A Review of Photovoltaic Cells (David Toub)
光伏电池栅线英语
光伏电池栅线英语Photovoltaic cell gridlines play a crucial role in the efficiency and performance of solar panels. These fine metal lines, also known as busbar or finger electrodes, are responsible for collecting and transporting the electrical current generated by the photovoltaic cells. The design and optimization of these gridlines are essential in maximizing the power output and overall effectiveness of solar energy systems.The primary function of photovoltaic cell gridlines is to collect the electrons generated by the photovoltaic effect within the solar cell. When sunlight strikes the surface of a solar cell, it excites the electrons within the semiconductor material, causing them to flow and generate an electrical current. The gridlines act as a network of conductive paths, allowing these electrons to be efficiently collected and channeled towards the external electrical circuit.The geometry and layout of the gridlines are critical factors in determining the cell's performance. The number of gridlines, their width, spacing, and overall pattern can significantly impact the cell'sability to collect and transport the generated current. Optimizing these parameters is a delicate balance between maximizing the conductive area while minimizing the shadowing effect caused by the gridlines themselves.One of the key challenges in designing photovoltaic cell gridlines is to strike a balance between electrical conductivity and optical transparency. The gridlines need to be highly conductive to minimize resistive losses and ensure efficient current collection, but they should also minimize the amount of light they block from reaching the active semiconductor material. This trade-off is often referred to as the "finger shading" problem, where the gridlines can potentially reduce the overall solar cell efficiency if not designed properly.To address this challenge, researchers and engineers have developed various techniques and materials to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell gridlines. One approach is to use thin, narrow gridlines with a high aspect ratio, which can reduce the shadowing effect while maintaining good conductivity. This can be achieved through the use of advanced manufacturing techniques, such as screen printing, inkjet printing, or even laser-based patterning.Another strategy is to explore alternative grid materials and geometries. Instead of traditional metal-based gridlines, some researchers have investigated the use of transparent conductiveoxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). These materials can provide good electrical conductivity while allowing more light to pass through the cell, improving the overall efficiency.In addition to the gridline design, the integration of the gridlines with the rest of the solar cell structure is also crucial. The gridlines need to form a reliable and low-resistance contact with the semiconductor material, which can be achieved through careful surface preparation, metallization processes, and the use of appropriate adhesion layers or barrier materials.Furthermore, the durability and reliability of photovoltaic cell gridlines are essential considerations, as they need to withstand the harsh environmental conditions encountered during the lifetime of a solar panel. Factors such as thermal cycling, mechanical stress, humidity, and corrosion can all contribute to the degradation of the gridlines, leading to reduced performance and potential failures. Addressing these reliability challenges through material selection, encapsulation, and packaging design is an active area of research and development in the solar energy industry.As the demand for renewable energy continues to grow, the optimization of photovoltaic cell gridlines has become increasingly important. By improving the design, materials, and integration ofthese critical components, researchers and engineers can contribute to the overall advancement of solar energy technology, making it more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible to a wider range of applications and consumers.In conclusion, photovoltaic cell gridlines are a fundamental element in the performance and efficiency of solar panels. The continuous efforts to optimize their design, materials, and integration within the solar cell structure are crucial in driving the progress of the solar energy industry and contributing to a more sustainable energy future.。
光电英语期末考试题及答案
光电英语期末考试题及答案英语作为一门重要的语言能力，对于光电学生而言，既是一种技能，也是一种学科。
在光电英语期末考试中，学生需要通过考试来检验自己所学知识和能力的掌握情况。
下面是光电英语期末考试题及答案的详细内容。
第一部分：阅读理解Passage 1Scientists at the University of Cambridge recently conducted a study on the effects of light exposure on human health. The study found that exposure to natural light during the day can have a positive impact on mood and sleep quality.1. What was the focus of the study conducted by scientists at the University of Cambridge?A. The effects of light exposure on human health.B. The impact of natural light on mood and sleep quality.C. The effects of artificial light on human health.D. The relationship between light exposure and sleep disorders.答案：A. The effects of light exposure on human health.Passage 2Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of the sun. It is a clean and sustainable alternative to traditional forms of energyproduction. Solar panels, made up of photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight into electricity.2. What is the main advantage of solar energy?A. It is a renewable source of energy.B. It is a clean and sustainable alternative.C. It harnesses the power of the sun.D. It converts sunlight into electricity.答案：B. It is a clean and sustainable alternative.第二部分：听力理解听力材料请参考附带的录音文件。
太阳能电池英语单词
太阳能电池英语单词Solar Cells: The Heart of Photovoltaic Energy Generation.Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that convert sunlight into electrical energy. They are the fundamental building blocks of solar panels and play a crucial role in harnessing the vast and renewable resource of solar energy. The concept of solar cells dates back to the early 19th century, but it was not until the20th century that significant progress was made in their development and commercialization.Working Principle of Solar Cells.Solar cells work on the photovoltaic effect, a physical process whereby photons from sunlight knock electrons out of their atoms, creating a flow of electricity. This flow of electricity, known as a photocurrent, can be harnessed and used to power electronic devices.The core of a solar cell is typically made up of silicon, a semiconductor material. When sunlight hits the silicon surface, it excites the electrons in the atoms, causing them to jump out of their original orbit and leave behind positively charged atoms, known as holes. These electrons and holes then migrate to different sides of the cell, creating a separation of charges and resulting in a voltage difference, or a potential difference, across the cell.Types of Solar Cells.Solar cells can be classified into several types based on their structure and materials used. Some of the common types include:1. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: These are the most common type of solar cells and are made from silicon wafers. They are further classified into monocrystalline and polycrystalline varieties. Monocrystalline solar cells are made from a single crystal of silicon and have higherefficiency but are more expensive to produce. Polycrystalline solar cells are made from multiple silicon crystals and are less efficient but cheaper to produce.2. Thin-Film Solar Cells: These solar cells are made from very thin layers of semiconducting materials, such as silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and amorphous silicon. They are less efficient than crystalline silicon solar cells but are cheaper to produce and can be applied to flexible substrates, making them suitable for use in curved surfaces and lightweight applications.3. Multi-junction Solar Cells: These solar cells are composed of multiple layers of semiconducting materials, each optimized to absorb a different part of the solar spectrum. They are typically used in spacecraft and high-efficiency solar power systems where weight and space are limited.4. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC): These solar cells use a photosensitive dye to absorb sunlight and convert itinto electricity. They are relatively new and still in the research and development stage but offer the potential for low-cost and efficient solar energy conversion.Applications of Solar Cells.Solar cells have a wide range of applications, from powering small electronic devices to large-scale solar power plants. Some of the common applications include:1. Residential Solar Power Systems: Solar cells can be installed on rooftops or in open spaces to generate electricity for household use. This reduces dependency on grid electricity and can help homeowners save money on their utility bills.2. Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants: Large-scale solar power plants use thousands of solar cells mounted on trackers or fixed mounts to generate electricity for commercial use. These plants can supply power to utilities and distribute it to customers through the electric grid.3. Mobile and Portable Devices: Solar cells are often used to power mobile phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices. They can be integrated into the devices themselves or attached as external power packs.4. Spacecraft and Satellites: Solar cells are essential for powering spacecraft and satellites. They provide a reliable and efficient source of electricity in space, where there is no access to fossil fuels or othertraditional power sources.Advantages and Challenges of Solar Cells.Solar cells offer several advantages as a renewable energy source:Renewable and Sustainable: Solar energy is an infinite resource, and solar cells convert it into electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants.Low Maintenance: Solar cells have no moving parts and require minimal maintenance once installed.Scalable: Solar cells can be scaled up or down to meet different power requirements, from small devices to large-scale power plants.However, there are also some challenges and limitations to solar cell technology:Cost: Although solar cell technology has become more affordable in recent years, the initial investment cost can still be high compared to traditional power sources.Efficiency: The efficiency of solar cells, measured as the percentage of sunlight converted into electricity, is still relatively low compared to fossil fuel-based power plants.Weather Dependence: Solar cells rely on sunlight to generate electricity, so their performance can be affected by cloudy or rainy weather.Conclusion.Solar cells are a crucial component of solar energy systems and play a vital role in harnessing the vast potential of solar energy. With continued research and development, solar cell technology is expected to become more efficient, affordable, and widely used, contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.。
2022学年顺德区普通高中高三教学质量检测(一)英语试题
2022学年顺德区普通高中教学质量检测（一）高三英语2022.11本试卷共8页，满分120分，考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1．本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。
答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将答题卡上的相应位置填涂考生号。
因听说另考，试题从第二部分的“阅读理解”开始，试题号从“21”开始。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔在答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需要改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
答案写在试卷上无效。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需要改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答无效。
4．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，将答题卡交回。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
ACustomized STEM Study Trips for High School GroupsOn our science-based study tours and STEM field trips,the planet becomes the living classroom for high school groups with as few as10participating students.We have over50 years of experience in designing student STEM trips around the globe for all science related subjects-everything from Astronomy to Zoology!You can select from a number of topical areas to add to your curriculum and maximize student learning including,but not limited to: Earth Sciences&Geology TripsParticipate in problem-solving workshops on topics like vectors,exponentials or calculus in physics.Tour the facility at CERN,site of the world’s largest particle physics laboratory.Start a geological adventure through Iceland,the land of fire and ice,or explore the alpine landscapes, mountaintops and glaciers of Switzerland.Life Sciences&Biodiversity TripsOur life sciences and biodiversity programs offer a window into the fascinating worlds of biology,zoology,botany,ecology and many others.Explore the interdependence of various species and their impact on one another in the rainforest of Bolivia.Consider changes in geography,habitat,atmosphere,and how life forms have adapted…or not!Mathematics&Technology TripsUncover the significant impact of mathematics and technology on human life in our developing world.Understand how a storm surge barrier works and how countries like the Netherlands use wind turbines to power all of their electric trains.Learn what goes into making and breaking codes like those used in World War II.Green Engineering TripsLearn the basic function of photovoltaic(光电的)cells and how they form together to make solar panels.Investigate how various factors like temperature and angle impact the performance of solar panels,and take on the role of an engineer and develop the optimal solar panel array for a given geographic location.We can also customize STEM trips based on your interests and needs.Please contact us at 800-522-2398or email us today at****************************************to discuss other academic themes you are interested in pursuing.21.What can students do on Earth Sciences&Geology Trips?A.Design training workshops.B.Do an experiment on fire and ice.C.Visit a physics laboratory.D.Explore glaciers of the North Pole.22.Which trips can you take if you enjoy exploring rain forests?A.Earth Sciences&Geology TripsB.Life Sciences&Biodiversity TripsC.Green Engineering TripsD.Mathematics&Technology Trips23.Who is the text intended for?A.Travel agencies.B.Holidaymakers.C.Environmentalists.D.High school students.BKing Canute couldn’t stop the ocean’s tide from rolling in—can Africa hold back the desert?That’s certainly what the continent is trying to do with its proposed“Great Green Wall”, 8,000km worth of trees that officials hope will stop the advancement of the Sahara desert,which has been rapidly expanding southward.The project aims to plant100million hectares of trees by2030across the entire width of Africa.The initiative is a decade in,and around15%completed,and there have already been benefits for many communities and wildlife.It’s bringing life back to the continent’s degraded landscapes,providing not only food security and jobs but a reason to stay for the millions who live along its path.Efforts will be concentrated along the Sahel,a region in Africa that lies between the Sahara in the north and the more tropical savanna in the south.Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Chad,The Gambia,Guinea Mauritania,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,and Senegal all form the Sahel region,where there are up to50million people who still live as nomads(游牧民),depending on cattle to sustain their livelihoods.It’s one of the poorest places on the planet:a region of hunger,conflict, and low job prospects,made even harder by the ongoing drought.At a science conference held in December,experts estimated that the wall could have far-reaching influence on weather patterns.Climate models presented at the American Geophysical Union’s autumn conference forecast that the finished wall could increase rainfall fourfold in the Sahel and lower average summer temperatures over most of northern Africa. However,the hottest sections of the desert may become even hotter,increasing by up to1.5°C.The wall may seem like a moonshot,but all the best ideas usually are.As Thomas Sankara, former president of Burkina Faso said in1985,“You cannot carry out fundamental change without a certain degree of madness...The courage to turn your back on the traditional methods, the courage to invent the future.”24.What’s the purpose of the“Great Green Wall”?A.To protect the original landscapes.B.To bring more wildlife to this region.C.To increase the varieties of local plants.D.To stop the Sahara desert from expanding.25.What can we know about the Sahel region?A.It is in the centre of the Sahara.B.It is home to50million cattle.C.It provides a lot of job opportunities.D.It consists of many poor countries.26.What impact would the wall have on weather patterns?A.Free of drought in Africa.B.More rainfall in the Sahel.C.Lower temperatures all year round.D.Cooler weather in the hottest areas.27.What is the author’s attitude to the project?A.Favorable.B.Uncaring.C.Critical.D.Ambiguous.CThe earliest discovered cave paintings date back to the Upper Paleolithic(旧石器)period. We might expect that they would be simply made,but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a high degree of skill.So do the cave paintings in southern Africa.Some of those appear to have been painted as much as28,000years ago,which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe.The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters at least30,000years ago.The researchers identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe:in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances;in galleries near the inhabited areas of caves;and in the inner reaches of caves,whose difficulty of access has been interpreted as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals.The paintings rest on bare walls,with no decoration.Perhaps,like many contemporary peoples,Upper Paleolithic men believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury,and if that were their belief,it might explain why human figures are rarely found in cave art.Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more clearly revealed by the results of a study.The data suggest that the animals in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat.For example,wild cattle and horses are found more often than we would expect by chance,probably because they were larger and heavier(meatier)than other animals in the environment.In addition,the paintings mostly draw animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size,speed,natural weapons such as horns.That is,mammoths(猛犸)are drawn more often than deer.28.What do we know about cave painting in Europe?A.It is as much as28,000years old.B.It is much more than30,000years old.C.It is much older than painting in Australia.D.It is older than painting in southern Africa.29.What makes people think certain paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?A.The paintings were in cave entrances.B.The paintings were in hard-to-reach places.C.The paintings were obviously more attractive.D.The paintings were similar to those in galleries.30.Why are human figures rarely found in the cave painting?A.Human figures could improve their hunting luck.B.Human figures were too difficult to draw at that time.C.The drawings of human figures were believed to cause death.D.The drawings of human figures differ from those of contemporary people.31.Which best represents hunters’attitude to deer in the Upper Paleolithic period?A.Hunters did not fear deer as much as mammoths.B.Hunters didn’t hunt deer because of their size and speed.C.Hunters avoided deer because of their natural weapons.D.Hunters preferred deer’s meat to those of other animals.DAdults are often embarrassed about asking for aid.It’s an act that can make people feel vulnerable.The moment you ask for directions,you reveal that you are lost.Seeking assistance can feel like you are broadcasting your incompetence.New research suggests young children don’t seek help in school,even when they need it, for the same reason.It has revealed that youngsters as young as age five care deeply about the way others think about them.To learn more about how children think about reputation,we asked576children,ages four to nine,to predict the behavior of two characters in a story.One of the characters genuinely wanted to be smart,and the other merely wanted to seem smart to others.In the study,we told children that both characters did poorly on a test.We then asked which of these characters would be more likely to raise their hand in front of their class to ask the teacher for help.The four-year-olds were equally likely to choose either of the two characters as the one who would seek help.But by age seven or eight,children thought that the character who wanted to seem smart would be less likely to ask for assistance.And children’s expectations were truly “reputational”in nature—they were specifically thinking about how the characters would act in front of peers.When assistance could be sought privately(on a computer rather than in person), children thought both characters were equally likely to ask for it.When children themselves are the ones struggling,it seems quite possible they,too,might avoid seeking out help when others are present,given our findings.Their unwillingness could seriously slow academic progress.Such reputational barriers likely require reputation-based solutions.Teachers could give children more opportunities to ask help privately by making themselves available to students for one-on-one conversations.Teachers should help students consider asking questions in front of others as normal,positive behavior.Parents could point out how a child’s question kicked off a valuable conversation in which the entire family got to talk and learn together.Adults could praise kids for seeking help.These responses send a strong signal that other people value a willingness to ask for aid and that seeking help is part of a path to success.32.What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in paragraph1probably mean?A.Helpful.zy.C.Weak.D.Lost.33.Why are children unwilling to ask for help in front of others?A.They care about their reputation.B.They want to learn from the adults.C.They worry about others’emotions.D.They can solve the problem independently.34.What are children asked to do in the study?A.To pretend to be smart.B.To find out which character is smarter.C.To choose a character they like.D.To predict who would ask for help publicly.35.Which of the following can be a way to solve reputational barriers?A.Parents keep asking kids more questions.B.Teachers discourage asking for help privately.C.Adults consider asking questions publicly worthwhile.D.Teachers reduce one-on-one conversations with students.第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
关于太阳探索的英语作文
关于太阳探索的英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of exploring the Sun, with a word count greater than 1000 words. The title is not included in the main text.The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system, providing light and warmth to sustain life on Earth. As our closest star, the Sun has been the subject of fascination and scientific study for centuries. In recent years, advancements in technology have enabled us to explore the Sun in greater detail than ever before, unveiling its many mysteries and the crucial role it plays in our universe.One of the primary objectives of solar exploration is to better understand the structure and processes of the Sun itself. The Sun is a vast sphere of intensely hot plasma, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. At its core, the temperature reaches an astonishing 15 million degrees Celsius, fueled by the fusion of hydrogen into helium. This nuclear reaction is the source of the Sun's immense energy output, which is essential for the survival of life on Earth.Researchers have developed sophisticated instruments to study the Sun's interior, including helioseismology, which uses the propagationof sound waves within the Sun to map its internal structure. These techniques have revealed that the Sun's interior is divided into distinct layers, each with its own unique characteristics and dynamics. The core, where nuclear fusion takes place, is surrounded by the radiative zone and the convective zone, where heat is transferred outward through radiation and convection, respectively.Understanding the Sun's internal structure is crucial for predicting solar activity, such as sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. These phenomena are driven by the Sun's powerful magnetic field, which is generated by the complex interactions between the different layers of the Sun. Solar activity can have significant impacts on Earth, affecting our communications systems, power grids, and even the safety of astronauts in space.To study the Sun's magnetic field and other aspects of its behavior, scientists have developed a range of sophisticated instruments and spacecraft. One of the most notable is the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a joint mission between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). SOHO has provided unprecedented insights into the Sun's corona, the outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere, and has helped to improve our understanding of solar storms and their potential impacts on Earth.Another important aspect of solar exploration is the study of theSun's influence on the rest of the solar system. The Sun's powerful gravitational field is responsible for keeping the planets in their orbits, and its solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun, interacts with the magnetic fields of the planets and other celestial bodies. This interaction can have profound effects on the atmospheres and environments of these objects, and understanding these processes is crucial for studying the evolution and habitability of planets, both within our own solar system and beyond.One of the most exciting developments in solar exploration in recent years has been the launch of the Parker Solar Probe, a NASA spacecraft designed to study the Sun's corona and the solar wind from an unprecedented vantage point. The Parker Solar Probe is capable of withstanding the intense heat and radiation near the Sun, and it is providing new insights into the dynamics of the solar corona and the solar wind that were previously inaccessible.As our understanding of the Sun continues to evolve, scientists are also exploring the potential for harnessing the Sun's energy for practical applications on Earth. Solar power, generated through the use of photovoltaic cells, is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources, and its potential to mitigate the effects of climate change is widely recognized. The development of more efficient and cost-effective solar technologies is a major focus of ongoingresearch, and the lessons learned from solar exploration are expected to play a crucial role in these advancements.In conclusion, the exploration of the Sun has been a driving force in scientific discovery for centuries, and it continues to yield new insights that are shaping our understanding of the universe and our place within it. From the study of the Sun's internal structure and magnetic field to the investigation of its influence on the solar system and the development of solar energy technology, the pursuit of knowledge about our nearest star has never been more important. As we continue to push the boundaries of solar exploration, we can expect to uncover even more of the Sun's secrets and unlock the key to unlocking the mysteries of our cosmic home.。
雅思笔记填空题型
雅思笔记填空题型一、题目1 - 5。
（一）题目原文。
The history of the bicycle can be traced back to the early 19th century. The first bicycle - like device was called the Draisienne, invented by Karl von Drais in 1817. It was a two - wheeled vehicle that was propelled by the rider pushing their feet against the ground. This early design was (1)______ but not very efficient.In the following decades, various improvements were made. For example, pedals were added to the front wheel in the 1860s. This led to the creation of the "boneshaker", which had a large front wheel and a small rear wheel. The name "boneshaker" came from the (2) ______ ride it provided due to its basic construction.The high - wheeler, also known as the penny - farthing, emerged in the 1870s. It had an extremely large front wheel, sometimes up to 1.5 meters in diameter. Riders sat high above the ground on this type of bicycle. However, it was (3) ______ as getting on and off was difficult and there were risksof falling.The safety bicycle, which is closer to the modern bicycle design, was introduced in the 1880s. It had two wheels of equal size and a chain - driven mechanism. This made it much more (4) ______ and easier to ride.With the development of better brakes and tyres, the safety bicycle became very popular.Today, bicycles are used for a wide variety of purposes, from commuting to sport. The design has continued to evolve, with the introduction of newmaterials such as carbon fibre, which makes bicycles (5) ______ and more durable.（二）答案与解析。
段落翻译
翻译练习（一）Ultrahard materials are used in many applications, from cutting and polishing tools to wear-resistant coatings. Diamond remains the hardest known material, despite years of synthetic and theoretical efforts to improve upon it. However even diamond has limitations. It is not effective for cutting ferrous metals, including steel. Boron nitride-the second-hardest material, with a structure analogous to that of diamond-can be used to cut ferrous metals. However, it does not occur naturally and must be synthesized under conditions of extreme pressure and temperature, making it quite expensive. New superhard material are thus not only of great scientific interest, but also could be very useful.超硬材料被应用在很多应用程序当中，从各种切割和抛光工具到各种耐磨涂料。
尽管经过了多年的合成实验和理论上的努力去改进超硬材料，金刚石仍然是所知的最硬的材料。
然而即使是金刚石也有它的局限性，它对切割黑色金属包括钢铁并不是很有效。
职称英语2013理工A阅读完型字典完整版(去除历年已考文章)
Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright（阅读）1 .Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding what made our ancestors walk upright.3. Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees. liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage? Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因1我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。
这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。
但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治•华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。
太阳能专业英文翻译
太阳能专业英文翻译屋顶光伏电源系统 Roof-mounted PV power system独立家庭电源系统 Off-grid home power system小区太阳能发电系统 Residential area PV power system光伏建筑一体化 BIPV products太阳能发电在宾馆、学校中的应用 Applications of solar PV in hotels and schools移动信号塔太阳能发电装置Solar PV power systems for mobile communication signal stations 移动通信基站-直放站电源PV power systems for GSM base stations小型并网光伏电站 small on-grid PV power station大型并网光伏电站 large on-grid PV power station乡镇公路太阳能路灯的应用 Solar streetlights for rural roads太阳能建设新农村工程 Solar projects for new villages城市太阳能庭院灯的应用 Solar garden lights for cities乡镇太阳能庭院灯的应用Solar garden lights for towns郊区太阳能草坪灯工程 Solar lawn lights for suburbs太阳能交通信号灯工程 Installation of solar traffic signs城乡风光互补路灯实例 Wind and PV hybrid streetlights小区风光互补系统Wind and PV hybrid power systems for residential areas 风力发电系统的应用 Wind generating systemsAC交流电Alternating currentAmorphous silicon solar cell 非晶硅太阳能电池Thin-film solar cells are usually produced by evaporating several semi-conductor films onto a so-called "substrate"Ampère 安培Unit indicating the strength of electric currentAssembling system 集成系统System to install solar modules on roofs, façades or in the field.Azimuth angle 方位角Describes the deviation from the South towards East-western directionBuilding-integrated PV (BIPV)Used to describe a structure where PV replaces conventional materials and is integrated into the building. Typically, a photovoltaic array is incorporated into the roof or walls of a building. Roof tiles with integrated PV cells can now be purchased. Arrays can also be retrofitted into existing buildings; in this case they are usually fitted on top of the existing roof structure. Alternatively, an array can be located separately from the building but connected by cable to supply power for the building.By-pass diode 旁路二极管Conducts the electricity automatically past a module in case it is shadowed in one series. This is supposed to prevent any destruction due to overheating.Circuit 电路A system of conductors that convey electricity.CdTe solar cell碲化镉太阳能电池Thin-film solar cell made of very thin CdTe semi-conductor films (< 3 microns)CIS solar cellThin-film solar cell made of several films of differently doped copper-indium-diselenideCircuit breaker 断路开关A safety device that shuts off power when it senses too much current.Combiner box 和路箱Where the electrical wiring from the PV modules is joined together in parallel to combine electrical currents.Conductor 导体A material that is used to convey electricity, i.e. wires.Conversion efficiency 转换效率The percentage of electricity that is created by a solar cell as compared to the amount of energy needed to generate that electricity.Current 电流The flow of electricity between two points. Measured in amps.DC 直流电Direct currentEnergetic amortization period 能量偿还期Period of time a photovoltaic system requires to produce the energy required for production.Efficiency 功率The ratio of output energy to input energy.Electrical grid 电网光伏词汇A large distribution network that delivers electricity over a wide area.Electrode 电极A conductor used to lead current into or out of a nonmetallic part of a circuit.Energy 能量Usable power. Measured in kWh.Energy audit 能量审核A process that determines how much energy you use in your house or apartment.Energy yield 能量输出Electric energy indicated in kWh yielded by a photovoltaic systemENSEquipment to control the grid with attributed all-pole control element in series. The ENS includes a redundant voltage and frequency control of the electricity grid and evaluates any leaps ascertained in the grid impedance. If the set limits are exceeded, the ENS will switch off the inverter. When the line voltage is re-established, the inverter will restart operation automatically. European efficiency rateWeighted efficiency rate is calculated by weighting different partial load efficiency rates and the full-load efficiency rate in line with the frequency of their appearance.Facade system 正面系统Photovoltaic system installed on the facade of a building or an integral part of a facade.Feed-in meter 输入计Measuring instrument for the supply of electric energy into the public power grid (unit in kWh) Mismatching interconnection of better and worse modules in one string as a consequence of which the worst module of one series determines the electricity.Field system 野外系统Photovoltaic system installed in a fieldFlat-roof system 平台屋顶系统Photovoltaic system installed on a flat roof.Fossil fuels 矿物燃料Fuels that are formed underground from the remains of dead plants and animals. i.e. oil, natural gas, and coal are fossil fuels.Global radiation 总辐射Sum of diffuse, direct and reflected solar radiation onto a horizontal surface.Greenhouse effect 温室效应When heat from the sun becomes trapped in the Earth's atmosphere due to certain gases. Greenhouse gases 温室气体The gases responsible for trapping heat from the sun within the Earth's atmosphere. i.e. water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrogen oxides.Grid 电网A distribution network, including towers, poles, and wires that a utility uses to deliver electricity. Grid-connected PV system 并网光伏系统When the electricity grid is available but electricity from a clean source (solar) is desired, solar panels can be connected to the grid. Provided that sufficient panels are placed, the appliances in the house/building will then run on solar electricity. A grid-connected solar electricity system basically consists of one or more solar panels, an inverter, cables, the electric load and a support structure to mount the solar panels.Hertz (HZ) 赫兹The frequency of electrical current described in cycles per second, i.e. Appliances in the United States use 60 HZ.Inverter 逆变器Converts the DC output of the PV system into usable AC output that can be fed directly into the building load.Irradiance 辐照度the amount of solar energy that strikes a surface during a specific time period. Measured in kilowatts.I-V curve IV曲线A graph that plots the current versus the voltage from the solar cell as the electrical load (or resistance) is increased from short circuit (no load) to open circuit (maximum voltage). The shape of the curve characterizing cell performance. Three important points on the IV curve are the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and peak or maximum power (operating) point. Junction box The point on a solar module where it connects, or is strung, to other solar modules. In-roof installation 镶嵌屋顶系统Photovoltaic system which is integrated into the roof claddingIsland system 独立系统Grid-independent power supply systemkWh – kilowatt hourUnit indicating energy/work and corresponding with the performance of one kilowatt during a period of one hourkWp - Kilowatt peakUnit indicating the maximum performance under standard test concitions (STC)Load 负载The amount of electrical demand used in the building at any given time.Mono-crystalline silicon solar cell 单晶硅太阳能系统Basic raw material is a monocrystal drawn from melted silicon.Multi-crystalline silicon solar cell 多晶硅太阳能电池Basic raw material is solar silicon cast in blocks.National Electrical Code (NEC) 国家电气代码The U.S. minimum inspection requirements for all types of electrical installations, including solar systems.National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 国家电力生产商协会The U.S. trade association that develops standards for the electrical manufacturing industry. NREL The National Renewable Energy Laboratory 国家可再生能源实验室A national lab that concentrates on studying and developing renewable energy sources.Open circuit voltage 开路电压Maximum voltage in an electric circuit which is generated when the electricity I equals zero (depending on termperature).Performance guarantee 性能质保Extended guarantee of the module producer for the performance of the solar modules. Performance tolerance 性能公差Tolerance stated by the producer with regards to the nominal power.Poly-cristalline solar cell 多晶硅太阳能电池See multi-crystalline silicon solar cell.PSC 电力供应公司Power supply companies.Peak load 最大负荷The largest amount of electricity being used at any one point during the day.Photovoltaic (PV) 光伏the conversion of light into electricity. The term "photo" comes from the Greek "phos," meaning light. "V oltaic" is named for Alessandro V olta (1745-1827), a pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named. Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity."Photovoltaic (PV) module 光伏组件A number of photovoltaic cells electrically interconnected and mounted together, usually in a sealed unit of convenient size for shipping, handling and assembling into arrays. The term "module" is often used interchangeably with the term "panel.Photovoltaic array 光伏阵列An interconnected system of solar modules that function as a single electricity-producing unit. Photovoltaic cell 光伏电池（格）This is the basic unit of a solar module that collects the sun's energy.Photovoltaic system 光伏系统A complete set of components that converts sunlight into usable electricity.Rectifier 整流器Transforms alternating current into direct currentRoof inclination 屋顶倾斜度Angle of a roof towards the horizontalRated power 额定功率Nominal power output of an inverter; some units cannot produce rated power continuously. Semiconductor A material that has an electrical conductivity in between that of a metal and an insulator. Typical semiconductors for PV cells include silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium elluride.Short-circuit electricity 短路电流Maximum electricity in an electric circuit, which is generated when the voltage U at the terminals equals zero (proportional to solar radiation).Solar generatorSum of solar modules.Specific energy yield 能量生产率（比能率）Electric energy indicated in kWh and yielded by a photovoltaic system divided by the installed performance (kWp).Standard Test Conditions – STC 标准测试条件General conditions under which the perfomance of a solar module is measured in a laboratory. Constant factors for measuring are: Irradiance of 1,000W/m²5f; light spectrum after penetration of 1.5fold density of the atmosphere (AM1,5); temperature of the solar cell 25°C. Supply meter 电源表Measuring instrument for the supply of electric energy from the public power grid (unit in kWh) Termperature coefficient 温度系数Indicates to what extent the individual factor changes with the temperature. Temperature-independent factors are voltage, electricity and consequently also performance.Thin-film solar cell 薄膜太能能电池Roughly a hundred times thinner than crystalline cells. Industrial production procedure (evaporation, atomization procedure…) onto the substrate lowers the cost. Doping specific contamination of purest silicon with impurity atoms. In a so-called diffusion procedure, impure atoms (e.g. borum, phosphor), which can give off electrons, are transported below the surface of the wafers.Three-phase voltage control 三相电压控制器Equipment to control the grid. V oltage control of the three phases. If a voltage falls below a stipulated limit, the equipment will be switched off.Tilt angle 倾斜角The angle of inclination of a module measured from the horizontal.Transformer 变压器Used to step up or down the voltage emerging from the inverter to match the required voltage of the onsite load or the utility interconnection.V olt 伏特Unit indicating the voltage.Watt 瓦特Unit indicating the performance.WhUnit indicating the watthour.WpUnit indicating the wattpeak。
光伏发电系统建模及其仿真(毕业设计论文)
本科生毕业设计说明书（设计论文）题目：光伏发电系统建模及其仿真光伏发电系统建模及其仿真摘要伴随着能源危机和环境问题的不断加剧，清洁能源的发展进程被大大的推进了。
太阳能作为一种新能源以其没有污染，安全又可靠，能量随处可以得到等优点越来越受到人们的青睐。
无论从近期还是远期，无论从能源环境的角度还是从边远地区和特殊应用领域需求的角度考虑，太阳能发电都极具有吸引力。
那么对光伏发电系统的研究则就变得既有价值又有意义。
通过对光伏发电系统的理论研究学习，建立了完整的光伏发电系统体系，本文深入的研究了光伏电池在不同光照强度、不同温度下的电压、功率输出特性。
本文的研究重点是光伏发电系统的控制技术，以及在MATLAB/SIMULINK 仿真环境下的仿真结果。
讨论了多种最大功率点跟踪方法；且分别讨论学习了在光伏并网和独立发电系统情况下的逆变器和MPPT的控制，并建立了仿真模型，提出了相应的控制策略。
且在最后论述了孤岛效应的产生和反孤岛策略，用电压频率检测法完成了孤岛检测与保护。
关键词：光伏电池，逆变器，最大功率点跟踪，孤岛效应，MATLAB仿真AbstractWith the growing energy crisis and environmental problems, clean energy is greatly promote the development process. Solar energy as a new kind of energy for its no pollution, safe and reliable, widely available energy advantages, such as more and more get the favor of people. No matter from the near future or long-dated and, no matter from the Angle of energy and environment, or from remote areas and special applications demand point of view, solar power generation is extremely attractive. So the study of photovoltaic power generation system has become both a rewarding and meaningful.Through the study of theoretical research of photovoltaic power generation system, established a complete system of photovoltaic power generation system, this paper in-depth study the photovoltaic cells under different illumination intensity, temperature, voltage, power output characteristics.In this paper, the research emphasis is the control technology of photovoltaic power generation system, and the simulation results in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Discussed a variety of maximum powerpoint tracking methods; And, respectively, to discuss the study under the condition of independent power generation and photovoltaic (pv) grid system of the inverter with MPPT control, and established the simulation model, put forward the corresponding control strategy. And islanding is discussed at the end of the production and the reverse island strategy, using frequency voltage tests completed island detection and protection.Keywords: photovoltaic batteries, inverter, maximum power point tracking, islanding, the MATLAB simulation目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章绪论 (2)1.1新能源发电的背景和意义 (2)1.2光伏产业的现状和前景 (2)1.2.1太阳能光伏发电的发展现状 (2)1.2.2光伏发电产业的前景 (2)1.3本文设计容 (2)第二章光伏发电系统概述 (2)2.1光伏发电系统的基本工作原理 (2)2.2光伏发电系统的组成 (2)2.3光伏发电系统的分类 (2)2.3.1太阳能独立光伏发电系统 (2)2.3.2 并网光伏发电系统 (2)2.3.3互补型光伏发电系统 (2)第三章光伏发电系统建模及其仿真 (2)3.1光伏电池阵列的建模 (2)3.1.1 光伏电池阵列的数学模型 (2)3.1.2 光强和温度对光伏电池输出结果的影响 (2)3.1.3太光照强度模型 (2)3.2光伏发电系统的主电路模型 (2)3.2.1光伏并网发电系统的主电路模型 (2)3.2.2离网型光伏发电系统的主电路的模型 (2)第四章光伏发电系统的控制技术 (2)4.1光伏发电MPPT技术 (2)4.2电导增量法 (2)4.2.1电导增量法的原理 (2)4.2.2电导增量法改进 (2)4.3 最大功率控制技术仿真 (2)4.4光伏并网发电系统的控制 (2)4.4.1并网逆变器控制 (2)4.4.2 电流环的分析建模 (2)4.4.3锁相环的原理分析 (2)4.5离网光伏发电系统的控制 (2)4.5.1 光伏充电控制分析 (2)4.5.2独立光伏发电系统的逆变器控制技术 (2)第五章光伏并网系统中的孤岛效应 (2)5.1孤岛效应的分析和危害 (2)5.2 孤岛效应的检测 (2)5.2.1孤岛检测标准 (2)5.2.2孤岛检测方法 (2)结论 (2)展望 (2)参考文献 (2)致 (2)第一章绪论1.1新能源发电的背景和意义能源一直是人类社会生存和发展的动力和源泉。
华人学者顶级期刊：单细胞葡萄糖摄取活性成像
华人学者顶级期刊：单细胞葡萄糖摄取活性成像最近，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员报道了一种新方法，通过具有最小干扰的光学显微镜，来观察单细胞内的葡萄糖摄取活性。
相关研究结果发表在七月十六日的国际化学顶级期刊《德国应用化学》（Angewandte Chemie International Edition）。
这项研究是在闵玮（Wei Min）教授带领下完成的，其研究小组开发出一种新的葡萄糖类似物，可以模仿天然葡萄糖，并在单细胞水平上，对活的癌细胞、神经元和组织吸收葡萄糖作为能量来源的过程，进行了影像。
闵玮博士2003年毕业于北京大学化学专业，2008年在哈佛大学获化学博士学位，导师为美国科学院院士谢晓亮教授，之后在其课题组从事博士后研究。
2010年，闵玮成为哥伦比亚大学化学系助理教授，2011年他加入哥伦比亚大学Kavli脑科学研究所，其研究成果多次发表在ACS Chem. Biol、J. Am. Chem. Soc、Nature Method、PNAS 等国际学术期刊，因其科学贡献获得过很多奖项，其中包括2013年的斯隆研究奖。
葡萄糖作为一种能量来源，被几乎所有生命形态（从细菌到人）所消耗。
细胞对葡萄糖的摄取，密切地反映了细胞的能量需求，并在许多病理条件下变得调节不佳，如肥胖、糖尿病和癌症。
为了可视化这个重要的过程，在过去的几十年里，研究人员已经发展出几种杰出的技术。
放射性氟-18标记的葡萄糖，被广泛应用于临床癌症诊断，使用正电子发射断层扫描（PET）定位人体中的代谢热点。
最近有研究使用磁共振成像（MRI）在小鼠肿瘤中进行葡萄糖显像。
虽然这两种方法都能很好地应用于临床应用，但它们没有足够的空间分辨率，不能在单细胞水平上可视化葡萄糖的摄取过程。
为了在细胞水平上可视化葡萄糖摄取活性，已有研究开发出具有荧光染料标记的葡萄糖类似物。
遗憾的是，在葡萄糖上标记荧光，会改变其化学性质。
此外，荧光染料总是比葡萄糖本身更大。
用英语写的太阳能的工作原理作文
用英语写的太阳能的工作原理作文Solar energy is one of the most promising and sustainable sources of power available today. Its working principle is rooted in the conversion of sunlight into electricity or thermal energy, utilizing the fundamental laws of physics and photochemistry.Solar energy primarily harnesses the sun's rays through solar panels, which are made up of photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells are typically composed of silicon, a semiconductor material that has the property of allowing electrons to flow when exposed to sunlight. When sunlight strikes the solar panels, it energizes the electrons in the silicon atoms, creating an electric current. This phenomenon is known as the photovoltaic effect.The basic structure of a PV cell involves two layers of silicon: one layer is doped with a phosphorous material,giving it a negative charge (N-type silicon), while the other layer is doped with boron, imparting a positive charge (P-type silicon). When these two layers are placed together, an electric field is created at the junction of the two materials. This electric field is crucial for directing the flow of electrons when they are knocked loose by sunlight.Once the electrons are set in motion by the sunlight, they move along the electric field towards the conductive metal strips on the sides of the solar cell. These metal strips collect the electrons and create a flow of direct current (DC) electricity. This DC electricity can then be converted into alternating current (AC) electricity using an inverter, making it suitable for use in homes and businesses.In addition to photovoltaic systems, solar energy can also be harnessed through solar thermal technology. This method uses sunlight to heat a fluid, which can then be used to produce steam that drives a turbine to generateelectricity. Solar thermal systems are commonly used inlarge-scale power plants but can also be applied in residential settings for heating water or spaces.The efficiency of solar energy systems depends on various factors, including the angle of the panels, geographic location, and weather conditions. To maximize efficiency, solar panels are often installed at specific angles and orientations to capture the most sunlight throughout the day. Additionally, advancements in solar technology continue to improve the efficiency of conversion, making solar energy increasingly viable as a primary power source.In conclusion, the working principle of solar energy is a fascinating interplay of physics and technology. By converting sunlight into electrical energy through photovoltaic cells or heating fluids for energy production, solar energy offers a sustainable solution to the world's growing energy demands. As society progresses towards greenerenergy solutions, embracing solar technology is essential for a cleaner and more sustainable future.。
Photovoltaic Cells and Alternative Energy Sources
Photovoltaic Cells and AlternativeEnergy SourcesIn today's world, where climate change and the depletion of natural resources are major concerns, alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly important. One such alternative source is photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells.Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity, making them a renewable energy source. They are made of silicon, a material abundant in the earth's crust. When sunlight hits the silicon, electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, creating a flow of electricity. This electricity can be used immediately or stored in batteries for later use.The use of photovoltaic cells has many advantages. For one, they produce zero emissions, making them environmentally friendly. They also require little maintenance and have a long lifespan, making them cost-effective in the long run. Additionally, they can be installed in remote areas where traditional electricity sources are not readily available.However, the use of photovoltaic cells also has its drawbacks. For one, they can be expensive to install initially. Additionally, they are dependent on sunlight, meaning they cannot produce energy at night or on cloudy days. Finally, they require large amounts of land for installation in order to produce significant amounts of electricity.Despite these drawbacks, photovoltaic cells remain a promising alternative energy source. They have the potential to provide a significant amount of electricity to homes and businesses, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and helping to mitigate climate change.Other alternative energy sources include wind power, hydroelectric power, and geothermal power. Wind power is generated by turbines that convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. Hydroelectric power is generated by the flow of water through turbines, while geothermal power is generated by the heat of the earth's core.Like photovoltaic cells, these alternative sources have their own benefits and drawbacks. Wind power is dependent on consistent wind patterns and can be disruptive to local ecosystems if not installed properly. Hydroelectric power can be expensive to build and require large bodies of water, which can have negative environmental impacts. Geothermal power is only available in certain areas and can be expensive to install.Despite the challenges, alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly important as the world seeks to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of climate change. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution, a combination of different sources can help meet the growing demand for electricity in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.In conclusion, the use of photovoltaic cells and other alternative energy sources is crucial in our efforts to build a sustainable future. While each source has its own benefits and drawbacks, they offer a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. The more we invest in these technologies, the brighter the future will be for generations to come.。
太阳能的潜力和优势英语作文
太阳能的潜力和优势英语作文Harnessing the power of the sun has been a goal of humanity since ancient times, but only in recent decades have we begun to tap into solar energy's true potential. This abundant energy source is not only sustainable and clean but also increasingly economical and versatile in its applications.Solar energy is derived from the sun's radiation and can be converted into electricity or heat. It is one of the most abundant energy resources on Earth—so plentiful that one hour of the sun's energy could meet the global energy needs for an entire year. Yet, despite its abundance, we have only begun to scratch the surface of this vast, untapped resource.The advantages of solar energy are manifold. It is a renewable resource, meaning it won't run out as long as the sun continues to shine. Solar power generation releases no greenhouse gases, which means it has a minimal impact on the environment. This is a stark contrast to conventional fossil fuels, which have a significant carbon footprint and contribute to global warming.Economically, solar energy has become more viable due to the decreasing cost of photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are used to convert sunlight into electricity. Advances in technology have made these cells more efficient and less expensive, leading to a dramatic increase in solar installations worldwide. In fact, the cost of solar has decreased by over 70% in the last decade, making it competitive with traditional energy sources in many markets.Another advantage of solar power is its versatility. It can be deployed at a large scale in solar farms or at an individual level in residential areas. Rooftop solar panels allow homeowners to generate their own electricity, potentially reducing their utility bills. In remote locations, where running power lines would be impractical or too expensive, solar panels can provide a viable solution to energy needs.Solar energy also has the potential to create jobs. The solar industry has been growing rapidly, and with that growth comes the need for engineers, technicians, installers, and many other professions. This not only helps to reduce unemployment but also contributes to the economy.Despite these advantages, there are challenges to the widespread adoption of solar energy. One of the main challenges is the intermittent nature of solar power—it is not available at night and is less effective on cloudy days. However, with the development of better energy storage technologies, such as batteries, this limitation can be overcome. Energy storage allows excess power generated during sunny periods to be used at night or during overcast conditions.In conclusion, solar energy presents a promising and largely untapped opportunity to power our planet in a sustainable, clean, and potentially cost-effective way. As technology advances and costs continue to decrease, it is likely that solar energy will play an increasingly important role in meeting the world's energy needs. The potential of solar energy is vast, and its advantages make it an essential component of a sustainable energy future for our planet. 。
五年级环保行动英语阅读理解25题
五年级环保行动英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>One sunny day, Tom decided to go to the park. When he arrived at the park, he saw a lot of beautiful flowers and green trees. But he also noticed that there was rubbish here and there. Tom thought it was not good for the environment. So he decided to do something.Tom took out a plastic bag and started to pick up the rubbish. He picked up cans, bottles, and paper. Some people saw what Tom was doing and they joined him. Together, they made the park clean and beautiful again.1. Tom went to the park on a __ day.A. rainyB. cloudyC. sunnyD. windy答案：C。
中文解析：文章开头提到“One sunny day, Tom decided to go to the park.”，可知汤姆是在一个晴天去的公园。
2. Tom noticed there was rubbish __.A. everywhereB. nowhereC. in some placesD. only in one place答案：A。
中文解析：文中提到“But he also noticed that there was rubbish here and there.”，here and there 表示到处，与everywhere 意思相近。
太阳能英语作文
太阳能英语作文Solar energy is a clean, renewable source of power that harnesses the sun's energy to produce electricity or heat. It is a rapidly growing industry that is transforming the way we think about energy production.The sun emits an immense amount of energy every day, and only a small fraction of this energy is needed to power the entire world. Solar panels, which are made up of photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. These panels can be installed on rooftops, in fields, or even on water bodies.One of the greatest advantages of solar energy is its sustainability. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite resources, the sun is a virtually inexhaustible source of energy. This means that solar power can provide a long-term solution to our energy needs.Another benefit is the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Solar power systems produce no harmful pollutants, making them an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional energy sources. This is particularly important in the face of climate change and the need to reduce our carbon footprint.However, there are also challenges associated with solar energy. One of the main issues is the intermittent nature of solar power, as it is dependent on sunlight, which is not always available, especially during cloudy days or at night.To overcome this, energy storage systems, such as batteries, are being developed to store excess solar energy for use when the sun is not shining.Additionally, the initial cost of installing solar panels can be high, although this is offset by the long-term savings on energy bills and the potential for government incentives and subsidies.In conclusion, solar energy holds great promise for thefuture of energy production. With advancements in technology and increased awareness of its benefits, solar power ispoised to play a significant role in meeting the world's energy demands in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.太阳能是一种清洁、可再生的能源，它利用太阳的能量来产生电力或热能。
《医学细胞生物学》题库,DOC
医学细胞生物学第一篇细胞生物学概论第一章绪论一．单选题12D．W·FlemmingE．C．Darwin3．最早发现细胞并将其命名为“cell”的学者是()A．R·HookB．A．LeeuwenhookC．R·BrownD．W·FlemmingE．C．Darwin4．最早观察到活细胞的学者是() A．R·HookA．SchleidenandSchwannB．R·HookandA·LeeuwenhookC．WatsonandCrickD．R·BrownE．C·Darwin二．多选题1．现代的细胞生物学在哪些层次上来研究细胞的生命活动() A．分子水平B．亚细胞水平C．细胞整体水平23D．重演率E．分离律三．填空题1．细胞生物学是从____________、____________和____________等3个水平上研究细胞生命活动的科学。
2．细胞是人体和其他生物体____________与____________的基本单位。
3．细胞生物学的发展大致可分为____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________。
2．医学细胞生物学________________________________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________1____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________A．细胞核B．细胞膜C．细胞器D．核膜E．内质网2．细胞中的下列化合物中，哪项属于生物大分子()A．无机盐B．游离水C．过氧化氢酶D．胆固酵34C．氨基酸D．磷酸E．乳酸5．关于DNA分子，下列哪项叙述有误()A．带有遗传信息B．具有双螺旋的空间结构C．由两条同方向的单核苷酸链互补结合而成D．在DNA分子上分布有众多的基因E．所含碱基位于螺旋结构的A．携带有相应基因的遗传信息B．是DNA转录的产物C．主要分布在细胞核中D．可直接指导蛋白质合成E．不同基因的mRNA分子量悬殊较大8．关于tRNA，下列哪项叙述有误()A．能转运活化的氨基酸到核糖体上CDE9D．占细胞中全部RNA的80％以上E．基本为线形分子10．原核细胞与真核细胞都具有的一种细胞器是()A．细胞骨架B．线粒体C．高尔基体D．中心体E．核糖体11．关于原核细胞的特征，下列C．基因表达的转录和翻译过程同时进行D．体积较大(10～100μm) E．膜性细胞器发达13．下列哪种细胞器为非膜相结构()A．核糖体B．内质网C．线粒体D．溶酶体E．高尔基体14．下列哪种细胞器为膜相结构E．内质网16．神经细胞经甲苯胺蓝染色后在其胞质中显现出的深蓝色块状物——尼氏体(Nisslbody)实际上是哪种细胞器()A．线粒体B．高尔基体C．溶酶体D．粗面内质网E．滑面内质网17．在DNA中不含下列哪种碱基C．除质膜外，细胞内所有膜性细胞器都属膜相结构D．膜相结构的膜都具有类似“单位膜”构造E．细胞中所有的膜相结构的膜统称为”生物膜”二．多选题1．下列哪些属于真核细胞的膜相结构()A．线粒体B．核糖体C．染色体23C．葡萄糖D．脱氧核糖E．氨基酸4．蛋白质分子在细胞中的主要功能有()A．结构成分B．收缩运动C．物质运输D．代谢调节E催化功能5．核糖体可附着在下列哪些细胞D．溶酶体E,微丝7．细胞骨架系统包含下列哪些细胞器()A．微管B．微丝C．纺锤丝D．中间纤维E．线粒体8．下列哪些结构在结构上和功能上有密切关系()A．线粒体123．真核细胞的结构可分为____________和____________两大类。
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References
• • • • • • • • • • • Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004 F Lasnier. Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook TG Ang - 1990 - A. Hilger New York “Two layer organic Photovoltaic Cell.” -- Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 183-185 Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Applied Physics Letters -- January 13, 1986 Harmon, C. “Experience Curves of Photovoltaic Technology.” IIASA Publications. 2000. “Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from on 12/02/06. Green, M. A. Solar cells: Operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 288 p. Wohlre, Dieter. Meissner, Dieter. “Organic Solar Cells.” Advanced Materials. Volume 3, Issue 3 , Pages 129 – 138. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1991. American Journal of Physics -- Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 286-287 American Association of Physics Teachers. March 1993 O’Regan, B. & Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353, 737–740 (1991). McCann,MichelleJ. Catchpole,KylieR. Weber, Klaus J. A review of thin film crystalline silicon for solar cell applications. Part 1 : native substrates. 2001 Shah, A. Torres, P., Tscharner, R. Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells. Institute of Microtechnology (IMT), University of Neuchatel, Rue A. -L. Breguet 2, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. University of Applied Science, Avenue de l'Hotel-de-Ville 7, CH-2400 Le Locle, Switzerland
•VentreΒιβλιοθήκη Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
VTC
• Performance Limits • Pm = Vmax x Imax • Incorporate load
• Heavy modules
– structural stress – Wind tension
• Pollution • Fan Example
– Speed – Acceleration – Without illumination
• E/V
Ah
Applications
• • • • • • • • Electric grid extensions not offered Clean Solar powered house Water pumping systems Garden lights Automobiles Source utility grid Satellites, shuttles
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Energy Conversion Efficiency
Introduction
• Clean Energy • PV System – Cells – Energy storage – Charge Controller – AC/DC converter
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Functionality
• pn diode • No illumination
– Diode behavior – e, h separated
• Illumination
•Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from on 12/02/06.
Loss Tradeoffs
• Cell Top
– Must be transparent – Too thin bad conduction
• Cell Interior grid
– Large grid helps e-’s – Large grid blocks photons
Auxiliary Design
• Nanocrystalline
– Thin film + mesoporous MO – Increased internal reflection – Great efficiency expensive
Conclusions
• Environmentally benign • Inefficient uncommon Still fuel • Future Efficiency increasing Cheaper
– Incident photons create e-h pairs – E field e-h pairs separate
Semiconductor
• Absolute 0 Perfect insulator • Temp increases conduction increases • External energy raises temperature
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Research
• Thin Film
– Cheap – Increased unit loss – Multilayer Efficiency
A Review of Photovoltaic Cells
David Toub
ECE423 12/16/06
Agenda
• • • • • • • • • Introduction Functionality Semiconductor Properties VTC Efficiency and PV Design Auxiliary Design Applications Research Conclusions
• η =Pm/(E x Ac) • Primary Challenge • Incident photons
– Ep<Ebg – Ep>Ebg – Ep=Ebg Elost Ee- + Elost Ee-
• Silicon tradeoff
– High bg loss – Low bg E, V reduced – Optimal at bg=1.4eV