8 Phase diagrams(for 11 copy)

合集下载

phase_diagram

phase_diagram

• Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions that result (e.g., a and b).
AluminumCopper Alloy
Adapted from Fig. 9.0,
Callister 3e.
3
• Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B. • Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.
e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80wt% sugar.
2
COMPONENTS AND PHASES
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially
(e.g., Al and Cu)
--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and --a temperature (T) How many phases do we get? What is the composition of each phase? How much of each phase do we get?
• 2wt%Sn < Co < 18.3wt%Sn • Result:
--a polycrystal with fine b crystals.
Pb-Sn system
Adapted from Fig. 9.10,
Callister 6e.
17
MICROSTRUCTURES IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-III

Phase diagrams 相图

Phase diagrams 相图

Chapter 6 – Phase diagrams
§6-1 General concept
§6-2 Level rule 杠杆规则
§6-3 One-component systems 单组分系统相图 §6-4 Two-component systems 二组分系统相图
§6-1 General concept
l
p
P
e
T
§6-1 General concept
The simplest application of thermodynamics to chemically significant systems are to the discussion of the phase transitions of pure substances Phase - 相 Phase diagram - 相图 Boundaries between regions – 边界 Vapor pressure – temperature Melting point – pressure A phase transition - the spontaneous conversion of one phase into another phase, occurs at a characteristic temperature for a given pressure. Transition temperature – is the temperature at which the two phases are in equilibrium and the Gibbs energy is minimized at the prevailing pressure

凯镭思互调仪操作手册(中英文)

凯镭思互调仪操作手册(中英文)

F
升级标题页添加Summitek/Triasx 商标和联系方式
22/06/09
(IR7317)
Updates. New state editor GUI. (IR7402)
G
升级,新版本的测试设置文件编辑器用户界面
(IR7402)
17/08/09
Authorisation 批准
PDS PDS PDS TN
B
removed.
17/04/08
升级1.3.2和1.3.5 删除USB窗口
Changes to section 1.5 by adding report number to the state
C
editor GUI.
16/05/08
升级1.5在测试设置文件编辑器中添加报告编号
Changes to AC specifications in section 1.2 and section
WA R N I N G- RF HAZARD 警告—射频危害
This equipment is designed for use in association with radio frequency (RF) radiating systems and is capable of producing up to 50W of RF power in the 800 to 2200 MHz region. Users are reminded that proper precautions must be taken to minimise exposure to these RF fields to the recommended limits. Please pay particular care to the following areas: 此设备设计用于无线电射频(RF)发射系统,能够在800至2200兆赫的射频区域内 产生高达50瓦的射频功率(RF)。用户应注意,必须采取适当的预防措施,尽量 减少暴露在射频区域里,保持在建议的范围内。请特别注意以下几个方面:

Synopsys OptoDesigner 2020.09安装指南说明书

Synopsys OptoDesigner 2020.09安装指南说明书
Accidental full scan proliferation by a build server farm..................................................................... 25 Solution......................................................................................................................................25
3. Troubleshooting scanning issues........................................................25
Accidental full scan proliferation by folder paths which include build or commit ID............................ 25 Solution......................................................................................................................................25
Contents
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................5
1. Scanning best practices......................................................................... 8

FORD福特汽车研发流程介绍

FORD福特汽车研发流程介绍

Have the PPAP elements been satisfied?
Yes
Proceed to next page
Trained supplier production operators
Outputs from the event
STATUS: Phase 0 Completed
- Dimensional measurements [#9] - Material Tests [#10] - Statistical process package [#11] - Performance Tests [#12] - Appearance criteria [#13] - Sample parts [#14] - Master samples [#15] - Customer Specific Requirements[#17] - as defined by PPAP
项目节点(里程碑)
TT-Tooling Trial 工装样件 (PSW1)
交运制造
LR-Launch Readiness 生产准备就绪(可生产)
PP-Pilot Production 试生产(可售)(PSW2)
MP1-Mass Production 1 量产 (PSW3) Job #1— 整车投产
STATUS: Phase 2 Completed
Required Inputs
Required Inputs
Are the Run@Rate input requirements in place for the production stream?
Yes
EVENT: Conduct Run at Rate
noyesno3requiredinputsphase0phase1phase2phase0runatratephase1qualityverificationphase2productionverificationphase3capacityverification1设计记录2工程变更文件3顾客工程批准4设计fmea5过程流程图6过程fmea7控制计划8测量系统分析16检查辅具17顾客特殊要求9尺寸报告10材料和性能检测报告11初始过程能力研究12有资格的实验室文件13外观批准报告14生产样件15标准样件18零件提交保证书phase1psw零件提交保证书phase2psw要素18所有的生产线进行节拍生产要素181617对所有的生产线进行质量验证要素915产能分析报告零件提交保证书phase3psw要素18产能分析报告haverunatratesphase0beenconductedandqualityverificationsphase1beensatisfiedforallproductionstreams

09.Phase.diagrams

09.Phase.diagrams
- the amount of each phase (given in wt%).
Phase Diag
• Examples:
Co = 35 wt% Ni At T A : Only Liquid (L) W L = 100 wt%, W α = 0 At T D : Only Solid ( α ) W L = 0, W α = 100 wt% At T B : Both α and L
§ 9.4 Microstructure
-Microstructure is characterized by number of phases, their proportions, and the manner in which they are distributed. -The microstructure is affected by alloying elements, alloy concentration, heat treatment, temperature, etc.
- Every pure material is a phase. - In the previous example, sugar-water solution is one phase, & sugar solid is another phase. - Two phases are different in physical or chemical properties, but it is not necessary for all to be different.
Engr Mater: 09 4
Phase Diag
§9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems
• An isomorphous system refers to the complete liquid and solid solubility of the two components. • Definitions of liquidus line and solidus line • Reading the phase diagram: - melting temperature of elements - range of melting of solid solutions. - phases present - composition of these phases - fraction of each phase Cu-Ni system

材料学科常用的20个数据库列表

材料学科常用的20个数据库列表

材料学科常用的20个数据库列表1、ASM-Internationa /asm_tms/phase_diagrams/pd/2、日本国立材料科学研究所:材料数据库--- http://mits.nims.go.jp/db_top_eng.htm3、Thermophysical Properties of Matter Database https:///Applicati ... Group&mgcode=14、(美国)国家标准与技术局(NIST)物性数据库/chemistry/name-ser.html5、中科院物性及热化学数据库—/sdb_2004/all_thermochemistry.html6、Database for Solder Properties with Emphasis on Ne /div853/lead%20free/solders.html7、台湾生贸公司无铅焊料系列文献下载 /service_load.asp8、la surface com /accueil/index.php9、Surface Analysis Forum(大容量)-- /10、Lead-Free Solder Alloy --- /~bozack/Pb-FreeSolder.html11、Lead-Free Solder--- /Db/_Lead-Free.html12、化工引擎--- /13、NIST XPS Database--- /xps/Bind_e_spec_query.asp14、Solder Systems Computational Thermodynamics /phase/solder/solder.html15、Phase Diagrams and Articles— http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/index.php?websites=116、韩国多元相图--- http://www.icm.re.kr/mdb/phase/index.jsp?ca=2&index=A17、二(三)元相图FactSage Database- - http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/fact/ ... tel/FSstel_Figs.htm18、剑桥大学材料资源-- /index.html19、二元相图库--- http://web.met.kth.se/dct/pd/periodic-table.html20、金相实验室-- /index.html关于材料常数及论文方面一些有用的网站(转)常用的材料常数及各种标准/元素周期表http://cimesg1.epfl.ch/CIOLS/crystal1.pl晶体学网站,里面有很多有用的链接/cuu/Constants/i...?/codata86.html物理常数/world/lecture/index.html讲义/ 晶体之星/default.cfm材料科学与工程方面的论文网站/default.cfm一个关于论文的搜索网址/NewFiles/material_properties.html材料学数据/ludlum/p...roductLine.html/servlet/N ... 0&c=&page=2//ams/ams.asp/amse/amse.asp///cljpk//biaozun.php/fms/WebCourse/chapter1/c1-s1.asp/index.jsp?url=htt...g%3D1%26age%3D0/index.jsp材料大全A到Z (金属、陶瓷、高分子、复合材料)(免费) 材料大全A到Z (金属、陶瓷、高分子、复合材料)(免费)/materials.asp日本国立材料科学研究所:材料数据库(免费)http://mits.nims.go.jp/db_top_eng.htmDatabase of Published Interatomic Parameters(免费)/DFRL/researc ... database/index.htmlLiqCryst Online (液晶数据库)(部分免费)http://liqcryst.chemie.uni-hamburg.de/PoLyInfo (高分子材料设计所需的各种数据)(免费)http://polymer.nims.go.jp/polyinfo_top_eng.htm保温材料数据库NASA TPSX(免费)/CAMPUS (塑料产品数据库, 免费)/Chemical Resistance of Resin Materials(免费)/html/chemical.htmlGoodfellow (金属与材料)/ILL's 3D structure gallery in VRML (各种有趣的无机材料的3D结构)http://www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals/index.htmlKey to Metals (有色金属数据库)/Materials Science International Services (合金材料组成和相图数据)/World Wide Composites Search Engine (英特网复合材料搜索引擎)/材料手册, Ceramic Industry(免费)/FILES/HTML/MaterialsHandbook/0,2772,,00.html化学相容性(化学品与材料之间)数据库, Cole-Parmer(免费)/techinfo/chemcomp.asp金属合金物性数据库(Principal Metals, Inc.提供)(免费)/prime/step1.asp科学数据库/美国、加拿大再生塑料产品/厂家目录(Recycled Plastic Products Directory)(免费) /溶剂选择数据库(免费)/陶瓷材料参考指南,Reference Guide Index(免费)/FILES/HTML/ReferenceIndex/0,2796,,00.html吸声材料数据表(免费)/tecref_acoustictable.html 【网址推荐】材料学一些网站1. /常用的材料常数及各种标准2. /元素周期表3. http://cimesg1.epfl.ch/CIOLS/crystal1.pl晶体学网站,里面有很多有用的链接4. /cuu/Constants/index.html?/codata86.html 物理常数5. /world/lecture/index.html讲义6. / 晶体之星7. /default.cfm材料科学与工程方面的论文网站8./l ... p/G.16/qx/ProductLi ne.html9. /servlet/N ... 0&c=&page=2 关于不锈钢的数据10. http://mits.nims.go.jp/db_top_eng.htm 日本国立材料科学研究所:材料数据库。

08 Bode diagrams 伯德图

08 Bode diagrams 伯德图


April 2013
Control Systems Engineering – Bode diagrams
4
Bode diagram

Example


Consider the transfer function: ������ =
Change this function from the s- domain into the ω-domain The transfer function becomes: ������ ������������ =
1 1+������������
1 1+������������

April 2013
Control Systems Engineering – Bode diagrams
5
Bode diagram

Frequency & period
April 2013
Control Systems Engineering – Bode diagrams
20
Bode diagrams exercises

Create a Bode diagram for the following functions: 3( 25 s + 1) 3( 25 s + 1) 25s + 3 3 = 4 23 9 H (s) = 2 = 4 s + 9 s + 2 2( 2 s + 2 s + 1) 2 ⋅ 2( s + 2)( s + 1 ) 4
3( 25 s + 1) 3( 25 s + 1) 3 = 1 3 = 2( 2 s + 1)(4 s + 1) 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ( 1 s + 1)(4 s + 1) 4 2

斑马技术公司DS8108数字扫描仪产品参考指南说明书

斑马技术公司DS8108数字扫描仪产品参考指南说明书
Chapter 1: Getting Started Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Interfaces ....................................................................................................................................... 1-2 Unpacking ...................................................................................................................................... 1-2 Setting Up the Digital Scanner ....................................................................................................... 1-3 Installing the Interface Cable .................................................................................................... 1-3 Removing the Interface Cable .................................................................................................. 1-4 Connecting Power (if required) ................................................................................................ 1-4 Configuring the Digital Scanner ............................................................................................... 1-4

临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示

临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示

临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示
根据《临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审与管理办法》,中共临沂市委组织部,临沂市人力资源和社会保障局,临沂市财政局,临沂市科协组织开展了临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选。

评选范围是2012年1月至2014年3月期间在正式学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上交流的学术成果,考察论证或调研报告,科技建议和正式出版的学术专著等。

按照评选标准和优中选优并兼顾学科分布的原则,经推荐单位初评,领导小组办公室初审,临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审委员会评审,评出一等奖88篇,二等奖118篇,三等奖232篇。

现予以公示,详情请登录临沂市科协网站()查看。

如有异议,请于刊登之日起7日(8月5日—11日)内将意见反馈市自然科学优秀学术成果评选领导小组办公室(地址:临沂市科协,联系人:韩成峰,联系电话:8727781,邮政编码:276001)。

临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖
评选领导小组办公室
2014年8月5日
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖
一等奖(88项)
二等奖(118项)
Bis[2--pyridyl)–4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide- 2O,N]tris(nitrato-
三等奖(232项)
21。

Thermo-calc软件-TCCP用户指南 (有目录索引)

Thermo-calc软件-TCCP用户指南 (有目录索引)

Thermo-Calc®User’s GuideVersion PThermo-Calc Software ABStockholm Technology ParkBjörnnäsvägen 21SE-113 47 Stockholm, SwedenCopyright © 1995-2003 Foundation of Computational ThermodynamicsStockholm, Sweden目录第1部分一般介绍 (12)1.1 计算热力学 (12)1.2 Thermo-Calc软件/数据库/界面包 (12)1.3 致谢 (13)1.4 版本历史 (13)1.5 Thermo-Calc软件包的通用结构 (13)1.6 各类硬件上Thermo-Calc软件包的有效性 (14)1.7 使用Thermo-Calc软件包的好处 (14)第2部分如何成为Thermo-Calc专家 (14)2.1 如何容易地使用本用户指南 (14)2.2 如何安装和维护Thermo-Calc软件包 (16)2.2.1 许可要求 (16)2.2.2 安装程序 (16)2.2.3 维护当前和以前版本 (16)2.2.4 使TCC执行更方便 (16)2.3 如何成为Thermo-Calc专家 (16)2.3.1 从TCSAB与其世界各地的代理获得迅速技术支持 (17)2.3.2 日常使用各种Thermo-Calc功能 (17)2.3.3 以专业的和高质量的标准提交结果 (17)2.3.4 通过各种渠道相互交换经验 (17)第3部分Thermo-Calc软件系统 (17)3.1 Thermo-Calc软件系统的目标 (17)3.2 一些热力学术语的介绍 (18)3.2.1 热力学 (18)3.2.2 体系、组元、相、组成、物种(System, component, phases, constituents and species) (18)3.2.3 结构、亚点阵和位置 (19)3.2.4 成分、构成、位置分数、摩尔分数和浓度(composition, constitution, site fractions, molefractions and concentration) (19)3.2.5 平衡态和状态变量 (19)3.2.6 导出变量 (22)3.2.7 Gibbs相规则 (25)3.2.8 状态的热力学函数 (25)3.2.9 具有多相的体系 (25)3.2.10 不可逆热力学 (26)3.2.11 热力学模型 (26)3.2.12 与各种状态变量有关的Gibbs能 (27)3.2.13 参考态与标准态 (27)3.2.14 溶解度范围 (28)3.2.15 驱动力 (28)3.2.16 化学反应 (28)3.2.17 与平衡常数方法相对的Gibbs能最小化技术 (28)3.2.18 平衡计算 (29)3.3 热力学数据 (30)3.3.1 数据结构 (30)3.3.3 数据估价 (32)3.3.6 数据加密 (33)3.4 用户界面 (34)3.4.1 普通结构 (34)3.4.2 缩写 (34)3.4.3 过程机制(history mechanism) (35)3.4.4 工作目录和目标目录(Working directory and target directory) (35)3.4.5 参数转换为命令 (36)3.4.6 缺省值 (36)3.4.7 不理解的问题 (36)3.4.8 帮助与信息 (36)3.4.9 出错消息 (36)3.4.10 控制符 (36)3.4.11 私人文件 (36)3.4.12 宏工具 (37)3.4.13 模块性 (37)3.5 Thermo-Calc中的模块 (37)3.5.1 基本模块 (37)3.7 Thermo-Calc编程界面 (39)3.7.1 Thermo-Calc作为引肇 (39)3.7.2 Thermo-Calc应用编程界面:TQ和TCAPI (40)3.7.3 在其它软件包中开发Thermo-Calc工具箱 (43)3.7.4 材料性质计算核材料工艺模拟的应用 (43)3.8 Thermo-Calc的功能 (44)3.9 Thermo-Calc应用 (44)第4部分Thermo-Calc数据库描述 (45)4.1 引言 (45)4.2 Thermo-Calc数据库描述形式 (45)第5部分数据库模块(TDB)——用户指南 (55)5.1 引言 (55)5.2 TDB模块中用户界面 (56)5.3 开始 (56)5.3.1 SWITCH-DATABASE (56)5.3.2 LIST-DATABASE ELEMENT (56)5.3.3 DEFINE_ELEMENTS (56)5.3.4 LIST_SYSTEM CONSTITUENT (56)5.3.5 REJECT PHASE (56)5.3.6 RESTORE PHASE (56)5.3.7 GET_DATA (56)5.4 所有TDB监视命令的描述 (56)5.4.1 AMEND_SELACTION (56)5.4.6 DEFINE_SPECIES (58)5.4.7 DEFINE_SYSTEM (58)5.4.8 EXCLUDE_UNUSED_SPECIES (58)5.4.9 EXIT (58)5.4.10 GET_DATA (58)5.4.11 GOTO_MODULE (59)5.4.12 HELP (59)5.4.13 INFORMA TION (59)5.4.14 LIST_DATABASE (60)5.4.15 LIST_SYSTEM (60)5.4.16 MERGE_WITH_DA TABASES (61)5.4.17 NEW_DIRECTORY_FILE (61)5.4.18 REJECT (61)5.4.19 RESTORE (62)5.4.20 SET_AUTO_APPEND_DA TABASE (62)5.4.21 SWITCH_DA TABASE (63)5.5 扩展命令 (64)第6部分数据库模块(TDB)——管理指南 (64)6.1 引言 (64)6.2 TDB模块的初始化 (65)6.3 数据库定义文件语法 (66)6.3.1 ELEMENT (67)6.3.2 SPECIES (67)6.3.3 PHASE (67)6.3.4 CONSTITUENT (67)6.3.5 ADD_CONSTITUENT (68)6.3.6 COMPOUND_PHASE (68)6.3.7 ALLOTROPIC_PHASE (68)6.3.8 TEMPERA TURE_LIMITS (68)6.3.9 DEFINE_SYSTEM_DEFAULT (69)6.3.10 DEFAULT_COMMAND (69)6.3.11 DATABASE_INFORMATION (69)6.3.12 TYPE_DEFINITION (69)6.3.13 FTP_FILE (70)6.3.14 FUNCTION (70)6.3.15 PARAMETER (72)6.3.16 OPTIONS (73)6.3.17 TABLE (73)6.3.18 ASSESSED_SYSTEMS (73)6.3.19 REFERENCE_FILE (74)6.3.20 LIST_OF_REFERENCE (75)6.3.21 CASE与ENDCASE (76)6.3.22 VERSION_DA TA (76)6.5 数据库定义文件实例 (77)6.5.1 例1:一个小的钢数据库 (77)6.5.2 例2:Sb-Sn系个人数据库 (78)第7部分制表模块(TAB) (81)7.1 引言 (81)7.2 一般命令 (81)7.2.1 HELP (81)7.2.2 GOTO_MODULE (81)7.2.3 BACK (82)7.2.4 EXIT (82)7.2.5 PATCH (82)7.3 重要命令 (82)7.3.1 TABULATE_SUBSTANCE (82)7.3.2 TABULATE_REACTION (85)7.3.3 ENTER_REACTION (86)7.3.4 SWITCH_DA TABASE (87)7.3.5 ENTER_FUNCTION (88)7.3.6 TABULATE_DERIV A TIVES (89)7.3.7 LIST_SUBSTANCE (91)7.4 其它命令 (92)7.4.1 SET_ENERGY_UNIT (92)7.4.2 SET_PLOT_FORMAT (92)7.4.3 MACRO_FILE_OPEN (92)7.4.4 SET_INTERACTIVE (93)7.5 绘制表 (93)第8部分平衡计算模块(POL Y) (94)8.1 引言 (94)8.2 开始 (95)8.3 基本热力学 (95)8.3.1 体系与相 (95)8.3.2 组元(Species) (95)8.3.3 状态变量 (96)8.3.4 组分 (97)8.3.5 条件 (98)8.4 不同类型的计算 (98)8.4.1 计算单一平衡 (98)8.4.2 性质图的Steping计算 (99)8.4.3 凝固路径模拟 (99)8.4.4 仲平衡与T0温度模拟 (99)8.4.5 相图的Mapping计算 (101)8.4.6 势图计算 (101)8.4.7 Pourbaix图计算 (101)8.4.8 绘制图 (101)8.5.4 更高阶相图 (104)8.5.5 性质图 (104)8.6 普通命令 (104)8.6.1 HELP (104)8.6.2 INFORMA TION (104)8.6.3 GOTO_MODULE (105)8.6.4 BACK (105)8.6.5 SET_INTERACTIVE (105)8.6.6 EXIT (106)8.7 基本命令 (106)8.7.1 SET_CONDITION (106)8.7.2 RESET_CONDITION (107)8.7.3 LIST_CONDITIONS (107)8.7.4 COMPUTE_EQUILIBRIUM (107)8.7.6 DEFINE_MATERIAL (108)8.7.6 DEFINE_DIAGRAM (111)8.8 保存和读取POL Y数据结构的命令 (112)8.8.1 SA VE_WORKSPACES (112)8.8.2 READ_WORKSPACES (113)8.9 计算与绘图命令 (114)8.9.1 SET_AXIS_V ARIABLE (114)8.9.2 LIST_AXIS_V ARIABLE (114)8.9.3 MAP (114)8.9.4 STEP_WITH_OPTIONS (115)8.9.5 ADD_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIUM (117)8.9.6 POST (118)8.10 其它有帮助的命令 (118)8.10.1 CHANGE_STA TUS (118)8.10.2 LIST_STA TUS (119)8.10.3 COMPUTE_TRANSITION (120)8.10.4 SET_ALL_START_V ALUES (121)8.10.5 SHOW_V ALUE (122)8.10.6 SET_INPUT_AMOUNTS (122)8.10.7 SET_REFERENCE_STA TE (122)8.10.8 ENTER_SYMBOL (123)8.10.9 LIST_SYMBOLS (124)8.10.10 EV ALUATE_FUNCTIONS (124)8.10.11 TABULATE (124)8.11 高级命令 (125)8.11.1 AMEND_STORED_EQUILIBRIA (125)8.11.3 DELETE_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIUM (126)8.11.4 LIST_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIA (126)8.11.5 LOAD_INITIAL_EQUILIBRIUM (126)8.11.10 SELECT_EQUILIBRIUM (128)8.11.11 SET_NUMERICAL_LIMITS (128)8.11.12 SET_START_CONSTITUTION (129)8.11.13 SET_START_V ALUE (129)8.11.14 PATCH (129)8.11.15 RECOVER_START_V ALUE (129)8.11.16 SPECIAL_OPTIONS (129)8.12 水溶液 (132)8.13 排除故障 (133)8.13.1 第一步 (133)8.13.2 第二步 (133)8.13.3 第三步 (133)8.14 频繁提问的问题 (134)8.14.1 程序中为什么只得到半行? (134)8.14.2 在已经保存之后为什么不能绘图? (134)8.14.3 为什么G.T不总是与-S相同? (134)8.14.4 如何获得组元偏焓 (135)8.14.5 为什么H(LIQUID) 是零而HM(LIQUID)不是零 (135)8.14.6 即使石墨是稳定的为什么碳活度小于1? (135)8.14.7 如何获得过剩Gibbs能? (135)8.14.8 当得到交叉结线而不是混溶裂隙时什么是错的? (135)8.14.9 怎么能直接计算最大混溶裂隙? (136)第9部分后处理模块(POST) (136)9.1 引言 (136)9.2 一般命令 (137)9.2.1 HELP (137)9.2.2 BACK (137)9.2.3 EXIT (137)9.3 重要命令 (137)9.3.1 SET_DIAGRAM_AXIS (137)9.3.2 SET_DIAGRAM_TYPE (138)9.3.3 SET_LABEL_CORVE_OPTION (139)9.3.5 MODIFY_LABEL_TEXT (139)9.3.6 SET_PLOT_FORMAT (140)9.3.7 PLOT_DIAGRAM (141)9.3.8 PRINT_DIAGRAM (142)9.3.9 DUMP_DIAGRAM (143)9.3.10 SET_SCALING_STA TUS (144)9.3.11 SET_TITLE (144)9.3.12 LIST_PLOT_SETTINGS (144)9.4 实验数据文件绘图命令 (144)9.4.1 APPEND_EXPERIMENTAL_DA TA (144)9.4.2 MAKE_EXPERIMENTAL_DA TAFILE (145)9.5.3 SET_AXIS_LENGTH (147)9.5.4 SET_AXIS_TEXT_STATUS (147)9.5.5 SET_AXIS_TYPE (147)9.5.6 SET_COLOR (147)9.5.7 SET_CORNER_TEXT (148)9.5.8 SET_FONT (148)9.5.9 SET_INTERACTIVE_MODE (149)9.5.10 SET_PLOT_OPTION (149)9.5.11 SET_PREFIX_SCALING (149)9.5.12 SET_REFERENCE_STA TE (149)9.5.13 SET_TIELINE_STA TE (150)9.5.14 SET_TRUE_MANUAL_SCALING (150)9.5.15 TABULATE (150)9.6 奇特的命令 (150)9.6.1 PATCH_WORKSPACE (150)9.6.2 RESTORE_PHASE_IN_PLOT (150)9.6.3 REINIATE_PLOT_SETTINGS (151)9.6.4 SET_AXIS_PLOT_STATUS (151)9.6.5 SET_PLOT_SIZE (151)9.6.6 SET_RASTER_STATUS (151)9.6.8 SUSPEND_PHASE_IN_PLOT (151)9.7 3D图标是:命令与演示 (151)9.7.1 CREATE_3D_PLOTFILE (153)9.7.2 在Cortona VRML Client阅读器中查看3D图 (154)第10部分一些特殊模块 (155)10.1 引言 (155)10.2 特殊模块生成或使用的文件 (156)10.2.1 POL Y3文件 (156)10.2.2 RCT文件 (156)10.2.3 GES5文件 (156)10.2.4 宏文件 (157)10.3 与特殊模块的交互 (157)10.4 BIN模块 (157)10.4.1 BIN模块的描述 (157)10.4.2 特定BIN模块数据库的结构 (161)10.4.3特定BIN计算的演示实例 (162)10.5 TERN 模块 (162)10.5.1 TERN 模块的描述 (162)10.5.2 特殊TERN模块数据库的结构 (166)10.5.3 TERN模块计算的演示实例 (167)10.6 POT模块 (167)10.7 POURBAIX 模块 (167)10.8 SCHAIL 模块 (167)11.2 热化学 (168)11.2.1 一些术语的定义 (168)11.2.2 元素与物种(Elements and species) (168)11.2.3 大小写模式 (169)11.2.4 相 (169)11.2.5 温度与压力的函数 (169)11.2.6 符号 (170)11.2.7 混溶裂隙 (170)11.3 热力学模型 (170)11.3.1 标准Gibbs能 (171)11.3.2 理想置换模型 (171)11.3.3 规则溶体模型 (171)11.3.4 使用组元而不是元素 (172)11.3.5 亚点阵模型—化合物能量公式 (172)11.3.6 离子液体模型,对具有有序化趋势的液体 (172)11.3.7 缔合模型 (173)11.3.8 准化学模型 (173)11.3.9 对Gibbs能的非化学贡献(如铁磁) (173)11.3.10 既有有序-无序转变的相 (173)11.3.11 CVM方法:关于有序/无序现象 (173)11.3.12 Birch-Murnaghan模型:关于高压贡献 (173)11.3.13 理想气体模型相对非理想气体/气体混合物模型 (173)11.3.14 DHLL和SIT模型:关于稀水溶液 (173)11.3.15 HKF和PITZ模型:对浓水溶液 (173)11.3.16 Flory-Huggins模型:对聚合物 (173)11.4 热力学参数 (173)11.5 数据结构 (175)11.5.1 构造 (175)11.5.2 Gibbs能参考表面 (175)11.5.3 过剩Gibbs能 (175)11.5.4 存储私有文件 (175)11.5.5 加密与不加密数据库 (176)11.6 GES系统的应用程序 (176)11.7 用户界面 (176)11.7.1 模块性和交互性 (177)11.7.2 控制符的使用 (177)11.8 帮助与信息的命令 (177)11.8.1 HELP (177)11.8.2 INFORMATION (177)11.9 改变模块与终止程序命令 (178)11.9.1 GOTO_MODULE (178)11.9.2 BACK (178)11.9.3 EXIT (178)11.10 输入数据命令 (178)11.10.4 ENTER_SYMBOL (180)11.10.5 ENTER_PARAMETER (181)11.11 列出数据的命令 (183)11.11.1 LIST_DATA (183)11.11.2 LIST_PHASE_DA TA (183)11.11.3 LIST_PARAMETER (184)11.11.4 LIST_SYMBOL (185)11.11.5 LIST_CONSTITUENT (185)11.11.6 LIST_STATUS (185)11.12 修改数据命令 (185)11.12.1 AMEND_ELEMENT_DA TA (185)11.12.2 AMEND_PHASE_DESCRIPTION (186)11.12.3 AMEND_SYMBOL (188)11.12.4 AMEND_PARAMETER (189)11.12.5 CHANGE_STATUS (191)11.12.6 PATCH_WORKSPACES (191)11.12.7 SET_R_AND_P_NORM (191)11.13 删除数据的命令 (192)11.13.1 REINITIATE (192)11.13.2 DELETE (192)11.14 存储或读取数据的命令 (192)11.14.1 SA VE_GES_WORKSPACE (192)11.14.2 READ_GES_WORKSPACE (193)11.15 其它命令 (193)11.15.1 SET_INTERACTIVE (193)第12部分优化模块(PARROT) (193)12.1 引言 (193)12.1.1 热力学数据库 (194)12.1.2 优化方法 (194)1 2.1.4 其它优化软件 (195)12.2 开始 (195)12.2.1 试验数据文件:POP文件 (195)12.2.2 图形试验文件:EXP文件 (197)12.2.3 系统定义文件:SETUP文件 (197)12.2.4 工作文件或存储文件:PAR文件 (198)12.2.5 各种文件名与其关系 (198)12.2.6 交互运行PARROT模块 (199)12.2.6.3 绘制中间结果 (199)12.2.6.4 实验数据的选择 (199)12.2.6.6 优化与连续优化 (200)12.2.7 参数修整 (200)12.2.8 交互完成的变化要求编译 (201)12.3 交替模式 (201)12.4 诀窍与处理 (201)12.4.4 参数量 (201)12.5 命令结构 (201)12.5.1 一些项的定义 (201)12.5.2 与其它模块连接的命令 (201)12.5.3 用户界面 (201)12.6 一般命令 (201)12.7 最频繁使用的命令 (202)12.8 其它命令 (203)第13部分编辑-实验模块(ED-EXP) (203)第14部分系统实用模块(SYS) (203)14.1 引言 (203)14.2 一般命令 (203)14.2.1 HELP (203)14.2.2 INFORMA TION (204)14.2.4 BACK (205)14.2.5 EXIT (205)14.2.6 SET_LOG_FILE (205)14.2.7 MACRO+FILE_OPEN (205)14.2.8 SET_PLOT_ENVIRONMENT (206)14.3 Odd命令 (207)14.3.1 SET_INTERACTIVE_MODE (207)14.3.2 SET_COMMAND_UNITS (207)14.3.4 LIST_FREE_WORKSPACE (207)14.3.5 PATCH (207)14.3.6 TRACE (207)14.3.7 STOP_ON_ERROR (208)14.3.8 OPEN_FILE (208)14.3.9 CLOSE_FILE (208)14.3.10 SET_TERMINAL (208)14.3.11 NEWS (208)14.3.12 HP_CALCULATOR (208)14.4 一般信息的显示 (209)第15部分数据绘图语言(DATAPLOT) (215)第1部分一般介绍1.1 计算热力学在近十年内与材料科学与工程相联系的计算机计算与模拟的研究与发展已经为定量设计各种材料产生了革命性的方法,热力学与动力学模型的广泛结合使预测材料成分、各种加工后的结构和性能。

Rose图形表示说明

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伪三元相图外文1

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PSEUDO-TERNARY PHASE DIAGRAMS OF A DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMZiheng Wang and Rajinder PalDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaAbstract: The purpose of this research was to develop the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams fora model drug delivery system consisting of vitamin E (model drug)+soybeanoil+surfactant+co-surfactant (anhydrous glycerol)+water. The model drug (vitamin E) wasloaded in the oil phase. The effects of different surfactants (pure and mixed) on the phasediagram, especially the microemulsion region, were investigated. The influence of drugloading level on the phase diagram was also determined. The surfactants studied were Tween20, Tween 80, Cremopher EL, and their mixtures. The size (area) of the microemulsionregion of the phase diagram was found to be dependent on the type of surfactant used and theloading level of drug (vitamin E)Keywords: Phase diagram, microemulison, drug delivery, self-microemusifying system,drug loading1.INTRODUCTIONOral-based drug delivery is the most common way to deliver drugs into the bloodstream.. The water-soluble drugs can diffuse freely and easily in gastrointestinal tract and they have a high bioavailability. However, more and more drugs being discovered nowadays with the advances in biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology are oil-soluble. The oil-soluble drugs pose serious problems in that they cannot diffuse freely and easily in gastrointestinal tract because of their poor solubility. One way to deliver oil-soluble drugs is to incorporate them into an inert lipid vehicle, such as an emulsion, oil [Burcham D.L. et al. 1997], surfactant dispersion [Serajuddin A.T.M. et al. 1988], or liposome [Schwendener R.A. et al. 1996]. At present, there are at least four drug products available in the pharmaceutical market that are delivered in emulsion form; they are: Sandimmune and Sandimmun Neoral (cyclosporin A), Norvir (ritonavir), and Fortovase (saquinavir). A significant improvement in the oral bioavailability of these drug compounds has been demonstrated [Gursoy R.N. et al. 2004]. Therefore, much attention is focused on using emulsions as vehicles to deliver oil-based drugs. Recently, microemulsions have been used to deliver oil-based drugs. Microemulsions offer several advantages over the usual (coarse) emulsions. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable and the droplets of microemulsions are of very small size. The microemulsion delivery system is also referred to as the “self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS)”.Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) is a pre-mixture of drug, oil, surfactant and co-surfactant that can be used to deliver oil-based drugs. Upon gentle shaking and gastric juice dilution in stomach, it can form microemulisons spontaneously [Shah N.H. et al. 1994]. It is a highly suitable drug delivery system for hydrophobic drugs because it can be self-emulsified to microemulsion easily and steadily under mild condition in stomach. The pre-mixture can be stored for a very long period in capsules because of the high thermodynamic stability. However, a major disadvantage of SMEDDS is the large amount of surfactant needed to form a SMEDDS. Normally the amount of surfactant required to form a microemuslion is around 4 to 5 times of oil [Pouton C.W. 2000]. Another disadvantage related to large surfactant requirement is the potential toxic effects associated with the surfactant [Humberstone et al. 1997]. Therefore, it is highly desirable to reduce the usage of surfactants and at the same time, maintain the droplet size at a microemulsion level.A pseudo-ternary phase diagram of drug, oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and water can be very helpful in formulating a suitable composition of SMEDDS. Usually there are three types of phases encountered in a pseudo-ternary phase diagram: microemulsion (ME), liquid crystal (LC) and coarse emulsion (EM). Microemulsion (ME) region is themain region of interest for formulation of SMEDDS. A large microemulsion region can offer more flexibility to find the optimal dosage composition. Microemulsions are identified with their clear and transparent appearance. Liquid crystal (LC) is a gel-like material that exhibits oil streaks under stirring condition. They also exhibit birefringence under crossed polarized microscope. Coarse emulsion (EM) is the traditional thermodynamic unstable emulsion; it appears as milky white during the preparation and storage. The particles size of coarse emulsion can range from sub-microns to microns [Li P. et al., 2005].In this work, the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for a system consisting of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and water, with and without a model drug (vitamin E) are developed. The influence of different surfactants and drug on the size of the microemulsion region is examined.2.MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1MaterialsVitamin E (α-Tocopherol, HPLC grade), glycerol anhydrous (GC grade) and Cremophor EL were purchased from Fluka. Soybean oil, Tween 80, Tween 20 were purchased from Sigma. All chemicals were used as received.2.2Experimental ProcedureThe experimental work consisted of into two parts. In the first part, the influence of different surfactants (pure and mixed) on the pseudo-ternary phase diagram of oil + surfactant + co-surfactant + water system, without any drug (vitamin E) loading, was determined. Based on this part of experimental work, the best surfactant was selected. In the next part, the drug (vitamin E) was loaded in the oil phase and the influence of different drug loadings on the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was determined. The oil phase was loaded with 10%w/w, 20%w/w, 30%w/w, 40%w/w and 50%w/w of vitamin E.The ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant was fixed at 1:1 on the weight basis. The mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant is referred to as “surfactant phase” in the following discussion. Six types of surfactant phases (Tween 80+Glycerol, Tween 20+Glycerol, Cremophor EL+Glycerol, Tween 80+Tween 20+Glycerol, Tween 80+Cremophor EL+Glycerol, Tween 20+Cremophor EL+Glycerol) were prepared. The soybean oil was mixed with each of surfactant phases in the ratios (weight basis) of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 . A titration technique was employed for the preparation of the pseudo ternary phase diagrams. Deionized water was added in small increments (less than 5% w/w) to the mixture of soybean oil/surfactant phase at room temperature. After each water addition, the mixture was stirred in a beaker for 2-3 min using a stirring bar and a magnetic stirring plate. The titration process followed the tie lines (dash lines) shown in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram of Figure. 1. The phases were identified using visual inspection, microscopic inspection, and measurement of droplet size.. The droplet size was measured by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering)Figure 1 - Tie lines of a pseudo-ternary phase diagram3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Influence on surfactant-type on the phase diagramFigures 2 to 7 show the pseudo ternary phase diagrams obtained for the system (soybean oil + surfactant + glycerol + water) using different surfactants. No drug (vitamin E) was present in the system..Figure 2 - Phase diagram for the system Figure 3 - Phase diagram for the system soybean oil+Tween80+glycerol+water soybean oil+Tween 20+glycerol+waterFigure 4 - Phase diagram for the system Figure 5 - Phase diagram for the system soybean oil+cremophor EL+glycerol+water soybean oil+Tween 80+Tween 20+glycerol+waterFigure 6 - Phase diagram for the system Figure 7 - Phase diagram for the system soybean oil+Tween 80+cremophor EL+glycerol+water soybean oil+Tween 20+cremophor EL+glycerol+water Upon comparing Figures 2 to 7, it is clear that Tween 20 (shown in Figure 3) is the worst surfactant in that it gives a negligibly small microemulsion (ME) region. The usage of mixed surfactants (see Figures 5 to 7) does not give any substantial enlargement of the ME region. Therefore, the combination of different surfactants is not a good choice for this system The combination of two surfactants can actually enhance the potential risk of drug administration.. The best surfactant for the present system appears to be Tween 80. While Cremophor EL gives a similar sized microemulsion (ME) region, it has a lower HLB value of 13.5 as compared with Tween 80 (HLB of 15). The larger the HLB value, easier it is for the surfactant to form oil-in-water emulsions.. In conclusion, the best surfactant (among the pure and mixed ones investigated in this work) for the system (soybean oil +surfactant+glycerol+water) appears to be Tween 80..3.2 Influence of drug loading on the phase diagramFigures 8 to 12 show the effect on drug (vitamin E) loading on the phase diagram. The phase diagrams are shown for five different loading levels vitamin E in soybean oil (10% w/w, 20% w/w, 30% w/w, 40% w/w and 50% w/w).Figure 8 - Phase diagram for the system soybean Figure 9 - Phase diagram for the system soybean oil (10% vitamin E loading)+Tween 80+glycerol + water oil (20% Vitamin E loading)+Tween 80+glycerol+waterFigure 10 - Phase diagram for the system soybean Figure 11 - Phase diagram for the system soybean oil (30% vitamin E loading)+Tween 80+glycerol+water oil (40% vitamin E loading)+Tween 80+glycerol+waterFigure 12 - Phase diagram for the system soybeanoil (50% vitamin E loading)+Tween 80+glycerol+waterAccording to Figures 8 to 12, the influence of drug loading on the phase diagram (particularly the microemulsion region) is quite significant. The microemulsion (ME) region of the phase diagram undergoes enlargement when the drug loading is increased from 0 to 30% in the oil phase. With further increase in drug loading, the microemulsion region tends to shrink. It should also be noted that for drug loading levels of 40% and 50%, the microemulsions were not very stable; the samples exhibited phase separation when left for a few days. Thus, the best loading level of vitamin E is 30% based on the oil phase. At this level of drug loading, the microemulsion region is large enough to allow some flexibility in choosing an optimal composition for the SMEDDS.Table 1 shows the effect of drug loading on the mean droplet size of microemulsions. In column 1 of the table, O5S45W50 represents the composition with 5% w/w of oil phase, 45% w/w of surfactant phase and 50% w/w of water phase. In any given row of the table, the effect of drug loading level on the mean droplet size (nm) is shown. The data with asterisk means that phase separation happened in this case within a few days of storage. From the information given in the table, it can be concluded that at a drug loading level of 30% the microemulsions are stable and have the smallest mean droplet size as compared with microemulsions at other drug levels.Table 1- Mean droplet size (nm) information4.CONCLUSIONSPseudo-ternary phase diagrams are developed for a model drug delivery system consisting of soybean oil (loaded with vitamin E as a model drug) + surfactant + glycerol (as co-surfactant) + water. The influence of different types of surfactants (pure and mixed) and different drug loading levels on the phase diagram are determined experimentally. Based on this in vitro study, the best SMEDDS is soybean oil (30% w/w vitamin E) +Tween 80+glycerol+water.ACKNOWLEDGMENTFinancial support for this research is provided by NSERC in the form of a discovery grant awarded to Professor R. PalREFERENCESBurcham D.L., Maurin M.B., Hausner E.A., Huang S.M.. (1997) Improved oral bioavailability of hypocholesterolemic DMP in dogs following dosing in oil and glycol soluteons. Biopharm Drug Dispos;18:737-42Pouton C.W.. (2000) Lipid formulations for oral administration of drugs: non-emulsifying, self-emulsifying and …self-microemulsifying‟ drug delivery systems. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11 Auppl. 2 S93-S98Humberstone, A.J., Charman, W.N., (1997). Lipid-based vehicles for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 25, 103–128Kang B.K., Lee J.S., Chon S.K., Jeong S.Y., Yuk S.H., Khang G., Lee H.B., Cho S.F.. (2004) Int J Pharm; 274:65. Li P., Ghosh A., Robert F., Krill S., Yatindra M. J., Abu T.M. et al.. (2005) Effect of combined use of nonionic surfactant on formation of oil-in-water microemulisons. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 288 27-34. Gursoy R. N., Benita S.. (2004) Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for improved oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Biomed Pharmacother. Apr ;58 (3):173-82 15082340 (P,S,E,B)Schwendener R.A., Schott H. (1996) Lipophilic 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine derivatives in liposomal formations for oral and parenteral antileukemic therapy in the murine L1210 leukemia model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol; 122:723-6Serajuddin A.T.M., Shee P.C., Mufson D., Bernstein D.F., Augustine M.A.. (1988) Effect of vehicle amphiphilicity on the dissolution and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug from solid dispersion. J Pharm Sci;77:414-7.。

TH2817说明书

TH2817说明书
213体积与重量314安全要求315电磁兼容性316符号或缩略语3第二章基本性能指标621测量功能6211测量参数6212测量参数组合6213等效方式6214量程7215触发方式7216测量延时7217测量端方式8218测量速度8219滤波深度82110基本精度822测试信号8221测试信号频率8222测试信号电平8223输出阻抗9224偏置仅限th2817c9225测量显示范围923功能9231校正功能9232比较器功能10233参数显示10ith2817b系列使用说明书目录234变压器参数测试仅限th2817c10235自动lcz功能仅限th2817bc10236放电测试10237文件功能10238接口功能11第三章面板说明1231前面板说明1232后面板说明1433显示区域说明15第四章使用说明1841开机1842功能操作18421主参数设定18422副参数设定18423频率设定19424测试信号电压选择19425测量速度选择19426触发键19427量程设定20428开路清零21429短路清零214210显示方式选择224211比较器开关224212偏置功能开关仅th2817c234213测量设置244214极限列表设置304215文件操作功能344216系统功能设置36五章元件测量与应用指南4151常用元件测量4152被测件的正确连接42521被测件连接42522消除杂散阻抗的影响4353电感器的测量44iith2817b系列使用说明书目录54电容器的正确测量47541电容器的频率依赖性47542电容器损耗测量48543电容器的电平依赖性48544smd电容器的测量4855变压器测量49551初次级电感l2al2b50552匝比与极性测量n1n50553互感测量m50554直流电阻测量r2dcr51555漏感测量lk51556绕组间电容co5156比较器设置实例52561电容器分选52562磁环分选54第六章性能测试5761测量准确度57611zlcrx的准确度57612d准确度57613q准确度57614准确度58615rbb准确度58pbb616rbb准确度58sbb617变压器参数准确度58618准确度因子5962性能测试61621性能测试所用器件及设备61622功能检查61623测试信号电平精度测试61624频率精度测试61625电容量c损耗d精度测试62626电感量l精度测试62627阻抗z精

材料科学基础 英文版

材料科学基础 英文版

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
To sum up, by learning this course, you could
Improve your English, learning new phrases or terms and concepts of materials science. Expand your knowledge about the Principal of Materials Science and Engineering. Know how to write an abstract ,a resume properly, how to do translation between English and Chinese; how to communicate effectively.
Course Organization(课堂组织)
We meet twice a week for two successive 50minute periods. The time will be used for text study, problem discussing, in-class practicing and practical skills training for example, translation skills training. You are allowed to use both English and Chinese, but the former is encouraged.
2.The iron-carbon system
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学基础常用英语词汇

材料科学基础常用英语词汇

材料科学基础常用英语词汇材料的类型Types of materials, metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, elastomer部分材料性质复习Review of selected properties of materials,电导率和电阻率conductivity and resistivity,热导率thermal conductivity,应力和应变stress and strain,弹性应变elastic strain,塑性应变plastic strain,屈服强度yield strength,最大抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength,最大强度ultimate strength,延展性ductility,伸长率elongation,断面收缩率reduction of area,颈缩necking,断裂强度breaking strength,韧性toughness,硬度hardness,疲劳强度fatigue strength,蜂窝honeycomb,热脆性heat shortness,晶胞中的原子数atoms per cell,点阵lattice, 阵点lattice point,点阵参数lattice parameter,密排六方hexagonal close-packed,六方晶胞hexagonal unit cell,体心立方body-centered cubic,面心立方face-centered cubic,弥勒指数Miller indices,晶面crystal plane,晶系crystal system,晶向crystal direction,相变机理Phase transformation mechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growth transition,斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition,有序无序转变disordered-order transition,马氏体相变martensite phase transformation,成核nucleation,成核机理nucleation mechanism,成核势垒nucleation barrier,晶核,结晶中心nucleus of crystal,(金属组织的)基体quay,基体,基块,基质,结合剂matrix,子晶,雏晶matted crystal,耔晶,晶种seed crystal,耔晶取向seed orientation,籽晶生长seeded growth,均质核化homogeneous nucleation,异质核化heterogeneous nucleation,均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment,熟料grog,自恰场self-consistent field固溶体Solid solution:有序固溶体ordered solid solution,无序固溶体disordered solid solution,有序合金ordered alloy,无序合金disordered alloy.无序点阵disordered lattice,分散,扩散,弥散dispersal,分散剂dispersant,分散剂,添加剂dispersant additive,分散剂,弥散剂dispersant agent缺陷defect, imperfection,点缺陷point defect,线缺陷line defect, dislocation,面缺陷interface defect, surface defect,体缺陷volume defect,位错排列dislocation arrangement,位错阵列dislocation array,位错气团dislocation atmosphere,位错轴dislocation axis,位错胞dislocation cell,位错爬移dislocation climb,位错滑移dislocation slip, dislocation movement by slip, 位错聚结dislocation coalescence,位错核心能量dislocation core energy,位错裂纹dislocation crack,位错阻尼dislocation damping,位错密度dislocation density,体积膨胀volume dilation,体积收缩volume shrinkage,回火tempering,退火annealing,退火的,软化的softened,软化退火,软化(处理)softening,淬火quenching,淬火硬化quenching hardening,正火normalizing, normalization,退火织构annealing texture,人工时效artificial aging,细长比aspect ratio,形变热处理ausforming,等温退火austempering,奥氏体austenite,奥氏体化austenitizing,贝氏体bainite,马氏体martensite,马氏体淬火marquench,马氏体退火martemper,马氏体时效钢maraging steel,渗碳体cementite,固溶强化solid solution strengthening,钢屑混凝土steel chips concrete,水玻璃,硅酸钠sodium silicate,水玻璃粘结剂sodium silicate binder,硅酸钠类防水剂sodium silicate waterproofing agent, 扩散diffusion,扩散系数diffusivity,相变phase transition,烧结sintering,固相反应solid-phase reaction,相图与相结构phase diagrams and phase structures , 相phase,组分component,自由度freedom,相平衡phase equilibrium,吉布斯相律Gibbs phase rule,吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy,吉布斯混合能Gibbs energy of mixing,吉布斯熵Gibbs entropy,吉布斯函数Gibbs function,相平衡phase balance,相界phase boundary,相界线phase boundary line,相界交联phase boundary crosslinking,相界有限交联phase boundary crosslinking,相界反应phase boundary reaction,相变phase change,相组成phase composition,共格相phase-coherent,金相相组织phase constentuent,相衬phase contrast,相衬显微镜phase contrast microscope,相衬显微术phase contrast microscopy,相分布phase distribution,相平衡常数phase equilibrium constant,相平衡图phase equilibrium diagram,相变滞后phase transition lag, Al-Si-O-N系统相关系phase relationships in the Al-Si-O-N system, 相分离phase segregation, phase separation,玻璃分相phase separation in glasses,相序phase order, phase sequence,相稳定性phase stability,相态phase state,相稳定区phase stabile range,相变温度phase transition temperature,相变压力phase transition pressure,同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation,相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions,显微结构microstructures,不混溶固溶体immiscible solid solution,转熔型固溶体peritectic solid solution,低共熔体eutectoid,crystallization,不混溶性immiscibility,固态反应solid state reaction,烧结sintering,相变机理Phase transformation mechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growth transition,斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition,有序无序转变disordered-order transition,马氏体相变martensite phase transformation,成核nucleation,成核机理nucleation mechanism,成核势垒nucleation barrier,晶核,结晶中心nucleus of crystal,(金属组织的)基体quay,基体,基块,基质,结合剂matrix,子晶,雏晶matted crystal,耔晶,晶种seed crystal,耔晶取向seed orientation,籽晶生长seeded growth,均质核化homogeneous nucleation,异质核化heterogeneous nucleation,均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment,熟料grog,。

材料英语词汇

材料英语词汇

材料英语词汇专业词汇列表晶体结构(structure of crystal)原子质量单位Atomic mass unit (amu)原子量Atomic weight键能Bonding energy共价键Covalent bond电子构型electronic configuration正电的Electropositive氢键Hydrogen bond同位素Isotope摩尔Mole泡利不相容原理Pauli exclusion principle原子atom分子量molecule weight量子数quantum number范德华键van der waals bond点群point group波尔原子模型Bohr atomic model库仑力Coulombic force分子的构型molecular configuration负电的Electronegative基态Ground state离子键Ionic bond金属键Metallic bond分子Molecule元素周期表Periodic table极性分子Polar molecule价电子valence electron电子轨道electron orbitals对称要素symmetry elements原子堆积因数atomic packing factor(APF)面心立方结构face-centered cubic (FCC)配位数coordination number晶系crystal system衍射diffraction电子衍射electron diffraction六方密堆积hexagonal close-packed (HCP)NaCl型结构NaCl-type structure闪锌矿型结构Blende-type structure金红石型结构Rutile structure钙钛矿型结构Perovskite-type structure硅酸盐结构Structure of silicates链状结构Chain structure架状结构Framework structure叶蜡石pyrophyllite石英quartz美橄榄石forsterite各向异性的anisotropy晶格参数lattice parameters非结晶的noncrystalline多晶形polymorphism单晶single crystal电位electron states电子electrons金属键metallic bonding极性分子polar molecules衍射角diffraction angle粒度,晶粒大小grain size显微照相photomicrograph透射电子显微镜transmission electron microscope (TEM)四方的tetragonal配位数coordination number 晶胞unit cell(化合)价valence共价键covalent bonding离子键Ionic bonding 原子面密度atomic planar density合金alloy显微结构microstructure扫描电子显微镜scanning electron microscope (SEM)重量百分数weight percent单斜的monoclinic 晶体结构缺陷(defect of crystal structure)缺陷defect, imperfection线缺陷line defect, dislocation体缺陷volume defect位错线dislocation line螺位错screw dislocation晶界grain boundaries小角度晶界tilt boundary,位错阵列dislocation array位错轴dislocation axis位错爬移dislocation climb位错滑移dislocation slip位错裂纹dislocation crack位错密度dislocation density间隙原子interstitial atom间隙位置interstitial sites弗伦克尔缺陷Frenkel disorder主晶相the host lattice缔合中心Associated Centers.电子空穴Electron Holes克罗各-明克符号Kroger Vink notation固溶体solid solution化合物compound置换固溶体substitutional solid solution不混溶固溶体immiscible solid solution有序固溶体ordered solid solution固溶强化solid solution strengthening点缺陷point defect面缺陷interface defect位错排列dislocation arrangement刃位错edge dislocation混合位错mixed dislocation大角度晶界high-angle grain boundaries孪晶界twin boundaries位错气团dislocation atmosphere位错胞dislocation cell位错聚结dislocation coalescence位错核心能量dislocation core energy位错阻尼dislocation damping原子错位substitution of a wrong atom晶格空位vacant lattice sites杂质impurities肖脱基缺陷Schottky disorder错位原子misplaced atoms自由电子Free Electrons伯格斯矢量Burgers中性原子neutral atom固溶度solid solubility间隙固溶体interstitial solid solution金属间化合物intermetallics转熔型固溶体peritectic solid solution无序固溶体disordered solid solution取代型固溶体Substitutional solid solutions过饱和固溶体supersaturated solid solution非化学计量化合物Nonstoichiometric compound表面结构与性质(structure and property of surface)表面surface同相界面homophase boundary晶界grain boundary小角度晶界low angle grain boundary共格孪晶界coherent twin boundary 错配度mismatch重构reconstuction表面能surface energy扭转晶界twist grain boundary共格界面coherent boundary非共格界面noncoherent boundary 应变能strain energy惯习面habit plane界面interface异相界面heterophase boundary表面能surface energy大角度晶界high angle grain boundary晶界迁移grain boundary migration驰豫relaxation表面吸附surface adsorption倾转晶界titlt grain boundary倒易密度reciprocal density半共格界面semi-coherent boundary界面能interfacial free energy晶体学取向关系crystallographic orientation非晶态结构与性质(structure and property ofuncrystalline)熔体结构structure of melt玻璃态vitreous state粘度viscosity介稳态过渡相metastable phase淬火quenching玻璃分相phase separation in glasses 过冷液体supercooling melt软化温度softening temperature表面张力Surface tension组织constitution退火的softened体积收缩volume shrinkage扩散(diffusion)活化能activation energy浓度梯度concentration gradient 菲克第二定律Fick’s second law 稳态扩散steady state diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient填隙机制interstitalcy mechanism 短路扩散short-circuit diffusion 下坡扩散Downhill diffusion扩散通量diffusion flux菲克第一定律Fick’s first law相关因子correlation factor非稳态扩散nonsteady-state diffusion 跳动几率jump frequency晶界扩散grain boundary diffusion 上坡扩散uphill diffusion互扩散系数Mutual diffusion渗碳剂carburizing浓度分布曲线concentration profile 驱动力driving force自扩散self-diffusion空位扩散vacancy diffusion扩散方程diffusion equation扩散特性diffusion property达肯方程Dark equation本征热缺陷Intrinsic thermal defect 离子电导率Ion-conductivity浓度梯度concentration gradient扩散流量diffusion flux间隙扩散interstitial diffusion表面扩散surface diffusion扩散偶diffusion couple扩散机理diffusion mechanism无规行走Random walk柯肯达尔效应Kirkendall equation本征扩散系数Intrinsic diffusion coefficient 空位机制Vacancy concentration腐蚀与氧化(corroding and oxidation)氧化反应Oxidation reaction还原反应Reduction reaction价电子Valence electron腐蚀介质Corroding solution电动势Electric potential推动力The driving force腐蚀系统Corroding system腐蚀速度Corrosion penetration rate 电流密度Current density电化学反应Electrochemical reaction 极化作用Polarization过电位The over voltage浓差极化Concentration polarization 电化学极化Activation polarization 极化曲线Polarization curve缓蚀剂Inhibitor原电池galvanic cell电偶腐蚀galvanic corrosion 电位序galvanic series应力腐蚀Stress corrosion冲蚀Erosion-corrosion腐蚀短裂Corrosion cracking 防腐剂Corrosion remover腐蚀电极Corrosion target隙间腐蚀Crevice corrosion 均匀腐蚀Uniform attack晶间腐蚀Intergranular corrosion焊缝破坏Weld decay选择性析出Selective leaching氢脆损坏Hydrogen embitterment阴极保护Catholic protection穿晶断裂Intergranular fracture固相反应和烧结(solid state reaction and sintering)固相反应solid state reaction烧成fire再结晶Recrystallization成核nucleation子晶,雏晶matted crystal异质核化heterogeneous nucleation铁碳合金iron-carbon alloy铁素体ferrite共晶反应eutectic reaction烧结sintering合金alloy二次再结晶Secondary recrystallization结晶crystallization耔晶取向seed orientation均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment渗碳体cementite奥氏体austenite固溶处理solution heat treatment相变(phase transformation)过冷supercooling晶核nucleus形核功nucleation energy均匀形核homogeneous nucleation形核率nucleation rate热力学函数thermodynamics function 临界晶核critical nucleus枝晶偏析dendritic segregation平衡分配系数equilibrium distribution coefficient成分过冷constitutional supercooling共晶组织eutectic structure伪共晶pseudoeutectic表面等轴晶区chill zone中心等轴晶区equiaxed crystal zone急冷技术splatcooling单晶提拉法Czochralski method位错形核dislocation nucleation斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition马氏体相变martensite phase transformation 成核机理nucleation mechanism过冷度degree of supercooling形核nucleation晶体长大crystal growth非均匀形核heterogeneous nucleation长大速率growth rate临界晶核半径critical nucleus radius局部平衡localized equilibrium有效分配系数effective distribution coefficient引领(领先)相leading phase层状共晶体lamellar eutectic离异共晶divorsed eutectic柱状晶区columnar zone定向凝固unidirectional solidification区域提纯zone refining晶界形核boundary nucleation晶核长大nuclei growth有序无序转变disordered-order transition 马氏体martensite成核势垒nucleation barrier相平衡与相图(Phase equilibrium and Phase diagrams)相图phase diagrams组分component相律Phase rule浓度三角形Concentration triangle成分composition相平衡phase equilibrium热力学thermodynamics吉布斯相律Gibbs phase rule吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy吉布斯熵Gibbs entropy热力学函数thermodynamics function 过冷supercooling杠杆定律lever rule相界线phase boundary line共轭线conjugate lines相界反应phase boundary reaction相组成phase composition金相相组织phase constentuent相衬显微镜phase contrast microscope 相分布phase distribution相平衡图phase equilibrium diagram相分离phase segregation相phase组元compoonent投影图Projection drawing冷却曲线Cooling curve自由度freedom化学势chemical potential相律phase rule自由能free energy吉布斯混合能Gibbs energy of mixing 吉布斯函数Gibbs function热分析thermal analysis过冷度degree of supercooling相界phase boundary相界交联phase boundary crosslinking相界有限交联phase boundary crosslinking 相变phase change共格相phase-coherent相衬phase contrast相衬显微术phase contrast microscopy相平衡常数phase equilibrium constant相变滞后phase transition lag相序phase order相稳定性phase stability相稳定区phase stabile range相变压力phase transition pressure同素异晶转变allotropic transformation显微结构microstructures不混溶性immiscibility相态phase state相变温度phase transition temperature同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation 相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions。

小学上册第1次英语第6单元测验卷

小学上册第1次英语第6单元测验卷

小学上册英语第6单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.What is the main gas in the air we breathe?A. OxygenB. HydrogenC. Carbon DioxideD. NitrogenA2.What do we call the process of converting a liquid into a solid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporationD. Condensation3. A ________ (农夫市场) offers local produce.4.What do you call the hard outer covering of an egg?A. ShellB. MembraneC. YolkD. AlbumenA5.The _______ of a sound can be measured in decibels.6.The chemical formula for hydrobromic acid is _____.7.What is the name of the fairy tale character who left a glass slipper?A. Sleeping BeautyB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Belle8.What is the main purpose of a map?A. To show directionB. To tell timeC. To find foodD. To write stories9.Gravity keeps the planets in ______ around the sun.10.How many vowels are there in the English alphabet?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8A11.I enjoy ______ (listening) to music.12.The snow is _______ (白色的).13. A chemical reaction can involve the transformation of _____.14.She has long ___ (hair).15.I like to keep a journal where I write my ______ (梦想) and aspirations. It motivates me to work hard.16.What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. CanberraC. MelbourneD. BrisbaneB17.What is the capital of the Galápagos Islands?A. Puerto AyoraB. San CristóbalC. Puerto VillamilD. Puerto Baquerizo MorenoD18.What do you call a baby rabbit?A. KitB. PupC. CalfD. ChickA19.The _____ (细胞结构) of plants is fascinating to study.20.The ______ shows the relationship between animals and plants.21.What do you call a person who studies history?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. BiologistD. GeologistA22.I like to _____ (体验) new activities.23.We visit the ______ (科技博物馆) to explore innovations.24.My cousin is very good at ____ (acting).25.The ant carries food on its ____.26.The __________ is a large area of frozen ocean. (北冰洋)27.What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Yuri GagarinD. John GlennA28.The ______ (小鸭) loves to paddle in the lake.29.In a chemical reaction, the energy content of the products and reactants can be compared using _____ energy diagrams.30.What is the name of the famous American author known for his short stories?A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Mark TwainC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Ernest Hemingway31.I have a toy _______ that dances and sings all my favorite tunes.32.What do you call a person who studies stars?A. BiologistB. AstronomerC. ChemistD. GeologistB33.The _____ (气候) affects which plants can grow in an area.34.The __________ (历史的深邃) invites exploration.35.The puppy is ______ and cute. (small)36.What is the term for a baby skunk?A. KitB. PupC. CalfD. ChickA37.The Earth's outer layer is called the ______.38.Plants can be found in _______ around the world.39.The _____ (橡树) is very strong.40.Which animal is known for its black and white stripes?A. TigerB. ZebraC. LeopardD. PandaB41.The ________ has a soft voice.42.The __________ is very humid in July. (空气)43.My dad and I built a _________ (玩具火车轨道) together.44.The __________ (花园) is a great place to relax.45.My dad is a __________ (商业顾问).46.What is the name of the chemical element with the symbol O?A. OxygenB. HydrogenC. CarbonD. Nitrogen47.The ________ is often seen in gardens.48.The __________ (历史的视角) shapes narratives.49._____ (可持续发展) practices benefit the earth.50.In a battery, chemical energy is converted into _____ (electrical energy).51.The ______ (气候变化) poses challenges to plant survival.52.How many players are on a cricket team?A. ElevenB. NineC. TenD. Twelve53.What is the term for a baby seal?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Kid54.I enjoy cooking ________ (晚餐) with my family.55.Which of these animals can be found in the Arctic?A. LionB. PenguinC. Polar bearD. GiraffeC56.I have ________ friends at school.57.I have _____ (ten/twenty) fingers.58.ers have a sweet __________ (香味). Some flo59.Which planet is known for its tilted axis?A. VenusB. NeptuneC. UranusD. Mars60.I want to _____ (write) a letter.61. A _______ (蜥蜴) can change color to blend in.62.What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. EnglishC. FrenchD. ChineseB63.What is the name of the famous composer of classical music?A. BeethovenB. MozartC. BachD. All of the aboveD64.What do you call the space in which you live?A. HouseB. HomeC. ApartmentD. DormitoryB65.What do we call a person who studies rocks and minerals?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. AstronomerB66.Learning about geology helps us understand natural ______ and hazards.67.The liquid phase of water occurs between and degrees __________.68.I like to ________ (experiment) with ideas.69.What is 14 + 6?A. 18B. 19C. 20D. 21A70.We are going to the ________ (游乐园).71.The __________ is a famous area known for its diverse ecosystems.72.What is the color of the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. OrangeD. Purple73.There are _____ (三) cats in the house.74.My brother is a _____ (学生) involved in student government.75.What do you call the study of the weather?A. GeographyB. MeteorologyC. EcologyD. BiologyB76.Which animal is known for building dams?A. BeaverB. SquirrelC. RabbitD. FoxA77.Which season comes after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. AutumnD. FallC78.My grandma loves to _______ (动词) flowers in her garden. 她的花园很 _______ (形容词).79.What do you call a person who repairs cars?A. PlumberB. MechanicC. ElectricianD. CarpenterB80. A substance that can neutralize an acid is called a ______.81._____ (vineyards) produce grapes for wine.82.She loves to ______ (explore) new places.83.The _____ is the study of the universe beyond Earth.84.What do you call a group of lions?A. PackB. PodC. PrideD. Flock85.Certain plants bloom at ______ (夜晚).86.What do bees collect from flowers?A. NectarB. PollenC. WaterD. Seeds87. A _____ (园艺书籍) can provide useful tips for gardeners.88.I love to play ______ (户外运动) with my friends. It keeps us active and healthy.89.I want to _______ (学习) how to code.90.The puppy sleeps in a _______ (小狗在_______里睡觉).91.What do we call a scientist who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. Physicist92.The badger digs deep ______ (洞) in the ground.93.The ancient Romans built roads to facilitate ________ (贸易).94.What do we call a place where you can see many different types of animals?A. FarmB. ZooC. ParkD. Aquarium95.I like to go ______ with my family.96.The fish swims ___. (in, on, under)97.What is the color of a stop sign?A. YellowB. GreenC. RedD. Blue98.What is the capital of Kenya?A. NairobiB. KampalaC. Addis AbabaD. Dar es Salaam99.Martin Luther King Jr. fought for __________ (平等权利) for African Americans. 100.The Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical ______.。

数据处理英文版

数据处理英文版

Number of significant digits
The more digits after the decimal point, the more accurate the data? (How to determine the effective number of data?) Correct approach: the number of bits taken in addition to the last one figure for the measurement of the suspicious number or estimate, the rest of the figures are accurate and reliable. Significant digits: All numbers in a measurement that reflect the size of the measured value with a questionable number (estimated reading). 。
Rounding rule
"Rounding" method, when the first n +1 bit is 5, the rounding error is 5, this error can not be offset. This is the classical "rounded" method of abuse. (How to solve?) China's Science and Technology Commission formally promulgated the "Mathematics Revise Rules", known as the "rounding five single and double" rule: Rounding off into five to consider, five non-zero after one into the one. Five are zero after the parity, even before the five should be left, five before the odd into the one.
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系统的组成为
zB = nB/ n = (200g /78.11g· -1) / 3.645 mol = 0.7025 mol
根据杠杆规则可得
yB z B 0.7727 0.7025 n(l) n 3.645mol yB x B 0.7727 0.5752 1.296mol n(g) n n(l) (3.645 1.296)mol 2.349mol
解:根据相律,二组分系统两相平衡时的自由度数 F = 2。在系统的温度、 压力均已指定时,系统中两相的组成即不能任意改变而均有固定值,且与 系统的组成无关。在下面计算中以 A 代表甲苯,B 代表苯。 (1)理想液态混合物,A,B 均适用于拉乌尔定律。以 xB, yB分别代表气、液 两相平衡时的液相和气相组成。
p pA pB
理想的完全互溶双液系
(2) p-x-y 图
这是 p-x 图的一种,把液相组成 x 和气相组成 y 画在 同一张图上。A和B的气相组成 yA 和 y B 的求法如下: pA yA yB 1 yA p
* * p pA pB pA xA pB xB
* * pA xA pB (1 x A ) * * * pB ( pA p B ) xA
Chapter 8 Phase diagrams
Phase, components, and degrees of freedom 8.1 Definitions 8.2 The phase rule Two-component systems 8.3 Vapour pressure diagrams 8.4 Temperature-composition diagrams 8.5 Liquid-liquid phase diagrams 8.6 Liquid-solid phase diagrams
气相组成为 y B= pB/p = pB x B / p = 136.12 ³ 0.5752 /101.325 = 0.7727
(2)由甲苯和苯的质量 mA=100.0 g , mB= 200.0 g 及摩尔质量 MA = 92.14 g · mol -1, MB = 78.11g · mol –1 ,求出系统的物质的 量为 n = mA/MA + mB/MB = 100g / 92.14g· -1 + 200 g / 78.11g· -1 = 3.645mol mol mol
独立组分数(number of independent component) 定义:
C S R R'
在平衡体系所处的条件下,能够确保各相组
成所需的最少独立物种数(或是能随心所欲地改
变其数量的物质数目)称为独立组分数。它的数
值等于体系中所有物种数 S 减去体系中独立的 化学平衡数R,再减去各物种间的浓度限制条件 R'。
杠杆规则表明,当组成以质量分数表示时,两相的质 量反比于系统点到两个相点的距离。
wB() a
wB o wB() b
m()
m()
二组分系统三相平衡的杠杆规则计算: 根据相律,A、B二组分系统成α,β,γ 三相平衡时,系统 的自由度数 F = 2 – 3 + 2 = 1。在压力p恒定条件下,三相平 衡温度 T 和三个相的组成wB(α)、wB(β)、wB(γ)或 xB(α)、xB(β)、 xB(γ)均各为某恒定值。
Na2CO3 ▪ 7H2O(s)、和Na2CO3 ▪ 10H2O(s),问这些水合物能否 与Na2CO3水溶液及冰同时平衡共存。
S 5, R 3, R 0, C 2, F 2 P 2 4 P
当Fmin=0,Pmax=4,不能同时共存,只能与冰或水溶液共存。
理想的完全互溶双液系
例1:今有密闭抽空容器中有过量固体 NH4Cl,有下列分解 反应: NH4Cl(s) = NH3(g) + HCl(g), 求:此系统的 R、R´ 、C、P、F 各为多少? 解:R=1,R´ =1(因为从 NH4Cl 出发,处于同一相,两种产 物符合比例 1:1), C = S – R – R´ = 3 – 1 – 1 = 1,P = 2,
化学平衡限制:一个独立的化学反应,由于一个方程的存 在,便有一个限制条件,若有R个独立反应,便有R个限制
条件。
浓度限制条件:复相平衡体系中有时某些组分间的浓度比
例总是确定的,因此,存在一个确定的浓度比例,就增加
了一个浓度关系式,其非独立变量就增加一个,浓度限制 条件用R´表示 (注意:对化学反应,若产物不同相,则无浓度限制条件)
例题:
(a)N2、H2、NH3组成的体系 1)若无浓度限制条件
C 3 1 2,
F 2 1 2 3,
(T , P, xN2 , ( xH2 , xNH3 ))
2)开始只有NH3 有一浓度限制条件, R’=1
F 1 1 2 2,
(T , p)
例题:
(b) KCl与NaNO3溶于水形成的平衡体系
相中的成分大于液相中的组分,反之亦然。
在等温条件下,p-x-y 图分为三个区域。在液相线之上, 体系压力高于任一混合物的饱和蒸气压,气相无法存在,是液 相区。 在气相线之下,体系压力低于 任一混合物的饱和蒸气压,液相无 法存在,是气相区。 在液相线和气相线之间的梭形 区内,是气-液两相平衡。
n z A y A n x A z A



三相平衡下,当与环境进行热交换时,系统内部就 要发生相变化并达到新的相平衡。相变化的方向可以是 α+β γ 或 γ α+β
这时 γ 相的组成介于α 相和 β 相之间,而且 α 相、β 相质量 的变化Δm(α),Δm(β)或物质的量的变化Δn(α),Δn( β)也均符合杠 杆规则。



以Δm(γ) ,Δn(γ) 分别代表γ相的质量的变化和物质的量的变化,
相律最早由Gibbs提出,所以又称为Gibbs相律。如果除T,p外,还受其 它力场影响,则2改用n表示,即:
F C Pn
相律的意义
多组分多相系统是十分复杂的,但借助相律可以确定研究 的方向。它表明相平衡系统中有几个独立变量,当独立变量选 定之后,其他变量必为这几个独立变量的函数,尽管我们不知 这些函数的具体形式。
F = C – P + 2 = 1 – 2 + 2 = 1,表明T、p、气相组成中仅一
个可任意变化。
例2:一密闭抽空容器中有 CaCO3(s) 分解反应: CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g) 求:此系统 S、R、R´ 、C、F ?
解:S = 3,R = 1,R´ = 0 (浓度限制条件 R’ 要求成比例 的物质在同一相,此题中 CaO 与 CO2 为两相);
pA pA x A pA (1 xB ) pB pB xB p pA pB pA ( pB pA ) xB
将 p = 101.325 kPa , p 得液相组成为
A=
54.22 kPa , p =136.12 kPa代入上式,
B
p pA 101.325 54.22 xB * 0.5752 pB pA 136.12 54.22
C = S – R – R´ = 3 – 1 = 2,P = 3,
F=C–P+2=2–3+2=1
例3:在一个密闭抽空的容器中有过量的固体 NH4Cl, 同时存在下列平衡: NH4Cl(s) = NH3(g) + HCl(g) 2HCl(g) = H2(g) + Cl2(g), 求:此系统的 S、R、R´ 、C、P、F ? 解: S = 5,R = 2 p(NH3) = p(HCl) + 2p(H2); p(H2) = p(Cl2) 因为它们在同一相,浓度又成比例。 R´ =2 , C= S – R – R´ = 5 – 2 – 2 = 1, P = 2, F=C–P+2=1–2+2=1

Δm (α ) wB ( β ) wB (γ ) Δm ( β ) wB (γ ) wB ( α )
Δm(α ) Δm( β ) Δm(γ ) 0

xB ( β ) xB ( γ ) Δn(α ) Δn( β ) xB ( γ ) xB ( α )
Δn(α ) Δn( β ) Δn(γ ) 0
* pA pA x A yA * * * p pB ( pA pB ) xA * * p A ,p B , A 或 x B ,就可把各液相组成对应的气 x 已知 相组成求出,画在 p-x 图上就得 p-x-y 图。
理想的完全互溶双液系
* * pA pB ,则 y A xA ,即易挥发的组分在气 如果
因此,杠杆规则表明:当组成以摩尔分数表示时,两相 的物质的量反比于系统点到两个相点线段的长度。 同样,还可以得到
n y A z A n y A xA
n z A xA n y A xA
杠杆规则表示多组分系统两相平衡时,两相的数量之比与 两相组成、系统组成之间的关系。 用组分的质量分数表示。 设在一定的温度、压力下,A 、B 两物质,形成 、 两 个平衡相。系统的质量为 m , 相的质量为 m( ), 相的质 量为 m( )。B 在整个系统中的质量分数为 wB , B 在 相的质 量分数为 wB( ), B 在 相的质量分数为 wB( ) ; 组分 B 在系统中的总质量为 mB = m · B ; 在 相与 相的 w 质量分别为: mB( ) = m( ) · B( ) , w mB( ) = m( ) · B( )。 w 因为 B 的总量与计算方法无关,所以:
8.2 The phase rule(相律)
The phase rule is a general relation between the variance, F, the number of component ,C, and the number of phases at equilibrium, for a system of any composition: F = C –P+2 (8.1)
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