考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-15
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-13
Unit 13Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.脑中有知识，胜过手中有金钱。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1What is sports violence? The distinction between unacceptable viciousness and a game’s normal rough-and-tumble is impossible to make, so the argument runs. This position may appeal to our inclination for legalism, but the truth is most of us know quite well when an act of needless savagery has been committed, and sports are little different from countless other activities of life. The distinction is as apparent as that between a deliberately aimed blow and the arm failing of the losing his balance. When a player balls his hand into a fist, when he drives his helmet into an unsuspecting opponent in short, when he crosses the boundary between playing hard and playing to hurt—he can only intend an act of violence.Admittedly, rough acts in sports are difficult to police. But here, too, we find reflected the conditions of everyday life. Ambiguities in the law, confusion at the scene, and the reluctance of witnesses cloud almost any routine assault case. Such uncertainties, however, have not prevented society from arresting people who strike their fellow citizens on the street.Perhaps our troubles stem not from the games we play but rather from how we play them. The 1979 meeting between hockey stars from the Soviet Union and the National Hockey League provided a direct test of two approaches to sport—the emphasis on skill, grace, and technique by the Russians and the stress on brutality and violence by the NHL. In a startling upset, the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: that success in certain sports requires excessive violence.Violence apologists cite two additional arguments. First, they say, sports always have been rough; today things are no different. But arguments in American’s Old West were settled on Main Street with six guns, and early cave dwellers chose their women with a club. Civilizing influences ended those practices; yet we are told sports violence should be tolerated. The second contention is that athletes accept risk as part of the game, and, in the case of professionals, are paid handsomely to do so. But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessary physical abuse? And, exaggerated as it may seem, the pay of professional athletes presumably reflects their abilities, not a payment againstcombat injuries.“Clearly we are in deep trouble,”says perplexed former football player AL DeRogatis. “But how and w hy has it gotten so bad?‖1. According to the author,deliberate violence in sports is[A] impossible to tell from paying hard.[B] ambiguous in any circumstances.[C] too apparent to escape observation.[D] evident if enough attention is paid to.2. A violence apologist probably thinks that[A] violence in sports is a rare occurrence.[B] violence in sports is not necessary.[C] athletes are paid enough for their injuries.[D] professional athletes enjoy violence.3. In the last paragraph the author indicates that[A] nothing can be done about violence in sports.[B] football players are concerned about violence in sports.[C] violence in sports is worse now than it ever was.[D] athletes are confused about what should be allowed in sports.4. According to the author,which of the following is true？[A] athletes’ personalities have effects on the inclination for violent.[B] athletes who emphasis on skill,grace and technique will win.[C] athletes should not have to accept unnecessary physical abuse[D] athletes need higher salaries to compensate for their injuries.5. We can infer from the text that[A] violence in sports is illegal.[B] skill is more important than aggression.[C] athletes should not be injured in sports.[D] violence in sports is not necessary.T ext 2Bruno Lundby, 39, was one of the ranks of typically low-paid, low-status workers who fill supermarket shelves, serve fast food, change hotel beds or empty office waste bins, often at unsocial hours and with little expectation of anything better. Lacking formal qualifications, he drifted from the army into odd cleaning jobs. Then, unexpectedly, he found the opportunity for advancement in a management training program offered by ISS, the Danish support services group. Today he sits in a spotless, air-conditioned office supervising all ISS damage control operations in the greater Copenhagen area.“I couldn’t have imagined getting to where I am today when I started,”he says.“I was surprised to be offered a future at ISS in 1993 when I became a supervi sor.‖ In the past three years, he has been promoted three times.ISS, which employs 272,000 people in 36 countries in Europe, Asia and Latin America in cleaning and other contract work, still appears to be an exception in the services sector in offering career progression to workers.The pursuit of customer satisfaction is a strong feature of companies that treat blue-collar staff as more than a commodity. Tesco, the supermarket group that is the UK’s largest private sector employer with 210,000 employees, recently formalized a practice of nurturing management potential among shelf-stackers and check-out staff.“The ones who respect customers are the oneswho get on,”says Clare Chapman, human resources director. In the past five months, 245 employees have been promoted from general store assistant to section manager, 149 from section manager to senior store team and 33 from senior team to store manager. These staff are coached, assessed and then trained for their new responsibilities. The talent-spotting program applies to all staff, including 45,700 in Tesco’s overseas stores.ISS acknowledges that by offering career progression it has changed the nature of its contract with blue-collar employees, raising expectations on both sides that may not always be met.④For Mr. Lundby, career progress has induced loyalty to his employer and greater self-esteem.“Personal skills are often more important than high educational qualifications if you have to deal with people every day,”he says. “I’m a practical, not an academic person. I know the business from the bottom. I know the loopholes and the hardships.”6. It can be infered from paragraph 1 that Mr. Lundby[A] has anticipated his condition would be improved.[B] works hard but still has no chance to get improved.[C] has been promoted for he has formal qualifications.[D] had some of the toughest, dirtiest jobs before.7. Which of the following is true about the service sector?[A] Blue-collar workers in it have little chance to be promoted.[B] Companies in it always pursue customer satisfaction.[C] Companies in it always treat blue-collar staff as a commodity.[D] Workers in it have more chance to be promoted than in others8. In Tesco, employees will have chance to be promoted if[A] they are loyal to their employer.[B] they join management training program.[C] they make their customers satisfied.[D] they work as hard as they’re expected.9. By offering career progression to blue-collars,companies[A] will have more managers.[B] will be more competitive.[C] will have high expectations.[D] will have less responsibility.10. Which of the following is the best title of this passage?[A] The Story of Bruno Lundby.[B] Management Training Program.[C] Career Progression Inducing Self-esteem.[D] From Dead-end Job to Bright Career.T ext 3The Internet, e-commerce and globalization are making a new economic era possible. By the middle of the 21st century, capitalist markets will largely be replaced by a new kind of economic system based on networked relationships, contractual arrangements and access rights.Has the quality of our lives at work, at home and in our communities increased in direct proportion to all the new Internet and business-to-business Intranet services being introduced intoour lives? I have asked this question of hundreds of CEOs and corporate executives in Europe and the United States. Surprisingly, virtually everyone has said, ―No, quite the contrary.‖ The very people responsible for ushering in what some have called a ―technological renaissance‖ say they are working longer hours, feel more stressed, are more impatient, and are even less civil in their dealings with colleagues and friends — not to mention strangers. And what’s more revealing, they place much of the blame on the very same technologies they are so aggressively championing.The techno gurus promised us that access would make life more convenient and give us more time. Instead, the very technological wonders that were supposed to liberate us have begun to enslave us in a web of connections from which there seems to be no easy escape.If an earlier generation was preoccupied with the quest to enclose a vast geographic frontier, the dotcom generation, it seems, is more caught up in the colonization of time. Every spare moment of our time is being filled with some form of commercial connection, making time itself the most scarce of all resources. Our e-mail, voice mail and cell phones, our 24-hour electronic trading markets, online banking services, all-night e-commerce, and 24-hour Internet news and entertainment all holler for our attention.And while we have created every kind of labor-and-time-saving device to service our needs, we are beginning to feel like we have less time available to us than any other humans in history. That is because the great proliferation of labor-and-time-saving services only increases the diversity, pace and flow of commodified activity around us. For example, e-mail is a great convenience. However, we now find ourselves spending much of our day frantically responding to each other’s electronic messages. The cell phone is a great time-saver. Except now we are always potentially in reach of someone else who wants our attention.Social conservatives talk about the decline in civility and blame it on the loss of a moral compass and religious values. Has anyone bothered to ask whether the hyper-speed culture is making all of us less patient and less willing to listen and defer, consider and reflect?Maybe we need to ask what kinds of connections really count and what types of access really matter in the e-economy era. If this new technology revolution is only about hyper efficiency, then we risk losing something even more precious than time —our sense of what it means to be a caring human being.11.The author suggests that the most valuable resource in today’s society is[A] technology. [B] economic assets. [C] access to information. [D] time.12.According to the text, many corporate executives feel that[A] technological advances are essential to today’s economic system.[B] technology has actually led to a decline in their quality of life.[C] longer hours are making their workers more impatient and uncivil.[D] technology can be blamed for many of today’s social problems.13.The phrase ―the colonization of time‖ (Line 2, Para.4) refers to[A] the filling of every moment of our time.[B] the quest for efficiency in the workplace.[C] the growing use of time-saving services.[D] the impact of technology on our sense of time.14.In the sixth paragraph, the author suggests that[A] new technologies may make people more impatient.[B] social conservatives do not understand the importance of technology.[C] the speed of modern culture may impact our moral and religious values.[D] people in the technology sector are less civil than those in other fields.15.The best title for this text could be[A] The Failure of the Technological Renaissance.[B] Even Corporate Executives Get the Blues.[C] The New Internet Economy.[D] The Disadvantages of Too Much Access.T ext 4The Net success of ―Lazy Sunday‖ represents a defining moment for the film and television business. Advances in digital video and broadband have vastly lowered the cost of production and distribution. Filmmakers are now following the path blazed by bloggers and musicians, cheaply creating and uploading their work to the Web. If it appeals to any of the Net’s niches, millions of users will pass along their films through e-mail, downloads or links. It’s the dawn of the democratization of the TV and film business—even unknown personalities are being propelled by the enthusiasm of their fans into pop-culture prominence, sometimes without even traditional intermediaries like talent agents or film festivals.―This is like bypass surgery,‖ says Dan Harmon, a filmmaker whose mo nthly L.A.–based film club and Web site, Channel 101, lets members submit short videos, such as the recent 70s’ music mockumentary ―Y acht Rock,‖ and vote on which they like best. ―Finally we have a new golden age where the artist has a direct connection to the audience.‖The directors behind ―Lazy Sunday‖ embody the phenomenon.When the shaggy-haired Samberg, 27, graduated from NYU Film School in 2001, he faced the conventional challenge of crashing the gates of Hollywood. With his two childhood friends Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone, he came up with an unconventional solution: they started recording music parodies and comic videos, and posting them to their Web site, .The material got the attention of producers at the old ABC sitcom ―Spin City‖, where Samberg and Taccone worked as low-level assistants; the producers sent a compilation to a talent agency. The friends got an agent, made a couple of pilot TV sketch shows for Comedy Central and Fox, featuring themselves hamming it up in nearly all the roles, and wrote jokes for the MTV Movie A wards. Even when the networks passed on their pilots, Samberg and his friends simply posted the episodes online and their fan base—at 40,000 unique visitors a month earlier this year —grew larger. Last August, Samberg joined the ‖S NL‖ cast, and Schaffer and Taccone became writers. Now they share an office in Rockefeller Center and ―are a little too cute for everyone,‖ Samberg says, ―We are friends living our dream.‖Short, funny videos like ―Lazy Sunday‖ happen to translate online, but not everything works as well. Bite-size films are more practical than longer ones; comedy plays better than drama. But almost everything is worth trying, since the tools to create and post video are now so cheap, and ad hoc audiences can form around any sensibility, however eccentric.16. The sentence ―It’s dawn of the democratization of…‖(Line 5-6, Para.1) shows that[A] film and television business is enjoying an unprecedented success[B] the general public are playing an active role in pop-culture[C] filmmakers are showing great enthusiasm for success on the Web[D] e-mail, downloads or links are now the main means of film distribution17. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] ―Lazy Sunday‖ is the representative of realizing dream by the Net.[B] Artists should develop a direct relationship with the public.[C] Short videos on the Web would prove to be the most popular productions[D] The film and television business can be compared to a bypass surgery18. Samberg’s solution was unconventional because[A] newcomers were usually denied access to Hollywood[B] he and his two childhood friends got accepted into Hollywood[C] he recorded music parodies and comic videos all by himself[D] he and his friends created and uploaded their productions to their Web site19. Which of the following plays a key role in the Net success of ―Lazy Sunday‖?[A] Producers at the old ABC sitcom ―Spin City‖.[B] Conventions of Hollywood.[C] Comic nature of the video.[D] Eccentricity of audiences online.20. The text intends to tell us[A] the unexpected success of Samberg.[B] a new direction for TV and film business.[C] the reasons behind Sambeig’s su ccess.[D] a new phenomenon in pop-culture.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated．Of course, it’s easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man’s knowledge. 21.However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. 22. And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre modern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato’s theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse, the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.23.After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing；psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology；various “soft”sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethics, and so on.24. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche andKierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that “God is dead”, could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly long-winded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences.25. Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.[A] In my view, application of Kant s epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing test.[B] Rather, Philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, philosophy should be the flagship of the group.[C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.[D] History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc.[E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today —but whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences (psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science).[F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.[G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present，he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time．Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.What are feelings for? Most nonscientists will find this a strange question. Feelings just are. They justify themselves. Emotions give meaning and depth to life. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. 26)On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. 27)But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certainly reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feeling or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill; the chick pecks the parent’s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content.At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals, including humans, that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Y et this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feeling about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. 28)Y et since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.29)Pref erring to explain behavior in ways that fit science’s methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. 30)They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1.viciousness n.恶意, 邪恶2.tumble n.混乱；跌倒v.被绊倒3. inclination n. 倾斜，倾向；爱好4.legalism n.墨守成规；法律术语，条文5.ball v.把…捏成球n.球；舞会6.deliberately adv.故意地；慎重地7.police v.监督；守卫n.警察部门；警察8.ambiguity n.含糊不清；模棱两可的话9.cloud vt.使模糊；笼罩n.云；一群；阴影10.assault n. 攻击，突袭vt.殴打，袭击；强暴难句突破1. [In a startling upset], the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: {that success in certain sports requires excessive violence}.【分析】复合句。
研究生英语阅读教程（提高级第三版）课后翻译答案（单独整理的）
1.就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
2.显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
3.埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7500 万美元。
即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7500 万美元。
4.不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。
Lesson 21 It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightm are, but when someth ing is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of refere nce we have. 说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
2 Lest you should ever forget the smalln ess of being human, the iconic Mount Fuji, instantly recognisable yet somehow differ ent on every viewin g, is an extinc t volcano. 唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。
英语阅读理解150篇(详解版)
目录Unit One---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 PartA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1Text 1儿童教育和沟通结合-----------------------------------------------------------------1Text 2克隆人和动物--------------------------------------------------------------------------6Text 3太阳系内速度限制--------------------------------------------------------------------11Text 4互联网和电脑等新型通讯技术的应用--------------------------------------------15 Part B盗窃--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20Part C撒谎--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25翻译技巧补充：英译汉概述（一）------------------------------------------------------29Unit Two----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32 Part A---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32Text 1加拿大社会的劣质服务---------------------------------------------------------------32 Text 2未来汽车---------------------------------------------------------------------------------36Text 3广告业是美国经济的晴雨表---------------------------------------------------------41 Text 4英国学业间断期------------------------------------------------------------------------46Part B生命进化历史---------------------------------------------------------------------------51Part C情感商机---------------------------------------------------------------------------------56翻译技巧补充：英译汉概述（二）------------------------------------------------------60Unit Three--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63 Part A---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63Text 1美、加之间贸易摩擦------------------------------------------------------------------63 Text 2现代人对维多利亚时代英国人的看法---------------------------------------------68 Text 3探讨时尚---------------------------------------------------------------------------------72Text 4基因检测法用于侦破案件------------------------------------------------------------76 Part B立法机构在制定法律过程中的作用------------------------------------------------81 Part C美国黑人文学---------------------------------------------------------------------------86翻译技巧补充：词义的选择----------------------------------------------------------------89Unit Four------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91 Part A-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91Text 1五大湖环境状况--------------------------------------------------------------------------91 Text 2欧洲铁路-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------95 Text 3教师资格认证体系-----------------------------------------------------------------------99 Text 4美国食品药品管理局面临的困难-----------------------------------------------------105 Part B网上商务-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------110 Part C物种灭绝-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------116翻译技巧补充：词义的抽象与具体---------------------------------------------------------119 Unit Five--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------121 Part A-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------121 Text 1鸡蛋中培养流感疫苗-----------------------------------------------------------------------121 Text 2国际数学评估反映美国教育问题--------------------------------------------------------126 Text 3美国经济不景气----------------------------------------------------------------------------131 Text 4全国防止虐待儿童协会-------------------------------------------------------------------137 Part B经济学角度解决垃圾收集问题----------------------------------------------------------142 Part C个人发明和大企业组织的研究----------------------------------------------------------147 翻译技巧补充：词性的转换---------------------------------------------------------------------151Part A--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------153Text 1童工、教育和贫困--------------------------------------------------------------------------153 Text 2加州能源管制--------------------------------------------------------------------------------158 Text 3美国社会保障的私有化--------------------------------------------------------------------163 Text 4现代美容手术的普及-----------------------------------------------------------------------167 Part B演讲--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------172 Part C幻听--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------177翻译技巧补充：词汇的增译和减译------------------------------------------------------------180 Unit Seven-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------183 Part A----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------183 Text 1全球经济滞胀----------------------------------------------------------------------------------183 Text 2印度妇女受到性别歧视----------------------------------------------------------------------189 Text 3梦成现实----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------193 Text 4新的教育体制观念----------------------------------------------------------------------------198 Part B优秀的领导者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------202 Part C英国人是政治动物----------------------------------------------------------------------------208 翻译技巧补充：重复译----------------------------------------------------------------------------211 Unit Eight----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------213 Part A----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------213 Text 1外表的美与内在的美--------------------------------------------------------------------------213 Text 2生态环境与恐怖主义--------------------------------------------------------------------------218 Text 3网络信息安全性--------------------------------------------------------------------------------223 Text 4北美印第安音乐--------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 Part BB为青春期的变化做准备---------------------------------------------------------------------232 Part C地球日--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------237翻译技巧补充：正义反译和反义正译-----------------------------------------------------------240 Unit Nine------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------242 Part A-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------242 Text 1美国解除飞机上使用手机的禁令-----------------------------------------------------------242 Text 2环境预防原则-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------247 Text 3索尼公司的管理--------------------------------------------------------------------------------253 Text 4音乐与政治--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------258 Part B人类艺术与动物类似行为的区别----------------------------------------------------------263 Part C社会保障----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------270翻译技巧补充：分译与合译-----------------------------------------------------------------------273 Unit Ten-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------276 Part A----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------276 Text 1戏剧包含的要素-------------------------------------------------------------------------------276 Text 2节省更多时间来工作的观念----------------------------------------------------------------280 Text 3巴西足球运动事业现状----------------------------------------------------------------------286 Text 4游戏领域女性工作人员很少----------------------------------------------------------------292 Part B面试----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------297 Part C甘地的和平主义-------------------------------------------------------------------------------303翻译技巧补充：倒置法-----------------------------------------------------------------------------306 Unit Eleven--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------308Text 1企业绿色外衣现象---------------------------------------------------------------------------308 Text 2音乐物质文化---------------------------------------------------------------------------------313 Text 3肥胖问题---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------317 Text 4美国在联合国欠费问题---------------------------------------------------------------------323 Part B个人着装--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------327 Part C年轻的作家模仿莎士比亚----------------------------------------------------------------333翻译技巧补充：插入法---------------------------------------------------------------------------336 Unit Twelve-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------338 Part A---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------338 Text 1新闻如何吸引读者--------------------------------------------------------------------------338 Text 2星际网络--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------343 Text 3荷兰艺术家及其作品-----------------------------------------------------------------------347 Text 4艾滋病最新治疗思路-----------------------------------------------------------------------352 Part B成为成功的老板-----------------------------------------------------------------------------357 Part C经济学史--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------363翻译技巧补充：重组法----------------------------------------------------------------------------365全书答案汇总------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------368 张剑曾鸣编著《英语阅读理解150篇》Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1No t long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, “your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!” The bully's parent replied, “you must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel.”A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S. show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.When you call parents, you want them to “extract the cruelty”from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. “But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won t believe it.”In a recent police department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food.Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom “wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease,” says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. ［419 words］1.The word “bullying” probably means______.［A］frightening and hurting ［B］teasing［C］behaving like a tyrant ［D］laughing at2. Calling to a bully's parent.______.［A］has long existed but changed its content ［B］is often done with careful thinking［C］often leads to blaming and misunderstanding ［D］is used to warn the child not to do it again3. According to the surveys in the U.S., _______.［A］bullying among adults is also rising［B］parents are not supervising their children well［C］parents seldom believe bullies［D］most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying4. When bullying occurs, parents should_______.［A］help the bulling child get rid of cruelty ［B］resort to the mediator［C］avoid getting too protective ［D］resist the temptation of callingura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because________.［A］her son confessed to being wrong ［B］she was afraid to annoy the boy's parent［C］he was likely to be affected by these diseases［D］she wanted to teach her own son a lessonblow away *①to completely surprise sb., to affect intensely; overwhelm使大为惊讶；强烈影响，征服例：That concert blew me away.音乐会震撼了我。
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-20
Unit 20Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1With advancing age, our bodies experience an inevitable loss of bone. Two major studies in elderly populations now underscore the importance of dietary protein in this structural erosion, which can lead to osteoporosis. The reports come to sharply different conclusion, however, about the effect of animal protein on the rate of bone loss.In one study, diets rich in animal protein correlated with greater bone loss and fracture risk. In the other, animal protein appeared to protect bone.Such contradictions, “which are not very satisfying”, often emerge from observational studies where researchers record the natural habits and health of people, notes Robert P. Heaney of Creighton University Medical Center in Omaha, Neb. “That’s not a criticism of such studies,” he says, “just a reminder of the uncontrollable variables common in populations.”However, he notes, the new studies are important because they’re in the vanguard of efforts to understand protein’s impact on age-related bone loss. This condition underlies a growing U.S. epidemic of hip fractures. Treating them costs more than $ 10 billion annually.The first of the new analyses computed bone loss over 7 years in some 750 elderly women, all taking part in a larger osteoporosis study that’s been running since 1986 at four U.S. sites.Women eating the most animal protein—roughly four times their vegetable protein intake—lost 0.8 percent of the bone in their hips annually, notes endocrinologist Deborah E. Sellmeyer, director of the University of California, San Francisco-Mount Zion Osteoporosis Center. This is four times the rate of bone loss in participants who ate about equal parts animal and vegetable protein.The risk of hip fractures in women eating the highest proportion of animal protein was 3.7 times that in women regularly downing equal quantities of animal and vegetable protein, the team reports in the January America Journal of Clinical Nutrition.The findings make sense, Sellmeyer argues, because digestion of animal protein releases large amounts of acid that the kidneys must excrete. Previous studies showed that when kidney function decreases with age and calcium intake drops, the body draws upon skeletal calcium to buffer the resulting buildup of acid, thus eroding bone. Most of the women in this study consumedonly about half of the 1,500 milligrams of daily calcium recommended for people their age.1. Which of the following statements about observational studies is true?[A] They often lead to contradictive conclusions.[B] They remind people of the uncontrollable variables in life.[C] They are often criticized by researchers.[D] Researchers record the natural habits and health of people by them.2. According to Heaney, why are the two studies important?[A] Because they reduce the number of U.S. epidemic of hip fractures.[B] Because they are the first to study protein’s effect on bone loss of elders.[C] Because they cost more than $10 billion annually.[D] Because they show observational studies can lead to contradictive conclusion.3. According to the text, the first study shows[A] elderly women take in more animal protein than vegetable protein.[B] digestion of animal protein releases more acid than that of vegetable protein.[C] diets rich in animal protein will lead to greater bone loss and fracture risk.[D] there are many uncontrollable variables in populations.4. According to previous studies, which of the following is true?[A] The amount of acid released by digestion of animal protein increases as people age.[B] Most elderly women can only take in about half of the required amount of calcium.[C] As people age, the kidney function and calcium intake increase.[D] The skeletal calcium will decrease if people can’t take in enough calcium.5. The author may go on to talk about[A] the suitable amount of animal protein for elderly people to take.[B] how to improve the intake of calcium.[C] the report of the second new analysis.[D] the significance of the new analyses.Text 2Insurance in respect of the property will be carried out by the Society in accordance with the rules and the mortgage conditions which such insurance companies as the Society may determine. The Society has a wide experience of insurance companies and of the terms offered by their policies, and places insurance with many companies who are able to provide the cover which the Society considers necessary. You may like the Society to insure with a particular company, and if so please contact immediately the Branch Office to which you submitted your application for loan, and so long as that company and its terms are acceptable to the Society the cover will be arranged accordingly. If you should suggest a company and it is not one with which the Society does business you will be informed and offered a choice of other companies. You may request change of insurance company at any time during the life of the mortgage. If your mortgage is under the endowment scheme or supported by an insurance guarantee or if the documents of title specify the company to be used it may not be possible to accept your choice.The initial sum insured will be the figure shown under the heading “Amount of Property Insurance” in the Details of Loa n. This figure is the amount recommended by the Society’s value, as his estimate of the replacement cost of the building at the date of valuation, unless some otheramount has been agreed in writing between you and the Society. No warranty is given or implied that the amount of insurance will cover complete loss.You are reminded that the market value of your property bears no relationship to the cost of replacement. The amount for which the property is insured should therefore represent not less than the cost, at the time of repair or replacement, of rebuilding all the property covered in the same materials, form, style and condition as when it is new. It should also include in complying with the requirements of the Local Authority and in removing debris, etc. The term“property”includes domestic outbuilding, garages, walls, landlords’ fixtures and fittings, etc., but excludes the value of the land.The market value of a house is therefore likely to be less than the cost of rebuilding, especially if the property is elderly. Even if the property is recently built, the work involved in reinstatement will be more expensive than the building cost which can be achieved by a builder building on an estate basis.6. Where is the text probably taken from?[A] An advertisement. [B] An information booklet.[C] A newspaper article. [D] A formal speech.7. If a customer suggests an insurance company，[A] the Society may not be able to agree to the company.[B] the Society will provide a list of alternative companies.[C] the Society will not accept responsibility for the policy.[D] it is impossible to change that company later on.8.Which of the following is true when you insure your property?[A] You should use the market value as a guide.[B] You should take the advice of your Local Authority.[C] Garages and garden sheds are not usually included.[D] You should not take the land value into account.9.When does rebuilding a property cost more than its market value?[A] Only if the property is old.[B] Particularly if the property is new.[C] Whatever the age of the property.[D] As the cost of rebuilding rises.10.We can infer from the text that[A] the Society is experienced in offering suggestions to insurance companies.[B] the insurance company will refuse your application if your choice violate its rules.[C] after evaluation, the initial sum insured will be figured out by the Society’s value.[D] the amount for which the property is insured is required by the Local Authority.Text 3Imagine that I have $100 and I offer you $ 20 of it, no strings attached. You’d take it, right? Any fool would; it’s a windfall. But imagine further that you know I must give away part of my $ 100 or lose it all. All of a sudden my motives aren’t entirely altruistic, but I’m still offering you free money. Take it or leave it, but no negotiation allowed. How would you feel? What would you do?If you were like a lot of people who have answered these questions in a psychological experiment over the years, you would now feel conflicted. Many of these people actually walked away from the deal, even though it would have meant a no-strings-attached twenty bucks in their pockets. Why? Because the arrangement is fundamentally unfair, and once you know this your basic sense of moral indignation clicks in. Your emotions and principles trump your pure rationality.Psychologists have demonstrated this in the laboratory, time and time again. It’s known as the Ultimatum Game, and its counterintuitive findings are part of a broad new understanding of how the human brain and mind work. Consider another experiment from the emerging field of social neuroscience. Psychologist John Bargh flashed words in front of volunteers, but so rapidly that they did not register in the conscious mind. Some of the words had to do with rudeness (like impolite and obnoxious) while others were the opposite (respect, considerate). The volunteers were later put in a simulated situation in which they could be civil toward one another—or not. Many who had seen the words associated with rudeness were not. Two-thirds of the volunteers who had been primed with rudeness words interrupted another person afterward, compared to only 16 percent of those primed with politeness words.Marketers and politicians are already familiar with these advances in brain science, and are using this knowledge to control our behavior. Advertisements are deliberately designed to target the emotional brain and create bonds, even cravings (one of our basest and most powerful emotional drives). Extensive research shows that our brains have certain hardwired inclinations that might be exploited. For example, our brains tend to register frequently heard facts as true, even if they are patently false. As a result, our memories and beliefs are highly malleable and unreliable. We also tend, if unchecked by the conscious reasoning mind, to focus overly on risk, inconvenience, hassles—anything negative. And researchers have found that we all carry around an innate hostility toward “otherness,” which means anyone not like us.Despite remarkable progress in understanding the brain’s anatomy and biochemistry, the organ is far too complex an array of interconnected circuits to be that easily manipulated with simple subconscious stimuli. Advertis ers may be disappointed to hear it, but there is no “Buy now!” switch hidden among the neurons and synapses.11. 100 dollar deal suggests that[A] money is nothing compared with moral principles.[B] where there is no pain, there is no gain.[C] emotional reaction often overpowers rational thinking.[D] a motive is often at work when money is given away.12. J ohn Bargh’s experiment wanted to find out[A] whether words were better memorized through conscious training.[B] how people’s minds reacted to words of rudeness or politeness.[C] how the emotional parts of our brains can be manipulated.[D] what kind of words had the greatest effect on people’s minds.13. Politician can persuade us to believe what is apparently false by[A] creating our desire for it. [B] repeating it frequently.[C] bringing it to our conscious mind. [D] pretending to reject it themselves.14. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Some findings in modern neuroscience have been misused,[B] Not many advertisements are as well-written as they should be.[C] People’s subconscious mind is not so easily manipulated.[D] There are many things yet unknown to today’s neuroscientists.15. Which of the following is closest to the messge the text tries to convey?[A] The latest advances in neuroscience. [B] Marketing and mind control.[C] Advertisement writing techniques. [D] The conflict between emotions and principles.Text 4The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This reminder is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of last century (1900-1909) and those of the generation of the 1920’s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences also existed for similar generations of White poets.When poets of the 1910’s and 1920’s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between “conservative”and “experimental”would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although these remain helpful classifications for White poets of these decades. Certainly differences can be noted between “conservative”Black poets such as Countee Cullen and Cluade McKay and “experimental”ones such as Jean Toomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.However, in the 1920’s Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive.③It may be said, though, that virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put it, “inevitably the thing the Negro poet knows best.”At the turn of the 20th century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gifted, though Roscoe Jamision and G. M. McClellen may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested, “meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life,” and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes, “V aluably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed (an) error... they refused to look into their hearts and write.” These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They, too, often turned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.16. In the author’s opinion, the attitude toward classification in the literary history should be[A] enthusiastic. [B] sympathetic.[C] defensive. [D] cautious.17. According to paragraph 2, what counts most for Black poets is[A] the making of classification by literary historians.[B] the distinction between “conservative” and “experimental”.[C] racial achievement despite differences in poetic styles.[D] the classifications of the white poets of their decade.18 An issue facing Black poets in the 1920’s was whether they should[A] achieve a consensus on new techniques of poetry.[B] write exclusively about and for Blacks.[C] withdraw their support from a repressive society.[D] identify themselves with an international movement of Black writers.19. According to the text, most turn-of-the-century Black poets generally[A] wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary practice.[B] used dialects to express their inner feeling and values.[C] expressed complex feelings in the words of ordinary people.[D] interpreted the frustrations of Blacks to an audience of Whites20. Sterling Brown is mentioned in the last paragraph in order to[A] present an interpretation of some Black poets that contradicts that of the author’s.[B] introduce a distinction between Black poets who used dialect and White poets who did not.[C] suggest the effects of some Black poets’ decision not to write only about racial subjects.[D] prove that Black poets rejected the racial discrimination of their time.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about the tips on Building Leadership Power, followed by a list of examples or explanations. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (1-5). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.Some people see the leader as a motivator, while others define a leader as one having extraordinary vision and decision-making power. Several noted authors in the field offer sound definitions of leadership.There are many different power bases that a leader can use and exploit. There are three types of positive power that effective leaders use: charismatic power, expert power and referent power.This article teaches the technique of building these powers.21. Promote an image of expertiseAfter all, if you’ve worked hard to gain knowledge, it’s fair that you get credit for it.22. Get the power to rouseThe inspiration is the subject of the “Get the Power to Rouse” module. In it, you’ll learn how motivation works, and find out how best to motivate and inspire your team, with the huge performance improvements that come with this.23. Task allocationIn any team sport, a lot of time is spent choosing the players who will play in each game. The selection process also involves deciding the position where each team member will play, based on the player’s skill, form (current ability to perform well) and the likely opposition that the team will face.24. Keep your eye on the targetNotice I didn’t say “Keep Your Eye on the Goal”. If I looked at the goal when shooting the basketball, I missed more shots than if I looked at the top corner of the square on the backboard. Just like creating and concentrating on supportive marketing steps help you achieve the ultimate goal.25. Harmonize the teamOnce you’ve identified strengths and areas of development, harmonizing skill gives you the skills and techniques you need to build a well-balanced leadership style. You’ll develop the emotional sureness of touch shown by the best leaders, and learn to build the team consciousness, mutually trusting relationships with team members needed if your team is to perform “as one”. This is the classic model of leadership. It creates an immensely positive impact on the team’s emotional climate.In conclusion, as the amelioration of the modern corporate governance nowadays, leadership has never been more important. Governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and international alliances all seek excellent leaders. And building excellent leadership is not as complicated as you may imagine. Besides, since society has changed hugely over the last 50 years, citizens are individually more powerful, and employees are more able to shift jobs, few of us enjoy having power exerted over us. These changes make flexible and powerful leadership skills more necessary than ever before.[A] When to the extent that people on the team are really mad at one certain person or more over there, or they can’t stand the team leader, they will not contribute their best. Then they won’t work well with other people; they won’t be seamless in their efforts. And the actual performance of the team will be lowered directly.[B] For example, a visionary leader may clearly articulate where the team is going but not how it will get there. This sets people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks. To be effective using this module, a leader needs a well-developed sense of empathy. You have to be able to read people, to sense what they are feeling and if they resonate with the picture you are painting.[C] An important tactic is to make subtle references to prior education or experience (e.g., “When I was chief engineer at GE, we had a problem similar to this one”). Beware; however, this tactic can easily be overdone.[D] For example, if you need 720 new customers this year to make a half a million dollars, then you need 60 new customers per month (720/12 months). If you normally get a 2% response from your marketing methods, then you know you need to contact 3,000 people each month through your marketing methods to get 60 new customers (60 is 2% of 3,000).[E] If, as a leader, one of his primary concerns is not the welfare of his team, then he will never know just how successful they can be. Positive regard for your people leads to the best customer service, the highest level of contribution by each team member and the highest profits.[F] Besides, where you have a gap, you may need to train existing team members, or recruit to fill the gap. Often, training is the best option: Not only is it usually cheaper, you also know more about the individual’s talents and working methods. On the downside, a newly trained person usually has plenty of theory, but lacks the experience of putting that training into practice.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.26)The race for high-definition television is considered important by some experts because the technology may represent more than a path to sparkling images and sound as good as that on compact discs. Some experts see it creating a wide variety of new uses, including video systems for education, industry, medical imaging and the military.27)Moreover, the technology is so demanding electronically, requiring scores of advanced new computer chips, that it is seen as a new driving force for the semiconductor industry, potentially providing greater demand than computers. Both Europe and Japan have based their efforts on the development of analog systems that use wavelike transmission signals. These signals can easily be disrupted by static. Moreover, they are broadcast by satellites (Japan has one in orbit and Europe will soon) and are therefore not available to regular television viewers.28)Satellite transmissions aimed at a small geographic area or nation are relatively easy to accomplish, but experts say they cannot rival the economic advantages of terrestrial broadcasting that allows local programming and local advertising. The basic goal of high-definition television is to increase the number of lines in a television picture, thus sharpening it. The challenge is not just the making of high-quality picture tubes. It also is devising a way to process and transmit all the extra information that is needed to animate the added scanning lines.The solution is signal compression. It relies heavily on digital processing, which breaks the analog signals from a camera into digital pulses that are sliced, diced and rearranged with high precision. In a technique known as conditional replenishment, a series of images is digitally analyzed and object moving. The static background is sent only once. 29)Another technique reduces the data flow even further by taking into account that the human eye perceives fewer details on a moving object than a stationary one.30)Both Europe and Japan do some of this kind of digital signal compression, but then they switch back to analog signals for transmission to television sets, since that was the accepted approach when they started their work.The advantage of digital transmissions is error reduction. Electronic flaws, called noise, that invade an analog signal are sometimes nearly impossible to differentiate from the signal itself. But since a digital signal is made up of a string of simple pulses, noise stands out and is easily removed. Similar techniques of digital transmission are how deep-space probes send back stunning photos like Voyager 2 recently radioed from Neptune(海王星).做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然的2.underscore v.强调3.protein n.蛋白质4.erosion n.腐蚀，侵蚀，磨损；削弱，减少5.osteoporosis n.骨质疏松症6.correlate vi.(to, with)相关，关联v.使相互关联7.fracture n.骨折，破裂v.(使)破裂8.vanguard n.先驱，先锋9.endocrinologist n.内分泌学专家10.excrete v.排泄，分泌11.buffer v.缓解，起缓冲作用n.缓冲器12.skeletal a.骨骼的难句突破1.The risk of hip fractures in women (eating the highest proportion of animal protein) was 3.7 times that in women (regularly downing equal quantities of animal and vegetable protein), the team reports [in the January America Journal of Clinical Nutrition].【分析】复合句。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级)课后习题翻译(带原文、最全版)
Lesson 11. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-8
Unit 8Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture. To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviate the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style constructions program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of this advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communications linked to properly equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock. Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,”explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the Worldwatch Institute.“It doesn’t deal with the central problems of too many cars for roads that can’t be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.”“They start thinking …Y es, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that’s been solved now because we have an advanced high-tech system in place.‟” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we will use to deal with our traffic problems. It’s not the solution itself, just part of the package. There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented which include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highwayIt seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1. The compound word “quick-fix”(Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] best [B] helpful [C] ready [D]efficient2. According to the text, the smart highway technology is aimed to[A] integrate the road and the vehicles on them into a transportation system[B] advise motorists of the least congested routes.[C] optimize the highway capabilities.[D] improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors.3.Which of the following is true of Pathfinder?[A] It‟s a good example of smart highway technology.[B] It‟s a project of a 14-mile stretch of freeway.[C] It's a smart corridor dealing with traffic problems.[D] It offers ultimate solutions to a serious traffic problem.4. According to Larson, to deal with the traffic problem,[A] car pooling must be studied.[B] rapid mass transit systems must be introduced.[C] flexible work hours must be experimented.[D] overall strategies must be coordinated.5. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] Smart Highway Projects — The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.[B] A Quick-fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.[C] A V enture to Remedy Traffic Woes.[D] Highways Get Smart — Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.T ext2America’s economic recovery remains uncomfortably weak. The latest data show industrial production falling while the trade deficit soars to record levels. To round off a dismal week for economic statistics, the Fed announced that industrial production fell by 0.2% in December compared with the previous month. That came as a disappointment to economists who had been expecting a small rise. Monthly data are always unreliable, of course; there is always a plausible explanation for unexpectedly bad (or good) news. But nearly all recent economic statistics point to the same conclusion —that America’s recovery remains sluggish and erratic. It could put pressure on the Fed to consider cutting interest rates again when its policy-making committee meets at the end of the month.The biggest obstacle to healthier economic performance, though, is political. As the Fed’s chairman, Alan Greenspan, acknowledged in the closing months of 2002, uncertain about the future is holding both investors and consumers back. The shadowy threat of international terrorism and the much more explic it prospect of a war with Iraq have made many Americans nervous about the future. For businesses still reeling from the speed at which the lat e-1990s boom turned toslump, the political climate is one more reason to put off investing in new plant and equipment or hiring new staff. For consumers, for so long the mainstay of the American economy, the thrill of the shopping mall seems, finally, to be on the wane.It is hard to put a favorable interpretation on most of the data. But it is important to keep a sense of perspective.Some recent figures look disappointing partly because they fall short of over-optimistic forecasts —a persistent weakness of those paid to predict the economic future, no matter how often they are proved wrong. The Fed will be watching carefully for further signs of weakness during the rest of the month. Mr. Greenspan is an avid, even obsessive, consumer of economic data. He has made it clear that the Fed stands ready to reduce interest rates again if it judges it necessary —even after 12 cuts in the past two years. At its last meeting, though, when it kept rates on hold, the Fed signaled that it did not expect to need to reduce rates any further.Monetary policy still offers the best short-term policy response to weak economic activity, and with inflation low the Fed still has scope for further relaxation. President Bush’s much- vaunted fiscal stimulus is unlikely to provide appropriate help, and certainly not in a timely way.6.Which of the following best describes Americas economic situation now?[A] It is flourishing.[B] It faces an uncertain future.[C] It remains depressing.[D] It shows unreliable signs.7.The figure 0.2% in paragraph 1 indicates that[A] America’s economic recovery is still shaky.[B] Economists are disappointed at the future economy.[C] It is a good sign for America’s economic recovery.[D] The biggest obstacle to healthier economic performance is political.8.What factor makes investors put off investing in new plant and equipment?[A] The sluggish economic situation.[B] The direct threat of international terrorism.[C] The possibility of international terrorism.[D] Investors‟ shortage of capital.9.What is the writer’s attitude toward some recent figures mentioned in paragraph 3?[A] Optimistic. [B] Skeptical.[C] Worrisome.[D] Critical10.How does monetary policy offer help for weak economic activity?[A] It can stimulate investment in new plant and equipment.[B] It can reduce interest rates so as to stimulate weak economic activity.[C] The Fed tries to keep inflation low.[D] President Bush can offer appropriate monetary policy.T ext 3“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.”Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic”novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and visionand with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critic‟s cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.Woolf’s focus on society’s has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists, whereas those social reformers and philanthropists ...harbor...discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind ...”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching”in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf words by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society‟s root and branch —a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.11. What‟s the autho‟s attitude towards the literary critics mentioned in paragraph 1?[A] scornful. [B] ironic.[C] joking. [D] disappointed.12.According to the text, Woolf realistically described the social setting in her novels in that[A] she was aware that literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic.[B] she was interested in the effect of social condition on people‟s characters and actions.[C] she needed to be attentive to details to support the arguments she advanced.[D] she wished to prevent critics from charging her for an ambiguous and inexact style.13. According to the text,Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because she believed that[A] he was the first English author to focus on society as well as on individual characters.[B] he was an honest author trying to asserting, advocating bearing witness.[C] he was more concerned with calling the society‟s accepted mores into question.[D]his writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.14. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Woolf showed herself to be sympathetic to the reformers in her writings.[B] Woolf criticized D.H. Lawrence for the realistic settings in his novels.[C] Woolf didn't remarked on the social issues directly in her novels.[D] Literary critics had ignored the social criticism in the works of Chekhov and Chaucer.15. Which would be the best title for this text?[A] A Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.[B] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.[C] V irginia Woolf’s Comment on the Twentieth Century Novel.[D] V irginia Woolf’s Novels’Reflections on the Individual and Society.T ext 4Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is the senior citizen discount. Anyone who has reached a certain age ―in some cases as low as 55 ―is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Eligibility is determined not by one‟s need but by the date on one‟s birth certificate. Practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses-as common as color televisions in model rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them: yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent. Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that "elderly" and "needy" are synonymous. Perhaps that once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population. To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them aren't.It is impossible to determine the impact of the discounts on individual companies. For many firms, they are a stimulus to revenue. But in other cases the discounts are given at the expense, directly or indirectly, of younger Americans. Moreover, they are a direct irritant in what some politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations.Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits, which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. Employment is another sore point. Buoyed by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job - thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers. Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them.It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve priority over those of others.Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people can‟t take care of themselves and need special treatment; and they threaten the creation of a new myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups. Senior citizen discounts are essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against-discrimination by age.16.Accoding to paragraph1,we know that[A] offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practice.[B] senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent life.[C] giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderly.[D] senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount.17.What can we learn from senior citizen discounts?[A] Businesses are doing something good for society in return.[B] Old people are entitled to special treatment for their contribution.[C] The elderly, financially underprivileged, need humane help from society.[D] Senior citizen discounts can make up for the Social Security system.18.According to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will[A] make old people even more dependent on society.[B] intensify conflicts between the young and the old.[C] have adverse financial impact on business companies.[D] bring a marked increase in the companies‟ revenues.19.What's the author's opinion about the Social Security system?[A] It encourages elderly people to retire in time.[B] It opens up broad career prospects for young people.[C] It benefits the old at the expense of the young.[D] It should be reinforced by laws and court decisions.20.Which of the following best summarizes the author‟s main argument?[A] Senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination.[B] The elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted.[C] Priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens.[D] Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discrimination.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.The human ear is an incredible piece of engineering and exquisitely sensitive. Calculations show that the quietest sound we can hear vibrates the eardrum by less than the diameter of a hydrogen atom. 21.But for 8.5 million people in the UK something goes wrong with one of the stages. Different parts of the processing chain are vulnerable at different ages. Some of the causes are avoidable and many are treatable. Treatments for problems that occur early in the processing chain are more straightforward and more effective.22.Things get more complicated behind the eardrum, in the air filled middle-ear cavity.Middle-ear problems are common, treatable and the subject of intense debate about who should be treated and how. Anything that impairs transmission across the middle-ear even if it is only the pressure changes in an aircraft cabin, or blockage of the Eustachian tube by a cold-causes hearing loss.At the center of the debate over treatment is the common childhood condition known in the medical profession as otitis media with effusion or OME. This is usually caused by an infection of the middle ear, often in the aftermath of a cold, in which the middle ear cavity fills up with aliquid effusion. 23.Treatment of glue ear is controversial. The condition affects millions of children between the ages of one and four, at the time they are learning to speak.Mark Haggard, director of the Medical Research Council Institute for Hearing Research at Nottingham University, is conducting a large-scale evaluation of the effectiveness of the different treatments for glue ear, which will be completed in the autumn. According to him, there are two problems that complicate the assessment.First, the long-term development effects of glue ear are not very severe. Language development is slightly delayed in children under four, and in children between four and seven there are “modest but definite” adverse effects on anxiety, social confidence and general co-coordination of behavior, Haggard says.24. Nobody can identify in advance the children who will have persistent glue ear.25. The UK Health and Safety Executive recommends that precautions should be taken by those who work 40 hours a week in sound levels of 85 decibels, and requires an annul check for those who work in noise levels between 85 decibels and 90 decibels. In working environments where the noise is above 90 decibels, ear protection is mandatory.[A] Noise exposure in the workplace is the most common preventable hazard to hearing. The hazard depends both on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure.[B] Evidence that it impairs the development of language and other cognitive functions led to a huge enthusiasm for grommet operations —which are the most common surgical operation in children —in the 1980s. Since 1992, doubt about whether the benefits of treatment would always justify the risk of surgery has swung the pendulum the other way.[C] Before those vibrations are analyzed by the brain they pass through several stages of mechanical and neural processing that select the sounds we want to hear, adjust their level for comfort and intelligibility, and turn down the volume of distracting sounds.[D] The effusion can be thick and sticky, giving the condition its colloquial name of “glue ear”. The liquid causes variable degrees of hearing loss by impairing the transmission of sound through to the inner ear.[E] Glue ear can be treated surgically by inserting a tiny tube —a grommet —in the eardrum. This allows the glue to drain away, and ventilates the middle ear, which reduces the effusion of glue. There is evidence that removing the adenoids at the same time as inserting the grommet also helps by reducing the probability of future infections.[F] The second problem is more difficult. Although glue ear affect 83 percent of children at some time in their lives, it fluctuates enormously in its severity and most children recover quickly and spontaneously.[G] The easiest problem to treat is the one that occurs earliest in the chain. Obstruction of the ear canal by wax causes a relatively mild hearing loss. The loss is negligible unless the canal is completely blocked, which is rare, and is easily restored by cleaning out the wax.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.All great writers express their ideas in an individual way: it is often possible to determine the authorship of a literary passage from the style in which it is written. 26)Many authors feel that the conventions of the written language hamper them and they use words freely, with little observance of accepted grammar and sentence structure, in order to convey vividly their feelings, beliefs and fantasies. Others with a deep respect for traditional usage achieve a style of classical clearness and perfection or achieve effects of visual or musical beauty by their mastery of existing forms enriched by a sensitive and adventurous vocabulary, vivid imagery and a blending of evocative vowels and consonants.Y oung people often feel the need to experiment and, as a result, to break away from the traditions they have been taught. In dealing with a foreign language, however, they have to bear in mind two conditions for experiment. 27)Any great experiential artist is fully familiar with the conventions from which he wishes to break free: he is capable of achievement in established forms but feels these are inadequate for the expression of his ideas. In the second place, he is indisputably an outstanding artist who has something original to express; otherwise the experiments will appear pretentious, even childish.Few students can also intimate an understanding of a foreign language that they can explore its resources freely and experimentally. Not all feel the need to do so. 28)And in any case examination candidate need to become thoroughly acquainted with conventional usage as it is a sure knowledge of accepted forms that examiners look for.The student undertaking a proficiency course should have the ability to use simple English correctly to express everyday facts and ideas. 29)This ability to express oneself in a foreign language on a basis of thinking in that language without reference to one‟s own is essential at all stages of learning. Students with extensive experience in translation who have had little practice in using the foreign language directly must, above all, write very simply at first, using only easy constructions which they are convinced are correct, forgetting for the time being their own language and rigorously avoiding translating from it.More complex forms, more varied vocabulary and sentence structure should evolve naturally in step with the student‟s increasing knowledge of the language. As he achieves additional confidence, he can begin to take an interest in the use of the language to create diverse effects. He may want to convey impressions of suspense, calm, dignity, humor of music or poetry. 30)He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description. But he will still write within the limits of his ability and knowledge. And as a learner, he will still be studying and observing conventional English usage in all that he writes.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1. woe(s) （常用复数）麻烦事2. quick-fix(很不完善的)应急解决办法，权宜之计3. alleviate vt.减轻，缓和4. bear down on逼近，施压加力于5. optimum a.最佳的，适宜的6. ramp n.斜坡，斜道7. detour n.迂回路线8.gridlock n.阻塞9.pool v.共用n.水池10. stagger v.错开（尤指假期、工作时间等）难句突破1．Soaring land costs, increasing concern (over social and environmental disruptions) (caused by road-building), and the likelihood {that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic} are (powerful) factors (bearing down on a 1950s-style constructions program).【分析】复合句。
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-1
Unit 1By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1Catneton Walker learned the hard way that sharing information online can have unintended conse-quences. In 2005, the sophomore at Fisher College in Boston organized a student petition dedicated to getting a campus police guard fired and posted it on the popular college social network Facebook. com. Walker wrote that the guard “loves to antagonize students.., and needs to be elimina ted.” It was a poor choice of words. Another student informed school officials, who logged on and interpreted the comments as threatening. Though Walker claimed he was trying only to expose the guard‟s demeanor, he was expelled. He‟s now enrolled at another college and admits he made a serious mistake. “I was a naive 21-year-old,” he says.Creating a page on a social-networking site is now a cherished form of self-expression at universities around the world. Students use ad-supported services like Facebook, MySpace, TagWorld and Bebo to make friends, plan their social lives and project their personalities. The most popular site among college students is Facebook, with more than 8 million members. A student‟s personal Facebook page is usually a revealing, dynamic chronicle of campus life—one clearly not meant for the eyes of parents, teachers or anyone else older than 25.But adults are taking notice. Sites like Facebook are accessible to nearly anyone willing to spend the time to gain access: teachers, school administrators, even potential employers and the police. Such online services can create the illusion of privacy where none actually exists. Facebook, in particular, was designed to emphasize privacy and intimacy. Only other users at your school (with the same college e-mail domain name), and those in networks you join, can see your home page. But determined off-campus visitors can persuade a student or alumnus to help them access the student‟s page.What happens when the identity you reveal to friends suddenly overwhelms the facade you present to grown-ups? The results can be awkward—or worse. Photos from drunken parties, recollections of sexual escapades, or threats—all these indiscretions, posted online, have gotten students suspended or expelled, or harmed job prospects. In a couple of decades, a presidential candidate may be called on to answer for a college misadventure that he or she impulsively detailed in a blog entry.Not all students want to temper their behavior. They point out that the Internet lets themexpress themselves and find like-minded souls. Still, adults aren‟t likely to stop prying any time soon. That means students who use Facebook and MySpace have a new burden. The Web may seem ephemeral, but what you casually post one night might just last a digital eternity. ‘While social networking represents a powerful tool for today’s students, they’re advised to be prudent. Even if they have no plans to run for president someday.1. Cameron Walker was dismissed because he[A] was caught posting threatening information online.[B] fighted with the campus police guard fiercely.[C] violated the rules when he created his own personal page.[D] he logged onto the school‟s official website without permission.2. What is the major problem with Facebook?[A] The information in it is shared too widely.[B] Teachers are allowed no access to it.[C] Its claimed privacy is only an illusion.[D] It annoys too many teachers and parents.3. Which of the following contents are you more likely to find at Facebook?[A] Virtuous conducts. [B] Pictures of drunken students.[C] Flattering language. [D] Lecture notes.4. Why do Students cherish the Internet?[A] They can practise their communicative skills.[B] They can communicate effectively with teachers.[C] They can reveal their feelings freely.[D] They compete for leadership.5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?[A] Creating personal web page is gaining popularity on campus.[B] Careless online postings can mean really big trouble to students.[C] Colleges take tough measures against invasion on personal privacy.[D] Undesirable online content should be made illegal and eliminated.Text 2Up to now, the main impact of technological change has been on long-distance calls. In the United States, where four nationwide fiber networks have been built in a decade, long-distance revenue per minute has halved during that period. Now other technologies are cutting the cost of the “local loop” — the connection between the nearest exchange and the subscriber‟s home. The connection is usually made with a twisted pair of copper wires, a technology unchanged for almost 120 years. As a rule of thumb, local distribution accounts for 80% of a net-work‟s costs. Peter Huber, a telecoms specialist based in Washington, DC, reckons that it costs around $1,200～$ 2,000 to connect a new customer with copper.Two less expensive and more flexible alternatives to copper have now become available. One is to run telephone services over the same system as cable television. A breakthrough in laser design in the late 1980‟s made it possible to send analogue television pictures along optical fibers. Since then cable systems, like telephone systems, have increasingly acquired backbones of opticalfiber. Adding telephony to an existing cable system usually costs much less than extending the copper-wire network.The trouble is that a cable-television system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do; So building one from scratch (as in Britain) is expensive. These problems are avoided by the other technological breakthrough：the use of wireless transmission. Its extraordinary flexibility and low cost will allow the development of a new kind of network or networks —competing directly with fixed wires. “Wireless is the answer to the local monopoly,” says Robert Pepper, head of the office of plans and policy at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States.“If local telecoms were to rebuild from scratch today, they would do so mostly with radio, at a cost of about $ 800 per subscriber,” says Peter Huber, Michael Kellogg and John Thorne in” The Geodesic Net work II,” a 1993 review of competition in the industry i n the United States. Mobile telephones will increasingly compete head-on with fixed systems. But the most important innovation is likely to be a digital wireless linked to a small fixed radio antenna in the home, which can make extraordinarily efficient use of the radio spectrum; unlike a mobile phone, the antenna is always tuned precisely to the correct base station.Such systems of wireless local access are now being developed by several companies including Hughes in the United States and Ionica in Britain, but are not yet in commercial use in OECD countries. Nevertheless, calculations by analysts, a British consultancy, bear out the enthusiasm of Mr. Huber and his colleagues for fixed wireless access as potentially the least expensive way to make the final link to the home.6. According to Para. 2, which of the following is true?[A] Fiber networks have been dramatically reduced.[B] Local calls are more expensive than long distance calls.[C] Fiber networks have brought about a reduction in costs for long-distance calls.[D] It is not so costly to connect a new customer with copper.7. One advantage of the wireless transmission over fixed wires is that it[A] enables subscribers to receive clearer digital signals.[B] allows one company to monopolize local transmission.[C] permits more competitors to set up new phone businesses.[D] makes digital transmission possible.8. The two technological breakthroughs in telecommunication mentioned are[A] copper wire network & cable television system.[B] cable-television system & wireless transmission.[C] wireless transmission & copper wire network.[D] fixed wires & radio network.9. It can be inferred from the passage that[A] wireless telecommunication holds great prospect for the future.[B] copper wire network will not be replaced by other types of networks.[C] both cable television systems & radio networks will be the goal people try to reach.[D] fixed wireless access is similar to mobile phones.10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Impact of New Technology on Telecommunications.[B] Great Changes in Telecommunications.[C] Copper Wire Network vs Cable Television System.[D] Reduction in Cost of Long-distance Calls.Text 3For most of us, the work is the central, dominating factor of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative.Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We cannot hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the frustrations created by inequality at work, unless we tackle it head-on.Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. They are constantly learning; they are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and others‟ working lives. Most important of all, they have opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, and for a growing number of white-collar worker, work is a boring, dull, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable — for themselves — by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority has little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.11. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that people judge others by[A] the type of work they do.[B] the condition in which they work.[C] the time they spend at work.[D] the standard of living they have12. According to the author, work is now[A] more important than it will be in the future.[B] less important than it will be in the future[C] important in deciding the satisfaction that life provides with.[D] offering less satisfaction than life used to provide with.13. What is needed to solve our industrial problems?[A] A decent and humane society.[B] Equality in taking the initiative.[C] A more equal distribution of responsibility.[D] A more tolerable working condition.14. What advantages do managers have over other workers?[A] They won‟t lose their jobs.[B] They get time off to attend courses.[C] They can work at whatever interests them.[D] They can make their own decisions.15. Why do working conditions generally remain bad?[A] Because managers don‟t regard them as intolerable.[B] Because managers cannot decide what to do about them.[C] Because managers see no need to change them.[D] Because managers don‟t want to take the decisionsText 4Forget all the talk about corporate culture. It’s time to analyze your company’s personality.Plenty of business gurus have argued for years that companies aren’t just boxes and bubbles on org-charts. Instead, they’ve argued, companies are more like biological organisms — living things that learn, evolve, and eventually die. Are you ready to take this biological worldview to the next level? According to marketing consultant Sanfdy Fekete, companies can best be understood when thought of as people —as unique creatures with their own value, their own personalities, and sometimes, if her clients really get into the spirit, their own names.“Most people assume that a company’s personality matches its CEO’s personality,”says Fekete, 43, founder of Fekete Company, a marketing-communications firm based in Columbus, Ohio.“But that’s not true. An organization has its own ways of being.”Fekete’s job is to help her clients understand their company’s personality —its strengths and its weaknesses. Her main tool is a 74-question diagnostic called, appropriately, “Companies Are People, Too.”So far, people in 63 organizations ranging from museums to construction firms to medical practices have put pen to paper to scrutinize their companies’ personalities.It may sound like psychobabble, but the idea behind the tool is fairly simple: An organization, like a person, has preferred ways of focusing energy, gathering information, making decision, and structuring work. Once people inside an organization understand those preferences, argues Fekete, they can do a better job of articulating their company’s identity and values, and they can figure out better ways to work and to communicate. Some of her clients even elect “keepers of the personality”—volunteers who make sure that their organization is clear about the attributes that it prizes.“Change comes from awareness,”Fekete says. “Once you figure out who you are, you can begin to differentiate yourself from your competitors.”Dixon Schwabl Advertising Inc., a fast-growing agency based in upstate New York, has actually undergone a personality change as a result of using the tool. After taking the test for the first time, the agency created a character, named Samm, to embody the company’s strengths andweaknesses. But a year later, after the agency worked on its weaknesses, Samm gave way to Jazzy. “Samm was too deadline-focused”, muses Lauren Dixon, 45, founder and president of Dixon Schwabl.“We’re still driven to meet our deadlines, but not at the risk of compromising the creative. We need a different character to personify who we had become.”Indeed, Dixon claims that Jazzy has not only helped her company better understand its values; the personality has also contributed to the firm’s phenomenal growth —from billings of $ 18 million in 1997 to $ 49 million in 2000.“In any situation,” she says, “We ask ourselves, …What would Jazzy do?‟”16. The analogy comparing a company to a biological organism implies that[A] companies can have strengths and weaknesses too.[B] companies are living, changing entities.[C] companies are made up of living individuals.[D] companies have lifespan just like humans.17. Once a company‟s personality is understood, what can it do?[A] begin to make changes to its personality.[B] have a basis by which to make important hiring decisions.[C] find ways to better its work and communication.[D] create a character to market this personality to the public.18. Sarnm and Jazzy are[A] elites who can improve Dixon Schwabl‟s personality.[B] employees who help Dixon Schwabl better understand its value.[C] qualities which empochy Dixon Schwabl’s[D] codes that have contributed to Dixon Schwabl’s growth.19. The example of Dixon Schwabl is cited to illustrate that[A] small agencies like Dixon Schwab l can have personalities as well.[B] awareness of a company’s personality can help it make improvements.[C] a company with a deadline-focused personality is unlikely to last long.[D] it is important to pick the right name for a company’s personality.20. According to the text, what‟s true about a company’s personality？[A] It matches its CEO’s personality.[B] It is a composite of its worker’s personalities.[C] It relates to how it likes to make decisions and structure work.[D] It can only be determined by taking the appropriate diagnostic test.Part BDirections: You are going to read a text about reading books. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There aretwo extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.The greatest advantage of books does not always come from what we remember of them, but from their suggestiveness. 21. ___________________________. Books often excite thought in great writers, even upon entirely different subjects. We often find in books what we thought and felt, could we have expressed ourselves. Indeed, we get acquainted with ourselves in books. Wediscover one feature in Emerson, another lineament in Shakespeare, an expression in Homer, a glimpse of ourselves in Dante, and so on until we spell out our whole individuality. 22. _________________________________________.We form many of our opinions from our favorite books. The author whom we prefer is our most potent teacher; we look at the world through his eyes. If we habitually read books that are elevating in tone, pure in style, sound in reasoning, and keen in insight, our minds develop the same characteristics. 23. _________________________________.The best books are those which stir us up most and make us the most determined to do something and be something ourselves. The best books are those which lift us to a higher plane where we breathe a purer atmosphere. As we should associate with people who can inspire us to nobler deeds, so we should only read those books which have an uplifting power, and which stir us to make the most of ourselves and our opportunities.24. _____________________________________________.Furnish your house with books rather than unnecessary furniture, bric-a-brac, or even pictures if you cannot afford all. One of the most incongruous sights in the world is an elegant house with costly furniture, paintings of the masters, imported tapestries, statuary, costly carpets, extravagant frescoes, and yet with scarcely a standard work in the library.Wear threadbare clothes and patched shoes if necessary, but do not pinch or economize on books. 25. _______________________________________.Whatever you read, read with enthusiasm, with energy, read with the whole mind, if you would increase your mental stature. Learn to absorb the mental and the moral life of a book, and assimilate it into your life. He is the best reader who consumes the most knowledge and converts it into character. Mechanical readers remember words, the husks of things, but digest nothing. They cram their brains but starve their minds. If you are getting the most out of a book, you will feel a capacity for doing things which you never felt before.[A] Libraries are no longer a luxury, but a necessity. A home without books and periodicals andnewspapers is like a house without Windows. Children learn to read by being in the midst of books; they unconsciously absorb knowledge by handling them. No family can now afford to be without good reading.[B] Perhaps no other thing has such power to lift the poor out of his poverty, the wretched out ofhis misery, to make the burden-bearer forget his burden, the sick his suffering, the sorrower his grief, the downtrodden his degradation, as books.[C] If you cannot give your children an academic education you can place within their reach a fewgood books which will lift them above their surroundings, into respectability and honour. A college education, or its equivalent, and more is possible to the poorest boy or girl who has access to the necessary books.[D] If, on the contrary, we read weak or vicious books, our minds contract the faults and vices ofthe books. We cannot escape the influence of what we read any more than we can escape the influence of the air that we breathe.[E] A good book often serves as a match to light the dormant powder within us. There is explosivematerial enough in most of us if we can only reach it. A good book or a good friend often serves to wake up our latent possibilities.[F] We may be poor, socially ostracized, shut out from all personal association with the great andthe good, and yet be in the best society in the world, in books. We may live in palaces,converse with princes, be familiar with royalty, and associate with the greatest and noblest of all time.[G] True, we get many pleasing reflections of ourselves from friends, many mirrored deformitiesfrom our enemies, and a characteristic here and there from the world; but in a calm and unbiased way we find the most of ourselves, our strength, our weakness, our breadth, our limitations, our opinions, our tastes, our harmonies and discords, our poetic and prosaic qualities, in books.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours “sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours” wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. 26)The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is the question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. 27)This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. 28)She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.29)This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. 30)People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.sophomore n.大学二年级生2.petition n.请愿,；情愿书v.请求，恳求3.antagonize vt.敌对；对抗4.log on 登录5.demeanor n.行为；风度6.chronicle n.编年史7.intimacy n.隐私；亲密8.facade n.外表；正面9.escapade n.异常出轨的行为10.indiscretion n.不慎重；轻率11.ephemeral a.短暂的；短命的难句突破1. [In 2005], the sophomore (at Fisher College in Boston) organized a student petition (dedicated to getting a campus police guard fired) and posted it (on the popular college social network Facebook. com.)【分析】简单句。
研究生英语读写教程提高级unit15
研究生英语读写教程提高级unit15Unit 15 of the Advanced Level of the Graduate English Reading and Writing Tutorial focuses on enhancing students' reading and writing skills in English. This unit is designed to provide students with advanced strategies and techniques to improve their understanding of complex texts and their ability to express themselves effectively in writing.In this unit, students will be introduced to various reading comprehension techniques, such as skimming and scanning, to help them quickly grasp the main ideas and key details of a text. They will also learn how to analyze and evaluate the author's arguments and evidence, enabling them to critically engage with the material they are reading.Additionally, Unit 15 aims to enhance students' writing skills by introducing them to advanced academic writing techniques. They will learn how to structure their essays effectively, using clear topic sentences and supporting evidence to develop coherent and well-argued paragraphs. Moreover, students will be taught how to incorporate citations and references into their writing to support their arguments and avoid plagiarism.Furthermore, this unit emphasizes the importance ofvocabulary expansion. Students will be exposed to a wide range of advanced academic vocabulary, which they can incorporate into their writing to improve its clarity and sophistication. They will also learn how to use idiomatic expressions and collocations appropriately to enhance the style and fluency of their writing.Throughout this unit, students will have the opportunity to practice their reading and writing skills through a variety of exercises, including comprehension questions, writing prompts, and essay assignments. They will receive feedback and guidance from their instructors to help them improve their performance.By the end of Unit 15, students will have developed a strong foundation in advanced reading and writing skills, enabling them to confidently tackle complex academic texts and express themselves effectively in writing. These skills will not only benefit them in their graduate studies but also in their future professional endeavors.。
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-4
Unit 4Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1Graduating high school seniors looking to enter the workforce and other high school students searching for summer jobs are facing a tighter job market this year as the once red-hot U.S. economy continues to cool. Nationally, the jobless rate for 16-to-19-year-olds continues to rise. The unemployment rate for teenagers hit 14.2 percent in April, compared with 12.8 percent last year, according to the U.S. Department of Labor.“It’s very obvious that it’s going to be a little harder this summer, because businesses are much more reserved and cautious,”said Mark J. Gambill, the vice president of marketing at Manpower Inc., the nation’s largest temporary-employment agency. The New Y ork City-based company recently surveyed 16,000 public and private employers. It found manufacturing, light industry, and high-tech firms were least likely to be seeking employees.Temporary jobs typically are the first to suffer in a slowing economy, but other sectors that employ teenagers heavily have fallen on leaner times as well. For instance, the amusement, recreation, and hotel industries shed a combined 43,000 jobs in March and April, said John F. Stinson Jr., an economist at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ironically, the pinch comes as the nation’s overall jobless rate remains low. Statistics show that fewer teenagers have been jobless over the past few summers than at any time during the previous decade. “The jobless rates are still low by historical standards,” Mr. Stinson said. Ten years ago, for example, the unemployment rate for 16-to-19-year-old workers was 21.1 percent in June and 15.7 percent in July. Last year, the rate was 14.4 percent and 12.4 percent, respectively, federal figures show.Experts say teenagers looking for summer work still can find jobs but not lots of pay. The continuing slump in the nation’s high-tech sector and lingering uncertainty over the general health of th e economy have combined to limit teenagers’ job options to the type of work that American youths typically have thrived on — the retail and fast-food industries.For the past several years, experts say, large numbers of teenagers found work with high-paying technology companies. But those heady days of $50,000 starting salaries for those with computer skills and only a high school diploma have ended.Nationally, some 2.8 million students are expected to graduate from public and private high schools this year, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Lacking some sort of post secondary education or training virtually ensures those graduates will garner low wages. Ron Bird,the chief economist at the Employment Policy Foundation, a Washington-based nonprofit think tank, said economic projections show that wage growth for those with only a high school diploma will be the slowest among all groups.“There is a fundamental shift evident in the U.S. economy, tied primarily to technology, that will reward more professional, management, and technical-type jobs as opposed to line operators,”he said.1. The current unemployment rate for teenagers is[A] lower than ever before. [B] higher than in the previous decade.[C] comparable to the overall unemployment.[D] higher than it was last year.2. Current job prospects for teenagers in the high-tech industry are[A] highly profitable. [B] in decline.[C] quite promising.[D] non-existent.3. Currently, most jobs for high school students and graduates are available in[A] the high-tech sector. [B] temporary employment.[C] retail stores. [D] amusement parks.4.Which of the following individuals is directly quoted in this text?[A] The vice president . [B] High-tech industry analysts.[C] A government economist. [D] A Washington economist.5. This text is mainly about[A] the cooling of the U.S. economy.[B] summer jobs prospects for teenagers.[C] job competition between high school students and graduates.[D] employment prospects for high school students and graduates.T ext 2Surgeons will soon be able to enter the eye to carry out operations —at least in a virtual sense. Techniques derived from virtual reality — the computer system that immerses operations in an artificial computer-generated world — will allow surgeons to feel as if he could see the inside of the eye during an operation, creating the illusion that they are actually there.Researchers at the Biorobotics Laboratory of McGill University in Montreal are bu ilding a robot, known as Micro Surgery Robot-1 ( MSR-1 for short), that will perform delicate operations under the control of a human surgeon. The robot is specifically designed for performing eye surgery but could have other applications, such as the removal of brain tumors. The system could also be used to allow surgeons and their students to practise simulated surgery that feel like the real thing — without the real consequences for the patients.During the operations, the surgeon manipulates a set of control known as the master. These are connected through a high-performance computer to the robot. Both the master and the robot have two limbs. When the surgeon moves the master’s limbs, the robot’s limbs move in exactly the same way, except that the movements can be scaled down as much as a thousand times. This will eliminate hand tremor and poor accuracy and thus reduce the damage to the eye that can occur with present microsurgery techniques. Each of the robot’s limbs has a minimum movement of one micrometer — more than one hundred times the precision of the human hand.The computer also creates a three-dimensional robot’s eye view of the inside of the eye thatthe surgeon can see by wearing a virtual reality helmet that has a small lens in front of each eye.To provide the surgeon with such a realistic experience, MSR-1 must be able to move rapidly, but this requires extremely fast computing. To handle the computational demands of instant interaction, the McGill team is constructing its own parallel-processing computer. It is also studying areas such as muscle mechanism, artificial intelligence and optics, and has already built another micro robot, MR-I, capable of manipulating a single living cell.Although commercial applications of the new system are not expected for several years, its basic mechanical components will be ready for testing in a few months. “The day when micro robots will be able to perform surgery without human intervention is many years away,” says Hunter, “in the meantime, a system such as MRS-1 is a necessary precursor.”6. “V irtual reality” is actually a computer system[A] used for operation on the eyes.[B] used to produce life-like illusions.[C] used in virtual technology.[D] used for difficult operations.7. What is MSR-1 mainly designed for?[A] For making inside-eye observations. [B] For carrying out operations on human eyes.[C] For cutting off brain tumors. [D] For performing delicate operations.8. The phrase “scale down” (Line 3,Para.3) probably means to[A] reduce the proportion of the size properly. [B] reduce according to a fixed pattern.[C] make it diminish without limitation.[D] cut back on the time properly.9. What is the advantage of the virtual reality techniques in microsurgery?[A] Surgeons can do operations without considering the consequences.[B] It allows surgeons and their students to set their imagination free.[C] It helps to do operations on human more accurately to reduce damage.[D] It creates a three-dimensional view which can be seen by a robot.10. It can be referred from the last paragraph that[A] MSR-1 may be brought into practical application in a few years.[B] as a necessary pioneer in medical science,MSR-1 has still a long way to go.[C] the basic mechanical components of MSR-1 are being tested for assemblage.[D] the commercial applications of MSR-1 will be expected in a few years.T ext 3There is no market without income, and the youth segment qualifies on this important dimension. Their spending reached about $ 55 billion in 1988, with approximately $ 11 billion put in savings. Because many jobs are available in fast-food restaurants and other businesses that need young people for labor, over 30 percent of high school senior boys and nearly 25 percent of senior girls say they average over 20 hours of work a week during the school year.The important facet of teen incomes is that they are almost entirely discretionary; that is, there are few, if any, fixed obligations such as taxes, rent, insurance, and utilities that these youths must meet. A notable result of increasing youth income is the increasing tendency of youths to buy more durable and high-priced products, from radios to designer jeans, cosmetics, and footwear. According to the president of a youth research company, “Products which were consideredluxuries a few years ago are deemed necessities by youths and parents alike”.Thus, some youths are experiencing “premature affluence”—they have a lot of spending money but will not be able to sustain that level of discretionary spending once they have taken on the burdens of paying for their own necessities.Why do youths have such a strong consumption orientation? According to one researcher, three significant forces have molded their attitudes and consumer behavior. First, the experience of growing up in a period of economic optimism. A second factor is permissive child rearing, which has been linked by researchers to a reduced capacity for initiative and independence. Third, the new generation has a higher educational level and heavier exposure to the mass media.These environmental forces have had a significant influence on their consumer-behavior orientations. The result has been that youths tend to be rather optimistic about their future financial situations and level of living. For example, almost all young people look forward to what has been labeled the “standard packag e”—the set of durable goods, clothing, food products, and services enjoyed by the majority of Americans. Although they used to be told to save their money, young people in America today are being raised to spend, according to an authority who conducts a yearly youth poll. It is also important to recognize that the teen market not only spends a great deal of money on its own, but also influences the amount spent by parents. In total, it represents an almost $ 250 billion market in direct or indirect spending. Even children aged 4 to 12 directly influence $ 132 billion of household purchases. Today’s parents recognize that their kids are a lot more involved in making family decisions than they were as children, and many teens are doing the family shopping. Corporations are recognizing this trend and capitalizing on the fact that children can be very persistent in their search for a particular item.11. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] No Income, No Market.[B] Income and Spending of the Y outh.[C] Direct and Indirect Spending of Children.[D] Premature Affluence in the Society.12. By saying “The important facet…entirely discretionary”(Line 1, Para. 2), the author means that[A] the youths do not need to get parents’ permission before spending their money.[B] the youths do not have burdens of paying for their own necessities.[C] the youths tend to buy luxuries instead of life necessities.[D] the youths are careful in spending their money.13. The youths’ behavior is strongly consumption-oriented partly because[A] they are independent and take the initiative in everything.[B] they don’t receive good education.[C] they are greatly influenced by mass media.[D] they spend their childhood in hard times.14. The result of the influence of environmental forces on youths is that[A] they tend to be optimistic about their future.[B] they tend to be selfish and arrogant.[C] t hey become more aware of environmental problems.[D] they become more active in protecting environment.15. What can we infer about most American youths from the last paragraph?[A] They are more liable to save than to spend .[B] They are optimistic about the national economy.[C] They spend a lot of money on the “standard package”.[D] They have recognized their involvement in household purchases.T ext 4Women looking for love on the Net this V alentine’s Day may get more roses if they flaunt their wealth rather than their good looks, a study of online personal ads suggests.Don Strassberg, a psychologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, says he was intrigued when he discovered how many people were turning to the Internet to seek a partner in life. “I was infatuated with the possibilities of the medium,” he says. “Y ou can reach a wide variety of people cheaply.”Strassberg wanted to understand the motivation that drives weird lonely hearts, as previous research on personal ads has focused mostly on those placed in newspapers. These studies concluded that men tend to be attracted by a woman’s slimness and beauty, while women like their men tall and rich.These are exactly the preferences that evolutionary biologists would predict. The theory goes that men are looking for a woman in prime reproductive condition, while women tend to seek a man with the resources to help her care for a child.To discover whether the same rules hold on the Net, Strassberg and his student Stephen Holty crafted fictitious ads and place them on three popular Internet dating bulletin boards. Although the ads described both virtual men and women, only those for the female cyber dates attracted enough responses to permit analysis. Each ad claimed to be written by a woman between 26 and 28 years old who was easy-going and optimistic, although all used slightly different language. A control ad gave no furth er details. The other three labeled the woman “very attractive”, “passionate and sensitive” or “financially successful and ambitious”.After a week, these descriptions drew 507 responses. Each cyber suitor was sent a polite reply thanking him for his interest, but explaining that his would-be companion had reunited with an old beau.The control and passionate personas fared the worst, with 103 and 90 replies respectively. The attractive persona garnered more—129 admirers in all. But the woman with money came out top with 185 replies.“This is very strange. It goes against everything I’ve heard before,” says psychologist Irene Frieze of the University of Pittsburgh. “I’m curious about the users of these sites.”So are men who look for partners on the Net a bunch of money grabbing, passionless misfits? Strassberg agrees that the bulletin boards he studied may attract an unusual clientele. But he thinks the explanation may be that Net users are more educated and affluent, and are simply looking for someone of a similar background.16. Strassberg’s study was designed to find out[A] what is the most popular medium to place personal ads in.[B] preferences of those who place online personal ads.[C] effectiveness of placing personal ads on the Internet.[D] people’s attitude toward online personal ads.17. It can be inferred that evolutionary biologists would think[A] a slim-bodied woman is more likely to be reproductively successful.[B] female beauty can be passed along to the next generation.[C] a tall man is necessarily a rich man.[D] men and women should have similar preferences.18. The word “virtual” (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means[A] actual [B] fundamental [C] imaginative [D] ordinary19. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Cyber suitors seemed to be most impressed by the beautiful woman.[B] Most cyber suitors preferred the economically successful woman.[C] The would-be companion had reunited with an old lover.[D] Some cyber suitors were refused by the targeted woman.20. In the last paragraph, the author[A] challenges a theory given by evolutionary biologists.[B] explains a phenomenon that affluent women are the most popular.[C] strengthens an argument that men are greedy for money[D] provides evidence that men like slimness and beautyPart BDirections:You are going to read a text about the tips on How to Avoid the Common Mistakes in Interview, followed by a list of examples or explanations. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (21-25). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.We’ve all heard stories of job candidates who looked great on paper but who were absolute disasters in person. With fewer and fewer interview opportunities available in this competitive market, it’s essential to make the best possible first impression. Y ou can learn from the mistakes of others and avoid the top 5 worst interview blunders.21. InconsistencyThe people who will be interviewing you are usually old and seasoned hands at the job. They are quick to notice inconsistencies, hesitations, and uncertainties. They may challenge something you say just to see how you respond. If you back off, change, justify, qualify, over-explain, or retract what you said earlier, they may suspect that you’ve been exaggerating or lying to them, and are likely to probe further.22. Poor attitudeY ou should go for an interview with enthusiasm and an open mind while presenting yourself in an upbeat and professional manner.23. Failure to match communication stylesIt’s almost impossible to make a good first impression if you can’t communicate effectively with an interviewer. But you can easily change that situation by mirroring the way the interviewer treats you. Allowing the interviewer to set the tone of conversation can vastly improve your chances of making a favorable impression. Y ou can put the interviewer at ease —and make yourself seem more like him or her —by mirroring his or her communication style.24. Asking about benefits, vacation time or salaryWait until you’ve won the employer over before beginning that discussion. Salary and benefits are definitely what applicants care about most. However, it’s not only rude but also irrational at the first beginning of the interview to ask such things. When a job-seeker asks about benefits or other employee perks during the first interview, a bad signal reflecting your image will be delivered to the interviewer.25. Not to the pointIn conclusion, just as a strong resume wins you an opportunity to interview, strong interview skills will win you consideration for the job. Y ou already know that you won’t earn an interview unless your resume sets you apart as a candidate of choice. Similarly, you should know that polishing your interview skills can mean the difference between getting the job offer —and being a runner-up.Start your job search with a resume that creates a stellar first impression, and then back those facts up with your extraordinary interview skills. Y ou will have made yourself a better candidate by avoiding these five interview pitfalls. And no one will have to talk about you as the candidate who “almost” got the job.[A] When interviewers respond to your statement with a skeptical look, a pause, or a comment, like “Really?”, you’ve to keep you cool, just smile politely, nod, and wait for them to continue. If you become uncomfortable, you can always ask, “Have I answered the question to your satisfaction?”, or “Was there anything else you wanted me to talk about?”[B] Many candidates make the mistake of answering the question with a general statement. But interviewers want to hear about a specific time when you had this experience. The way to prepare for this type of question is to identify and tailor your stories before the interview. This question offers an opportunity to emphasize awards, compliments or bonuses received for a job well done.A story can relate a great many skills. One really good story is worth 50 general answers.[C] If they are giving you the courtesy of their time and consideration, the least you can do is to respond in kind. If you decide during the interview that you don’t want the job, or that you may not be sufficiently experienced or qualified to receive the offer, don’t adopt negative. Continue to manifest positive.[D] For example, if the interviewer seems all business, don’t attempt to loosen him/her up with a joke or story. Be succinct and businesslike. If the interviewer is personable, try discussing his/her interests. Often the items on display in the office can offer a clue. If asked a direct question, answer directly. Then follow up by asking if more information is needed.[E] Y ou can imagine, what if a car salesman asked to see your credit report before allowing you to test driving the cars?[F] Even if your last boss was Attila the Hun, never, never state your ill feelings about him/her. No matter how reasonable your complaints, you will come out the loser if you show that you disrespect your boss because the interviewer will assume that you would similarly trash him or her. When faced with the challenge of talking about former employers, make sure you are prepared with a positive spin on your experiences.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Economics has often been criticized as a science concerned only with the short-term, to the exclusion of consideration of how short-term goals affect long-term consequences. While it is true that economics is generally focused on achieving short-term maximization of resources, it must be kept in mind that the long term is never neglected. 26)One of the most intrinsic concepts in the field of economics is game theory, which examines how the choices immediately facing an individual will affect his subsequent breadth of choices that emerge afterward.For example, consider the case of a manager of a business who must decide whether to create a shoddy product, aware of the fact that ignorant buyers will buy an equal amount of the item regardless of its quality, since they know nothing about it yet. 27)Assume that creating a shoddy product is less expensive than creating merchandise of higher quality, short-term economics would argue that it is the best course of action for the manager to create the low-quality item, since the same reward would be achieved for a lower price.More properly applied economics, however, would demand further consideration, taking into account the long-term. 28)While creating a shoddy product in the long term would boost short term profits, it would also cause buyers not to purchase from the manager’s company in the future resulting in a significant loss in long-term profits. Consequently, the boost in short-term profit would have to be weighed against the loss in long-term profits, providing a more realistic and applicable aspect to the decision making process. When game theory comes into play, economics becomes a more useful tool in real-world situations.29)Having examined the way in which game theory is applied, its name now makes sense —game theory is similar to a chess game, in which the effects of one’s choices on the other players in “the game” must be considered prior to action.In that sense, the application of economics to practical decision-making becomes at once more complicated yet more sensible.30)One must always be thinking ahead and anticipating future scenarios based on current situations, for although economics is concerned with maximization, maximization is a long-term, not a short-term goal.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1.reserved a.有所保留的；预订的2.cautious a.小心的，谨慎的3. lean a.收益差的；瘦的vt.依赖4. shed vt.去掉；流出，流下n.棚，库5. pinch n.困苦；捏，掐vi.捏，掐6. respectively adv.各自地，分别地7. slump n. 萧条期vi. 暴跌；沉重或突然倒下8. heady a.令人陶醉的；易使人醉的9. fundamental a.基本的，重要的，必要的10. garner vt.收集并（通常）储存某物难句突破1.Graduating high school seniors(looking to enter the workforce) and other high school students(searching for summer jobs) are facing a tighter job market[this year][as the once red-hot U.S. economy continuous to cool.]【分析】复合句。
研究生英语阅读教程提高级-课后习题
Lesson 2The story about the Brothers Grimm may evoke warm memories of story time in the comforting arms of a parent.1.recal.....B.creat.....C.releas.....D.collect2.One of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turning adversity to youradvantage.3.unfamiliarit..B.exploratio...C.pleasur.... D.difficulties.4.The claws of bears may be used to climb trees , rip open nests and beehives, orcatch prey.5.clear B.tea. C.throw ...D.dig6.The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that have breached theircomputer systems.7.intercepting B.fighting C.analyzing .D.discussing8.He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturb anyone.9.unless B.when C.s.that .D.i.case10.As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed, there was talk ofapocalypse.11.emergency B.uncertainty C.disaster D.reduction12.The odor of the hospital was so unforgiving that every so often she would bringthe cloud of white flowers to her nose.13.unexpected B.unique C.impressive D.terrible14.Critics argue that the lavish park itself is incongruous in a country where aroundhalf the population lives below the poverty line.15.inappropriate B.creative C.unnecessary D.enjoyable16.Many believed optimistically the news would soothe markets, but it seems to havehad the opposite effect.17.push B.mislead C.calm D.discourage18.A stoical person tends to show admirable patience and endurance in the face ofadversity without getting upset.confident B.uncomplaining C.unconventional D.reliableADBCD CDACBLesson 41.During the lecture all the audience listened to China’s first astronaut with raptadmiration.2.obscure B.obvious C.obliged D.obsessed3.Most of her colleagues didn’t like her because she was adept at the fine art ofirritating people.4.ambitious B.annoying C.skillful D.scornful5.In the schools today we need, more than ever, the training of deft hands, quickeyes and ears, and above all the broader, deeper, higher culture of gifted minds and pure hearts.6.skillful B.clever C.delicate D.elegant7.At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to his father.8.supervision B.catering C.raising D.fostering9.Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called the worst blizzard innearly a century.10.catastrophe B.disaster C.snowstorm ndslide11.After all, the candidate was endorsed by the governor’s board and many of thelocal party members.12.ignored B.rejected C.sponsored D.supported13.His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but it was nondescript.14.unclear B.distinctive C.implied D.ambiguous15.She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught at school andbasked in her teacher’s praise.16.prided B.enjoyed C.criticized D.narrated17.It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe the excuse that heheld forth for the delayed delivery.18.lied B.told C.emphasized piled19.When Frank heard that the war had started, it did n’t sink in for a long time untilhis father was drafted into the army.b.understood. B.b.accepted C.b.taken D.b.illustratedBADBB DABCD11.Plant.wil.los.thei._____whe.the.ar.heavil.trimmed.A.voyageB.vitalityC.vogueD.virgin12.I.wa.generall.concede.tha.th.ne.resul.o.th.inciden.wa.calculate.t.mak.Eisenhowe.ma.enoug.t.forc.hi.t._____re-election.A.ru.forpet.inC.appl.t.D.lin.u.with13.Mic.entere.th.V ocationa.Hig.School.and.i.orde.t.ge.t.kno.he.ne.classmates.sh.____ _.party.A.castunchedC.flungD.threw14.Alic.Moor.refuse.t.lear.wha.the.required.Sh.couldn’.se.th.necessit.o._____fo.thos. tha.woul.onl.appea.i.th.examinations.A.agonizedB.crammingC.clashingD.creeping15.Th.listener.wer._____b.hi.magi.eloquenc.an.read.t.stan.b.hi.i.hi.boldes.flights.A.agonizedB.thrilledC.disturbedD.interfered16.W.remaine.unti.ou.shi.wa.repaired.an.afte.that.w.se.sai.fo.England.ou._____por.bei n.London.A.doomedB.denotedC.despairedD.destined17.Seed.o.variou.types---whea.grains.beans.an.nuts---for.th.bul.o.huma.food.Bu.no.al. seed.ar._____t.eithe.human.o.insects.man.contai.toxins.A.palatableB.primitiveC.peculiarD.permanent18.Continuin.violenc.coul._____th.progres.toward.reform.A.hol.onB.hol.upC.hol.downD.hol.off19..bil.passe._____b.bot.house.i.Augus.require.state.t.se.u.system.fo.withholdin.chil.s uppor.payment.fro.th.wage.an.stat.ta.refund.o.thos.persons.A.anonymouslyB.autonomouslyC.unanimouslyD.enormously20.Afte.abou.a.hou.al.th.participant._____wit.th.regulation.an.eac.other.A.warme.upB.mad.upC.mixe.upD.woun.upBADBB DABCDLesson 6Another common use of the tag question is in small talk when the Speaker is trying to ____conversation: “Sure is hot here, isn’t it?”A.illicitB.elicitC.solicitD.explicit2.unc.o.it.subscriptio.servic.ye.again.afte.runnin.int.seriou.pr oblem.i.it.talk.wit.othe.firms.S.her.i.Napster’.______.Stil.no.ready.A.refrainB.renownC.restraintD.retention3..wor.o..dru.t.fina.approva.o.th.dru.b.th.Foo..Dru.Administratio.i..lon .an._____processA.hilariousB.notoriousC.industriousborious4.Whe..wa..child..alway.refuse.t.writ.thank-yo.note.fo.birthda.present.fro..farawa.relativ e.M.mothe.woul._____m.an.say.“Paul.yo.mus.lear.t.b.polite.”A.glideB.slideC.abid..D.chide5.A(n._____memor.ma.b..goo.thing.bu.th.abilit.t.forge.i.th.tru.toke.o.greatness.A.attentiveB.inattentiveC.retentiveD.irretentive6.There’.stil..grea.dea.o.____o.th.weapon.o.mas.destruction.whic.despit.wha.Preside n.Bus.an.Prim.Ministe.Blai.say.hav.no.ye.bee.found.A.evidenceB.skepticismC.knowledgeD.consensus7.Eve.thoug.exercis.ha.man.positiv.benefits.to.muc.ca.b.harmful.Teen.wh.exercis.___ __ar.a.ris.fo.bot.physica.an.psychologica.problems.parativelypetitivelypulsivelyprehensively8.Som.o.th.maid.wer.quie.an.affectionate.Bu.other.wer.____.drivin.th.youn.wome.craz plainin.t.the.al.th.time.A.querulousB.fabulousC.pretentiousD.conscientious9.Ther.i.nothin.mor.fascinat.tha.observin.citizen.o.man.differen.nationalities___.an.ex changin.greeting.i.a.internationa.airport.A.singlingB.dinglingC.jinglingD.mingling10.Whe.Dalla.polic.notifie.th.hospita.tha.Presiden.Kenned.ha.bee.shot.a.first.th.youn. neurosurgeo.though.i.wa.._____.A.blandB.flankC.prankD.frankBADDC BCADCLesson 71.Upon hearing these critical remarks, he was in a complete state of bewildermentand did not know what to do next.2.astonishment B.frustration C.depression D.perplexity3.For many women, the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in a rape case can betoo much to bear.4.promising B.embarrassing C.haunting D.upsetting5.The company’s disappointing sales figures are an ominous sigh of worse thing tocome.6.disgraceful B.disgusting C.scandalous D.threatening7.He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions that will never come,instead of thinking of the quality of life now.8.promising B.unrealistic C.unbelievable D.unprecedented9.We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because it was sowell timed.10.elicited B.despised C.removed D.elevated11.Things would never change if people weren’t prepared to experiment with newteaching methods.12.endeavor B.campaign C.swerve D.try13.The national interest is more important than the sectional and personal interests ofindividual politicians.14.segregated B.factional C.inviolable D.dismantled15.Despite differences in background and outlook, their partnership was based onmutual respect, trust and understanding.16.unilateral B.reciprocal C.obligatory D.optional17.Desirous of knowing something about the operations, I stood and watched thespectacle with great interest.18.Desperat.for B.Desirabl.of C.Detache.from D.Deprive.of19.He spoke eloquently with the self-effacing humor that has endeared him to theAmerican press.elegantly B.persuasively C.arrogantly D.expressivelyDDDBC ABBADLesson 91.When she arose to speak in their assemblies, her commanding figure and dignifiedmanners _____every trifler into silence.2.rushed B.hushed C.cashed D.pushed3.In many of his paintings of towns, harbors, and rivers, Marquet showed aparticular gift for simplification that seized _____upon the essentials in the scene before him.4.unexpectedly B.unavoidably C.unerringly D.unbelievably5.The ole gentleman was so much immersed in business, that he was unable to ____much attention upon me.6.bestow B.bewilder C.beware D.betray7.The most famous ____whiteface clown is Felix Adler, who performed in the earlyand mid-20th century.8.picturesque B.unique C.technique D.grotesque9.By the 1st century B.C., Roman power was growing and Greek influence hadbegun to ____.10.wane B.waver C.weave D.warp11.To starboard, at Hurghada, behind ____ranks of coral reefs, lay the importantMarine Biological Station of the University of Egypt.12.severe B.serried C.seduced D.sentimentalA.A.first.th.downtur.wa.confine.t.industrie.mos.sensitiv.t.hig.interes.rates.Bu.____,th.los.o.incom.i.thes.area.ha..rippl.effec.throughou.th.economy.13.inexorabl. B.intensively C.inevitably D.infinitely14.The puppet theater combines three elements: the puppets; the chanters who singand ____for the puppets; and the players of the three-stringed instrument.15.decline B.reclaim C.declaim D.proclaim16.This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play, over which one sighs tosee the curtain fall --- all ____, all light, all happiness.17.enchantment B.engagement C.enlargement D.enduranceA.“I.wa.reall.rura.whe.w.move.here,.say.Stanley.“Bu.thes.newcomer.ar.____th.rura.atmosphere.justifying B.citifying C.ratifying D.simplifyingBCADA BACABLesson 111.Th.supporter.o.G.food.sa.tha.i.shoul.b.possibl.t.mak.food.tha.ar.les.likel.t.trigge. allergies.A.preventB.reduceC.causeD.transfer2.Th.relationshi.betwee.me.an.thei.car.woul.terminat.i.th.even.o.irreparabl.mechanica. breakdow.(equivalen.t.th.deat.o..spouse).A.endB.declineC.failD.proceedbinatio.o.miscommunication.ignor.warning.an.genera.hubri.virtuall.guarantee.disaster.A.misunderstandingB.misconductC.angerD.arrogance4.Despit.a.occasiona.glimme.o.hope.thi.campaig.ha.no.produce.an.results.A.proofB.indicationC.releaseD.consequence5.Thes.kid.ha.bee.furthe.insulate.b.thei.wealth.familie.fro.realit.wit.th.privileg.tha.mo ne.coul.buy.A.protectedB.awokenC.coveredD.isolated6..foun.mysel.constantl.ponderin.th.question:.Ho.coul.anyon.d.thes.things?”A.arguingB.answeringC.repeatingD.considering7.Interactiv.technolog.augment.traditiona.method.wit.ne.an.yet-to-b.invente.collaborat io.tool.rangin.fro.e-mai.t.We.log.t.digita.vide.t.peer-to-pee.systems.municationB.entertainmentC.cooperationD.improvement8.Fo.peopl.wh.fee.to.intimidate.o.sh.t.as.question.durin.class.th.Interne.create..“saf.environment.t.spea.thei.mind.Online.nobod.know.wh.yo.are.A.frightenedB.frustratedC.depressedD.disappointed9.O.thi.da.afte.Septembe.11.mos.plane.wer.stil.grounded.th.skie.wer.eeril.quiet.A.particularlyB.unusuallyC.mysteriouslyD.pleasantly10.Considere.b.man.archaeologist.t.b.th.firs.huma.civilization.Sume.ha.yielde.man.hug.ston.carvings.Deciphered.the.describe.“gods.wh.cam.fro.anothe.plane.i.flyin.machines.A.InspiredB.InterpretedC.ImprovedD.Implanted CADBD DCACB。
新编考研英语阅读理解150篇
《新编考研英语阅读理解150篇》Unit Two Part A Text 2You slip the key into the ignition and crank the engine to life. But before you put the car into gear, you tap a key on the keyboard mounted by the steering wheel, and your newest e-mail flashes up on the windscreen.把钥匙插在点火装置上，开动引擎。
在给汽车挂挡之前，敲击嵌在方向盘上的键盘，你的最新邮件将在挡风玻璃上闪现。
This seductive satyr is what you get when you cross a car and a computer. Dubbed the “ network vehicle ” , or net-mobile, it may soon come to a driveway near you (probably the one belonging to your rich neighbour). In a net-mobile, a motorist could tap into a regional road system but also to map out a route around rush-hour traffic snags. Drivers and passengers will be able to send and receive e - mail, track the latest sports scores or stock quotes, surf the Web, and even play video games. Or so, at least, say a number of computer-industry firms such as Microsoft, Sun, IBM and Netscape.当你把一辆汽车和一台电脑混合到一起的时候，就得到了这种引人注目的汽车和电脑的交合体。
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-10
Unit 10Pleasure comes through toil.苦尽甘来。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1Ash Upadhyaya is no tree hugger. Y et he has spent the past two years studying environmentally sustainable business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. “Am I really driven to do this by my values? The honest answer is no,” says Upadhyaya, who wants to work for a private-equity fund when he graduates in June. “It just makes good business sense to be sustainable.”Environmentalists and capitalists have typically eyed each other with suspicion, even disdain.A new breed of M.B.A. students thinks it’s possible to make a bunch of green by going green. For some, studying sustainable business practices just gives them a competitive edge. For others, it’s a fresh way of thinking about business. These eco-M. B. A. s talk about the “triple bottom line” —people, planet, profit. Thousands are joining Net Impact, a networking group for business leaders interested i n societal problems.Slowly, business schools are catching up. “This is all student-driven,” says Stanford B-school professor Erica Plambeck. Seven years ago she offered the first environmental elective at the business school. Today Stanford ranks No. 1 on the Aspen Institute’s 2007 “Beyond Grey Pinstripes” report, w hich rates how business schools integrate social and environmental responsibility into their curricula.Mainstream schools weren’t changing fast enough for green-business icon Hunter Lovins. The book she coauthored in 1999, “Natural Capitalism,” has become the textbook for sustainable management. In it, she argues that companies don’t factor the environment into their spreadsheets. “We treat it as if it has a value of zero, and that’s bad capitalism,” she says. Business leaders needed to start thinking differently. So in 2003 Lovins helped found Presidio School of Management in San Francisco, where climate change permeates every part of the curriculum.Critics say such boutique business schools themselves are unsustainable. But Green M. B. A. s insist they learn traditional skills while fostering unconventional business values. For the final project in accounting at Presidio, students analyze both a company’s finances and its CSR (corporate social responsibility). One group gave United Parcel Service credit for mapping routesso drivers can avoid gas-wasting left turns. Green M. B. A. s take macroeconomics, but it includes the emerging field of “ecological economics.” The cases they study examine companies like Clif Bar, which makes organic energy snacks.But it’s the atmosphere at Presidio that makes it so different from Harvard. For Presidio student Taja di Leonardi, it was never for the money. A nature lover, she wanted to go to business school without feeling as if she was selling her soul. At Presidio, her quest to design her own green kitchen grew into a business plan for something she called Ecohome Improvement. Since Ecohome Improvement opened in 2005, di Leonardi has doubled the store’s square footage, increased her staff from one to 10 and seen a 200 percent increase in revenues. Soul intact, she is cashing in.1. Why is Ash Upadhyaya interested in environmentally sustainable business?[A] He is an activist in environmental protection.[B] He believes environmental issues are important to businesses.[C] He has just taken a course at Stanford Graduate School of Business.[D] Upon graduation he wants to work for a fund for green causes.2. The new breed of M.B.A. students believe[A] profit cannot be made by sacrificing the environment.[B] environmental knowledge is important to business school students.[C] social issues are closely related to environmental issues.[D] businesses can make money by going green.3. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Net Impact is a group interested in how the Net affects businesses.[B] Mainstream schools still resist offering environmental courses.[C] Hunter Lovins is an M. B. A. teacher as well as a business person.[D] Stanford B-school is the first to offer related environmental courses.4. The students at Presidio[A] accomplish their research projects at related businesses.[B] can choose whatever courses they like to take.[C] take environmental factors into account in their research.[D] turn away from traditional skills to unconventional business practices.5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] di Leonardi has made a fortune from her environment friendly project.[B] di Leonardi has to pay a price for her environment friendly project.[C] di Leonardi has met great difficulty in keeping her business sustainable.[D] di Leonardi would have made more money if she had sold her soul.T ext 2Genius is something that is difficult to measure quantitatively, since it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. By contrast, intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic character that can be molded by the environment. But in the particular case we would like to know how much is contributed by heredity and how much by the environment, since it has important social and educational implications.In an attempt to resolve the relative contributions made by heredity on the one hand and the environment on the other, human geneticists have turned to studies of twins. Twins are of two kinds: dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins, who are always the same sex and often so alike that it is difficult to tell them apart. Dizygotic twins arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two spermatozoa, the two fertilizations occurring very close together in time. Monozygotic twins, on the other hand, arise from the same fertilized egg, which separates into two at an early stage in cleavage, so that each part develops into two separate embryos which are genetically identical.How could monozygotic and dizygotic twins be used to determine the relative contributions made to the human phenotype by heredity and environment, given the ethical and other constraints associated with experiments on human beings?Measurement could be made on both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. One would expect that there might be a higher degree of similarity in all characters measured for monozygotic twins, because they have the same genotype, provided that they are brought up in similar environments. Dizygotic twins do not show such a strong similarity since they have different genotypes, even if they come from the same environment.To measure the effect of differences in the environment，one would measure the same characters in monozygotic twins which by circumstance have been separated at birth, and then reared with different families in different social conditions.Intelligence is a quantitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. There are severe limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes. Any number of gene combinations may predispose an individual to, say, musical genius, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, or to sagacity for hunting and surviving in Arctic. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with nutritional state, illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels.Indeed, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naive.6. The scientists study twins in order to[A] measure if their intelligence can be molded by environment.[B] tell the differences between dizygotic and monozygotic twins.[C] search for the important social and educational implications behind them.[D] find out the contributions of heredity and the environment to intelligence.7.The word “cleavage”(Line 11, Para. 2) probably means[A] whole [B] growth[C] area [D] division8. Dizygotic twins reared in similar environment may behave differently because[A] they have the same genes.[B] they develop from separate embryos.[C] they have different genotypes.[D] they receive different education.9. T o tell the environment’s effect on intelligence, scientists would study[A] dizygotic twins.[B] monogotic twins.[C] twins of the both kinds.[D] as more twins as possible.10. What might be the author’s attitude toward IQ test?[A] It is applicable as intelligence can be measured quantitatively.[B] It is scientific because intelligence is decided mainly by genes.[C] It has restrictions to measure intelligence by a signal dimension.[D] It has no scientific support and should be abandoned.T ext 3The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earth’s resources has brought the whol e world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near-destruction of our cities, the breakup of the family, and th e pollution not only of local air, but also of the earth’s atmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures to loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a war in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves whole heartedly.This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course, and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.To grasp it, we need a widespread understanding of the nature of the crisis confronting us and the world, a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no byproduct of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists mere fears, no byproduct of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed lifestyle. The acceptance of this life style depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the world’s children and future generations.11. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?[A] Energy Crisis [B] Environmental Pollution[C] Loss of Morality [D] Over-development of Motor Transport12. According to the first paragraph, what condition has nearly destroyed our cities?[A] Lack of financial planning.[B] The breakup of the family.[C] Natural disasters in many regions. [D] The excessive growth of motor transportation.13. According to the passage, an example of our loss of morality is[A] lack of cooperation. [B] lack of devotion.[C] disregard for law. [D] exploitation of resources.14. “The highest places in the land” in the third paragraph most probably refers to[A] mountainous areas in the countries. [B] national government offices.[C] high positions in the business. [D] core of crime organizations.15. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to[A] describe seriousness of the energy crisis.[B] reveal the loss of morality in many people.[C] call for more devotion to a common cause of mankind.[D] warn of the immediate dangers of the energy crisis.T ext 4Until the end of the 18th century it was men who lavished attention on their feet. Louis XIV wore high-heeled mules to show off his shapely legs; his courtiers adorned their figures and feet with feathers, pink silk, lace, and jewels; even in colonial American, men fussed with their wigs and the bows and buttons on their shoes. The end of that foppery, called “the great renunciation” by historians, coincided with an epochal shift in politics and society, toward democracy, industry, and reason, away from the aristocracy with its affectations that spoke of rank, parasitism and, to the modern eyes, effeminacy.Women’s fashion is now, some believe, at the turning point of similar magnitude, coinciding with the equally dramatic social transformation of the past several decades. The change has been slow: a century-long move away from the padding, corseting, and decoration that made a woman into a kind of ornate bauble and displayed her family’s wealth, and toward the clean, sleek modern lines first introduced with the suffrage movement. But the shift has accelerated in recent years, thanks to changes in the technology and business of fashion.“The use by top designers of ‘weird, fabulous, unrecognizable synthetics’”says Hollander, “has ruined the status of certain fabrics, like linen, which has had a leveling effect for the sexes and for the classes.”And the emergence of chains like Club Monaco means that “forward-looking style is disseminated very fast and very cheaply”, according to V alerise Steele, a historian and curator of “Shoes: A Lexicon of Style”,an exhibition now on view at New Y ork’s Fashion Institute of Technology. Such store have succeeded, she believes, because“there’s substantial group of people with a sophisticated eye for design”who are eager for an affordable version of what was once thought to be “dog-whistle fashion”, pitched so high that only a few would get it.Against that background, the shoes at FIT look like fashion’s last gasp. The exhibit begins with the most symbolically loaded of women’s shoes: high heels, which Steele calls“a prime symbol of women’s sexual power over men.”That same defiance of feminine expectations is visible throughout the FIT show: in the boot, for instance, with its connotations of machismo and military power, or the androgynous oxford, made girlish with a big chunky heel. The show ends, fittingly, with the sneakers. No longer simply a downscale kidswear item, the big, brilliantly colored, high-tech sneaker has become one of the today’s most dramatic fashion statement, asserting street hip and futuristic velocity. Maybe shoes aren’t so indifferent to the changes in modern lives, after all.16. The end of men’s lavish attention to fashion marked[A] great political and social changes.[B] the status of the aristocracy.[C] the changes of the social ranks.[D] the great renunciation of the fashion.17. Women in last century adorned themselves in an elaborate way to[A] display their importance in society.[B] announce their quality as woman.[C] show their families’ wealth.[D] challenge men’s position in society.18. The clean and neatly-tailored modern fashion appeared with[A] the industrialization.[B] the establishment of democracy.[C] the emergence of chain stores.[D] the suffrage movement.19. What helps to speed up the popularity of modern fashion?[A] Changes in the technology and business practice.[B] The use of synthetics instead of linen.[C] The emergence of chain stores like Club Monaco.[D] The consumers’ sophisticated eyes for design.20. The FIT shoes exhibition[A] popularized the lexicon of shoe style.[B] pitched so high that only a few could appreciate it.[C] expressed a defiance of feminine expectations.[D] showed women’s sexual power over men.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about What Makes a Good Manager. Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] Like people and be good at communicating[B] Hire carefully and be willing to fire[C] Set reasonable aims and arrangement for employees[D] Don’t make the same decision twice[E] Define success for employees[F] Create a productive circumstanceRecently I wrote about some qualities of a good employee, which prompted quite a few people to ask about the attributes of a good manager. There isn’t magic formula for good management, of course, but if you’re a manager, perhaps these tips will help you be more effective.21.Y ou need a strong team, because a mediocre team gives mediocre results, no matter how wellmanaged it is. One common mistake is holding onto somebody who doesn’t quite measure up. It’s easy to keep this person on the job because he’s not terrible at what he does. But a good manager will replace him or move him to a set of responsibilities where he can succeed unambiguously.22.This is a particular challenge because it requires different approaches depending on the context. Sometimes you maximize productivity by giving everybody his or her own office. Sometimes you achieve it by moving everybody into open space. Sometimes you use financial incentives to stimulate productivity. A combination of approaches is usually required. One element that almost always increases productivity is providing an information system that empowers employees.23.Make it clear to your employees what constitutes success and how they should measure their achievements. Goals must be realistic. Unachievable goals undermine an organization. At my company, in addition to regular team meetings and one–on-one sessions between managers and employees, we use mass gatherings periodically and E-mail routinely to communicate what we expect from employees. If a reviewer or customer chooses another company’s product over ours, we analyze the situation carefully. We say to our people, “The next time around we’ve got to win. What will it take? What’s needed?”24.This is hard to fake. If you don’t genuinely enjoy interacting with people, it’ll be hard to manage them well. Y ou must have a wide range of personal contacts within your organization. Y ou need relationships —not necessarily personal friendships —with a fair number of people, including your own employees. Y ou must encourage these people to tell you what’s going on (good or bad) and give you feedback about what people are thinking about the company and your role in it.25.Spend the time and thought to make a solid decision the first time so that you don’t revise the issue unnecessarily. If you’re too willing to reopen issues, it interferes not only with your execution but also with your motivation to make a decision in the first place. After all why bother deciding an issue if it isn’t really decided? People hate indec isive leadership so you have to make choices. However, that doesn’t mean you have to decide everything the moment it comes to your attention. Nor that you can’t ever reconsider a decision.I don’t pretend that these are the only these approaches a manager should keep in mind, or even that they’re the most important ones. There are lots of others. Just a month ago, for example, I encouraged leaders to demand bad news before good news from their employees. But these ideas may help you manage well, and I hope they do.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Insomnia—the night disease—has many causes. We all know some of them, the more obvious physical problems such as a toothache, indigestion or a feverish illness. 26)Many of us, too, know the consequences of excessive drinking or smoking, which can upset the body’srhythms, leaving the brain active even when physical exhaustion has set in.But true insomnia—a prolonged inability to sleep or, to enjoy uninterrupted restful sleep — is much less common than we generally suppose. It has been widely twisted as what you have when you lie awake an hour for all night. Nevertheless, it certainly exists.The most common causes are emotional: anxiety, stress, depression, overwork, worry. The trouble here is that causes become confused with effects. Emotional upsets can initiate lack of sleep; lack of sleep can increase the upsets. 27)In the worst cases, the bedroom and the bed, indeed bedtime itself, become associated with sleeplessness, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.Temporary sleeplessness caused by short-term worries such as moving house or problems at work is self-limiting and usually goes of its own accord. 28)But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over. The prime cause of the victim’s anxiety goes, but anxiety—about the insomnia—remains. The insomnia fuels itself.29)According to professor Ian Oswald, patients who say they have hardly slept a moment fora month or that they always take hours to fall asleep are wrong. Monitoring by electronic equipment has proved that they are usually asleep within 20 minutes and that sleep for six hours. Y et, he admit, “They are not mere complainers. The expert can say how long someone sleeps, but not how restorative their sleep has been. The patient maintains something is wrong; the expert cannot say he or she doesn’t tell the truth—especially as those who complain of chronic sleeplessness have a death rate 1.3 times higher than normal.”However, in almost all other cases insomnia is a kind of illusive condition—the triumph of mind over bed. 30)“It is a perceived rather than an actually difference in the quality of sleep between the satisfied and the unsatisfied sleeper,” says Dr. Peter Look.题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1.sustainable a.可持续的；足可支撑的2.private-equity n.私募股权3.disdain n.轻蔑v.蔑视；鄙弃4.catch up 赶上5.elective n.选修课程a.随意选择的6.mainstream n.主流7.icon n.偶像；圣像8.spreadsheet n.财务报表，空白表格程序9.ecological a.生态学的；社会生态学的10.revenue n.收入；税收难句突破1. “Am I really driven to do this by my values? The honest answer is no,” says Upadhyaya, (who wants to work for a private-equity fund [when he graduates in June.])【分析】复合句，主句的宾语是直接引语。
新东方考研英语阅读100篇(提高级) UNIT 1
UNIT ONETEXT ONETesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers £270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least £80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fix prices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over £116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be £11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations” in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay £26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____ [A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation. [B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price. [C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of £80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors [D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula? [A] Retail chains. [B] Farmers. [C] Dairy companies. [D] Politicians3. The word “defiant” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.[A] resisiting[B] angry[C] deficient[D] confident4. We may infer from Morrisons’ statementthat _____[A] Morrisons turn out to be the mostdefentive when dealing with OFT.[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support theinquiries into the former Safeway business.[C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisonswas trying to delay the OFT investigation withnon-cooperation.[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit itsinvolvement in the scandal.5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said tobe _____[A] biased.[B] objective.[C] sympathetic.[D] optimistic.篇章剖析篇章剖析：：本文介绍了目前奶制品公司因内部设定价格而面临受到的调查和处罚的状况。
考研英语阅读(15篇)
考研英语阅读(15篇)考研英语阅读(15篇)考研英语阅读1考研英语的复习过程中，单纯的背单词和看书是远远不够的，真题的重要性不言而喻，英语一83分学姐手把手教你做真题。
单词两个月内最好看完，每天背单词的时候也看看长难句，一天看几句就好，然后单词背完就要直接上手真题了，真题从97年到16年的就好了，买的是张剑版的黄皮书，分为基础版（97到04），珍藏版（05到12），精华版（13到16），貌似是这几个版本，到网上搜，反正97到16年的试题全买过来……反复做，我做了7，8遍吧，网上也有很多英语高分的经验，你可以搜搜综合下，大部分都在说做真题的经验，真题做透就够了…下面说说真题阅读的做法…第一遍：第一遍，从97年做到11年（剩下的5套卷子考试前2个月再做），因为真题要反复做，所以前几遍都是把自己的答案写在一张A4纸上，第一遍也就是让自己熟悉下真题的感觉，虐虐自己知道英语真题的大概难度，只做阅读理解，新题型完形填空啥的也不要忙着做，做完看看答案，错了几个在草稿纸上记下来就好了，也不需要研究哪里错了为什么会错…第一遍很快吧因为不需要仔细研究，97到11年，14份的试卷，一天一份的话，半个月能做完吧，偷个懒一个月肯定能做完吧（第一遍作用就是练练手找到以前做题的感觉，千万不要记答案，分析答案…）第二遍：第二遍是重点…你回头再从97年做起会发现答案是记不住的，还会错很多，甚至错的还不一样，以前对的现在错了，上次错的现在对了，正常。
第二遍一份卷子大概要4，5天才能完成吧，比如第一天你做完了，第二天从第一篇文章开始从头看，不会的单词全部记下来到自己的单词本子上，最好是专门记真题单词的本子，包括题目，选项里面不会的单词，虽然黄皮书上有解释，但大都不全，甚至给的不是句子里的意思，这个工程还是挺大的，一天两篇就可以了…这一遍也不需要研究句子和答案啥的，只不过记单词中除了自己买的单词大本，还要加入真题单词的记忆了，考研不止，单词不息，单词反复背……第二遍就40天来天能完成吧，最多也就两个月（时间都是宽裕的，能提前完成点最好）…第三遍：第三遍自然是分析句子了，这时候以前看的长难句和单词就用到了，做完以后一个句子一个句子的看（当然包括题目和选项），分析下句子看看自己能不能看懂，看不懂的就要好好分析了，写在本子上也可以，我当时是直接看的，用铅笔画画句子成分啥的，如果单词记得够好的话，这一遍应该也会很快吧，1个多月左右……第四遍：前三遍已经用了4个月左右了，后面就要快一点了，第四遍才是最痛苦的，通篇翻译，写在纸上很潦草都没关系，很偷懒的话就在心里翻译下再看看译文吧…我只坚持了一半，从97年翻译到了04年好像，其他的就是刷一遍真题，在心里扫一扫有没有翻译太不通的句子，有没有忘掉的单词啥的…这一遍挺痛苦的，也不要全部都翻译吧，能翻译6，7套试卷知道感觉就好了，不过好处还挺多的，这部分做的好，英语的翻译部分就会简单很多，这部分看你个人时间，时间剩下还多可以多翻译几套试卷。
考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇unit-5
Unit 5He who does not advance loses ground.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1One airline chief executive officer (CEO) was the master of the personal touch. Spending hours with his employees and getting to know their jobs, he persuaded them to accept pay cuts in return for an ownership stake. The concession put the company so solidly in the black that the CEO was able to sell it for $ 860 million. Another CEO scolded managers in front of others, cut one third of the work force and so embittered the survivors that his airline began to lose money, and the board of directors fired him.In any test of knowledge or IQ, the two CEOs would have dueled to a draw. The difference was their ability to handle relationships, argues Daniel Goleman in his new book, Working With Emotional Intelligence. Building on his 1995 best-seller, Emotional Intelligence, Goleman now probes how EI relates to the world of work. As he did in his earlier book, Goleman masterfully explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential by flooding the brain with stress hormones that impair memory, learning and thinking. The heart of the book, though, is an analysis of data collected from more than 150 firms on what distinguishes so-so performers from superstars. Goleman’s findings: conventional intelligence takes second position to emotional intelligence in determining job performance.In jobs ranging from repairman to scientist, IQ accounts for no more than 25 percent of the difference between, say, a successful high-tech entrepreneur and a failed one. In another surprise, the contribution of IQ shrinks and the contribution of EI rises with the difficulty of a job and how high it ranks in an organization. Based on traits that companies say distinguish winners from losers, Goleman concludes that EI carries much more weight than IQ in determining success at the top.However, the many examples of CEOs and other people in top positions who have the emotional intelligence of a snake—but still were CEOs—undermine the case for EI’s indispensability in business. But even if you accept that EI determines who excels, you have to wonder if it should. Goleman describes how 112 entry-level accountants were judged more or less successful by their bosses according to their level of EI rather than their actual skills. No wonder so many auditors fail to notice cooked books.1. According to Goleman, the biggest difference between the two CEOs lies in[A] their attitude toward their employees.[B] their emotional intelligence.[C] their conventional intelligence.[D] their business strategy.2. Goleman’s new book Working With Emotional Intelligence is chiefly about[A] the difference between IQ and EI.[B] the relationship between EI and job performance.[C] the role of EI in a person’s success.[D] the importance of handling personal relationship.3. According to Goleman, which of the following persons owes the most to EI for his or her success?[A] Plumber.[B] Manager of the sales department.[C] President of a company.[D] Manager of the personnel department.4. The phrase “cooked books” in the last sentence most probably means[A] falsified account books.[B] books containing information for food preparation.[C] damaged books.[D] pirated books.5. The author of this text regards Goleman’s findings as[A] important. [B] surprising. [C] doubtful. [D] meaningless.Text 2The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity. A man reaches the maturity of his reasoning powers and mental faculties hardly before the age of twenty-eight, a woman at eighteen. And then, too, in the case of woman, it is only reason of a sort very niggard in its dimensions. That is why women remain children their whole life long, never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, cleaving to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance. For it is by virtue of his reasoning faculty that man does not live in the present only, like the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future and this is the origin of prudence, as well as of that care and anxiety which so many people exhibit.Both the advantages and the disadvantages which this involves are shared in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning. She may, in fact, be described as intellectually short-sighted, because, while she has an intuitive understanding of what lies quite close to her, her field of vision is narrow and does not reach to what is remote; so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are more inclined to be extravagant, and sometimes carry their inclination to a length that borders upon madness. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it if possible during their husband’s life, but, at any rate, after his death. The very fact that their husband hands them over his earnings for purposes of housekeeping, strengthens them in this belief.However many disadvantages all this may involve, there is at least this to be said in its favor,that the woman lives more in the present than the man, and that, if the present is at all tolerable, she enjoys it more eagerly. This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women, fitting her to amuse man in his hours of recreation, and, in case of need, to console him when he is borne down by the weight of his cares.6. T he major difference between a man’s and woman’s intellect is that[A] men mature much later than women.[B] women are more intuitive than men.[C] women are more cheerful than men.[D] men’s intellect is nobler than that of woman.7.The word “Niggard” (Line 3,Para 1) probably means[A] stupid. [B] limited. [C] miserly. [D] mean.8. The cause of women’s enjoyment and cheerfulness is that[A] men do not challenge their intellect.[B] they are irresponsible by their very nature.[C] they live more in the present.[D] they want to console men.9. The author is probably a[A] philosopher. [B] gossip columnist. [C] happily married man. [D] biologist.10. Which of the following could be the best title of the text?[A] The Intellect of Women and Men[B] Women the Short-sighted[C] Think Less Worry Less[D] Happy Women and Anxious MenText 3Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first years. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at fourhis language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.11. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak.[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech.[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak.[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language.12. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly.[B] they are exposed to too much language at once.[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak.[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them.13. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.[C] Children who start to speak late prove to be of high IQ.[D] Most children learn their language in indefinite stages.14. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child?[A] He is born with the capacity to speak.[B] He has a brain more complex than an animal s.[C] He can produce his own sentences.[D] He owes his speech ability to good nursing.15. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] the mother should give the child careful mothering.[B] language is a basic human need.[C] the child will send out obvious signals if it is pleased.[D] the mother should be sensitive to the child’s body language.Text 4You are in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs. Over the past decade, prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top $2,000 a month—no wond er that one in four Americans can’t afford to fill their prescriptions. The solution? A hearty chorus of “O Canada.”North of the border, where price controls reign, those same brand-name drugs cost 50% to 80% less.The Canadian option is fast becoming a political wake-up call. “If our neighbors can buy drugs at reasonable prices, why can’t we?”Even to whisper that thought provokes anger. “Un-American!” And—the propagandists’ trump card—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system.”Supersize drug prices, they claim, fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs. No sky-high drug price today, no cure for cancer tomorrow. So shut up and pay up.Common sense tells you that’s a false alternative. The reward for finding, say, a cancer cure is so huge that no one’s going to hang it up. Nevertheless, if Canada-level pricing came to the United States, the industry’s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow. Here lies the American dilemma. Who is all this splendid medicine for? Should our healthcare system continue its drive toward the best of the best, even though rising number of patients can’t afford it? Or should we direct our wealth toward letting everyone in on today’s level of care? Measured by saved lives, the latter is almost certainly the better course.To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare.Meanwhile, the administration is playing the fear card. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potential threat to life.Do bad drugs fly around the Internet? Sure—and the more we look, the more we’ll find. But I haven’t heard of any raging epidemics among the hundreds of thousands of people buying cross-border.Most users of prescription drugs don’t worry about costs a lot. They are sheltered by employee insurance, owing just a $20 co-pay. The financial blows rain, instead, on the uninsured, especially the chronically ill who need expensive drugs to live. This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare, who have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit.16. What is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the U.S.?[A] A quarter of Americans can’t afford their prescription drugs.[B] Many Americans can’t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill.[C] Many Americans have to go to Canada to get medical treatment.[D] The inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years.17. According to the text, what can America do to control soaring drug prices?[A] Encourage people to buy prescription drugs online.[B] Extend medical insurance to all its citizens.[C] Import low-price prescription drugs from Canada.[D] Exercise price control on brand-name drugs.18. How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy?[A] Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America.[B] High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.[C] Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers.[D] High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.19. According to the author, what should be the priority of America’s h ealth-care system?[A] To resolve the dilemma in the health-care system.[B] To maintain America’s lead in the drug industry.[C] To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits.[D] To quicken the pace of new drug development.20. What are American drug companies doing to protect their high profits?[A] Labeling drugs bought from Canada as being fakes.[B] Threatening to cut back funding for new drug research.[C] Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies.[D] Attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of Canadian drugs.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great quantities of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.21. _________________________________.To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aero-planes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man.22. _________________________________. This kind of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal.23.__________________________________. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.24. __________________________________. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed into what we know as oil. For these creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.There are several main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. One is that is the Middle East, and includes the Persian Gulf; another is the area between North and South America, as well as between Asia and Australia. The remaining area is near the North Pole.25. ___________________________________. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to a new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the Arctic deposits may rest where they are forever.[A] When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Gas thatcomes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.[B] What was the origin of the oil, which now drives our automobiles and aircrafts? Scientiststhink that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the ocean.[C] The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drillmore than a mile into the earth.[D] When all the present oilfields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may becomethe scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work.[E] When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owethe existence of the automobile, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea. [F] They are a source of a great quantity of oil, which can be made into food for humanconsumption. A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking.Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.[G] Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing togethercause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. 26)Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences.“Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. 27)If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys(滑轮) and levers. 28)On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. 29)In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”Paradoxically, with all this natural intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations,the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. 30)One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes(传道书) to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.stake n.股份，资金；危险2.concession n.让步，妥协；特许权；承认，认可3.embitter v.使痛苦，使受苦4.duel vi.斗争5.draw n.不分胜负v.拉；牵6.impair vt.损害，损伤；削弱7.distinguish v.区别，辨别8.conventional a.按照传统的；约定俗成的9.entrepreneur n.企业家10.trait n.特征，特点11.excel v.超过，优秀，胜过他人12.cook v.篡改；烹调，煮n.厨师，炊事员难句突破1.[As he did in his earlier book], Goleman [masterfully] explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential [by flooding the brain with stress hormones (that impair memory, learning and thinking)].【分析】复合句。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇
阅读理解精选100篇---经济类考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit1unit1Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Minis ters on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its G DP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the countr y reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience".Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about €0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/18/2004, p115-115, 2/5p；注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2004年真题text 1第1题和第3题（1，3），2001年真题text 1第2题（2），1999年真题text 2第2题（4）和2002年真题text 3第4题（5）；1. What is Turkey’s economic situation now?[A] Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.[B] Its inflation rate is still rising.[C] Its economy grows faster than any EU member.[D] Its economic resilience is very strong.2. We can infer from the second paragraph that__________.[A] Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU members[B] inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high[C] Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate[D] IMF’s economic program will help Turkey join the EU3. The word “oscillated” (Line 3, Para graph 3) most probably means_________.[A] fell[B] climbed[C] developed[D] swang4. Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies that_________.[A] it’s stock is far less than that of other countries[B] it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress[C] steady GDP growth will help Turkey attract more foreign direct investment[D] Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.[A] foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better[B] Turkey’s citizens will suffer heavy loss due to the change of the face value of the lira[C] the local currency will depreciate with the removal of six noughts from the face value[D] prices of goods will go up答案：C B D C A篇章剖析本篇文章是一篇说明文，介绍了土耳其的经济状况。
考研英语一阅读理解专项强化真题试卷15(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语一阅读理解专项强化真题试卷15(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium. The message of this survey of British land art —the most comprehensive to date —is that the British variant, typified by Long’ s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’ s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment. That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects. Long is Britain’ s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time. Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’ s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph. Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’ s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash. In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’ t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.1．正确答案：D2．正确答案：E3．正确答案：G4．正确答案：C5．正确答案：AKing Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs, continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthyfamilies who party with the international l%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.6．According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainA．used to enjoy high public support.B．was unpopular among European royals.C．eased his relationship with his rivals.D．ended his reign in embarrassment.正确答案：D解析：本题属于细节题。
考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析
考研英语阅读理解精选试题及答案解析Unit1Part ADirections: Read the following four texts。
Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1。
（40 points) T ext 1It’s plain common sense? D the more happiness you feel，the less unhappiness you experience. It’s plain common sense，but it’s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting，rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness，the lower their level of happiness and vice versa。
But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two。
The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co—exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life. It suggests, for example，that changing or avoiding things that make you miser able may well make you less miserable, but probably won’t make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families。
研究生英语读写教程(提高级)
研究生英语读写教程(提高级)English:The advanced level graduate English reading and writing course is designed to equip students with the necessary skills to critically analyze complex texts, write academic essays, and communicate effectively in academic and professional settings. The course covers a wide range of advanced topics, including in-depth reading and analysis of academic articles, mastering the art of persuasive and argumentative writing, and honing critical thinking skills. Students are expected to engage in rigorous reading and writing assignments that require them to synthesize information from various sources, develop well-structured arguments, and present their ideas clearly and cogently. In addition, the course also focuses on enhancing students' abilities to conduct independent research, cite sources effectively, and adhere to academic writing conventions.中文翻译:这门提高级研究生英语读写课程旨在为学生提供必要的技能，使其能够批判性地分析复杂的文本、撰写学术论文，并在学术和职业环境中有效沟通。
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Unit 15Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，无所不成。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].T ext 1The video game poses a world — a much simpler world than our own, wherein success is very clearly defined and, for a time, clearly attainable. Through practice, a player can control this world for a while. He can escape from the anxieties of real life into a place where his own actions always count, where he can be a hero. When the game is over, he hasn‟t lost or been beaten. Is a surfer beaten when he flies from a wave?Most video games call for some semblance of hand-eye coordination, and some hospitals are now using them in rehabilitation programs for brain-damaged patients. It has been found that some patients who were otherwise thought to be unreac hable have been “brought out” through their use. Moreover, experimental research is now being conducted regarding the feasibility of video games as a test for drunken driving.Intoxicants act to slow reaction time and impair coordination — and nowhere is this kind of impairment more measurable than on the video game play field. Some day a poor showing at “Six-Pack Man” may cost you your license.Video games for the microcomputer are not restricted to mere “twitch” games,however. Strategy games are at last as popular, and among these are the so-called “fantasy role-playing” adventures. These games allow the player to construct a whole new personality, choosing strengths and weaknesses from a list of possible character traits.Nowadays, more and more adolescents are crowded in electronic game houses for whole days to experience what they perceive to be excitement. In the due course, they train their abilities in confronting with new situations, and what‟s more,they learn how to communicate with their targeted rivals, in a novel and friendly way. But there is such a large amount of criticism concerning the electronic games that they are generally seen as a vile ways of discovering hostility and belligerence. And the managers of such businesses are severely criticized by the schools and parents alike. On the other hand, this business seems never fading, but instead it becomes a success in many places, even it is strictly controlled by certain policies.One might choose, for instance, a character who is extremely dexterous and swift, but these positive traits must be traded off against others, such as strength and endurance. Players have a tendency to become extremely attached to their characters. My preference runs toward brawn as opposed to brain, which probably reflects some compromise between reality and my own desires.I‟m also attached to extrasensory powers, which are likewise denied to me in the real world.1. According to the text, the video game player can[A] be successful in his life if success is clearly defined.[B] control the world of our own for a time.[C] forget about the uneasiness of real life for a while.[D] never lose the game when he plays a hero.2. It can be inferred from the passage that “Six-Pack Man”[A] is a kind of video game. [B] costs you a lot of money.[C] is dangerous to public morals. [D] helps conduct experiment.3. It can be inferred from the text that video games can improve[A] extrasensory powers. [B] personalities and characters.[C] physical and mental power. [D] cooperation between hands and eyes.4. The author would probably agree that[A] video games create a world which reflect our real life.[B] video games contribute to teenagers‟ hostility and belligerence.[C] more video games should be developed regarding the benefits of them.[D] video games mirror a balance between reality and our own wishes.5. According to the test, which of the following statements is true?[A] Video games have been used in the test for drunken driving.[B] Video games can help healing brain-damage.[C] It‟s no good for the youth to play video games.[D] Some video games allow constructing perfect personalities.T ext 2For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there‟s an identity problem.Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home, but it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy.Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests —the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. “The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers health,” says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. “Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It‟s a gray area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,” he says.To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don‟t know how many Britons contract diseaseswhen abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: “Travel medic ine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control.” Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody‟s guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than 1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don‟t work and so give people a false sense of security, “Information on the prev ention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,” he says.6. Travel medicine in Britain is[A] not something anyone wants to run. [B] the responsibility of nobody.[C] administered by the government. [D] handled adequately by travel agents.7. Travel companies deal with travel medicine to[A] prevent people from falling ill. [B] make money out of it.[C] give travelers preventive measures. [D] get the government to pay for it.8. The word “colonize” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to[A] establish a colony. [B] transplant. [C] invade. [D] transform.9. In Behren‟s opinion the question that who should run travel medicine[A] is for the government to decide. [B] should be left to specialist hospitals.[C] can be left to travel companies. [D] has no clear and simple answer.10. People will only think better of travel medicine if[A] it is given more resources by the government and the NHS.[B] more accurate information on its value is available.[C] the government takes over responsibility from the NHS.[D] travelers pay more attention to the advice they get.T ext 3The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness. Isenberg‟s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers‟ intuition is neither of these.Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behaviorpatterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands, on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.11.The traditional way of decision making includes[A] the search for definite goals of a decision[B] the close analysis of various right options.[C] the appraisal of solutions to a problem[D] the integration of action into thinking.12. It can be inferred from Para.2 that “writers on management”[A] criticized managers for not following the classical rational model.[B] did not base their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C] misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.[D] did not acknowledge the role of intuition in managerial practice.13. According to the author，managers use intuition to[A] define a problem and pin down goals.[B] pratcise painstakingly to build skills.[C] draw bits of facts and practice into a picture.[D] speed up the creation of the right solution.14. Which o f the following best exemplifies “an …Aha!‟ experience”?[A] A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable.[B] A manager performs well-learned behavior patterns to solve a problem.[C] A manager suddenly connects some facts and experiences and gets the solution.[D] A manager rapidly identifies the methodology got by systematic analysis.15. Which of the following best describes the author‟s logic of the text?[A] Present a view at the beginning and then give relevant arguments.[B] Describe a phenomenon and then introduce studies on it.[C] Compare two different studies on one phenomenon.[D] Describe a phenomenon and then develop his own position on it.T ext 4The free market economy is no doubt the primary stimulus that has led to the United States‟dominance in the world economic community. By naturally rewarding those producers that excel, excellence is actively encouraged and those that inefficiently produce goods or services not valued are eliminated. Thus, the economy becomes a self-sustaining and self-maintaining machine, consistently and constantly achieving the best possible result.The free market economy is entirely based on the principle of supply and demand. Under this concept, consumers decide for themselves which companies will stay in business, voting with their dollars by spending on those businesses they consider most worthy. By doing so, those companies that are best liked, or most in demand, are granted the privilege of supplying the goods and services that consumers pay for. In that sense, efficiency is achieved. For those companies that best perform to the expectations of consumers are left prosperous in the market, while their less efficient counterparts simply die out of the market, starved of the dollars of consumers who simply prefer not to buy their products.With such a system in place, American businesses are literally forced to be efficient to the highest degree. As a rule, what‟s efficient in one place will be efficient in most other places, thus American businesses are fierce competitors no matter where they choose to sell their product, having been formed in a competitive environment that breeds optimality.When the opposition is made up of businesses overly protected or directed by their respective governments, the tough American businesses usually make short work of them. It has been proven that the free market system more efficiently allocates capital and resources than any central planner could, and America has seized on that concept. With such an edge at a basic level, it‟s no wonder that the United States is on top of the financial world. The cycle is a self-perpetuating one. As more money is pumped into the system by efficient businesses, more leverage is attained, allowing America to dictate the rules of the game, to its own advantage, of course.Other countries are beginning to adopt the competitive nature of the American economic system, producing companies that are giving their American counterparts a good run for their money. It can be arguably stated that within a few decades, the United States will have to deal with competition just as well equipped as its own. For the time being, however, the game is stacked in favor of America.16. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that[A] the free market economy is based on the free choice of the consumers.[B] consumers decide by voting which company should be eliminated from the market.[C] those who produce goods with a high value can survive in a highly competitive market.[D] the competitive environ ment contributes to American businesses‟ high efficiency.17. According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?[A] American businesses hold the upper hand wherever they compete.[B] the competitive edge serves American businesses well in international markets.[C] government control over business invariably results in inferior companies.[D] American is on top of the financial world because it has capital and resources.18. The relative efficiency of American businesses[A] decreases as many companies make America their counterpart.[B] will result in American dominance in all financial markets.[C] may not last indefinitely as other countries imitate their methods[D]is a result solely of the competitive environment.19. The author would most likely agree with that[A] American businesses are superior to all their foreign counterparts.[B] the free-market system is superior to all other market systems.[C] the free-market system will be adapted by nations all over the world.[D] American businesses will have to change to meet new competition.20. The best title for this text would be[A] The American Edge: Competition.[B] America as the Prototype for Future World Business.[C] A Study of Current American Business Structure.[D] A Historical Analys is of America‟s Competitive Advantage.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the personal qualities of a teacher.Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] It‟s the teachers‟ obligation to be upright[B] Good characteristics are important[C] Teachers should show endurance[D] Teachers can make quick adjustment[E] Teachers should never stop learning[F] Teachers should identify with studentsHere I want to try to give you an answer to the questions what personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted.21.First, the teacher‟s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my earlier book that school children probably “suffer more from bores than from brutes.”22.Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy — in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant — not, indeed, of what is wrong,but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.23.Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act — to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.24.A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get into the profession if of low intelligence, but it is all too easy, even for people of above-average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually —and that means to deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment‟s notice.25.On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I must say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and — by far the most important — the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points —periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. 26)It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‟s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.27)Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, and leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods, where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “what happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.28)Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theories.29)Psycho historians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” expla nation of any event, which other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. 30)It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AT ext 1语境词汇1. semblance n.类似；外表；外观2. rehabilitation n.复原3. intoxicant n.致醉药物a.使醉的4. impair vt.损害5. twitch n.猛拉，晃动vt.抽动，颤动6. perceive vt.感觉，觉察。