美国特色--美式英式英语-American English and British English
American English VS Britian English
烧烤 一楼 橡皮 运动鞋 钱包 广告牌 假期 吸尘器 生病的 间隔 毛衣 大水罐 电梯 货车 行李，包袱 雨衣 疯狂的 玉米
grill [grɪl] ground floor [ɡraund flɔ:] gumshoe [ˈgʌmʃu:] Gymshoes [dʒɪmʃu: ] handbag [ˈhændbæg] hoarding [ˈhɔ:dɪŋ] holiday [ˈhɒlədeɪ] hoover [ˈhu:və(r)] ill[ɪl] interval [ˈɪntəvl] jersey [ˈdʒɜ:zi] jug [dʒʌg] lift [lɪft] lorry [ˈlɒri] luggage [ˈlʌgɪdʒ] mackintosh [ˈmækɪntɒʃ] mad [mæd] maize [meɪz]
4
nowhere 任何地方都不 [ˈnəʊweə(r)] 私人医院 验光师 酒类商店 煤油 人行道 偷看 汽油 邮件 邮箱 邮递员 土豆片 婴儿车 nursing home [ˈnɜ:sɪŋ həum] oculist [ˈɒkjəlɪst] Off-lisence [of ˈlaɪsns] paraffin [ˈpærəfɪn] pavement [ˈpeɪvmənt] peep [pi:p] petrol [ˈpetrəl] Post [pəʊst] Postbox [ˈpəʊstbɒks] postman [ˈpəʊstmən] potato crisps pram [præm]
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收费高速公路 toll motorway 手电筒 流浪汉 裤子 torch [tɔ:tʃ] tramp [træmp] trousers
[ˈtraʊzəz] 袖口 地铁 内裤 道路边缘 背心，马甲 衣柜 洗手 挡风玻璃 叶子板 拉链 turn-ups [tɜ:nʌps]
英美英语的差别
英美英语的差别英美英语的差别英式英语(English English)和美式英语(American English)的差别是客观存在的，并且在语法上也是有一定差别的。
其实，不单是语法结构方面如此，甚至单词的使用也有这样的倾向。
这是说，在"英式英语"和"美式英语"中，假若是用不同的词汇表达同一个意思的，那么，使用"美式英语"的人远较使用"英式英语"者多。
笔者曾对一些用词作过研究，借此判别上述这种趋势是否普遍存在，结果是肯定的。
根据一些英美人士所作的调查，在日常应用的词汇中，"英式英语"和"美式英语"各有表达用语的大约有一千个，其中通用的占了大部分。
但所谓"通用"，其实是指英国人采纳了美国人的用词而已。
在英、美两国本土以外的地区，使用英文的人习惯了"美式英语"而少用"英式英语"者亦占了大多数。
以下举一些例子说明上述情况的表现。
Antenna，aerial（前者为"美式英语"，后者为"英式英语"，下同）--泛指无线电上使用的"天线"，但antenna远比aerial（或aerial wire）流行。
Apartment，flat--指大厦中的住宅单位，前者也被译为"（住宅）公寓"。
不过，东南亚地区目前流行用"座"来表达，故使用flat的机会较多。
Ash，can；dust，bin--指垃圾箱。
在美式英语中，含有同等词义的还有garbage can和junk一heap，但英式英语则只有dust一bin（或dust-bin）.香港目前多用dustbin。
但废纸篓的两种称呼分别是waste一basket和waste一paper basket，流行度则似乎相等。
美国英语和英国英语
Differences Between American English and British English美国英语（American English）和英国英语（British English）存在着很大的区别，有其自身的特点。
这些区别和特点主要体现在如下三个方面：1.Pronunciation 语音特点美国英语和英国英语在发音方面区别很大，可以归纳为8点。
A. [r] 音：在英国英语中，r在元音后不卷舌，而在美国英语中则要卷舌，如horse, air, bird, work, north, actor, car, article, earth, firm, turn等。
B. [a]音：在英国英语中发长音[]或短音[]的地方，美国英语发成a ，口形比[]窄，且发音稍后，口形比[]宽，且发音稍前，介于[]和[]之间，如dog, pot, fox, rock, box, progress, possible, problem, body, shop, water等。
C. [æ] 音：在英国英语中发[] 的地方，美国英语发成[æ]，如在擦音s之前，ask, past, fast, glass, last, basket, vast, task，在擦音f之前，draft, raft, half, after, laugh, calf,等，在擦音θ之前，path, bath，在鼻音n之前，command, demand, advance, plant, dance, answer, 在鼻音m之前，example, sample等。
D. [☜] 音，在英国英语中，字母o和u或ou后面有r音，而r之后又有元音时，读作[✈]，而在美国英语中则读作[☜]，如hurry, hurry-scurry, hurricane, worry, current, courage, encourage等。
英美英语的差异
英式英语和美式英语之间的差别有时是惊人的，在发音、词汇的使用、语法、和表达方式上都不同。
在国内时英语学得很不错的人，一旦到了美国，往往感到美式英语的困惑，不得不花大量的时间来适应美式英语。
我到过美国好多次，在生活中仍然常出现美式英语引起的麻烦。
下面是我颇有体会的英式英语和美式英语在词汇使用上的差别的几个例子：英式英语美式英语棒球帽 cap hat内裤 pants underwear长裤 trousers pants钞票 bank note check在美国时，有一次我到银行去取款，表示了我要钞票，使用了Bank note 这个词汇，银行职员教训我说：“我不懂你要的是什么，我猜你要的也许是check”。
而在英式英语里，check (或拼写为cheque) 是支票，根本不是钞票！在表达方式上的差别也很惊人。
当我看到一本英语口语教材中“好久不见了”的英语口语竟然是“Long time no see”时，我非常反感，认为这是地地道道的中国式英语。
但是，当我问在美国定居了17年的儿子时，他告诉我，有些美国人就是说“Long time no see”。
一.发音1.r的读音(例如:teacher,translator...)2.a的读音(例如:class,dance...)3.o的读音(例如:hot,spot...)4.-ary或-ory结尾的多音节词( dictionary,laboratory)5.重音( advertisement)6.特殊( schedule )二.单词1.英语单词中不发音的词尾-me,-ue在美语拼写中被删除2.英语-our,美式-or3.英语-re 美式-er4.英美同义异形字5.英美同形异义字三.语法1.句式英语 have got美式 have.......2.介词英 at weekends美 on weedends...........3.冠词..英语真正成为英国人的语言，至今只有三百多年的历史。
美国英语及语音的发展,与英式英语的区别
美国英语及语音的发展，与英式英语的区别美国英语及语音的发展，与英式英语的区别(2011-10-13 09:38:15)转载▼标签：杂谈分类：英语系统学习美国英语（又称美式英语，简称美语；英语：American English）是指美国使用的一种英语形式。
它在美国是最主要的语言。
根据1990年人口普查，97%的美国居民可以“好”或“很好”的使用英语，只有0.8%的人完全不使用英语，而1890年有3.6%。
到2005年，三分之二以上的英语母语者使用美式英语。
历史英国于北美殖民时期，英语便开始传入北美洲。
以英语为母语者第一次迁移到美国的移民潮是在17世纪。
与此同时，在北美也有使用荷兰语、法语、西班牙语和瑞典语的人。
* 维吉尼亚詹姆斯敦成立于1607年（英国在北美的第一个殖民地）。
* 新英格兰普利茅斯殖民地成立于1602年的马萨诸塞州普利茅斯。
* 1664年，英国部队占领新尼德兰。
* 1763年，英国取得了新法兰西这片法国殖民地和西班牙的殖民地佛罗里达。
语音与英式英语相比，很多方面美式英语在音韵上是趋于保守的。
有人认为一些北美乡下的口音和伊丽莎白一世时期的英语一样，这点尚在讨论。
不过与当代英格兰本土口音相比，美国中西部和北部的标准美式英语在发音上还要更接近于17世纪的英语。
美式英语发音保守的主要原因是它混杂了来自不列颠群岛的各种方言。
美国东岸地区因为和英格兰关系密切，以当时英国仍然处于优势地位，在英式英语发展的同时美国东岸口音也随之发生变化。
美国内陆地区和英国接触相对较少，原先的口音就在很大程度上彼保留了下来了。
大多数当代北美英语都有卷舌音（又称翘舌音），字母r在辅音前也要发音；虽然当今英式英语没有卷舌音，但在17世纪时英格兰各地全是这样。
受爱尔兰英语及苏格兰英语的影响，卷舌音更是进一步在美国发展。
大多数北美英语方言中，字母R的发音都是一个卷舌半元音，而不是颤音。
“er”音在fur（重读）和butter（非重读）中，用国际音标标记为[?]和[?]，但在美式英语中是一个R色彩元音。
毕业论文-英式英语和美式英语的不同 The Differences Between British English and American English
The Differences Between British English and American EnglishContentsAbstractBritish English and American English are the two major varieties of English in the world at present. They are belong to the same language -- English, there is there're common ground between them. Due to they developed independently with the different historical backgrounds, geography and culture. Of course, there are also many differences between them. As the English learners, it is necessary for us to get somewhat acquainted with the differences between them to help our study and keep us from unnecessary troubles. Because someone who don't know British and American English clearly, have a prejudice about British and American English, like that "which is better?" This thesis makes an analysis and comparison of British English and American English in terms of history, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary and grammar, hoping to help you completely and objectively know the differences between British and American English.Key words: English viariety historical background differences摘要：英式英语和美式英语是当今世界两种最为主要的英语变体，它们隶属同一种语言——英语，两者间有着必然的联系。
美国英语的特色
美国英语的特色1.美国英语的简介美国英语（American English或U.S. English ,又称美式英语）是在美国使用的一种英语形式。
它在美国是最主要的语言。
美国英语规范了第一代英国英语British English ,是现代英语发展史上第二代英语美国英语和英国英语为第三代国际英语World English的产生奠定了基础。
美国语言体现了美国社会特征，多样性体现多元的文化特征，俚语是美国英语生动的体现。
美国英语源于伊莉莎白时期的英语，其历史和美国的移民史有着非常密切的联系，美国移民史可以追述到300多年前。
美国英语是英国英语的一种区域语言变体，它起源于17~18世纪的英国英语。
从1607年英国人在美洲建立第一个殖民地——詹姆士城到1775年美国独立战争爆发为止，英国在北美地区先后建立了13个殖民地，同时英国殖民者也把莎士比亚(Shakespeare)和弥尔顿(Milton)的英语带到了美洲。
此时，人们通常称之为“北美英语”(English in North America)或殖民地英语(Colonial English) 。
这种古老的语言在新的环境中吸收了印第安人的土语和其他欧洲移民的语言，在新大陆继续发展最终形成了一种成熟的语言混合体——美语。
2.美国英语的特色美国英语也是英语，最早也来自英国。
所以，在谈美国英语的特色时，其中有一部分是相对于英国英语来说的，因为美国英语源于英国英语，只是在不断地发展和变化中产生了属于美国的独特性。
简单地说，美国英语的特色可以分为五大类：第一，美国英语和英国英语在语音上有相当明显的差别，但拼写的差别则不是很大。
第二，美国英语在片语、用字方面和语法上与英国英语的差异。
第三，数字表达方面也存在差异。
第四，商务英语书信方面的差异。
第五，独特有趣的美国俚语。
2.1美国英语的语音特色美国英语的语音和英国英语的语音是有差别的。
这一点，只要是经常看英文原声电影的人都会有所发现。
英式英语和美式英语 British English and American English
favourite neighbour colour
favorite neighbor color
Differences between British English & American English: 4.拼写
2)美式英语通常用z代替将 英式英语里的s；
构词时英式英语中单词要 双写最后的辅音字母，而 美式英语则不需要。
Tilda Swinton "Like This“ by Rumi 《就这样》 -鲁米
Dan Stevens
Emma Watson
Tom Hiddleston
Ivanka Trump
Ellen Degeneres
Scarlett Johansson
https:///
Differences between British English & American English: 3.用词
taxi
cab
larry
truck
3.用词
flat
apartment
lift
elevator
3.用词
underground
subway
football
soccer
3.用词
holiday
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
practice (n.) practise (v.)
practice (n./v.)
Differences between British English & American English: 4.拼写
4) 一些在英式英语中以re 结尾的单词在美式英语里 以er结尾；
centre theatre metre
Differences between British English & American English: 1.发音位置（声音在你口中共鸣的位置） 1）对于英音而言，发音位置是在口腔的 前半部，试着读一下“啊”，感受一下 用口腔前半部发音的感觉； 2）对于美音而言，发音位置在口腔的中 部。试着读一下“二”，感受一下用口 腔中部发音的感觉。
Differences between American English and British English2
（4）过去时与现在完成时
表示距现在不远的过去所发生或完成的事 情，英国英语常用现在完成时，则美国英 语则倾向于使用一般过去时。 例如： BE：I have studied your report already. AE：I studied your report already. BE：Now I know what it is! I’ve forgotten its name. AE：Now I know what it is! I forgot its name.
Difference of using words
• • • • • pants 到底是长裤还是内裤？ checks到底是支票还是钞票？ 纠结？？？？？！！！！ pants英式是 内裤，美式是长裤 checks 英式是支票，美式是钞票
• Americans drive automobiles down freeways and fill up with gas; the British drive cars along motorways and fill up with petrol. • can you translate it? • 小轿车 高速公路 汽油 • 英国英语（B.E） -----美国英语（A.E） • undergound --- subway • taxi --- cab • torch --- flashlight(手电筒)
Differences between American English and British EnglishFra bibliotek领导人讲话
•美
•英
let's have a overall look at their pronunciation and intonation(语调) differences
浅析美国英语的特色
浅析美国英语的特色摘要：众所周知，美国是来自许多国家和地区的由不同语言和肤色组成的多民族国家。
美国英语，犹如中国的许多地区的方言，都是由于各种历史原因而从母语中独立发展出来的分支，美语是在美洲大陆上使用的一种有别于英国英语的年轻语言。
现今的美国英语如同美国在世界的规模一样，在政治、经济、文化各方面都为世界瞩目，更远远超过英语本土。
自十七世纪初期以来，美国英语至少发展了二百多年，因此，美国英语无论在最基础的单词，短语，习惯用法、甚至在某些语法方面的倾向上都与英国本土英语有明显差异，这对于我们学习英语的人来说，这些都是尤为重要的。
而我们也发现，无论从哪方面来说，美国英语似乎比英国英语更“英语化”，使学习英语的人更有规律可循。
因此我们来论述一下美国英语的特色，深刻地了解美国英语特色，也易于我们更好的学习英语，掌握英语。
论文联盟*一、美国英语的历史性英国英语是十七世纪的英格兰殖民者带到北美洲的，因此美国英语是英格兰所用的语言。
也正因为如此，所以现今有些英国英语已经不复存在的语言特色，美国英语仍然保留。
而与标准的伦敦英语相比较，美国英语却具有很大的历史性。
而这种特点的形成，主要是因为一种语言被带到新的环境后，其发展会受到阻碍，所以一种语言带到一个新国家，而且新国家与本土语言断绝联系，通常这个新国家会保留其本土语言的特点。
美国英语的历史性主要表现在：1.词的用法比如早在十六世纪在英国作为动词使用较为普遍的单词process，到了十八世纪，该用法则被淘汰了，但是大约在19世纪，该词的用法却作为美国英语而被英国英语重新使用。
又如美国英语保留了形象而古老的名词“秋天”fall,而英国英语在14世纪左右就一直使用autumn一词来表示。
再如loan这个词，英国英语在13世纪就把它作为及物动词“借出”用，到了18世纪就废弃不用了，以lend代替，但是在美国英语中，loan 这个词却沿用至今。
而上面的例子是词的延用，还有词义的扩大与缩小方面，比如bug一词，在英国英语中曾被用作泛指词义“虫子”，但是后来词义却缩小为“臭虫”，但是在美国英语中-，一直泛指“虫子”。
美国英语文案
美国英语文案美国英语（American English）是指在美国境内使用的英语语言变体。
由于美国英语的使用范围广泛，流传于全球，也成为了一种国际标准英语的形式之一。
本文将介绍美国英语的特点及其在文案撰写中的应用。
一、美国英语的特点1. 发音：美国英语的发音与英国英语有一定的差异。
美国英语更加平坦，轻微的元音变化和较强的浊化特点使得美国英语的发音声调更加平稳。
2. 词汇：美国英语中存在许多与英国英语不同的词汇。
以汽车为例，美国英语使用"truck"表示卡车，而英国英语使用"lorry"；美国英语使用"elevator"指电梯，而英国英语使用"lift"。
这些词汇差异在文案撰写中需要注意。
3. 拼写：美国英语的拼写与英国英语也有所不同。
例如，"color"（美国英语）和"colour"（英国英语）；"center"（美国英语）和"centre"（英国英语）。
在撰写文案时，要根据目标受众的语言习惯选择合适的拼写方式。
4. 语法：美国英语的语法较为简洁，并对规则性的语法使用更加宽容。
例如，美国英语中更常见的是使用"do"（辅助动词）进行疑问句和否定句的构建，而英国英语中则更倾向于使用原型动词。
二、美国英语文案的撰写技巧1. 目标受众：在撰写美国英语文案时，要充分考虑目标受众的背景和文化。
这有助于确保文案的有效传达和沟通。
例如，如果目标受众是美国本土消费者，可以更多地融入当地的俚语和习惯用语。
2. 简洁明了：美国英语文案更偏向于简洁明了的表达方式。
使用简洁的句子和短语，避免过于复杂的句式和措辞。
同时，要注意段落结构的清晰和逻辑严谨，以提高文案的可读性。
3. 个性化：美国英语文案鼓励个性化和创造力的发挥。
可以运用幽默、讽刺或引人入胜的叙述手法，营造与目标受众之间的情感共鸣。
关于美式英语和英式英语的作文
关于美式英语和英式英语的作文English: American English and British English are two major variants of the English language that exhibit various differences in spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary. For instance, words like "color" in American English is spelled as "colour" in British English, and the pronunciation of words like "schedule" and "tomato" also differ between the two variants. Additionally, there are differences in vocabulary usage, such as "trunk" in American English being equivalent to "boot" in British English when referring to the rear part of a car. These distinctions can lead to confusion for learners of English, but they also add richness to the language and reflect the diverse cultural influences on English around the world.中文翻译: 美式英语和英式英语是英语语言的两个主要变体，它们在拼写、发音和词汇上表现出各种不同之处。
美式英语和英式英语英语作文
美式英语和英式英语英语作文Title: American English vs British English。
American English and British English are two major variants of the English language. Although they share many similarities, there are also several differences between them in terms of vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and grammar. In this essay, I will compare and contrast American English and British English, highlighting their differences and similarities.1. Vocabulary。
One of the most noticeable differences between American English and British English is vocabulary. While speakers of both varieties can generally understand each other without much difficulty, there are numerous instances where different words are used to refer to the same thing.For example, in American English, the word "truck" iscommonly used to refer to a large vehicle used for transporting goods. In British English, however, the word "lorry" is used instead. Similarly, Americans refer to the front part of a car as the "hood," while the British call it the "bonnet."Another example is the word for the last floor of a building. In American English, it's called the "top floor," whereas in British English, it's referred to as the "top storey."Additionally, there are differences in everyday terms such as "elevator" (American English) and "lift" (British English), "apartment" (American English) and "flat" (British English), and "gasoline" (American English) and "petrol" (British English).2. Spelling。
中小学英语必备教学中美式英语和英式英语的区分和掌握-推荐下载
英式英语（British English 或缩写为 BrE）和美式英语（American English 或缩写为 AmE）是英语中两种有代表性的语体。“英、美两国英语在标点、语音、 词汇、语法、语调等方面存在着系统的差别”（侯维瑞 1992：307）。我国的语音教 学一直以英式英语为标准，中小学英语教材的内容在语音、词汇、语法等方面也 都是以英式英语为特点。但是近年来，随着现代技术的迅猛发展，美国文化影响 力的增强以及中美人际交流的日益频繁，以 GA（General American English）为 代表性语音、词汇的美式英语在我国外语教学界广泛流行，大量的美式英语教材 和音像资料流入我国，很多人喜欢上了美式英语，说上了美国口音，写上了美式 词汇。在我国中小学英语教学中出现了美式英语、英式英语影响共同存在的局面 ，由于教材中没有系统地讲述它们之间的系统区别，所以在学生的学习中会产生 一些困惑，这就需要老师在教学中给学生加以系统的讲解。
英语中引号的用法差别也比较显著。在美式英语中，不管是否属于所引用的 部分，逗号、句号都位于引号内。英式英语则要看逗号或句号是属于整个句子还 是属于所引用的内容。如 She likes saying“I will do my best．”（AmE）， She l ikes saying“I will do my best”．（BrE）。美式英语在引号内再用引号时，外面 是双引号，里面是单引号；而英式英语是单引号在外，双引号在内。如 The girl t old her mother，“I heard my father say，‘I won’t do like that again’and th en saw him go out．”（AmE）和 The girl told her mother，‘I heard my fathe r say，“Iwon’t do like thatagain，”and then saw him go out．”（BrE）
BritishEnglish和AmericanEnglish之间的区别
BritishEnglish和AmericanEnglish之间的区别British English 和American English之间的区别我们在学习英语的过程中，往往会被英美之间的差异弄昏头脑，不仅要区别British English和American English的词汇上的区别，最好还要学会区别英音和美音，因此，我们要把British English和American English 做一个比较详细的比较，将他们区分开来，这样才有利于我们对于英语的学习。
在这里，我们主要从词汇上来区分，然后再对语法和发音这两方面进行对比，从总体上对British English和American English进行比较和区别。
1，词汇：A，British English和American English在词汇上有很大的区别，在单词的拼写上更是如此，其例子也是数不胜数，我们在学习英语的过程中会发现很多在拼写上的差异，甚至会发现一些规律，比如：-re和-er：British English部分以re结尾的词在American English中以er结尾，如: metre/meter,centimetre/centimeter, theatre/theater, centre/center 等等。
-our和-or：British English部分our在American English中的拼写为or，如：colour/color, favourite/favorite等等。
-ise和ize：British English中的-ise动词在American English 中拼写为-ize，如：organise/organize, actualise/actualize, realise/realize因此而产生的衍生词也会有着相应的差别。
British English的许多词都是从法语演变过来的，有不少拼写都遵循着法语的拼写规则，而在美国经过了若干年的原因而产生了变化，但在英国依然基本上保持了这样的拼写规则。
英式英语和美式英语的差别
英国话美国话的差别(Differences between American English and British English) 来源：曹武龙的日志这不是我写的，但是还很有用,如果你可以推荐一个需要翻译的句子，请告诉我。
Differences between American English and British English. （英国话美国话的差别）This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and British English, which, for the purposes of these articles, are defined as follows:American English (美式英文) is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States.British English (英式英文) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.Written forms of American and British English as found in newspapers and textbooks vary little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media[1] (comparing American newspapers to British newspapers, for example). This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called 'standard English'.[2][3] An unofficial standard for spoken American English has also developed, as a result of mass media and geographic and social mobility, and broadly describes the English typically heard from network newsreaders, commonly referred to as non-regional diction（没有俗腔俗调）, although local newsreaders tend toward more parochial forms of speech（他们特殊地区的话）. [15] Despite this unofficial standard, regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to linguist William Labov.Regional dialects (一点不标准方言）in the United States typically reflect the elements of the language of the main immigrant groups in any particular region of the country, especially in terms of pronunciation and vernacular vocabulary. Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern, Southern, Midland, and Western.[4] After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier. Localized dialects also exist with quite distinct variations（有些方言很不一样）, such as in Southern Appalachia and New York.The spoken forms of British English vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. Dialects and accents vary not only among the countries in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within these individual countries.There are also differences in the English spoken by different groups of people in any particular region. Received Pronunciation (RP), which is "the educated spoken English of south-east England", has traditionally been regarded as proper English; this is also referred to as BBC English or the Queen's English. The BBC and other broadcasters now intentionally use a mix of presenters with a variety of British accents and dialects, and the concept of "proper English" is now far less prevalent.[5]British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world. For instance, the English-speaking members of the Commonwealth often closely follow British English forms while many new American English forms quickly becomefamiliar outside of the United States. Although the dialects of English used in the former British Empire are often, to various extents, based on British English, most of the countries concerned have developed their own unique dialects, particularly with respect to pronunciation, idioms, and vocabulary; chief among them are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in number of native speakers.[6][7]Historical background （历史）The English language was first introduced to the Americas by British colonization, beginning in the early 17th century. Similarly, the language spread to numerous other parts of the world as a result of British trade and colonization elsewhere and the spread of the former British Empire, which, by 1921, held sway over a population of about 470–570 million people: approximately a quarter of the world's population at that time.Over the past 400 years, the form of the language used in the Americas—especially in the United States—and that used in the United Kingdom have diverged in a few minor ways, leading to the dialects now occasionally referred to as American English and British English. Differences between the two include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (lexis), spelling, punctuation, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, and so on, although the differences in written and most spoken grammar structure tend to be much more minor than those of other aspects of the language in terms of mutual intelligibility. A small number of words have completely different meanings between the two dialects or are even unknown or not used in one of the dialects. One particular contribution towards formalizing these differences came from Noah Webster, who wrote the first American dictionary (published 1828) with the intention of showing that people in the United States spoke a different dialect from Britain, much like a regional accent.This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are "two countries divided by a common language"; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill. Likewise, Oscar Wilde wrote, "We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, the language"（除了语言以外,我们英国人和美国人很一样）(The Canterville Ghost, 1888). Henry Sweet falsely predicted (他猜错了）in 1877, that within a century, American English, Australian English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that increased worldwide communication through radio, television, the Internet, and globalization has reduced the tendency to regional variation. This can result either in some variations becoming extinct (for instance, the wireless, superseded by the radio) or in the acceptance of wide variations as "perfectly good English" everywhere. Often at the core of the dialect though, the idiosyncrasies remain. Nevertheless, it remains the case that although spoken American and British English are generally mutually intelligible（互相理解的）, there are enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings or at times embarrassment – for example, some words that are quite innocent in one dialect may be considered vulgar （脏话）in the other.哥记起来在百货公司的时，我听到一个美国女人问一个服务员―D o these pants make my fanny look big?，虽然在美语那句的意思是―你会不会觉得这件裤子显得我屁股太大了？‖，英式英文的意思是―你会不会觉得这件内裤显得我阴B太大了，大家都笑了，Pronunciation （发音）那页有详细解释Grammar （语法）Nouns （名词）Formal and notional agreementIn 英式英文, collective nouns(集合名词）can take either singular (formal agreement) or plural (notional agreement) verb forms, according to whether the emphasis is, respectively, on the body as a whole or on the individual members; compare a committee was appointed with the committee were unable to agree.[8][9] The term the Government always takes a plural verb in British civil service convention, perhaps to emphasise the principle of collective responsibility.[10] Compare also the following lines of Elvis Costello's song "Oliver's Army": Oliver's Army are on their way / Oliver's Army is here to stay. Some of these nouns, for example staff,[11] actually combine with plural verbs most of the time.In 美式英文, collective nouns are usually singular in construction: the committee was unable to agree. 美式英文, however, may use plural pronouns in agreement with collective nouns: the team take their seats, rather than the team takes its seats（团队坐在他们的座位）. The rule of thumb is that a group acting as a unit is considered singular and a group of "individuals acting separately" is considered plural.[12] However, such a sentence would most likely be recast as the team members take their seats. Despite exceptions such as usage in the New York Times, the names of sports teams are usually treated as plurals even if the form of the name is singular.[13]The difference occurs for all nouns of multitude, both general terms such as team and company and proper nouns (for example, where a place name is used to refer to a sports team). For instance, 英式英文: The Clash are a well-known band; 美式英文: The Clash is a well-known band. （The Clash是个很有名的乐团）英式英文: Spain are the champions; 美式英文: Spain is the champion. （西班牙的球队赢了奖杯）Proper nouns that are plural in form take a plural verb in both 美式英文and 英式英文; for example, The Beatles are a well-known band; （Beatles乐团是很有名）The Saints are the champions. （Saints球队赢了奖杯）VerbsVerb morphology （动词改变型）The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In 英式英文, both irregular and regular forms are current, but for some words (such as smelt and leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms, especially by users of Received Pronunciation. For other words (such as dreamed, leaned, and learned[14]) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In 美式英文, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).[15]The t endings may be encountered frequently in older American texts. Usage may vary when the past participles are used as adjectives, as in burnt toast. (The two-syllable form learnèd /ˈlɜrnɪd/, usually written without the grave, is used as an adjective to mean "educated" or to refer to academic institutions, in both 英式英文and 美式英文.) Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt in both standards, with dwelled and kneeled as common variants in the US but not in the UK.Lit as the past tense of light is more common than lighted in the UK; the regular form is used more in the US, but is nonetheless less common than lit.[16] Conversely, fit as the past tense of fit is more widely used in 美式英文than 英式英文, which generally favours fitted.[17]The past tense of spit "expectorate" is spat in 英式英文, spit or spat in 美式英文.[18] 美式英文typically has spat in figurative contexts, e.g. "He spat out the name with a sneer", or in the context of expectoration of an object that is not saliva, e.g. "He spat out the foul-tasting fish" but spit for "expectorated" when it refers only to the expulsion of saliva.The past participle of saw is normally sawn in 英式英文and sawed in 美式英文(as in sawn-off/sawed-off shotgun).[19]The past participle gotten is never used in modern 英式英文, which generally uses got, except in old expressions such as ill-gotten gains. According to the Compact Oxford English Dictionary, "The form gotten is not used in British English but is very common in North American English, though even there it is often regarded as non-standard." In 美式英文, gotten emphasizes the action of acquiring and got tends to indicate simple possession (for example, Have you gotten it? versus Have you got it?). Gotten is also typically used in 美式英文as the past participle for phrasal verbs using get, such as get off, get on, get into, get up, and get around: If you hadn't gotten up so late, you might not have gotten into this mess. Interestingly, 美式英文, but not 英式英文, has forgot as a less common alternative to forgotten for the past participle of forget.In 英式英文, the past participle proved is strongly preferred to proven; in 美式英文, proven is now about as common as proved.[20] (Both dialects use proven as an adjective, and in formulas such as not proven).[21]美式英文further allows other irregular verbs, such as dive (dove) or sneak (snuck), and often mixes the preterit（过去的时态）and past participle（过去分词时态）forms (spring–sprang, US also sprung–sprung), sometimes forcing verbs such as shrink (shrank–shrunk) to have a further form, thus shrunk–shrunken. These uses are often considered nonstandard; the AP Stylebook in 美式英文treats some irregular verbs as colloquialisms, insisting on the regular forms for the past tense of dive, plead and sneak. Dove and snuck are usually considered nonstandard in Britain, although dove exists in some British dialects and snuck is occasionally found in British speech. By extension of the irregular verb pattern, verbs with irregular preterits in some variants of colloquial 美式英文also have a separate past participle, for example, "to buy": past tense bought spawns boughten. Such formations are highly irregular from speaker to speaker, or even within idiolects. This phenomenon is found chiefly in the northern US and other areas where immigrants of German descent are predominant, and may have developed as a result of German influence[22]. Even in areas where the feature predominates, however, it has not gained widespread acceptance as standard usage.Use of tensesTraditionally, 英式英文uses the present perfect to talk about an event in the recent past and with the words already, just, and yet. In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact ) or the simple past (to imply an expectation ). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into 英式英文, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster". （地下线宽带就加速了）"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home." （我回家了）"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." （我吃过了）Similarly, 美式英文occasionally replaces the past perfect with the simple past.In 英式英文, have got or have can be used for possession and have got to and have to（必须）can be used for the modal of necessity. The forms that include ‗‗got‘‘ are usually used in informalcontexts and the forms without got in contexts that are more formal. In American speech the form without got is used more than in the UK, although the form with got is often used for emphasis. Colloquial 美式英文informally uses got as a verb for these meanings – for example, I got two cars, I got to go.（我有两辆车，我必须走）In conditional sentences, US spoken usage often substitutes would and would have (usually shortened to [I]'d and [I]'d have) for the simple past and for the pluperfect (If you'd leave now, you'd be on time.（即刻出发的话，你及时到了）/ If I would have [I'd've] cooked the pie we could have [could've] had it for lunch). This tends to be avoided in writing because it is often still considered non-standard although such use of would is widespread in spoken US English in all sectors of society. Some reliable sources now label this usage as acceptable US English and no longer label it as colloquial.[23][24] (There are, of course, situations where would is used in British English too in seemingly counterfactual conditions, but these can usually be interpreted as a modal use of would: If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something.[25][26] In cases in which the action in the if clause takes place after that in the main clause, use of would in counterfactual conditions is however considered standard and correct usage in even formal UK and US usage: If it would make Bill happy, I'd [I would] give him the money.[25]The subjunctive mood (morphologically identical with the bare infinitive) is regularly used in 美式英文in mandative clauses (as in They suggested that he apply for the job). In 英式英文, this usage declined in the 20th century, in favour of constructions such as They suggested that he should apply for the job (or even, more ambiguously, They suggested that he applied for the job). Apparently, however, the mandative subjunctive has recently started to come back into use in 英式英文.[27]Verbal auxiliariesShall (as opposed to will) is more commonly used by the British than by Americans.[28][29] Shan't is almost never used in 美式英文(almost invariably replaced by won't or am not going to), and is increasingly rare in 英式英文as well. American grammar also tends to ignore some traditional distinctions between should and would[30]; however, expressions like I should be happy are rather formal even in 英式英文.The periphrastic future (be going to) is about twice as frequent in 美式英文as in 英式英文.[31] TransitivityThe following verbs show differences in transitivity between 英式英文and 美式英文. agree: Transitive or intransitive in 英式英文, usually intransitive in 美式英文(agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal 美式英文legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).appeal (as a decision): Usually intransitive in 英式英文(used with against) and transitive in 美式英文(appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).[32]catch up ("to reach and overtake"): Transitive or intransitive in 英式英文, strictly intransitive in 美式英文(to catch sb up/to catch up with sb). A transitive form does exist in 美式英文, but has a different meaning: to catch sb up means that the subject will help the object catch up, rather the opposite of the 英式英文transitive meaning.cater ("to provide food and service"): Intransitive in 英式英文, transitive or intransitive in 美式英文(to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).claim: Sometimes intransitive in 英式英文(used with for), strictly transitive in 美式英文. meet: 美式英文uses intransitively meet followed by with to mean "to have a meeting with", as for business purposes (Yesterday we met with the CEO), and reserves transitive meet for the meanings "to be introduced to" (I want you to meet the CEO; she is such a fine lady), "to come together with (someone, somewhere)" (Meet the CEO at the train station), and "to have a casual encounter with". 英式英文uses transitive meet also to mean "to have a meeting with"; the construction meet with, which actually dates back to Middle English, appears to be coming back into use in Britain, despite some commentators who preferred to avoid confusion with meet with meaning "receive, undergo" (the proposal was met with disapproval). The construction meet up with (as in to meet up with someone), which originated in the US,[33] has long been standard in both dialects.provide: Strictly monotransitive in 英式英文, monotransitive or ditransitive in 美式英文(provide sb with sth/provide sb sth).protest: In sense "oppose", intransitive in 英式英文, transitive in 美式英文(The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in 美式英文means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).write: In 英式英文, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In 美式英文, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).ComplementationThe verbs prevent and stop can be found in two different constructions: "prevent/stop someone from doing something" and "prevent/stop someone doing something". The latter is well established in 英式英文, but not in 美式英文.Some verbs can take either a to+infinitive construction or a gerund construction (e.g., to start to do something/to start doing something). For example, the gerund is more common:In 美式英文than 英式英文, with start,[34] begin,[35] omit,[36] enjoy;[37]In 英式英文than 美式英文, with love,[38] like,[39] intend.[40]Presence or absence of syntactic elementsWhere a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of 美式英文to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of 英式英文would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of 美式英文might say I'll go take a bath, 英式英文speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of 美式英文, where speakers of 英式英文would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of 美式英文might say come see what I bought, 英式英文speakers would say come and see what I've bought （来看我就买的东西）(notice the present perfect: a common British preference).Use of prepositions before days denoted by a single word. Where British people would say She resigned on Thursday, Americans often say She resigned Thursday,（她周四退职）but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. （新博物馆从周二开始迎客）(This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both 英式英文and 美式英文.) A variation or alternative of this is the mostly American the play opens Tuesday and the mostly British the play opens on Tuesday.American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. Compare Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 to Disability Discrimination Act 1995.The definite articleA few 'institutional' nouns take no definite article when a certain role is implied: for example, at sea (as a sailor), in prison (as a convict), and at/in college (for students). Among this group, 英式英文has in hospital (as a patient) and at university (as a student), where 美式英文requires in the hospital and at the university (though 美式英文does allow at college and in school). When the implied roles of patient or student do not apply, the definite article is used in both dialects. Likewise, 英式英文distinguishes in future ("from now on") from in the future ("at some future time"); 美式英文uses in the future for both senses.美式英文omits, and 英式英文requires, the definite article in a few standard expressions such as tell (the) time.In 英式英文, numbered highways usually take the definite article (for example "the M25", "the A14") while in America they usually do not ("I-495", "Route 66"). Upstate New York, Southern California and Arizona are exceptions, where "the 33", "the 5" or "the 10" are the standard. A similar pattern is followed for named roads (for example, Strand in London is almost always referred to as the Strand), but in America, there are local variations and older American highways tend to follow the British pattern ("the Boston Post Road").美式英文distinguishes in back of [behind] from in the back of; the former is unknown in the UK and liable to misinterpretation as the latter. Both, however, distinguish in front of from in the front of.Dates usually include a definite article in UK spoken English, such as "the eleventh of July", or "July the eleventh", while American speakers most commonly say "July eleventh" or "July eleven".Prepositions and adverbsIn the United States, the word through can mean "up to and including" as in Monday through Friday. In the UK Monday to Friday, or Monday to Friday inclusive is used instead; Monday through to Friday is also sometimes used. (In some parts of Northern England the term while can be used in the same way, as in Monday while Friday, whereas in Ireland Monday till Friday would be more natural.)British sportsmen play in a team; American athletes play on a team. (Both may play for a particular team.)In 美式英文, the use of the function word out as a preposition in out the door and out the window is standard to mean "out through". For example, in 美式英文, one jumps "out of a boat" by jumping "out the porthole," and it would be incorrect in standard 美式英文to "jump out the boat" or climb "out of the porthole." In 英式英文, out of is preferred in writing for both meanings, but out is common in speech.[41] Several other uses of out of are peculiarly British (out of allrecognition, out of the team; cf. above);[42] all of this notwithstanding, out of is overall more frequent in 美式英文than in 英式英文(about four times as frequent, according to Algeo[43]). In much of the Northeastern United States, "on line" (two words) refers to the state of waiting in a line, or queue; for example, standing on a sidewalk waiting for a table at a restaurant. Elsewhere in 美式英文, one waits "in line" and goes "online" (one word) for email. Usage of "queue" among Americans has increased in the last twenty years. In 英式英文, queue is the universal term and no variants of line are used in relation to waiting in turn. In 英式英文, people talk of standing in a queue, queuing up, joining the queue, sitting in a queue (e.g. when driving) and simply queuing. The word heat meaning "mating season" is used with on and in the UK (Regional Variation) and with in in the US.The intransitive verb affiliate can take either with or to in 英式英文, but only with in 美式英文. The verb enrol(l) usually takes on in 英式英文and in in 美式英文(as in "to enrol(l) on/in a course") and the on/in difference is used when enrolled is dropped (as in "I am (enrolled) on the course that studies....").In 美式英文, one always speaks of the street on which an address is located, whereas in 英式英文in can also be used in some contexts. In suggests an address on a city street, so a service station (or a tourist attraction or indeed a village) would always be on a major road, but a department store might be in Oxford Street. Moreover, if a particular place on the street is specified then the preposition used is whichever is idiomatic to the place, thus "at the end of Churchill Road."英式英文favours the preposition at with weekend ("at (the) weekend(s)"); the constructions on, over, and during (the) weekend(s) are found in both varieties but are all more common in 美式英文than 英式英文.[44] See also Word derivation and compounds.Adding at to the end of a question requesting a location is common in spoken 美式英文, for example, "where are you at?", but would be considered superfluous in standard 英式英文(though not in some dialects). However, some south-western British dialects use to in the same context; for example "where are you to?", to mean "where are you".After talk American can also use the preposition with but British always uses to (that is, I'll talk with Dave / I'll talk to Dave). The American form is sometimes seen as more politically correct in British organisations, inducing the ideal of discussing (with), as opposed to lecturing (to). This is unless talk is being used as a noun; for example: "I'll have a talk with him" in which case this is acceptable in both 英式英文and 美式英文.In both dialects, from is the preposition prescribed for use after the word different: American English is different from British English in several respects. However, different than is also commonly heard in the US, and is often considered standard when followed by a clause (American English is different than it used to be), whereas different to is a common alternative in 英式英文.[45][46]It is common in 英式英文to say opposite to as an alternative to opposite of, the only form normally found in 美式英文. The use of opposite as a preposition (opposite the post office) has long been established in both dialects, but appears to be more common in British usage.The noun opportunity can be followed by a verb in two different ways: opportunity plus to-infinitive ("the opportunity to do something") or opportunity plus of plus gerund ("the opportunity of doing something"). The first construction is the most common in both dialects, but the second has almost disappeared in 美式英文and is often regarded as a Briticism.。
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American English and British EnglishI. Introductioni. Englishes of the worldThe English language, we know, till today has a history of about six hundred years. For half that time, English was just the language of the English living in England. The modern English language grew by about the year 1400. Many words were borrowed from French such as salon, madam and German such as wagon. As people from Europe traveled outside Europe, European languages began to be used in other parts of the world.Today in the world, more than one billion of people speak English. Generally the English-speaking countries can be divided into three groups. The first group are those countries with English as their mother tongue, such as England, America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. The second group are those bilingual countries or areas, with English as one of the two official languages, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Nigeria. The third group are those which use English as a very important language in communication with other countries, such as China, Japan, Thailand.ii. Englishes with Local colorsSo English is an international language. Its spread is followed with the expansion of English colonization since 300 or 400 years ago. When the English language was taken to the colonies, it would be influenced more or less by the native culture and society. It was changed and formed different Englishes. For example, in Australian English, there are some special vocabulary, such as paddock (草地), kangaroo, dingo (澳洲野狗). And there are the differences in pronunciations. For example, Australian English’s pronunciation of the sentence “Today is Friday” sounds like “To die is fry die”.But at present the most popular Englishes are British English and American English. Till now there are one billion people speaking British English and 240 million people speak American English. Canada and America are both American-English-speaking countries.II. The History of American Englishi. The beginning of American English: Elizabethan EnglishIn 1607 the first European settlers arrived at the North America. In 1620 some Puritans arrived at Plymouth, taking the ship “May Flower”. Then the settlers were from England and at that time the English Queen was Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen.So what they brought to the new land was Elizabethan English. This is the origin of American English.Elizabeth I’s time is the Renaissance in British literature. During and after that time, British English changed a lot. But in America it stayed the same. Till now, modern American English still have the Elizabeth I’s characteristics. The followings are the characteristics of modern American English.(i). Conservative in pronunciation1. / a: /, / æ / eg: fast, last, mask2. / r / eg: farmer, harm, turn(ii). Conservative in meanings of words(iii). Conservative in grammareg: get: past form: got; past participle: got, gotten (American English)meanings: got: possess; gotten, gainget: past form: got; past participle: got (British English)meanings: gainThere are only a very small number of differences in grammar between American English and British English. The most important differences are in spoken English. ii. Its Development(i). Invention of the term “American English”In 1780 the USA first used “American”to refer to its own language. In 1789, Noah Webster wrote: “作为一个独立的国家，我们无论在政治或在语言方面应有自己的体系，这是一种荣誉。
英国不应该再成为我们的楷模，虽然我们是她的子孙，说的是她的语言……”. In 1806 Noah Webster invented “American English”to refer to its own language.(ii). Vulgar American EnglishFor a long time, American English suffered discriminations. It was thought of as “Yankee Slang”. When Fenimore Cooper published his first novel Precaution in 1820, he claimed himself as an English and wrote the novel in British English. To the 20th century, the Britain still showed their prejudice. In 1930 Sir Alfred Knox called on the cutting of imported movies from the USA with the reason:“美国影片的用词和语调实在不堪入耳，无疑这些影片会给我们的语言带来恶劣的影响”. Now the prejudice is gone.Instead, American English has become a fashion, esp. among the young.(iii). Enlarging vocabularyMoreover, though the English passed their language on to North America, these days, the British have borrowed a lot of new words from the Americans, such as teenager, boyfriend, radio, football, fan, right away (at once), way of life, and so on. III. Differences between British and American EnglishAt first, the languages stayed the same as those in Europe, but slowly they began to grow apart. Today, the differences between American English and British English are not very great. Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American, though there are some spelling differences. For example, centre, colour and traveled are spelt center, color and traveled in American English. But people from the two countries can understand each other easily.。