubishi 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标measurement criteria 计量标准media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Serviceswordmemory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构Michael Porter 迈克尔-波特micro risks 微观风险microsegmentation 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购mono segment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational corporations (MNCs) 跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple-brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple-factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品NEC 日本电子Nescafé雀巢咖啡Nestlé雀巢net sales 净销售额network computer (NC) 网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者new markets 新市场new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线new products 新产品new-product development 新产品开发new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略Nike 耐克Nissan 尼桑no-brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non-financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling 非概率抽样non-profit organization 非盈利组织non-store retailing 无店铺零售业number of stock-outs 迟滞数目object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标-任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计objectives 具体目标observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法wordOEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商overall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣offsets 抵消交易Omega 欧米加on-air testing 广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品operational excellence 运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本opportunity identification 机会识别opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵order cycle time 订货周期order processing 订单处理organizational level 组织层次organizational requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销organizational markets 组织市场organizational purchasing 组织采购organizational structure 组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out-of-home media 户外广告媒体overall cost leadership 全面成本领先overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay-off control 支出控制penetration pricing 渗透定价Pepsi-Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product) positioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perish ability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞pioneers 先入者Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales (POS) data 销售点数据pontificator 保守派popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购买后评估post-purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market 潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格结构price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identification 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略product positioning 产品定位product quality 产品质量product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型product usage 产品用途product 产品product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project-company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psycho-graphics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理成本psychological pricing 心理定价法public organization 公共组织public relations 公共关系public utilities 公共设施publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购买倾向purchasing agent 采购代理purchasing contract 采购合同purchasing manager/agent 采购经理／代理purchasing power parity (PPP) 购买力平价指数push money/spiffs 佣金push strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略qualifying prospects 审查潜在顾客资格quality dimensions 质量维度quality 质量quantity discount 数量折扣question marks 问题类questioning 询问法quotas 定额R & D expenditure 研究开发战略race and ethnic origin 种族和民族rack jobbers 供应超级市场的批发商radio 无线电广播rank ordering 排序rate of adoption 采购率rate-of-return/target return pricing 回报率/目标回报定价法rational appeals 理性诉求rationale 基本原理raw materials 原材料reactive and proactive responses 反应及前摄策略reactive new-product development strategyreactor strategy 反应型战略real estate 房地产rebates 回扣recall tests 记忆测试receiver 接收者reciprocity 利益互惠。
市场营销专业英语术语
市场营销专业英语术语第一篇：市场营销专业英语术语A A.C.Nielson 尼尔森市场研究公司 absorption of costs 成本分配 accesibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略 Acer 宏基acquisition new-product development strategy 新产品开发收购战略 activity-based costing 以活动为基础的成本系统 adaptability 适应性adaptation to market variations 适应市场变化adaptive positioning 适应性定位additions to existing product lines 现有产品线的增加adequate size 准确的大小/足够的规模administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直营销系统administrative relationships 管理关系 adopter categories 采购者的类型 adoption process 采购过程advertising and market segmentation 广告与市场细分advertising and sales promotion 广告和销售促进advertising effects 广告效果advertising ethics 广告伦理道德advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体 advertising message 广告信息 advertising reach 广告接受人数 advertising source 广告信息来源 advertising 广告aerobic enthusiasts 增氧健身运动爱好者aesthetics 美感affinity club 同族俱乐部 after tests 事后测试 agent middleman 代理商agent/merchant middleman 代理中间商allowance 折让alteration 退换AMA Code of Ethics 美国营销协会职业道德标准 亚马逊公司 American Airlines 美国航空公司 American Express 美国运通American Marketing Association 美国营销协会 Amoco 阿莫科（英国石油公司）analysis of data 数据分析 analyzer strategy 分析者战略 Anderson 安达信annual marketing plan 年度营销计划annual requirement purchasing arrangement 年度采购需求计划anticipatory positioning 预见性定位anti-pollution legislation 反污染立法anti-trust legislation 反托拉斯立法Apple Computers 苹果电脑 area structure 地区结构aspiration/expectation level 渴望/期望水平aspirations of consumers 消费者渴望 assurance 保证AT&T 美国电话电报公司ATM(automatic teller machine)银行自动柜员机attitudes of consumers 消费者态度 attributes 属性 audiences 受众 auto repair 汽车维修automation services 自动服务 automobile industry 汽车产业autonomy 自主权availability 可获得性/供货能力 avante guardian 前卫派 Avon 雅芳awareness（产品）知晓度/知名度B baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码 barter 实物交易 basic physical needs 基本生理需要 Bausch & Lomb 博士伦BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵 before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc.行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为分析behavioural hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准 benefit clusters 利益群体 benefits 利益 Benz奔驰 billing 帐单biological revolution 生物革命 birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试Blockbuster blue collars 蓝领BMW 宝马 Boeing 波音bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线 brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志 brand name 品牌名称 brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别 brand strategies 品牌战略 brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略 branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司 brokers 经纪人 budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局 Burger King 汉堡王busines strength rating 商业能力评分 business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位 business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场 business strategies 经营战略 business unit strategy 经营单位战略 Business Week 《商业周刊》 buyback allowances 回购折让 buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力 buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性 buying intention 购买意图 buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心 buying power indes(BPI)购买力指数 buying situation 采购情况/类型 buying task 采购任务C cable TV 有线电视 Cadillac 凯迪拉克Campbell's Soup 金宝汤业公司 capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本 Carnival 嘉年华 cash cows 现金牛类 cash discounts 现金折扣 catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类 categorization 分门别类Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司CBS Records 唱片公司 CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司 centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者 channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道 channel conflicts 渠道冲突 channel decisions 渠道决策 channel functions 渠道功能 channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道 channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策 channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策 channels of communication 传播渠道 Charles Snow 查尔斯•斯诺 Cherokee 切诺基 chevrolet 雪佛莱 choice criteria 选择标准Christian Dior 克里斯汀•迪奥（世界著名时装品牌）Chrysler 克莱斯勒 Citi Corp 花旗银行 closing a sale 结束销售 clothing retailers 服装零售商 CNN 美国有线新闻网 co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics（职业）道德标准 coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调 Colgate-Palmolive 高露洁collection of data 数据收集 collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案 Comdex 计算机展销会 commercialization 商业化 commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体 company personnel 公司员工 Compaq 康柏comparative advertisements 比较广告 comparison of brands 品牌比较 compensation deals 补偿处理 compensation plan 酬金方案 compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励 compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive(supply-side)evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力 competitor analysis 竞争者分析 complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场 computerized ordering 计算机化的订购 conclusive research 确定性研究 conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致 conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略 conjoint measurement 联合测度法 conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案consumer goods 消费品 consumer markets 消费品市场 consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销 consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知 consumption 消费 contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划 contract construction 契约建筑业 contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略 contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contributrion margin 边际贡献 control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店 convenience goods 便利品 convenience 服务的便利性 Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition(CBP)核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法 corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司（经营）范围 corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略 cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold(COGS)产品销售成本 cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益 costs of competitors 竞争者成本 costs of distribution 分销成本 countertrade 对等贸易 coupons 优惠券 courtesy 礼貌 coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围 credibility 信誉 credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触 customer demand 顾客需求 customer intimacy 顾客亲密度 customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度 customer need顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留 customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知 customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度 customizing 定制D data collection 数据收集 data confidentiality 数据保密 data research 数据研究 data sources 数据来源 dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告 deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场 decoding 解码 defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略 defensive positioning 防御性定位 delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司 Delta Airlines 三角洲航空公司demand characteristics 需求特征 demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性 deregulation 放松管制 derived demand 衍生需求 descriptive research 描述性研究 design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率 desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素 different responses 差别反应differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略differentiated marketing 差异化营销 differentiation over time 不同时间的差异 differentiation strategy 差异化战略 differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论 dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析 direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销 direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability(DPP)直接产品盈利性/利润率 direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略 discriminant analysis 差异分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间 disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store(private lables)brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商 diversification 多元化 divest 撤退 divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算 dividend 红利 dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略 dropping products 放弃产品 dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统duplication（媒体）重复 DuPont 杜邦公司 durability 耐用性E early vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素 economic power 经济权 economies of scale 规模经济 education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率Electrolux 伊莱克斯emergency goods 急需品 Emerson Electric 爱默生电气 emotional appeals 情感诉求 empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例 empowerment 授权 encoding 编码 end use 最终使用 endorsement 赞同engineering（产品）工程设计 entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略 entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略 establishment 机构ethical audit（公司）伦理审计 ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德 ethnic composition 种族构成 European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助 event 活动everyday low-price(EDLP)天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变 exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场 exit barriers 退出壁垒 expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures（顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望 expected unit sales 预计产量 expected value 期望价值 experience curve 经验曲线 experimental research 实验性研究 expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究 export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商 export 出口 exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额 external data sources 外部数据来源 external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法F facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构 factor analysis 因素分析法 fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌 family life cycle 家庭生命周期 family structure 家庭结构 farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods(FMCG)快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求 features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店 Federal Trade Code （FTC)联邦贸易法案FedEx(Federal Express)联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试 financing 融资 fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观 fixed costs 固定成本 fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略 flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略 flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构 FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法 focus strategy 集中战略 followers 追随者 Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商 forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化 formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略 Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码 free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法 fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析 full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配 functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构functional performance 功能性能 functional strategy 职能战略G games 比赛 gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量General Electric(GE)通用电气 General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征 geographic adjustments 地理调整 geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍Gillette 吉列剔须刀 global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制 global markets 全球市场global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略global teenage segment 全球青少年市场 globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市场扩张 goals 总目标going-rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法goods producers 产品制造商 Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构 government buyers 政府采购者 government market 政府市场 government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 温室效应 grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product(GDP)国内生产总值 gross margin 毛利gross national product(GNP)国民生产总值 gross profit 毛利gross rating points(GRPs)总级别指数group/category product manager 类别产品经理growing markets 成长市场 growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth-extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略 growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略guarantee/warranty 保证/担保 guarantees 保证Gucci 古琦（世界著名时装品牌）H Haagen-Dazs 哈根达斯 hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》 harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations(HMOs)（美国）卫生保健组织 heavy buyer 大客户Heileman Brewing Company Heinz 亨氏食品 helpfulness 有益性 Henkel 汉高Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头）Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high-contact service system 高接触服务系统 high-involvement product 高参与产品 high-involvement purchase 高参与购买 hight marketshare 高市场份额战略 Hilton 希尔顿Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场 Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期 household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术I IBM 国际商用机器idea generation 创意的产生/生成 ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想 idea-screening process 创意筛选过程 identification of segments 识别细分市场 Illinois T ool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂 image pricing 形象定价 imitative positioning 模仿定位 imitative strategy 模仿战略 impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制 implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买impulse goods 冲动购买品incentives 激励 income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析individual brand 个别品牌 individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务 industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道 industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵 industry dynamics 产业动态 industry evaluation 产业评估industry evolution 产业演变inelastic 缺乏价格弹性influencers 影响者info communications industry 信息通信行业 infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技术 information 信息 informative 告知性的 ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈 in-house use tests 内部使用测试 innovation 创新 innovativeness 创新性 installation 设施in-store display 店内展示in-store positioning 店内布局in-store promotion 店内促销 intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan(IMC)整合营销传播计划 integration of perception 感知整合 integration 整合 Intel 因特尔intensity of market position 市场地位的集中程度 intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分销interactions across multiple target markets 多目标市场间的相互作用 interactive media 交互式媒体 interest rates 利率internal data sources 内部数据来源 internal marketing 内部营销internal organizational structure 内部组织结构international advertising 国际广告international channels 国际分销渠道international division 国际分部 international marketing 国际营销international organizational design 国际组织设计internationalization of services 服务的国际化introductory stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的推出阶段 inventory level 库存水平investor relations advertising 投资关系广告 issue advertising 观点广告J Jaguar 美洲豹 Jell-O 吉露 jobbers 批发商Johnson & Johnson 强生 joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法just noticeable difference(JND)恰巧注意到的差异just-in-time(JIT)management system 准时制管理体系just-in-time purchasing arrangements 及时采购安排K Kao 花王 Keiritsu 凯莱通 Kellogg 凯洛格公司 Kentucky Fried Chicken(KFC)肯德基 key account management 主要客户管理 key accounts 关键客户 key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户 Kmart 凯玛特 Kodak 柯达Komatsu 小松公司 Kraft 卡芙L laboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构 legal services 法律服务 legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权 level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度 Levi Strauss 李维•史特劳斯Levi's 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型 lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Lloyd's of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司 localization strategy 本地化战略 location pricing 场所定价 location 位置 lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟 long-term memory 长期记忆 lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易•威登（法国著名时尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接触服务系统low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构Lucent Technologies 朗讯科技M macro risks 宏观风险macro environment 宏观环境 macro segmentation 宏观细分mail-order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额 maintenance strategy 保持战略 management overhead 管理费 mandatory adaptation 强制性适应 manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表 manufacturers' export agents(MEA)制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构 manufacturing process 制造过程 manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素 market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵 market circumstances 市场环境market demographics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略 market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略 market factors 市场因素 market followers 市场跟随者 market growth rate 市场增长率market hierarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market leaders 市场领导者 market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析 market oriented 以市场为导向的market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market research 市场研究market segment 细分市场 market segmentation 市场细分 market share 市场份额 market targeting 目标市场选择 market 市场marketability 市场开拓能力market-entry strategies 市场进入战略 marketing action plan 营销行动计划 marketing audit 营销审计 marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems(MDSS)营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计 marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能 marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统 marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合 marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究 marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构 mark-up price 产品/溢价价格 Marlboro 万宝路 Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略 mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构 Matsu****a 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者 mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS(Marketing-Decision Support System)市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性 measure or index 测量指标 measurement criteria 计量标准 media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Services memory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商 merchant wholesalers 商业批发商 message structure 信息结构 Michael Porter 迈克尔-波特 micro risks 微观风险micro segmentation 微观细分Miller-Tyding ACT, USA 米勒•泰丁法案 Minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company(3M)明尼苏达矿业和制造公司 Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源 mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工 modified rebuy 调整再购monosegment positioning 单一细分市场定位 Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法 multilevel selling 多级销售multinational corporations(MNCs)跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场 multiple-brand strategy 多品牌战略 multiple-factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任N Nabisco Biscuit 纳贝斯克饼干公司national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品 NEC 日本电子Nescafé 雀巢咖啡Nestlé 雀巢 net sales 净销售额network computer(NC)网络计算机 new business selling 新业务销售 new buy 购入新产品 new entrants 新进入者 new markets 新市场 new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线 new products 新产品new-product development 新产品开发 new-product ideas 新产品创意 Newsweek 《新闻周刊》 new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略 Nike 耐克 Nissan 尼桑no-brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称 no-frills product 无虚饰产品 noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音 non-financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施 non-probability sampling 非概率抽样 non-profit organization 非盈利组织 non-store retailing 无店铺零售业 number of stockouts 迟滞数目O object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标-任务促销预算法 objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计 objectives 具体目标 observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本 occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法OEM(original equipment manufacturer)原始设备制造商overall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣 offsets 抵消交易 Omega 欧米加on-air testing 广播测试OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品 operational excellence 运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者 opportunity cost 机会成本opportunity identification 机会识别opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵 order cycle time 订货周期 order processing订单处理 organizational level 组织层次organizational requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销 organizational markets 组织市场 organizational purchasing 组织采购 organizational structure 组织结构 outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者 out-of-home media 户外广告媒体 overall cost leadership 全面成本领先 overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权P Pacific Electric 太平洋电气 packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组 parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方 payment terms 支付条款 pay-off control 支出控制 penetration pricing 渗透定价 Pepsi-Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值 perceived quality 感知到的质量 perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual(product)positioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织 perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕 performance dimension 业绩标准 performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标 performance standards 绩效标准 performance 功能perishability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical(product)positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量 physical distribution 实物分销 Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞 pioneers 先入者 Pizza Hut 必胜客 place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计 point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purchase(POP)promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales(POS)data 销售点数据 pontificator 保守派 popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式 position intensity 地位集中程度 positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购买后评估post-purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market 潜在目标市场 power in distribution 分销权力 power of buyers 购买者能力 power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇 premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者 presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性 price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销 price quotation 报价 price sensitivity 价格敏感度 price structure 价格结构 price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比 price-off promotions 降价促销 price-setting process 定价过程 pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略 pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM(Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets)按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identification 确定问题process management 过程管理 Procter & Gamble(P&G)宝洁公司 product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性 product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计 product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额 product leadership 产品领导能力 product life cycle(PLC)产品生命周期 product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计 product offering 供应品product organization of sales force 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略 product positioning 产品定位 product quality 产品质量 product scope 产品范围 product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型 product usage 产品用途 product 产品product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构 product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use。
营销术语大全
营销术语大全第一篇：营销术语大全营销（Marketing）：个人和群体通过创造产品和价值，并用之与他人进行交换以获得所需所欲的社会及管理过程。
需要（Needs）：感受到的贫乏状态，包括物质需要、社会需要和个人需要。
需要是人类自身本能的基本组成部分。
欲望（Wants）：人类的需要经由文化及个性塑造后所采取的形式。
欲望是用可满足需要的实物来描述的。
需求(Demands)：有购买力作后盾的人类需求。
产品（Product）：任何可以提供给市场，获得关注、占有、使用或消费，并可能满足人们某种需要或欲望的东西。
它包括实物、服务、人员、地点、组织及观念。
顾客价值（Customer value）：消费者对某种产品能满足其需要的全部效能的一种评价，体现为顾客从拥有和使用该产品所获得的全部价值与为取得该产品所付出的总成本之间的差额。
它对顾客来说是一种收益。
顾客满意（Customer satisfactfon）：消费者认为产品性能能够达到其期望值的程度。
如果产品的性能低于顾客的期望，购买者便不会感到满意；产品的性能超过期望，购买者就会感到满意甚至会感到惊喜。
全面质量管理（Total quality management，缩写为TQM）：一套专门设计用以不断改进产品服务和业务流程质量的程序。
交换（Exchange）：通过提供某种东西作为回报，从别人那里取得所需物品的行为。
它是满足需要的一种方式。
交换是营销的核心概念。
交易（Transaction）：发生在双方之间的买卖，涉及两种或两种以上有价之物、协议一致的条件、协定的时间及协定的地点。
它是市场营销的度量单位。
关系营销（Relationship marketing）：与顾客及其他利益相关者（分销商、经销商和供应商）建立、维持并加强富有特定价值的牢固关系的过程。
市场（Market）：产品或服务的现实和潜在的购买者集合。
营销管理（Marketing management）：为实现组织目标而对旨在建立、加深和维持与目标购买者之间有益的交换关系的各种程序所作的分析、计划、实施及控制。
营销细分与营销竞争优势英文版
Marketing Segmentation and Marketing Competitive Advantage Marketing segmentation is a crucial strategy used by organizations to divide their target market into smaller, more manageable segments. By doing so, businesses can tailor their marketing efforts to better meet the specific needs and preferences of each segment, leading to more effective and efficient marketing campaigns. Additionally, marketing segmentation allows businesses to gain a competitive advantage by identifying and targeting the most profitable market segments.What is Marketing Segmentation?Marketing segmentation is the process of dividing a heterogeneous market into distinct groups based on characteristics such as demographics, psychographics, behaviors, and geographic locations. These groups, known as market segments, share common traits or interests that make them more likely to respond positively to specific marketing efforts.Types of Marketing SegmentationMarketing segmentation can be carried out using various criteria. Some commonly used types of segmentation include:Demographic SegmentationDemographic segmentation involves dividing the market based on variables such as age, gender, income, education level, occupation, and family size. This type of segmentation allows businesses to target specific groups of customers who are more likely to be interested in their products or services.Psychographic SegmentationPsychographic segmentation involves dividing the market based on lifestyle, personality traits, values, attitudes, interests, and opinions. By understanding the psychographic profiles of their customers, businesses can tailor their marketing messages to resonate with their target audience on a deeper level.Behavioral SegmentationBehavioral segmentation involves dividing the market based on consumer behavior, such as purchasing habits, brand loyalty, usage rate, and decision-making process. This type of segmentation allows businesses to target customers who have a higher likelihood of purchasing their products or services.Geographic SegmentationGeographic segmentation involves dividing the market based on geographic location, such as country, region, city, or climate. This type of segmentation is particularly useful for businesses operating in multiple locations or those whose products or services have regional variations.Importance of Marketing SegmentationEffective marketing segmentation offers several benefits to businesses:Better TargetingBy dividing the market into smaller segments, businesses can create more specific marketing strategies tailored to the unique needs and preferences of each segment. This allows for more personalized and relevant marketing messages, leading to higher response rates and conversion rates.Cost EfficiencyMarketing to a broad, undifferentiated market can be costly and inefficient. By targeting specific segments, businesses can optimize their marketing resources by focusing on the segments that are most likely to be interested in their offerings. This helps reduce marketing costs and increases return on investment.Competitive AdvantageSuccessfully identifying and targeting profitable market segments can provide businesses with a competitive advantage. By understanding their customers’ needs better than their competitors, businesses can develop unique value propositions and differentiate themselves in the market.Developing a Marketing Competitive AdvantageA marketing competitive advantage refers to the unique qualities or attributes that set a business apart from its competitors. Here are some strategies businesses can adopt to develop a marketing competitive advantage:Product DifferentiationOne way to stand out from competitors is by offering a unique product or service that addresses a specific customer need or solves a problem in a better way. In this strategy, businesses focus on creating innovative products or enhancing existing products to provide superior value to their target market.Pricing StrategyPricing can be a powerful competitive advantage if businesses can offer their products or services at a lower price than their competitors without compromising on quality. Alternatively, businesses can position themselves in the market as a premium option, offering higher quality or added value at a higher price.Customer ExperienceProviding an exceptional customer experience can differentiate a business from its competitors. This includes offering superior customer service, personalized interactions, convenient purchase processes, and post-purchase support. Businesses that prioritize customer satisfaction can build strong customer loyalty and gain a competitive advantage.Marketing CommunicationEffective marketing communication plays a vital role in building and maintaining a competitive advantage. By developing compelling marketing messages that speak to the unique needs and preferences of their target market, businesses can differentiate themselves and create a strong brand identity. This includes consistent branding, targeted advertising, and engaging content marketing.ConclusionMarketing segmentation is a fundamental strategy that enables businesses to target specific customer segments with personalized marketing efforts. By understanding their custom ers’ characteristics, behaviors, and preferences, businesses can develop marketing campaigns that resonate and deliver value. Additionally, businesses can gain a competitive advantage by leveraging their understanding of market segments to differentiate themselves in the market. Through product differentiation, pricing strategies, exceptional customer experiences, and effective marketing communication, businesses can position themselves as leaders in their respective markets.。
营销自己的英文作文
营销自己的英文作文英文：Marketing myself is not an easy task, but it is necessary in today's competitive job market. As a recent graduate, I have learned the importance of standing out from the crowd and showcasing my unique skills and experiences.One of the best ways to market myself is through networking. I attend industry events and connect with professionals in my field. By building relationships and staying in touch, I am able to learn about jobopportunities and gain valuable insights into the industry.Another effective way to market myself is through my online presence. I have a professional website and social media accounts that showcase my work and accomplishments. This allows potential employers to get a sense of who I am and what I can bring to their organization.In addition, I always make sure to tailor my resume and cover letter to the specific job I am applying for. This shows that I have taken the time to research the company and understand their needs and requirements.Overall, marketing myself requires a combination of networking, online presence, and tailored applications. It takes time and effort, but it is worth it to stand out in a competitive job market.中文：自我营销并不是一件容易的事情，但在如今竞争激烈的就业市场中是必要的。
市场营销英文自我介绍
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Marketing市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表
市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表Marketing Management营销管理New Products Development新产品开发Service Industry Marketing服务业营销Advertising广告Business Negotiation商业谈判International Marketing国际市场营销Sales Channels销售渠道Public Relationship公共关系Consumer Behavior消费者行为Systems of Management Information管理信息系统Marketing Research营销调研accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略positioning定位market segmentation市场细分sales promotion销售促进advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising message 广告信息advertising source 广告信息来源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折让alteration 退换American Marketing Association 美国营销协会annual marketing plan 年度营销计划assurance 保证attitudes of consumers 消费者态度availability 可获得性/供货能力awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为分析behavioural hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔驰billing 帐单birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试blue collars 蓝领bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标志brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局business strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业计划business position 经营地位business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单位战略buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购买惯性buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道choice criteria 选择标准closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传播媒体company personnel 公司员工comparative advertisements 比较广告comparison of brands 品牌比较compensation deals 补偿处理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 补偿性的competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者分析complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析contribution margin 边际贡献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服务的便利性core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定数据法corporate HQ 公司总部corrective action 矫正行动cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本counter trade 对等贸易courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法customer analysis 顾客分析customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价customer service 顾客服务customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法customers' perception 顾客感知data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反应differentiated marketing 差异化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminant analysis 差异分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整disjunctive model 分离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private labels) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统durability 耐用性early vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 经济技术因素economic power 经济权economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering （产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures （顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value 期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法focus strategy 集中战略followers 追随者Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 职能战略games 比赛gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量General Electric (GE) 通用电气General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征geographic adjustments 地理调整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍Gillette 吉列剔须刀global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制global markets 全球市场global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略global teenage segment 全球青少年市场globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市场扩张goals 总目标going-rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法goods producers 产品制造商Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构government buyers 政府采购者government market 政府市场government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 温室效应grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值gross margin 毛利gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs) 总级别指数group/category product manager 类别产品经理growing markets 成长市场growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth-extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略guarantee/warranty 保证/担保guarantees 保证Gucci 古琦（世界著名时装品牌）Haagen-Dazs 哈根达斯hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美国）卫生保健组织heavy buyer 大客户Heileman Brewing CompanyHeinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性Henkel 汉高Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头）Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high-contact service system 高接触服务系统high-involvement product 高参与产品high-involvement purchase 高参与购买hight market share 高市场份额战略Hilton 希尔顿Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术idea generation 创意的产生/生成ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想idea-screening process 创意筛选过程identification of segments 识别细分市场Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂image pricing 形象定价imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿战略impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买impulse goods 冲动购买品incentives 激励income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析individual brand 个别品牌individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵industry dynamics 产业动态industry evaluation 产业评估industry evolution 产业演变inelastic 缺乏价格弹性influences 影响者info-communications industry 信息通信行业infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技术information 信息informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈in-house use tests 内部使用测试innovation 创新innovativeness 创新性installation 设施in-store display 店内展示in-store positioning 店内布局in-store promotion 店内促销intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan (IMC) 整合营销传播计划integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合Intel 因特尔intensity of market position 市场地位的集中程度intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分销interactions across multiple target markets 多目标市场间的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒体interest rates 利率internal data sources 内部数据来源internal marketing 内部营销internal organizational structure 内部组织结构international advertising 国际广告international channels 国际分销渠道international division 国际分部international marketing 国际营销international organizational design 国际组织设计internationalization of services 服务的国际化introductory stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的推出阶段inventory level 库存水平investor relations advertising 投资关系广告issue advertising 观点广告jobbers 批发商Johnson & Johnson 强生joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法just noticeable difference (JND) 恰巧注意到的差异just-in-time (JIT) management system 准时制管理体系just-in-time purchasing arrangements 及key account management 主要客户管理key accounts 关键客户key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户laboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构legal services 法律服务legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度Levi Strauss 李维·史特劳斯Levi's 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Loyd's of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司localization strategy 本地化战略location pricing 场所定价location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟long-term memory 长期记忆lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易·威登（法国著名时尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接触服务系统low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构macro risks 宏观风险macro-environment 宏观环境macro-segmentation 宏观细分mail-order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufacturing process 制造过程manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances 市场环境market demographics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略market factors 市场因素market followers 市场跟随者market growth rate 市场增长率market hierarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market leaders 市场领导者market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析market oriented 以市场为导向的market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market research 市场研究market segment 细分市场market segmentation 市场细分market share 市场份额market targeting 目标市场选择market 市场marketability 市场开拓能力market-entry strategies 市场进入战略marketing action plan 营销行动计划marketing audit 营销审计marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price 产品/溢价价格Marlboro 万宝路Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构Mitsubishi 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标measurement criteria 计量标准media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Servicesmemory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构Michael Porter 迈克尔-波特micro risks 微观风险microsegmentation 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购mono segment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational corporations (MNCs) 跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple-brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple-factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品NEC 日本电子Nescafé 雀巢咖啡Nestlé 雀巢net sales 净销售额network computer (NC) 网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者new markets 新市场new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线new products 新产品new-product development 新产品开发new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略Nike 耐克Nissan 尼桑no-brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non-financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling 非概率抽样non-profit organization 非盈利组织non-store retailing 无店铺零售业number of stock-outs 迟滞数目object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标-任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计objectives 具体目标observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商overall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣offsets 抵消交易Omega 欧米加on-air testing 广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品operational excellence 运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本opportunity identification 机会识别opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵order cycle time 订货周期order processing 订单处理organizational level 组织层次organizational requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销organizational markets 组织市场organizational purchasing 组织采购organizational structure 组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out-of-home media 户外广告媒体overall cost leadership 全面成本领先overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay-off control 支出控制penetration pricing 渗透定价Pepsi-Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product) positioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perish ability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞pioneers 先入者Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales (POS) data 销售点数据pontificator 保守派popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购买后评估post-purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market 潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格结构price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identification 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略product positioning 产品定位product quality 产品质量product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product specifications 产品规格product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型product usage 产品用途product 产品product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project-company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psycho-graphics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理成本psychological pricing 心理定价法public organization 公共组织public relations 公共关系public utilities 公共设施publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购买倾向purchasing agent 采购代理purchasing contract 采购合同purchasing manager/agent 采购经理／代理purchasing power parity (PPP) 购买力平价指数push money/spiffs 佣金push strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略qualifying prospects 审查潜在顾客资格quality dimensions 质量维度quality 质量quantity discount 数量折扣question marks 问题类questioning 询问法quotas 定额R & D expenditure 研究开发战略race and ethnic origin 种族和民族rack jobbers 供应超级市场的批发商radio 无线电广播rank ordering 排序rate of adoption 采购率rate-of-return/target return pricing 回报率/目标回报定价法rational appeals 理性诉求rationale 基本原理raw materials 原材料reactive and proactive responses 反应及前摄策略reactive new-product development strategy reactor strategy 反应型战略real estate 房地产rebates 回扣recall tests 记忆测试receiver 接收者reciprocity 利益互惠recognition of problem/need 发现问题/需求recognition tests 认知测试recreation 娱乐业recruitment and selection 招聘与选拔recycling of packaging 包装回收（利用）Reebok 锐步reference group 参照群体referent power 参照权refocus 巩固refunds 退款refusal to deal 拒绝经营regression analysis 回归分析法regulation 管制related/concentric diversification 相关/同心多元化relational VMSs 相关式垂直营销系统relative attractiveness of declining markets 衰退市场的相对吸引力relative market potential 相对市场潜力relative market share 相对市场份额reliability 可靠性repeat purchase behavior 重复购买行为repetition 重复repositionings 重新定位产品requirements planning 需求计划re-seller 中间商resident buyers 常驻采购员resource allocation/deployment 资源配置response strategies 反应策略response to communication 传播响应responsive strategy 反应型新产品开发战略responsiveness 响应性retail coverage strategy 零售范围战略Retail Index 零售指数retail outlets 零售店retail sales 零售额retailer co-operatives 零售商合作社retailer 零售商retailing trends 零售趋势Return on Equity (ROE) 权益回报率Return on Investment (ROI) 投资回报率Return on Net Assets (RONA) 净资产回报率reverse engineering 反向工程reward systems 奖励系统rivalry determinants 竞争决定因素rivalry 竞争对手Robert Miles 罗伯特·迈尔斯Rockwell 洛克威尔Rolex 劳力士Rolls-Royce 劳斯莱斯roster 名册salary 薪金sales agents 销售代理商sales analysis by customer 顾客销售分析sales analysis by order size 订货规模的销售分析sales analysis by product 产品销售分析sales analysis by territory 区域销售分析sales analysis 销售分析sales forcasting 销售预测sales force estimates 销售人员估计sales force size 销售队伍规模。
营销细分与营销竞争优势(英文版)
营销细分与营销竞争优势(英文版)Marketing segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct groups of consumers who have similar preferences, needs, or characteristics. By understanding the specific needs and characteristics of each segment, marketers can tailor their marketing strategies and offerings to better meet these needs, thereby increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty.Segmenting a market allows companies to target their marketing efforts more effectively. Rather than employing a one-size-fits-all marketing approach, segmentation enables companies to identify specific groups of consumers who are more likely to be interested in their products or services. This allows for more efficient use of marketing resources and a higher likelihood of success.There are several ways to segment a market. One common approach is demographic segmentation, which involves dividing the market based on demographic variables such as age, gender, income, and education level. Another approach is psychographic segmentation, which focuses on consumers' attitudes, interests, and lifestyles. Additionally, geographic segmentation divides the market based on geographical location, such as country, region, or city.By understanding and targeting specific segments, companies can gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. This advantage is known as marketing competitive advantage. It refers to the unique qualities or characteristics that allow a company to outperform its competitors. By meeting the needs of a particular segment more effectively than its competitors, a company can differentiate itselfand attract more customers.There are several strategies that companies can employ to achieve a marketing competitive advantage. One strategy is offering superior products or services that meet the specific needs of a target segment. By focusing on product differentiation, companies can position themselves as the preferred choice for customers within a particular segment.Another strategy is providing exceptional customer service. By offering personalized support and assistance, companies can build stronger relationships with their target segments, resulting in higher customer satisfaction and loyalty. Additionally, companies can leverage technology and data to provide personalized marketing messages and offers to specific segments, further enhancing their competitive advantage.In conclusion, marketing segmentation is a crucial process that allows companies to divide a market into distinct groups based on their preferences, needs, or characteristics. By understanding and targeting specific segments, companies can gain a marketing competitive advantage by offering tailored products, superior customer service, and personalized marketing messages. This leads to increased customer satisfaction, loyalty, and ultimately, business success.细分市场是一项关键的营销策略，能够帮助企业更好地理解消费者需求和行为，并制定针对性的营销计划。
英语作文 市场营销
英语作文市场营销Marketing is such a fascinating field, full ofcreativity and strategy. It's not just about selling products or services; it's about understanding people,their needs, and how to connect with them in a meaningful way.One of the coolest things about marketing is how it leverages different mediums and channels. From traditional advertising like TV commercials and print media to digital marketing on social media and email, the possibilities are endless. And each platform has its unique set of rules and techniques that make it exciting to explore.But what really makes marketing stand out is theability to tell a story. It's not just about pushing a product; it's about creating an emotional connection with the audience. When a brand can tell a compelling story that resonates with people, that's when marketing magic happens.Of course, no magic trick works without hard work and research. Market research is key to understanding your target audience and what they want. And once you know that, you can start developing marketing strategies that are tailored to their interests and needs.Finally, marketing is always evolving. Trends come and go, and it's important to stay on top of them to keep your brand relevant. But even more。
市场营销专业小英语作文
市场营销专业小英语作文Marketing is all about understanding what people want and need, and then creating products and services that can meet those wants and needs. It's about connecting with customers and building relationships with them. It's also about finding new and creative ways to promote and sell products. In short, marketing is about identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably.One of the key aspects of marketing is market research. This involves gathering and analyzing information about the market, the competition, and the target customers. It helps companies understand what their customers want and need, and how they can best meet those needs. Market research also helps companies identify new opportunities and trends in the market.Another important aspect of marketing is branding. Branding is about creating a unique and memorable image for a product or company. It's about building a strong andpositive identity that customers can relate to and trust. A strong brand can help a company stand out from the competition and build customer loyalty.In today's digital age, online marketing has become increasingly important. It includes a wide range of activities such as social media marketing, email marketing, content marketing, and search engine optimization. Online marketing allows companies to reach a global audience and target customers with precision.Marketing also involves pricing, distribution, and promotion. Pricing strategies can influence how customers perceive a product, while distribution channels determine how products reach customers. Promotion involves communicating the value of a product or service to customers through advertising, sales promotions, and public relations.Overall, marketing is a dynamic and diverse field that requires creativity, strategic thinking, and a deep understanding of customer behavior. It's about creatingvalue for customers and building strong, long-lasting relationships with them.。
市场营销职业规划作文英语
市场营销职业规划作文英语As a marketing professional, my career plan is to continuously improve my skills and knowledge in the fieldof marketing, and to eventually take on a leadership rolein a reputable company.In the short term, I plan to gain more practical experience in different areas of marketing, such as digital marketing, market research, and brand management. I will actively seek out opportunities to work on diversemarketing projects and campaigns, and to learn from experienced professionals in the industry. Additionally, I will continue to stay updated on the latest marketingtrends and techniques through attending workshops, webinars, and industry conferences.In the mid-term, I aim to further my education by pursuing a master's degree in marketing or a related field. This will not only deepen my understanding of marketing theories and concepts, but also provide me with a broader perspective on global marketing strategies. I also plan to seek out international work experience to broaden mycultural and professional horizons, and to develop a globalmindset that is essential in today's interconnectedbusiness world.In the long term, I aspire to take on a leadership rolein a marketing department or to start my own marketing consultancy firm. I envision myself leading a team of talented marketing professionals, and contributing to the strategic direction and success of the company. I also hope to be able to mentor and inspire future generations of marketing professionals, and to make a positive impact onthe marketing industry as a whole.作为一名市场营销专业人员，我的职业规划是不断提升自己在营销领域的技能和知识，并最终在一家知名公司担任领导职务。
市场营销专业英语自我介绍
市场营销专业英语自我介绍Hello, everyone! I am excited to introduce myself as a professional in the field of Marketing. With a strong background in marketing strategies and a passion for creativity, I have dedicated myself to mastering the art of effective communication and brand promotion.Marketing is all about connecting with people, understanding their needs and desires, and creating value for both customers and businesses. As a marketing professional, I have developed a deep understanding of consumer behavior, market trends, and competitive analysis. I am constantly seeking new ways to engage with customers and build lasting relationships.In today's fast-paced and ever-changing business environment, it is crucial to stay ahead of the curve and adapt to new technologies and trends. I am always eager to learn and grow, whether it's through attending industry conferences, networking with other professionals, or taking online courses to enhance my skills.One of the key aspects of successful marketing is the ability to communicate effectively. Whether it's crafting a compelling message for a social media campaign, writing engaging content for a website, or presenting a marketing plan to senior executives, I pride myself on my strong communication skills and attention to detail.In addition to communication, creativity is another essential trait for a successful marketer. I love brainstorming new ideas, thinking outside the box, and coming up with innovative solutions to complex problems. Whether it's designing a new logo, creating a viral video, or launching a guerrilla marketing campaign, I am always ready to push the boundaries and challenge the status quo.As a marketing professional, I am also well-versed in data analysis and market research. I understand the importance of gathering and interpreting data to make informed decisions and drive business growth. By analyzing key performance indicators,tracking customer behavior, and monitoring market trends, I am able to identify opportunities for improvement and develop strategies to achieve marketing objectives.In conclusion, I am a passionate and dedicated marketing professional with a strong foundation in marketing principles, a creative mindset, and a commitment to excellence. I am confident in my ability to drive results, build brand awareness, and create meaningful connections with customers. Thank you for taking the time to learn more about me, and I look forward to the opportunity to work with you in the future.。
市场细分与定位(中英)分析解析
营销专业英文作文
营销专业英文作文英文：As a marketing professional, I believe that the key to successful marketing lies in understanding the needs and desires of the target audience. This involves conducting thorough market research to identify consumer preferences, behaviors, and trends. By doing so, we can tailor our marketing strategies to effectively reach and engage with our target audience.For example, when I was working on a marketing campaign for a new skincare product, I conducted focus groups and surveys to gather insights into what consumers were looking for in a skincare product. Through this research, I discovered that many consumers were seeking natural and organic ingredients in their skincare products. Armed with this knowledge, I was able to create a marketing campaign that highlighted the natural and organic aspects of the product, which resonated with our target audience and ledto a successful product launch.In addition to understanding consumer preferences, it's also important to stay updated on industry trends and developments. This can involve attending industry conferences, networking with other professionals, and staying informed through industry publications and news sources. By staying informed, we can adapt our marketing strategies to reflect current trends and stay ahead of the competition.Another important aspect of successful marketing is the ability to effectively communicate the value of a product or service to the target audience. This involves creating compelling messaging and visuals that resonate with consumers and clearly communicate the benefits of the product or service. For example, when I was working on a marketing campaign for a new smartphone, I focused on highlighting the advanced features and capabilities of the phone in a way that was easy for consumers to understand and appreciate.Ultimately, successful marketing is about connectingwith consumers on a personal level and understanding what motivates them to make purchasing decisions. By understanding consumer needs, staying informed on industry trends, and effectively communicating the value of aproduct or service, we can create impactful marketing campaigns that drive results.中文：作为营销专业人士，我相信成功营销的关键在于理解目标受众的需求和欲望。
市场营销学专业英语
市场营销学专业（本科）营销管理 Market ing Manage ment公共关系 Public Relati onshi p国际贸易 Intern ation al Trade消费者行为Consum er Behavi or管理信息系统 System s of Manage mentInform ation营销调研 Market ing Resear ch推销学 SalesStrate gies国际金融 Intern ation al Financ e营销预测与规划 Market ing Foreca sting and Planni ng销售渠道管理 SalesChanne ls Manage ment国际市场营销 Intern ation al Market ing商业谈判 Busine ss Negoti ation广告管理 Advert ising Manage ment营销案例分析 Case Studie s of Market ing国际贸易实务 Practi ce of Intern ation al Trade服务业营销Servic e Indust ry Market ing企业伦理 Enterp riseEthics新产品开发New Produc ts Develo pment管理学 Princi plesof Manage mentM macrorisks宏观风险macroe nviro nment宏观环境macros egmen tatio n 宏观细分mail-orderretail ers 邮购零售商mainta ining market share保持市场份额mainte nance strate gy 保持战略manage mentoverhe ad 管理费mandat ory adapta tion强制性适应manufa cture r brand制造商/全国性品牌manufa cture rs' agents/repres entat ives生产商的代理商/销售代表manufa cture rs' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufa cture rs' salesoffice s/branch es 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufa cturi ng proces s 制造过程manufa cturi ng 制造业market aggreg ation strate gy 整体市场战略market attrac tiven ess factor s 市场吸引力因素market attrac tiven ess 市场吸引力market attrac tiven ess/busine ss positi on matrix市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circum stanc es 市场环境market demorg raphi cs 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimens ion 市场量度market entrystrate gies市场进入战略market exclus ion 市场排斥market expans ion strate gy 市场扩张战略market factor s 市场因素market follow ers 市场跟随者market growth rate 市场增长率market hirarc hy 市场等级market inclus ion 市场纳入market leader s 市场领导者market measur ement市场测量market opport unity analys is 市场机会分析market orient ed 以市场为导向的market positi on factor s 市场地位因素market positi oning analys is 市场定位分析损益预估Pr ofitand loss foreca st综合意见反馈Compr ehens ive feedba ck售后服务after-sale servic e客户群培养C ustom er traini ng制订销售目标Set salestarget明确市场切入点Clea r the market entrypoint确立目标市场establishthe target market前期市场调查The prelim inary market invest igati on销售管理Salesmanage ment。
市场营销英文缩写
市场营销英文缩写第一篇：市场营销英文缩写R&D：research and develolment，研发。
PEST分析模型：法律力量、经济力量、社会文化力量、技术力量。
SWOT分析法：strength（优势）、weakness（劣势）、opportunity（机会）、threats（威胁）。
BCG矩阵：波士顿矩阵，市场增长度-相对市场份额矩阵。
GE矩阵：通用电气公司矩阵，吸引力/实力矩阵。
PME矩阵：产品/市场演变矩阵。
EDS：electronic data systems，电子数据系统。
EDI：电子数据交换。
BBS：电子公告栏。
CE：concurrent engineering，并行工程。
SCM：supply chain management，供应链管理。
QFD：quality function deployment，质量功能展开。
MC：mass customization，批量客户化生产。
CRM：customer relations management，客户关系管理。
5S：seiri（整理）、seiton（整顿）、seiso（清扫）、seiketsu （清洁）、shitsuke（教养），马来西亚德克萨斯仪器公司（TI）“5S”工作法。
SIS：strategic imformation system，战略信息系统；steal ideas shamelessly，偷点子，不怕羞。
Benchmarking：标杆管理，标杆战略，基准化管理，参照管理。
CKO：chief knowledge officer，首席知识官。
VAP：value-adding partnership，增值伙伴关系。
CIS：corporate identity system，企业形象识别系统。
MI：mind identity，理念识别。
BI：behaviour identity，行为识别。
VI：visual identity，视觉识别。
营销应聘英文作文
营销应聘英文作文英文：Marketing is all about understanding the needs and wants of the customers and creating a product or service that fulfills those needs. As a marketer, my job is to create a connection between the product and the customer, to make them feel like they need it in their life. This is done through various marketing strategies such as advertising, promotions, and events.One of the most important aspects of marketing is understanding the target audience. This includes their demographics, interests, and behaviors. For example, if I am marketing a new line of athletic wear, I would target individuals who are interested in fitness and health, and who are likely to purchase athletic wear. Understanding the target audience allows me to create a message and marketing strategy that resonates with them and makes them want to purchase the product.Another important aspect of marketing is branding. A strong brand can create loyalty and trust with customers. This can be achieved through consistent messaging, visual identity, and customer experience. For example, if I am marketing a luxury brand, I would ensure that the messaging and visual identity convey a sense of exclusivity and high quality. I would also ensure that the customer experience, from the website to the in-store experience, reflects the brand values.In addition to understanding the target audience and branding, it is important to stay up-to-date with thelatest marketing trends and technologies. This includes social media, influencer marketing, and data analytics. By staying informed and implementing new strategies, I can ensure that my marketing efforts are effective and efficient.Overall, marketing is a dynamic and ever-changing field that requires creativity, strategic thinking, and a deep understanding of the customer. As a marketer, my goal is tocreate a connection between the customer and the product, and to ultimately drive sales and revenue for the company.中文：营销就是了解顾客的需求和需求，并创建一个能够满足这些需求的产品或服务。
市场营销专业英语知识点chapter1 11
市场营销专业英语知识点chapter1 11市场营销专业英语知识点chapter1-11第1章1marketingmix营销组合2potentialcustomer潜在客户3selling销售4softsell软营销供应短缺的硬销产品7demanddriven产品供过于求8intermediary中间商9关系营销10营销伦理第2章1environmentscanning外部换件扫描外部营销环境模型4boom经济急速发展时期5经济发展速度下降的萧条期6upturn&downturn上升阶段和下降阶段7recessionproof抗经济衰退的商品8unemployment失业波特五力模型分析1hostcountry东道国2politicalrisk政治危险3expropriation征用4confiscation 没收5domestication本土化6organization组织7购买力8thephysicalqualityoflifeindex(pqli)物质生活质量指数9culture文化10国际营销第4章1internaldata内部数据探索性研究假说4primarydata第一手数据5二手数据二手数据6外部数据外部数据7样本8focusgroup焦点小组/小组座谈会9survey调查，研究10问卷调查themarketingresearchprocess1definingtheproblem发现问题2conductingexploratoryresearch3formulationahypothesis4greatingaresearchdesign5收集数据a。
primarydatab。
第二数据6解释并呈现搜索信息chapter5marketsegmentation知识点市场细分的原因reasonsformarketsegmentation1.更高的利润higherprofits2.在客户生命周期的所有阶段建立可持续的客户关系3.鼓励创新单词1.市场细分2。
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Marketing Individual Short EssayChild obesity and healthy life are both the social issues that people concerned about. To evolve with the times and also to satisfy the customer needs McDonald’s put the Happy Meal on diet. It was a good movement matched the requirement of a market orientation and focused on the customer satisfactions. This essay will argue that McDonald’s decision would be successful strategy for both customer orientation and customer relationship management. On the top of it, this paper it will discuss what is customer orientation, and its relationship with McDonald’s corporation. It will then explain why this marketing concept is important to McDonald’s, and finally it will analyze whether this strategy could be successful.Customer orientation is a marketing concept that focuses on the satisfaction of customer (Whitwell et al. 2003:25). It is one of the most important concepts in market orientation since customer is the major force to ‘developing and carrying out a market orientation’ (Pride et al. 2012:17). On the other word, customer orientation shows that marketing is to develop and change with what the customer needs. That is the reason why McDonald’s changed its Happy Meal into a healthier product. McDonald’s corporation is one of the biggest fast food chains in the world. It is a commercial business by serving the customer with fried food like fried chicken and hamburgers, and also offering the Happy Meal especially for children. The Happy Meal mentioned in the article was consisting with the fried meal and a toy, which is in order to catch the eye of children. However, the fried food can be considered as a kind of junk food which made youngsters overweight and unhealthy. Under the pressure of health advocates and parents, McDonald’s finally made the movement that offer apple slices instead of fried chips in the Happy Meal. It also promised to offer customer more options by serving fat-free chocolate milk and vegetables. As one of the most convenient restaurant worldwide, this movement of McDonald’s may attract more adults to try the new healthy fast food including the parents. The children may feel disappoint by this new but their parents are actually the real customer of McDonald’s since youngsters have no economic power at all. All the movements of McDonald’s are satisfied the customers indeed.The reason for McDonald’s to do this change is obvious. The organization well understands how important the customer orientation is for McDonald’s. However,there do are some other factors push McDonald’s to do so. Political and social issues can be the most effective force to this movement. The article shows that American first lady Michelle Obama and national public health officials are concerned about the obesity among the youngsters. It led McDonald’s to think over the health of American children and started to change. Competitor orientation is another force to push McDonald’s change. According to the newspaper article, ‘Other restaurant chains have gone further than McDonald’s in acceding to calls for improving the fare on children’s menus and eliminating marketing appeals’. In the article, it also pointed out the detail movements of Jack in Box, Burger King and IHOP which are the competitor of McDonald’s. Clearly, if McDonald’s didn’t do anything to catch up, the reputation of McDonald’s would fall down quickly and some of the customer may change to choose the product of McDonald’s competitor which serve healthier food. Furthermore, McDonald’s strategic purpose for this activity is more than the reasons presented above. People’s impression on the fried food usually gave McDonald’s a label of unhealthy and junk food. This action was a good chance to improve the reputation of McDonald’s from unhealthy fast food to high quality restaurant. The new Happy Meal promoted McDonald’s service for the children and also gave McDonald’s new ideas about providing customer more healthy options. Another purpose of McDonald’s movement is to build the better relationships with customers. That is a marketing concept related with customer relationship management. It is claimed by Pride et al. (2012:20) that a company wants a long-term relationship with customers should created the marketing strategy by searching the customer information, and that is what CRM focus on. As modern people require the healthy life, to satisfy the customer in the future, the information of customers logically should also relate to health. Thus, McDonald’s movement do has the strategic purpose for the long-term relationship with customers.Whether this movement will be successful never mentioned in the article, but it is not hard to analyze it. It was indicated in the article that the price of the Happy Meal not expected to change while the costing of apple slices is cheaper than fried chips. It obviously shows that, the profit of the Happy Meal will increase. In addition, as reported in the article Mrs.Obama praised this moves of McDonalds as ‘positive steps’and it did the best advertisement for McDonald’s new Happy Meal. It is easy to foresee that McDonald’s will successfully win the benefit from this strategic move with increased profit and free advertisement.In conclusion, McDonald’s movement of re-position their product satisfied the customers and raised its reputation. The new Happy Meal with healthier component accorded with the customer orientation which is the essence of marketing, developing the long-term customer relationship, regaining the power in market competition and winning a profit for McDonald’s. If McDonald’s quit this healthy product, it would lose the important and meaningful market opportunities, and even lead to a predicament. Indeed, the action of McDonald’s that met the customer satisfaction should be recognized as a good marketing strategy.Bibliography:Pride,W., Ferrell,O., Lukas,B., Schembri,S &Niininen,O. 2012. Marketing Principles (Asia Pacific edition ). South Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning.Kotler,P. & Armstrong,G. 2012. Principles of Marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice HallWhitwell,G., Lukas, A.B. & Doyle,P. 2003. Marketing management: a strategic, value-based approach. Milton, Old: Wiley Publishing Australia Lindgreen,A. 2010. Market Orientation: transforming food and agribusiness around customer. Burlington, Vt.: Gower。