A Study on the Testing Procedures of IEC 61850 Based
uv胶固化体积收缩率测定标准
uv胶固化体积收缩率测定标准The measurement of the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing is an important standard in the adhesive industry. This test is crucial in determining the quality and performance of UV adhesives, as volume shrinkage can affect the overall strength and durability of the bond. The standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing is essential for ensuring consistency andreliability in adhesive products. This standard helps manufacturers, researchers, and quality control professionals to assess and compare the performance of different UV adhesives, leading to the development ofbetter and more reliable products.The volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing refers to the reduction in volume that occurs as the adhesive cures and solidifies. This phenomenon is a result of the chemical reactions that take place during the curing process. The standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing provides guidelines and procedures for conductingthis test in a consistent and accurate manner. By following this standard, manufacturers and researchers can obtain reliable and reproducible data on the volume shrinkage of UV adhesives, which is essential for quality control and product development.One of the key aspects of the standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing is the use of specific testing equipment and procedures. This standard outlines the requirements for the testing equipment, such as the use of a suitable measuring device and the proper sample preparation techniques. Additionally, the standard provides detailed instructions on the testing procedures, including the preparation of the adhesive samples, the curing conditions, and the measurement of volume shrinkage. By following these standardized procedures, manufacturers and researchers can ensure that the test results are accurate and reliable, allowing for meaningful comparisons between different adhesive products.Furthermore, the standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing helps to establish a commonlanguage and set of parameters for evaluating the performance of UV adhesives. This standard defines theterms and units used in the measurement of volume shrinkage, allowing for clear communication and understanding among industry professionals. It also specifies the acceptable range of volume shrinkage for different types of UV adhesives, providing a benchmark for quality and performance. By adhering to this standard, manufacturerscan ensure that their UV adhesives meet the necessarycriteria for volume shrinkage, leading to higher qualityand more reliable products.In addition, the standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing plays a crucial role in quality control and assurance. By establishing a standardized testing method, this standard enables manufacturers to monitor and maintain the quality of their adhesive products. It allows for the detection of any deviations or inconsistencies in the volume shrinkage of UV adhesives, which can indicate potential issues in the manufacturing process or the quality of raw materials. By identifying and addressing these issues early on,manufacturers can prevent defects and ensure that their adhesive products meet the required performance standards.Moreover, the standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing is essential for research and development in the adhesive industry. This standard provides a consistent and reliable method for evaluating the performance of new formulations and technologies in UV adhesives. Researchers can use this standard to compare the volume shrinkage of different adhesive formulations, assess the impact of various additives and curing conditions, and optimize the performance of their products. By following this standard, researchers can generate valuable data that contributes to the advancement of UV adhesive technology, leading to the development of more effective and versatile products.In conclusion, the standard for measuring the volume shrinkage of UV adhesive curing is a critical requirement for the adhesive industry. This standard provides guidelines and procedures for conducting the test in a consistent and accurate manner, ensuring reliable andreproducible data on the volume shrinkage of UV adhesives. It also establishes a common language and set of parameters for evaluating the performance of UV adhesives, enabling clear communication and understanding among industry professionals. Moreover, this standard plays a crucial role in quality control and assurance, as well as research and development in the adhesive industry. By adhering to this standard, manufacturers and researchers can ensure the quality, reliability, and performance of UV adhesive products.。
材料试验大纲 英文
材料试验大纲英文Material Testing Outline.Introduction.The material testing outline serves as a comprehensive guide for conducting rigorous and reproducible material testing. It outlines the various stages involved in the testing process, from planning and preparation to execution and analysis. This outline aims to ensure consistency, accuracy, and safety throughout the testing procedure, ensuring reliable results that can be used for various applications, such as product development, quality control, and research.1. Testing Objectives.Before commencing the testing process, it is crucial to establish clear objectives. These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound(SMART). They guide the testing team and ensure that the efforts are focused on achieving the desired outcomes. For example, the objective may be to determine the mechanical properties of a material under specific conditions or to assess the material's durability and reliability over time.2. Testing Plan.The testing plan outlines the specific steps and procedures that will be followed during the testing process. It includes information on the testing equipment and instrumentation, the test setup, the test environment, and the testing schedule. The plan also details the safety measures to be taken, ensuring the safety of the testing personnel and equipment.3. Sample Preparation.Sample preparation is a crucial step in material testing. It involves selecting the appropriate material samples, ensuring their homogeneity and consistency, and preparing them for testing. The samples should berepresentative of the material being tested and should be handled, stored, and transported according to specific guidelines to prevent any alterations in their properties.4. Test Execution.During the test execution phase, the testing plan is implemented, and the material samples are subjected to various tests. These tests may include tensile testing, compression testing, flexural testing, impact testing, fatigue testing, and more, depending on the objectives and requirements of the testing. The testing personnel should be well-trained and follow strict procedures to ensure accurate and reproducible results.5. Data Collection and Analysis.Data collection and analysis are essential for obtaining meaningful results from material testing. The testing equipment typically records various parameters, such as load, displacement, strain, stress, and time, during the testing process. These data are then analyzedusing statistical and engineering principles to derive meaningful insights about the material's properties and behavior. The analysis should be conducted by qualified personnel and should be validated to ensure its accuracy and reliability.6. Test Report and Documentation.After the completion of testing and data analysis, a detailed test report is prepared. This report summarizes the testing objectives, methods, procedures, results, and conclusions. It also includes any safety considerations, equipment calibration details, and any other relevant information. The report should be written in a clear and concise manner, enabling others to understand the testing process and results easily.7. Quality Assurance and Improvement.Quality assurance and improvement are ongoing processes in material testing. They involve monitoring the testing process, identifying any issues or discrepancies, andimplementing corrective actions to improve the accuracy and reliability of the results. Regular audits and reviews of the testing procedures and equipment are conducted to ensure their continued compliance with industry standards and best practices.In conclusion, the material testing outline provides a structured and systematic approach to material testing. It ensures that the testing process is conducted in a consistent, accurate, and safe manner, leading to reliable results that support various applications in product development, quality control, and research. By following this outline, organizations can improve their material testing capabilities, enhance product quality, and reduce risks associated with material failure.。
英文学术写作实战_北京大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
英文学术写作实战_北京大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年pare the following statements, and indicate which is the most academicversion:答案:First, we investigated whether a spider protein can be expressed in goat milk.2. Which of the following statements contain a lazy verb:答案:To have a complete view of RNA methylation profiles, we quantified themethylation content in various adult mouse tissues.3.你认为下面哪句话，属于摘要中对研究发现意义的探讨？答案:Together, the module and survey results confirm the need to include suchinquiry-based activities into the higher education classroom, thereby helping students hone their critical thinking and question asking skill set andfacilitating their professional development in astrobiology.4.以下哪个结构是本单元提倡的摘要结构和呈现顺序？答案:General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in theliterature- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions5.According to the description listed below, choose the right readers.* Read the methods section and anything else that helps them finding asolution;* Big knowledge gap;* Possibly readers from a different area, looking for a method that can beused in their area;* Looking for clear introduction with many references.答案:The solution seeker6.Analyze the following statement, and then choose one of the options that youthink is best to use in academic writing:Adoption of this method is therefore of critical importance.答案:It is critical to adopt this method.7.Analyze the following statement, and then choose one of the options that youthink is best to use in academic writing:Detailed assessment of the transfer verification process is crucial.答案:Assessing the process involved in transfer verification in more detail iscritical.8.你认为下面哪句话，应该出现在摘要的第一句？答案:Innovation, defined as creativity with a purpose, is widely considered to be the engine of scientific progress.9.针对下面句子关于style的改写，哪个是正确的？There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.答案:Recent studies have shown that bamboo is a suitable construction material, suggesting its wider use in the building industry.According to a number of recent studies, it is feasible to increase the use of bamboo in the construction industry.10.针对下面句子关于style的改写，哪个是正确的？OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There're a lot ofpossibilities.答案:A number of reasons may explain the decrease in the price of coffee.Several reasons are responsible for the falling price of coffee.A number of reasons may explain as to why the price of coffee has decreased.11.How can subheadings help the authors?答案:Help collaborating authors discuss and agree on the structure of the articleHelp authors stay on topic and avoid digressionHelp authors have clear writing structure during the writing stageHelp authors achieve contextual consistency in writing12.How to bridge the gap of knowledge between you and your readers?答案:proceed from the elementary to the profound.provide research background.set target readers.pay attention to the logic flow, so that the paper can be more comprehensive.13.以下哪些行为属于学术不端行为？答案:将同一研究结果提交多个出版社机构出版或提交多个出版物发表将作出创造性贡献的人排除在作者名单之外将本质上相同的研究成果改头换面发表14. Identify which two sentences listed below contain weak and hedgingexpressions:答案:It may be necessary for the spider to leave the branch on which it is standing, climb up the stem, and walk out along another branch.There is experimental work to show that a week or ten days may not be long enough and a fortnight to three weeks is probably the best theoretical period.15.Choose all the weak and hedging expressions in the following paragraph:There are many explanations for why musicians have superior cognitiveabilities to non-musician controls. First, it is possible that only the moreintellectually rigorous people continue with music training once they have been exposed to it. Practicing a musical instrument takes a tremendousamount of discipline. Individuals who are willing to work that hard may also work hard in academic settings, thus improving their cognitive abilities.Secondly, socio-economic class could be playing a role. In a study comparing scholastic aptitude among musicians and non-musicians, Phillips found adifference in the two groups, but once socio-economic class was taken into account the difference nearly disappeared (Phillips, 1976). It is possible that the differences between musicians and non-musicians is actually innate or caused by something not musically related in the environment.答案:could bemanymayit is possible that16.一篇完整的摘要需要包涵下面哪些内容？答案:What do the findings mean?Why did you do this study?Where is the gap? How?What did you find?17.Analyze the following text for verb use:By applying for an internet loan, students give away their personalinformation. Internet lenders always want to get hold of national ID and student ID card numbers. They also want to get information about their parents, college teachers and/or classmates as contacts.The verbs used in this text indicate that this text was not written for an academic article.答案:正确18.Choose true or false according to the statement.——Method section is usually described with passive voice.答案:正确19.There is no mistake related to abstract nouns or noun strings in this sentence:Previous reports suggested the importance of Fe ions for the success of this treatment.答案:错误20.每一条writer's diet的反馈都是必须修改的，因为它指出的都是我的错误。
检验规则及方法 英文
检验规则及方法英文Inspection Rules and Methods.Inspection is a crucial process in ensuring the quality, safety, and compliance of products, services, or systems.It involves the evaluation of specified requirements, standards, or specifications to determine if they are met. Effective inspection rules and methods are essential for identifying defects, preventing failures, and ensuring the reliability of products or services.1. Types of Inspection.There are several types of inspections based on the purpose, scope, and timing of the inspection:Initial Inspection: Conducted at the beginning of a process or project to establish a baseline and ensure that all requirements are met before proceeding.In-process Inspection: Performed during the production or service delivery process to monitor and control quality.Final Inspection: Carried out at the end of theprocess or project to ensure compliance with all specified requirements before release or delivery.Periodic Inspection: Conducted at regular intervals to monitor the condition and performance of equipment, systems, or structures.Random Inspection: Performed at random intervals or on a random sample to assess the overall quality and identify any potential issues.2. Inspection Rules.Inspection rules are guidelines that define thecriteria, procedures, and standards to be followed during the inspection process. They ensure consistency, repeatability, and fairness in the evaluation of productsor services. Some common inspection rules include:Sampling Rules: Define the method and criteria for selecting samples for inspection. Sampling can be either random or systematic, depending on the requirements and objectives of the inspection.Defect Classification: Defects are categorized based on their severity, impact on performance, and potential safety hazards. This classification helps in prioritizing corrective actions and ensuring that critical defects are addressed promptly.Acceptance Criteria: Define the minimum standards or specifications that a product or service must meet to be considered acceptable. These criteria are usually based on industry standards, regulations, or customer requirements.Non-Conformance Handling: Specify the procedures to be followed when a product or service fails to meet the acceptance criteria. This may include rejection, repair, rework, or retesting, depending on the nature and severity of the non-conformance.3. Inspection Methods.Inspection methods refer to the techniques, tools, and procedures used to conduct the inspection. The choice of inspection method depends on the type of product or service, the nature of the defects to be detected, and the available resources. Some common inspection methods include:Visual Inspection: Conducted by trained personnelusing their eyes to identify visible defects, damage, or discrepancies. It is widely used in various industries dueto its simplicity and cost-effectivenesss.Mechanical Inspection: Involves the use of measuring devices and tools to measure dimensions, angles, or other physical properties of products or components. This methodis essential for precision manufacturing and quality control.Electrical Testing: Used to evaluate the electrical properties of products or systems, such as voltage, current,resistance, and capacitance. It helps in identifying electrical faults and ensuring the safety and reliabilityof electrical systems.Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Involves techniqueslike X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic particle inspection, and liquid penetrant testing to detect internal defects without damaging the product. These methods are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries where product integrity is crucial.4. Importance of Inspection Rules and Methods.Inspection rules and methods play a pivotal role in ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of products and services. They help in:Identifying Defects: Inspection rules and methods provide a structured approach to identifying defects, discrepancies, and non-conformances in products or services.Preventing Failures: Timely identification andcorrection of defects can prevent failures and ensure the smooth operation of systems and equipment.Meeting Customer Expectations: Compliance with inspection rules and methods ensures that products or services meet customer requirements and expectations, enhancing customer satisfaction.Improving Processes: Feedback from inspections can be used to identify process improvements, enhance product design, and refine manufacturing techniques.Ensuring Compliance: Inspection rules and methods ensure that products or services comply with industry standards, regulations, and safety requirements.In conclusion, inspection rules and methods are essential for ensuring the quality, safety, and reliability of products and services. They provide a structured approach to identifying defects, preventing failures, and meeting customer expectations. By adhering to these rules and using appropriate inspection methods, organizations canimprove their processes, enhance product quality, and maintain a competitive edge in the market.。
北京市通州区2024-2025学年高三上学期期中英语试题
北京市通州区2024-2025学年高三上学期期中英语试题一、完形填空Failing SuccessfullyTwo years ago, I took part in a speech competition and it was a hard time for me when the judge 1 the winners. At last, the moment of truth came. I got the worst.However, I really wanted to try again. I realized that finding the right topic was the most important part of the whole process. It needs to be motivational and inspirational to the 2 . So I reworked my speech for the following year, 3 a different topic and spending many hours making it flow better.The next year I participated in the competition again. I gave my speech in two parts, one was about my own experience and the other addressed the common feelings people have when giving a speech—how 4 it is, standing on a stage all alone, with everyone sitting and watching them. My speech 5 well and I was hoping to do that a little bit better. 6 , my wish didn’t come true. The competition was so fierce and again I wasn’t placed.I was deeply disappointed, since I couldn’t accept the fact that I had failed twice in something that I had worked so hard on. However, I knew that losing is 7 and part of life. One of the judges advised me to 8 my gestures and delivery. He said that I would surely succeed someday.While I didn’t win 9 in the competition, I did gain a new viewpoint. I discovered that I could fail successfully. Now, whenever I’m faced with a defeat, I remind myself of what a famous person said, “The path was worn and slippery. My foot slipped from under me, knocking the other out of the way, but I recovered and said to myself that it’s a slip and not a 10 .”1．A．interviewed B．predicted C．observed D．announced 2．A．companion B．audience C．director D．author 3．A．picking B．editting C．reviewing D．comparing 4．A．annoying B．surprising C．frightening D．confusing 5．A．went across B．went through C．went down D．went off 6．A．Angrily B．Sadly C．Strangely D．Eagerly7．A．flexible B．typical C．appropriate D．usual 8．A．assume B．reflect C．perfect D．acquire 9．A．awards B．profits C．trust D．support 10．A．walk B．push C．kick D．fall二、语法填空阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。
FDA对GLP常见问题的答复(英文)
FREQUENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (FQA) OF FDA ON GLPFREQUENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSSince June 20, 1979, the agency has been asked many questions on the Good Laboratory Practice regulations (GLP's, 21 CFR 58). In accord with agency procedures, responses have been prepared and copies of the associated correspondence have been filed in the Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305). The responses have also been provided to the bioresearch monitoring program managers and to the district offices in order to ensure consistency of interpretation and equity of program operation. Unfortunately, the numerous filed correspondences contain many repeat questions that are not categorized to relate to the specific GLP suppart and section. On occasion, the answers appear to be somewhat cryptic. These disadvantages serve to limit the utility of the correspondences as advisories to our headquarters and field offices.This document, therefore, consolidates all GLP questions answered by the agency during the past 2 years, clarifies the questions and answers as needed, and relates the questions and answers to the specific pertinent provisions of the GLPs. It represents a digest of some 30 letters, 160 memoranda of telephone conversations, 34 memoranda of meetings and 30 miscellaneous correspondences that have been issued by agency personnel. The document does not duplicate questions and answers that were dealt with in the August, 1979 Post Conference Report on the Good Laboratory Practice Regulations Management Briefings.This document should be reviewed by field investigators proir to making GLP inspections and by headquarters personnel involved in the GLP program. Questions should be directed to :Dr. Paul D. LeporeBioresearch Monitoring Staff, HFC-30Food and Drug Administration5600 Fishers LaneRockville, MD 20857301-443-1390SUBPART AGENERAL PROVISIONSSection 58.1 Scope.1. Do the GLPs apply to validation trials conducted to confirm the analytical methods used to determine the concentration of test article in animal tissues and drug dosage forms?No.2. Do the GLPs apply to the following studies on animal health products: overdosage studies in the target species, animal safety studies in the target species, tissue residue accumulation and depletion studies, and udder irritation studies?Yes.3. Do the GLPs apply to safety studies on cosmetic products?No. Such studies are not carried out in support of a marketing permit. However, the GLPs represent good quality control; a goal that all testing facilities should strive to attain.4. Do safety studies done to determine the potential drug abuse characteristics of a test article have to be done under the GLPs?Yes they do, but only when the studies are required to be submitted to the agency as part of an applicaion for a research or marketing permit.5. Do the GLPs apply to the organoleptic evaluation of processed foods?No.6. Do the GLPs apply to all of the analytical support work conducted to provide supplementary data to a safety study?The GLPs apply to the chemical procedurs used to characterize the test article, to determine the stabilitly of the test article and its mixtures, and to determine the homogeneity and concentration of test article mixtures. Likewise, the GLPs apply to the chemical procedures used to analyze specimens (e.g. clinical chemistry, urinalysis). The GLPs do not apply to the work done to develop chemical methods of analysis or to establish the specifications of a test article.7. Is it possible to obtain an exemption from specific provisions of the GLPs for special nonclinical laboratory studies?Yes. The GLPs were written with the aim of being applicable to a broad variety of studies, test articles and test systems. Nonetheless, the agency realizes that not all of the GLP provisions apply to all studies and, indeed, for some special studies certain ofthe GLP provisions may compromise proper science. For this reason, laboratories may petition the agency for exemption for certain studies from some of the GLP provisions. The petition should contain sufficient facts to justify granting the exemption.8. Are subcontractor laboratories that furnish a particular service such as ophthalmology exams, reading of animal EDGs, EEGs, EMGs, preparation of blocks and slides from tissues, statistical analysis and hematology covered by the GLPs?Yes, to the extend that they contribute to a study that is subject to the GLPs.Section 58.3 Definitions.1. Are animal cage cards considered to be raw data?Raw data is defined as "any laboratory worksheets, records, memorandum, notes?that are the result of original observations and activities?.and are necessary for the reconstruction and evaluation of the report of that study." Cage cards are not raw data if they contain information like animal number, study number, study dates, and cage number (information that is not the result of original observaions and that is not necessary for study reconstruction). However, if an original observation is put of the cage cards, then all cards must be saved as raw data.2. Are photo copies of raw data which are dated and verified by signature of the copier considered to be "exact" copies of the raw data?Yes.3. Are records of quarantine, animal receipt, environmental monitoring, and instrument calibration considered to be raw data?Yes.4. A laboratory conducts animal studies to establish a baseline set of data for a different test species/strain. No test article is administered but the toxicology laboratory facilities and procedures will be used and the resulting data may eventually be submitted to the agency as part of a research or marketing permit. Are the studies considered to be nonclinical laboratory studies that are covered by the GLPs?Generally, a nonclinical laboratory study involves a test article studied under laboratory conditions for the prupose of determining its safety. The cited example does not fit the definition so it would not be covered by the GLPs. Since the data from the baseline studies may be used to interpret the results of a nonclinical laboratory study, it is recommended, but not required, that the study be conducted in accord with GLPs in order to ensure valid baseline data.5. The definition of "nonclinical laboratory study" excludes field trials in animals. What is a field trial in animals?A field trial in animals is similar to a human clinical trial. It is conducted for the purpose of obtaining data on animal drug efficacy and it is excluded from coverage under the GLPs.6. Necropsies are done by prosectors trained by and working under the supervision of a pathologist. The necropsy data are recorded by the prosector on data sheets, and when making the final report, the pathologist summarizes the data collected by the prosector as well as by him/herself. What constitutes the raw data in this example?Both the prosector's data sheets as well as the signed and dated report of the pathologist would be considered raw data.7. Is a computer print-out derived from data transferred to computer media from laboratory data sheets considered to be raw data?No.8. Are the assay plates used in the 10t1/2 mammalian cell transformation assay considered to be specimens?Yes.9. If a firm uses parapathologists to screen tissue preparations, are the parapathologists' data sheets considered to be raw data?Yes.Section 58.10 Applicability to studies performed under grants and contracts.1. Certain contracts specify that a series of nonclinical laboratory studies be done on a single test article. Do the GLPs permit the designation of different study directors for each study under the contract?Yes.2. Do the GLPs require that a sponsor approve the study director for a contracted study?No. Testing facility management designates the study director.3. A firm functions as a primary contractor for nonclinical laboratory studies. The actual studies are then subcontracted to nonclinical laboratories. Is the firm considered to be a "sponsor"?The GLPs define "sponsor" as a person who initiates and supports a nonclinical laboratory study. Sponsorship in the cited example would be determined by the specific provisions of the contract.4. Who is responsible for test article characterization - the sponsor or the contractor?The GLPs do not assign the responsibility in this area. The matter is a subject of the specific contractual arrangement between the sponsor and the contractor.5. Do contract laboratories have to show the sponsor's name on the Master Schedule Sheet or can this information be coded?The information can be coded but the code must be revealed to the FDA investigator on request.6. A sponsor desires to contract for a nonclinical laboratory study to be conducted ina foreign laboratory. Must the sponsor notify the foreign laboratory that compliance with the U.S. GLPs is required?Yes.7. Must a contractor include in the final report information on test article characterization and stability when such information has been collected by the sponsor?No. The contractor should identify in its final report which information will be subsequently supplied by the sponsor.8. Must a sponsor reveal toxicology data already collected on a test article to a contract laboratory?No. If use of the test article involves a potential danger to laboratory personnel, the contract laboratory should be advised so that appropriate precautions can be taken.Section 58.15 Inspection of a testing facility.1. What is the usual procedure for the issuance of a form FD-483?The FD-483 is the written notice of objectionable practices or deviations from the regulations that is prepared by the FDA investigator at the end of the inspection. The items listed on the form serve as the basis for the exit discussion with laboratory management at which time management can either agree or disagree with the items and can offer possible corrective actions to be taken. Management may also respond to the district office in writing after it has had sufficient time to properly study theFD-483.2. Will a laboratory subsequently be notified of GLP deviations not listed on theFD-483?This does happen. The FDA investigator prepares an establishment inspection report (EIR) which summarizes the observations made at the laboratory and which contains exhibits concerning the studies audited (Protocols, SOPs, CV's, etc.). The EIR is then reviewed by District personnel as well as headquarters personnel. This review may reveal additional GLP deviations that should be and are communicated to laboratory management.3. What kinds of domestic toxicology laboratory inspections does FDA perform and how frequently are they done?FDA performs four kinds of inspections related to the GLPs and nonclinical laboratory studies. These include: A GLP inspection - an inspection undertaken as a periodic, routine determination of a laboratory's compliance with the GLPs, it includes examination of an ongoing study as well as a completed study; A data audit - an inspection made to verify that the information contained in a final report submitted to FDA is accurate and reflected by the raw data; A directed inspection - any of a series of inspections conducted for various compelling reasons (questionable data in a final report, tips from informers, etc.); A followup inspection - an inspection made sometime after a GLP inspection which revealed objectionable practices and conditions. The purpose of the followup inspection is to assure that proper corrective actions have been taken. GLP inspections are scheduled once every two years whereas the other kinds of inspections are scheduled as needed.4. Should GLP investigators comment on the scientific merits of a protocol or the scientific interpretation given in the final report?No. Their function is strictly a noting of observation and verification. Scientific judgments are made by the respective headquarters review units that deal with the test article.5. Can a GLP EIR be reviewed by laboratory management prior to issuance?No. The GLP EIR is an internal agency document which reflects the observations and findings of the FDA investigator. It can not be released to anyone outside the agency until agency action has been completed and the released copy is purged of all trade secret information. Laboratories that disagree with portions of the EIR shouldwrite a letter which contains the areas of disagreement to the local FDA District Office. The laboratories can ask that their letters accompany the EIR whenever it is requested under the Freedom of Information Act.6. Can FDA investigators take photographs of objectionable practices and conditions?It is the agency position that photographs can be taken as a part of the inspection and this position has been sustained by a District Court decision.7. The GLP Compliance Program requires the FDA investigator to select an ongoing study in order to inspect current laboratory operation. What criteria are used to select the study?The studies are selected in accord with agency priorities, i.e. the longest term study on the most significant product.8. Does FDA inspect international nonclinical laboratoies once every two years?No. Overseas laboratories are scheduled for inspection on the basis of having submitted to FDA the results of signigicant studies on important products.9. What background materials are used by agency investigators to prepare for a GLP inspection?Prior to an inspection, the folloing materials are ususally reviewed:(a) The GLP regulations;(b) The Management Briefings Post-Conference Report;( c) Assorted memoranda and policy issuances;(d) The GLP Compliance Program;(e) The protocol of an ongoing study, if available;(f) The final report of a completed study, if available;(g) The inspection report of the most recent inspection.10. How long does FDA allow a laboratory to effect corrective actions after an inspection has been made?If the results of an inspection reveal that significant deviations from the GLPs exist, the laboratory will be sent a regulatory letter that lists the major deviations and that requests a response within 10 days. The response should describe those actions that the laboratory has taken or plans to take to effect correction. The response should also encompass items that were listed on the FD-483 and those that were discussed during the exit discussion with laboratory management. A specific time table should be given for accomplishing the planned actions. The reasonableness of the time table will be determined by FDA compliance staff, based on the needs of the particular situation.For less significant deviations, the laboratory will be sent a Notice of Adverse Findings letter that also lists the deviations but that requests a response within 30 days. Again, the reasonableness of the response will be determined by FDA staff.11. Does a laboratory's responsibility for corrective action listed on a FD-483 begins at the conclusion of an inspection or upon receipt of correspondence from the originating bureau in which corrective action is requested?The FD-483 lists observations of violative conditions that have the capability to adversely affect nonclinical laboratory studies. Corrective actions should be instituted as soon as possible.12. Does FDA preannounce all GLP inspections?Laboratory management is informed of all routine GLP inspections prior to the inspection, but special compliance or investigative inspections need not be preannounced.SUBPART BORGANIZATION AND PRESONNELSection 58.29 Personnel.1. For what sequence in the supervisory chain should position descriptions be available?Position descriptions should be available for each individual engaged in or supervising the conduct of the study.2. Should current summaries of training and experience list attendance at scientific and technical meetings?Yes. The agency considers such attendance as a valuable adjunct to the other kinds of training received by laboratory personnel.3. If certain specialists (pathologists, statisticians, ophthalmologists, etc.) are contracted to conduct certain aspects of a study, need they be identified in the final report?Yes.4. Does the QAU have to be composed of technical personnel?No. Management is, however, responsible for assuring that "personnel clearly understand the functions they are to perform" (Section 58.31 (f)) and that each individual engaged in the study has the appropriate combiantion of education, training and experience (Section 58.29(a)).Section 58.31 Testing Facility Management.1. Can the study director be the chief executive of a nonclinical laboratory?No. The GLPs require that there be a separation of function between the study director and tha QAU director. In the example, the QAU director would be reporting to the study director.Section 58.33 Study director.1. The GLPs permit the designation of an "acting" or "deputy" study dirctor to be responsible for a study when the study director is on leave. Should study records identify the designated "deputy" or "acting" study director?Yes.2. Is the study director respopnsible for adherence to the GLPs?Yes.Section 58.35 Quality Assurance Unit.1. As a QAU person, I have no expertise in the field of pathology. How do I audit pathology findings?The QAU is not expected to perform a scientific evaluation of a study nor to "second-guess" the scientific procedures that are used. QAU inspections are made to ensure that the GLPs, SOPs and protocols are being followed and that the data summarized in the final report accurately reflect the results of the study. A variety of procedures can be used to do this but certainly the procedures should include an examination and correlation of the raw data records.2. Must the QAU keep copies of all protocols and amendments and SOPs and amendments?The QAU must keep copies of all protocols as currently amended. The only SOPs that the QAU are required to keep are those concerned with the operations and procedures of the QAU.3. Does the QAU have to monitor compliance with regulations promulgated by other government agencies?The GLPs do not require this.4. Can an individual who is involved in a nonclinical laboratory study perform QAU functions for portions of the study that the individual is not involved with?No. However, the individual can perform QAU functions for a study that he/she is not involved with.5. Does the QAU review amendments to the final report?Yes.6. What studies are required to be listed on the master schedule sheet?The master schedule sheet should list all nonclinical laboratory studies conducted on FDA regulated products and intended to support an application for a research or marketing permit.7. May the QAU in its periodic reports to management and the study director recommend actions to solve existing problems?Yes.8. If raw data are transcribed and sent to the sponsor for (a) preparing the data in computer format or (b) performing a statistical analysis, what are the responsibilities of the QAU?For (a) the QAU should assure that the computer formatted data accurately reflect the raw data. For (b) the statistical analyses would comprise a report from a participating scientist, therefore it should be checked by QAU and appended to the final report.9. Can the QAU also be responsible for maintaining the laboratory archives?Yes.10. Can a QAU be constituted as a single person?Yes, provided that the workload is not excessive and other duties do not prevent the person from doing an adequate job. It would be prudent to designate an alternate in case of disability/vacations/etc.11. Who is responsible for defining study phases and designating critical study phases and can these be covered in the SOP?The GLPs do not isolate this responsibility. Logically, the task should be done by the study director and the participation scientists working in concert with the QAU and laboratory management. It can be covered by an SOP.SUBPART CFACILITIESSection 58.41 General.No question were asked on the subject.Section 58.43 Animal Care Facilities.1. Do the GLPs require clean/dirty separation for the animal care areas?No. They do require adequate separation of species and studies.2. Do the GLPs require that separate animal rooms be used to house test systems and conduct different studies?No. The GLPs require separate areas adequate to assure proper separation of test systems, isolation of individual projects, animal quarantine and routine or specialized housing of animals, as necessary to achieve the study objectives.3. Do the GLPs require that access to animal rooms be limited only to authorized individuals?No. However, undue stresses and potentially adverse influences on the test system should be mimimized.Section 58.45 Animal Supply Facilities.No questions were asked on the subject.Section 58.47 Facilities for Handling Test and Control Articles.1. Do test and control articles have to be maintained in locked storage units?No, but accurate records of test and control article accountability must be maintained.Section 58.49 Laboratory operation areas.No questions were asked on the subject.Section 58.51 Specimen and data storage facilities.1. What do the GLPs require with regard to facilities for the archives?Space should be provided for archives limited to access by authorized personnel. Storage conditions should minimize deterioration of documents and specimens.Section 58.53 Administrative and personnel facilities.No questions were asked on the subject.SUBPART DEQUIPMENTSection 58.61 Equipment design.No questions were asked on the subject.Section 58.63 Maintenance and calibration of equipment.1. Has FDA established guidelines for the frequency of calibration of equipment (balances) used in nonclinical laboratory studies?The agency has not established guidelines for the frequency of calibration of balances used in nonclinical laboratory studies. This would be a large undertaking in part due to the wide variety of equipment that is available and to the differing workloads that would be imposed on the equipment. It is suggested that you work with the equipment manufacturers and your study directors to arrive at a suitable calibration schedule. The key point is that the calibration should be frequent enough to assure data validity. The maintenance and calibration schedules should be part of the SOPs for each instrument.2. When an equipment manufacturer performs the routine equipment maintenance, do the equipment manufacturer's maintenance procedures have to be described in the facilities' SOPs?No. The facilities' SOPs would have to state that maintenance was being performed by the equipment manufacturer according to their own procedures.SUBPART ETESTING FACILITIES OPERATIONSection 58.81 Standard Operating Procedures.1. What amount of detail should be included in the standard operation procedures (SOPs)?The GLPs do not specify the amount of detail to be inculded in the SOPs . The SOPs are intended to minimize the introduction of systematic error into a study by ensuring that all personnel will be familiar with and use the same procedures. The adequacy of the SOPs is a key responsibility of management. A guideline of adequacy that could be used is to determine whether the SOPs are understood and can be followed by trained laboratory personnel.2. Can the study director authorize changes in the SOPs?No. Approval of the SOPs and changes thereto is a function of laboratory management.3. How many copies of the complete laboratory SOPs are needed?Each work station should have access to the SOPs applicable to the work performed at the station. A complete set of the SOPs, including authorized amendments, should be maintained in the archives.4. Who approves the SOPs of the Quality Assurance Unit?Laboratory Management.5. To what extent are computer programs to be documented as SOPs?The GLPs do not specify the contents of individual SOPs, but the SOP that deals with computerized data acquisition should include the purpose of the program, the specifications, the procedures, the end products, the language, the interactions with other programs, procedures for assuring authorized data entry and access, procedures for making and authorizing changes to the program, the source listing of the program and perhaps even a flow chart. The laboratory's computer specialists should determine what other characteristics need to be described in the SOP.Section 58.83 Reagents and solutions.1. What are the GLP requirements for labeling of reagents purchased directly from manufacturers?All reagents used in a nonclinical laboratory have to be labeled to indicate identity, titer or concentration, storage requirements, and expiration date. Purchased reagents usually carry all these items except for the expiration date, so the laboratory should label the reagent containers with an expiration date. The expiration date selected should be in line with laboratory experience and need not require specific stability testing.2. How extensive should the procedures be for confirming the quality of incoming reagents used in nonclinical laboratory studies?Laboratory management should make this decision but the SOPs should document the actual procedures used.3. Do the procedures used for preparing the S9 activator fraction (liver microsomal fraction from rats challenged with a toxin) have to be performed in accord with the GLPs?No. The GLPs consider the S9 activator fraction to be a reagent. Therefore, it must be labeled properly, stored properly, tested prior to use in accord with adequate SOPs, and it can not be used if its potency is below established specifications.4. Do the GLPs require the use of product accountability procedures for reagents and chemicals used in a nonclinical laboratory study?No.Section 58.90 Animal care.1. Can diseased animals received from a supplier be diagnosed, treated, certified "well" and then entered into a nonclinical laboratory study?The GLPs provide for this procedure by including provisions directed towards animal quarantine and isolation. The question of whether such animals can be entered into a study, however, is a scientific one that should be answered by theveterinarian-in-charge and the study director and other scientists involved in the study.2. Do the GLPs prohibit the use of primates for multiple nonclinical laboratory studies?No. Again, the question is a scientific one and the potential impact of multiple use on study interpretation should be carefully assessed.3. Is a photocopy of an animal purchase order which has been signed and dated by the individual receiving the shipment sufficient proof of animal receipt?Yes, but actual shipping tickets are also acceptable.4. Does FDA have guidelines for animal bedding?No, but the GLPs prohibit the use of bedding which can interfere with the objectives of the study.5. Does FDA permit the sterilization of animal feed with ethylene oxide.No.6. For certain test system (timed-pregnant rodents), it is not possible to use long quarantime periods. Do the GLPs specify quarantine periods for each test system?No. The quarantine period can be extablished by the veterinarian in charge of animal care and should be of sufficient length to permit evaluation of health status.7. How are feed and water contaminants to be dealt with?The protocol should include a positive statement as to the need for conducting feed analysis for contaminants. If analysis is necessary, the identities and specifications。
关于实验是检验真理的唯一标准英语作文
关于实验是检验真理的唯一标准英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Experiment: The Only Yardstick for Measuring TruthTruth, that elusive and coveted prize that humanity has chased after for millennia. We've constructed elaborate philosophies, devised ingenious thought experiments, and spent countless hours pondering and debating what constitutes truth and how to discern it from fiction. Yet, amid this intellectual odyssey, one approach has emerged as the undisputed champion, a beacon of light cutting through the fog of speculation and conjecture – the scientific experiment.As a student, I've been taught to revere the sanctity of the scientific method, to view it as the ultimate arbiter of truth in a world often clouded by biases, assumptions, and unfounded beliefs. Through rigorous experimentation, we can strip away the veneers of preconceived notions and subject our hypotheses to the unforgiving crucible of empirical evidence.The strength of the experiment lies in its objectivity and replicability. It transcends the limitations of individualperspectives, cultural biases, and ideological leanings, offering a universal language that any rational mind can comprehend. When conducted with precision and adherence to established protocols, an experiment becomes a testament to the pursuit of truth, a beacon guiding us through the labyrinth of uncertainty.Consider the countless breakthroughs and paradigm shifts that have reshaped our understanding of the world, from Galileo's revolutionary observations of the heavens to the groundbreaking experiments of Marie Curie that unveiled the mysteries of radioactivity. Each of these monumental discoveries was forged not in the realm of abstract theorizing but through meticulous experimentation, where hypotheses were put to the ultimate test, and nature itself was allowed to speak its truth.The beauty of the experiment lies in its ability to challenge our preconceptions and shatter long-held beliefs. It acts as a bulwark against the insidious influence of dogma, forcing us to confront reality head-on and embrace the uncomfortable truths that may contradict our cherished notions. The annals of science are replete with examples of experiments that have upended conventional wisdom, from the earth's revolution around the sun to the counterintuitive principles of quantum mechanics.Moreover, the experiment fosters a culture of intellectual humility, a recognition that our understanding of the universe is ever-evolving and subject to constant refinement. It reminds us that truth is not a static entity to be grasped once and for all but a dynamic pursuit, a journey of continuous exploration and discovery. Through experimentation, we acknowledge the limitations of our current knowledge and remain open to the possibility of revising our beliefs in the face of new evidence.Yet, the power of the experiment extends far beyond the realms of natural sciences. In the social sciences, carefully designed experiments have illuminated the intricate workings of human behavior, shedding light on topics as diverse as decision-making, social dynamics, and cognitive biases. By isolating and manipulating variables in controlled environments, researchers can tease apart the complex tapestry of human interactions, uncovering truths that would otherwise remain obscured by the noise of everyday life.Even in the abstract domains of mathematics and logic, the experiment plays a crucial role. Through the construction of formal systems and the derivation of theorems, mathematicians and logicians engage in a form of intellectual experimentation, subjecting their axioms and conjectures to the rigors of logicalscrutiny. The truth of a mathematical statement is not determined by mere assertion but by its ability to withstand the relentless probing of logical deduction and proof.Of course, the experiment is not without its limitations. It is a tool, and like any tool, it can be misused or misinterpreted. Flawed experimental designs, measurement errors, and selective reporting of results can lead us astray, obscuring the truth rather than revealing it. This is why the scientific community places such emphasis on rigorous peer review, replication studies, and a commitment to transparency and integrity in the experimental process.Furthermore, there are realms of inquiry where the experiment may not be applicable or practical, such as in the study of historical events or in the exploration of certain metaphysical and philosophical questions. In these domains, we must rely on other modes of inquiry, such as textual analysis, logical argumentation, and reasoned discourse, while maintaining a healthy skepticism and a willingness to revise our beliefs in the face of new evidence.Yet, despite these caveats, the experiment remains the gold standard for testing truth, a beacon that guides us through the murky waters of uncertainty and conjecture. It is a testament tothe human spirit's insatiable curiosity and our relentless pursuit of knowledge, a pursuit that has yielded countless wonders and revelations about the universe we inhabit.As a student, I have been indelibly shaped by this reverence for the experiment and the scientific method. It has instilled in me a deep appreciation for the power of evidence, a respect for the rigor of the scientific process, and a commitment to intellectual honesty. It has taught me to question assumptions, to embrace uncertainty, and to remain open to revising my beliefs in the face of compelling evidence.More importantly, the experiment has imbued me with a sense of wonder and awe at the grandeur of the universe and the boundless potential of human inquiry. Each time a hypothesis is tested, a new door is opened, revealing glimpses of truth that were previously obscured. It is a journey of endless discovery, where each answer begets a multitude of new questions, propelling us ever forward in our quest for understanding.In a world often beset by dogmatism, misinformation, and the allure of convenient fictions, the experiment stands as a beacon of hope, a reminder that truth is not a matter of opinion or belief but a pursuit rooted in evidence and reason. It is a call to embrace intellectual humility, to shed our preconceptions,and to fearlessly confront the unknown, armed with the tools of scientific inquiry and a steadfast commitment to uncovering the truths that lie beyond the veil of our limited perceptions.So, as I embark on my academic and professional journey, I carry with me this unwavering conviction: the experiment is not merely a tool for testing truth but a way of life, a embodiment of the human spirit's insatiable thirst for knowledge and understanding. It is a torch that illuminates the path forward, guiding us towards a future where truth reigns supreme, and the boundaries of our understanding are continually pushed ever outward, into the vast expanse of the unknown.篇2Experimentation: The Sole Criterion of Truth?As a student grappling with the complexities of epistemology – the study of knowledge and its acquisition – I find myself drawn to the notion that experimentation is the sole criterion of truth. This assertion challenges the traditional methods of acquiring knowledge and raises pertinent questions about the nature of truth itself. In this essay, I will delve into the merits and limitations of this stance, drawing upon philosophicalinsights and empirical evidence to present a comprehensive analysis.The proposition that experimentation is the sole arbiter of truth finds its roots in the empirical tradition, which emerged during the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. Thinkers such as Francis Bacon and René Descartes advocated for a systematic and methodical approach to understanding the natural world, rejecting the authority of ancient texts and embracing the power of observation and experimentation.Proponents of this view assert that truth can only be established through controlled, replicable experiments that test hypotheses against empirical data. This approach places a premium on objectivity, rigorous methodology, and the ability to reproduce results. By subjecting our assumptions to the scrutiny of empirical inquiry, we can weed out unfounded beliefs and superstitions, allowing us to uncover the underlying principles that govern the universe.The success of the scientific method in unveiling the mysteries of the natural world lends credence to this perspective. Through experimentation, we have unraveled the intricacies of physics, chemistry, biology, and myriad other disciplines, enabling technological advancements that have transformed ourlives. The theories and laws derived from empirical investigations have withstood the test of time, serving as the bedrock of our understanding of the universe.Moreover, the reliance on experimentation fosters a spirit of skepticism and critical thinking, which are essential for the pursuit of truth. By constantly challenging our assumptions and subjecting them to empirical verification, we safeguard against the pitfalls of dogmatism and blind acceptance of authority. This approach encourages intellectual humility, as even the most well-established theories must be continuously scrutinized and refined in the face of new evidence.However, it would be remiss to adopt an unwavering stance on experimentation as the sole criterion of truth without acknowledging its limitations and the existence of other legitimate modes of inquiry. While experimentation excels in the realm of the natural sciences, it may fall short in addressing questions of ethics, aesthetics, and metaphysics, which often defy empirical verification.For instance, how can we experimentally determine the inherent value of human life or the moral implications of our actions? The realm of ethics and morality is rooted in philosophical reasoning, cultural traditions, and subjectiveexperiences, which may not lend themselves readily to experimental methodologies. Similarly, our appreciation of art and beauty, while grounded in neural and psychological processes, transcends mere empirical analysis and involves subjective interpretations shaped by individual experiences and cultural contexts.Furthermore, the pursuit of truth is not solely confined to the observable and measurable aspects of reality. Metaphysical inquiries into the nature of existence, consciousness, and the fundamental constituents of the universe often engage with realms that lie beyond the reach of direct experimentation. While empirical evidence can inform and constrain our metaphysical theories, the ultimate truths about the origin and essence of reality may elude the confines of the experimental method.It is also important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of experimentation itself. Despite our best efforts to maintain objectivity and rigor, our experiments are subject to the constraints of our current technological capabilities, theoretical frameworks, and human biases. The history of science is replete with instances where flawed experimental designs, faulty data analysis, or cognitive biases led to erroneous conclusions that were later overturned by more rigorous investigations.Moreover, the reductionist approach inherent in experimentation may fail to capture the holistic and emergent properties of complex systems, leading to an incomplete understanding of the phenomena under study. The interplay of multiple factors, non-linear dynamics, and the inherent unpredictability of certain systems may defy the controlled conditions and simplifying assumptions of experiments, necessitating the integration of alternative modes of inquiry.In light of these considerations, a more nuanced perspective emerges: while experimentation is an indispensable tool in our quest for truth, it should not be regarded as the sole criterion. Instead, we must embrace a pluralistic approach that recognizes the complementary roles of various modes of inquiry, each contributing to our understanding of the world in unique and invaluable ways.Philosophical reasoning, introspection, and subjective experiences offer insights into the realms of ethics, aesthetics, and consciousness, domains that may elude the grasp of empirical investigation. Cultural traditions and indigenous ways of knowing can provide alternative perspectives and enrich our understanding of the human experience. Mathematical and logical reasoning can unveil truths about abstract concepts andformal systems, transcending the boundaries of the physical world.Ultimately, the pursuit of truth is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a synthesis of diverse modes of inquiry, each illuminating different facets of reality. Experimentation remains a pivotal component of this pursuit, providing a rigorous and systematic method for testing hypotheses and uncovering the underlying principles that govern the natural world. However, it is not the sole criterion of truth, but rather a powerful tool that must be wielded in conjunction with other modes of inquiry to achieve a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of the world we inhabit.As students and seekers of knowledge, our task is to cultivate a spirit of intellectual humility, recognizing the limitations of any single approach while embracing the richness and diversity of human inquiry. By integrating the insights gleaned from experimentation with those derived from philosophical, cultural, and subjective modes of understanding, we can navigate the complexities of truth with greater wisdom and depth, ultimately enriching our collective knowledge and enhancing our ability to comprehend the mysteries that surround us.篇3Experiment as the Sole Criterion of TruthThe quest for truth and knowledge has been an enduring pursuit throughout human history. As we navigate the complexities of the natural world, we are confronted with numerous assertions, theories, and beliefs that compete for our acceptance. In this landscape, the question arises: How can we discern truth from falsehood? Is there a universal standard by which we can evaluate the validity of claims? Many philosophers and scientists have grappled with this fundamental inquiry, and one perspective that has gained significant traction is the notion that experiment is the sole criterion of truth.At first glance, this proposition may seem overly simplistic or even radical. After all, the realm of human knowledge encompasses a vast array of disciplines, from the abstract realms of mathematics and philosophy to the tangible domains of the natural sciences. How can a single standard encompass such diversity? However, upon closer examination, the argument for experiment as the ultimate arbiter of truth holds considerable weight.The essence of this perspective lies in the recognition that empirical evidence, derived from carefully controlled and replicable experiments, provides the most reliable foundation for establishing objective truth. Unlike mere speculation, anecdotal accounts, or subjective interpretations, experiments offer a systematic and rigorous approach to testing hypotheses and uncovering the fundamental principles that govern the universe.One of the strongest arguments in favor of this view is the remarkable success of the scientific method, which relies heavily on experimentation. Throughout history, countless discoveries and technological advancements have been made possible through the application of experimental techniques. From the groundbreaking work of pioneers like Galileo and Newton to the cutting-edge research in fields like particle physics and molecular biology, experiments have consistently yielded insights that have reshaped our understanding of the world.Moreover, the power of experimentation lies in its ability to challenge and refine existing theories. By subjecting hypotheses to rigorous testing and scrutiny, experiments can either confirm or refute proposed explanations. This process of continuous questioning and verification is essential for advancing ourknowledge and ensuring that our beliefs align with empirical reality.Critics of this perspective may argue that not all domains of knowledge are amenable to experimental investigation. For instance, how can one conduct experiments to explore abstract philosophical concepts or subjective experiences? While this objection holds some merit, it is important to recognize that even in these realms, the principles of empiricism and verifiability remain paramount. Philosophical arguments and theories that cannot be subjected to any form of empirical scrutiny or logical analysis run the risk of becoming mere speculation or dogma.Furthermore, the notion of experiment as the sole criterion of truth does not necessarily preclude other forms of inquiry or knowledge acquisition. Rather, it suggests that any claim, whether derived from reason, intuition, or revelation, must ultimately be subjected to the litmus test of empirical verification through experimentation. This process may involve indirect methods, such as the analysis of observable phenomena or the construction of logical arguments based on empirical premises.Another compelling argument in favor of this perspective is the inherent objectivity and universality of experimental results. Unlike subjective interpretations or culturally specific beliefs,well-designed experiments transcend personal biases and can be replicated and verified by researchers across different geographical and cultural contexts. This universality of empirical evidence fosters a shared understanding of the natural world and promotes scientific collaboration on a global scale.However, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations and potential pitfalls associated with experimental research. Experiments can be influenced by a variety of factors, including flawed experimental designs, measurement errors, and unconscious biases. Additionally, the interpretation of experimental results may be subject to varying theoretical frameworks or philosophical assumptions. These challenges underscore the importance of rigorous peer review, replication studies, and a commitment to continually refining experimental methodologies.Despite these limitations, the weight of evidence supporting the primacy of experimentation as the ultimate arbiter of truth is overwhelming. From the remarkable achievements of modern science to the consistent ability of experiments to challenge and revise longstanding beliefs, the empirical approach has proven itself as the most reliable path to uncovering objective truth.In conclusion, the proposition that experiment is the sole criterion of truth represents a powerful and compelling perspective. While acknowledging the limitations and potential objections, the overwhelming success of the scientific method and the inherent objectivity of empirical evidence strongly support this view. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the universe and seek to expand the boundaries of human knowledge, the principles of experimentation and empirical verification must remain at the forefront of our endeavors. Only through a steadfast commitment to empiricism and a willingness to subject our beliefs to rigorous testing can we hope to uncover the deepest truths of the natural world.。
检验试验计划英语
检验试验计划英语Test Plan1. IntroductionThe purpose of this test plan is to outline the procedures for conducting a series of tests to verify the functionality and performance of the product. This test plan will cover the scope of testing, test objectives, test environments, test resources, test schedule, and test deliverables.2. ScopeThe scope of testing will include functional testing, performance testing, usability testing, compatibility testing, and security testing. The tests will be conducted on the product in various environments to ensure that it meets the specified requirements.3. Test Objectives- To verify that the product functions as intended- To identify any defects or issues in the product- To ensure that the product is secure and reliable- To validate the performance of the product under different conditions- To assess the usability of the product from an end-user perspective4. Test EnvironmentsThe tests will be conducted in multiple environments including development, testing, staging, and production environments. Each environment will be set up with the necessary configurations to simulate real-world usage scenarios.5. Test ResourcesThe test team will consist of testers, developers, and stakeholders. Testers will be responsible for executing the tests, developers will be responsible for fixing any issues found during testing, and stakeholders will review the test results and provide feedback.6. Test ScheduleThe testing phase will be conducted over a period of two weeks. Each type of test will be conducted sequentially to ensure thorough coverage of all aspects of the product.Daily status meetings will be held to track progress and address any issues that arise.7. Test DeliverablesThe test deliverables will include a test plan document, test cases, test scripts, test reports, and a final test summary report. These deliverables will be reviewed by stakeholders to ensure that all testing objectives have been met.测试计划1. 引言本测试计划的目的是概述进行一系列测试的程序，以验证产品的功能和性能。
英语作文有关实验的题目
英语作文有关实验的题目Title: The Role of Experiments in Scientific Inquiry。
In the realm of scientific exploration, experiments serve as indispensable tools for probing hypotheses,testing theories, and unraveling the mysteries of the natural world. Through meticulously designed procedures and systematic observations, experiments offer a pathway to uncovering new knowledge and refining existing understanding. This essay delves into the significance of experiments in scientific inquiry, exploring theiressential role in advancing human understanding and driving innovation.To begin with, experiments provide a controlled environment where variables can be manipulated and outcomes measured with precision. This controlled setting allows scientists to isolate specific factors and observe their effects, thus enabling the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships. By carefully controlling variablesand conditions, researchers can minimize external influences and draw reliable conclusions about the phenomena under investigation.Moreover, experiments offer a means of testing hypotheses formulated through deductive reasoning or inspired by empirical observations. Hypotheses serve as educated guesses or tentative explanations for observed phenomena. Through experimentation, scientists subject these hypotheses to empirical scrutiny, either confirming or refuting their validity based on the evidence gathered. This iterative process of hypothesis testing lies at the heart of scientific inquiry, driving the advancement of knowledge and the refinement of theories.Furthermore, experiments foster a spirit of curiosity and exploration, encouraging scientists to push the boundaries of existing knowledge and explore new frontiers. By posing questions and designing experiments to address them, researchers embark on a journey of discovery, driven by a desire to unravel the mysteries of the universe. Whether exploring the depths of outer space or theintricacies of subatomic particles, experiments serve as vehicles for human ingenuity and exploration, fueling the quest for understanding.Additionally, experiments play a crucial role in validating scientific theories and models, providing empirical support for theoretical frameworks. Theories serve as overarching explanations for natural phenomena, offering insights into the underlying principles governing the universe. Through experimentation, scientists gather empirical evidence to either support or challenge these theories, refining and revising them in light of new data. This symbiotic relationship between theory and experiment forms the cornerstone of scientific progress, fostering a dynamic interplay between observation and theory-building.Moreover, experiments drive technological innovation and practical applications, translating theoreticalinsights into real-world solutions. From the development of new materials and medicines to the optimization of industrial processes, experiments underpin technological advancements that shape the course of human civilization.By applying scientific principles to practical problems, researchers harness the power of experimentation to drive innovation and improve the quality of life for people around the globe.In conclusion, experiments occupy a central position in the landscape of scientific inquiry, serving as catalysts for discovery, innovation, and understanding. By providing a systematic framework for hypothesis testing, empirical validation, and theory building, experiments empower scientists to unravel the mysteries of the natural world and push the boundaries of human knowledge. As we continue to harness the power of experimentation to explore new frontiers and tackle complex challenges, we embark on a journey of discovery that promises to enrich our understanding of the universe and transform the world we inhabit.。
力克沃斯顿 переднии
I n s t a l l a t i o n & O p e r a t i o nR F R Z -F SES e r i a l N u m b e r :D a t e o f P u r c h a s e :I n s t a l l a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e a v a i l a b l e a t :w w w .r o c k f o r d f o s g a t e .c o m /r f t e c hR O C K F O R D F O S G A T E .C O M600 S o u t h R o c k f o r d D r i v e • T e m p e , A r i z o n a 85281 U n i t e d S t a t e s D i r e c t : (480) 967-3565 • T o l l F r e e : (800) 669-98992Dear Customer,Congratulations on your purchase of the world’s finest brand of audio products. At Rockford Fosgate we are fanatics about musical reproduc-tion at its best, and we are pleased you chose our product. Through years of engineering expertise, hand craftsmanship and critical testing procedures, we have created a wide range of products that reproduce music with all the clarity and richness you deserve.For maximum performance we recommend you have your new Rockford Fosgate product installed by an Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealer, as we provide specialized training through Rockford Technical Training Institute (RTTI). Please read your warranty and retain your receipt and original carton for possible future use.Great product and competent installations are only a piece of the puzzle when it comes to your system. Make sure that your installer is using 100% authentic installation accessories from Rockford Fosgate in your installation. Rockford Fosgate has everything from RCA cables andspeaker wire to power wire and battery connectors. Insist on it! After all, your new system deserves nothing but the best.To add the finishing touch to your new Rockford Fosgate image order your Rockford accessories, which include everything from T-shirts to hats.Visit our web site for the latest information on all Rockford products ;or, in the U.S. call 1-800-669-9899 or FAX 1-800-398-3985. For all other countries, call +001-480-967-3565 or FAX +001-480-966-3983.Table of ContentIf, after reading your manual, you still have questions regarding this prod-uct, we recommend that you see your Rockford Fosgate dealer. If you need further assistance, you can call us direct at 1-800-669-9899. Be sure to have your serial number, model number and date of purchase available when you call.Safetyto alert the user to the presence of important instructions. Failure to heed the instructions will result in severe injury or death.This symbol with “CAUTION” is intended to alert the user to the presence of important instructions. Failure to heed the instructions can result in injury or unit damage.• To prevent injury and damage to the unit, please read and follow the instructions in this manual. We want you to enjoy this system, not get a headache.• If you feel unsure about installing this system yourself, have it installed by a qualified Rockford Fosgate technician.• Before installation, disconnect the battery negative (-) terminal to prevent damage to the unit, fire and/or possible injury.Introduction©2015 Rockford Corporation. All Rights Reserved. ROCK FORD FOSGATE and associated logos where applicable are registered trademarks of Rockford Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Specifications subject to change without notice.Continuous exposure to sound pressure levels over 100dB may cause permanent hearing loss. High powered auto sound systems may produce sound pressure levels well over 130dB. Use common senseand practice safe sound.2Introduction 3Enclosure Assembly 4-6Installation 7Blank 8Warranty3Enclosure AssemblyFig. 1DRIVER SIDE (LEFT)PASSENGER SIDE (RIGHT)TYPICAL ASSEMBLY(Passenger Side Shown)Threaded Mounting Stud4ContentsInstallation ToolsThe following is a list of suggested tools needed for installation:Installation ConsiderationsThis section focuses on some considerations for installing your Polaris ® RZR ® Front Speaker Pod Enclosures. This manual will illustrate the installation process with a 2016 Polaris RZR XP4 Turbo.If you feel unsure about installing this system yourself, have it installed by a qualified technician.Before installation, disconnect the battery neg-ative (-) terminal to prevent damage to the unit, fire and/or possible injury.Before beginning any installation, follow these simple rules:• Be sure to carefully read and understand the instructions before attempting to install this enclosure kit.• Consult your UTV’s service manual for model specific information. Models may differ from year to year depending on factory options and aftermarket accessories added.• This dash kit is specifically designed to work with Rockford Fosgate’s Element Ready 6.5” speakers.• With the addition of an amplifier or source unit, be sure that your current charging system is in proper working order.• Visit for more comprehensive installation videos and product information.• Ratchet • 15mm Socket • 13mm Socket• 5/32” Allen Wrench• (1) Passenger Side Front Speaker Enclosure • (1) Driver Side Front Speaker Enclosure • (2) Foam Tape• (2) Threaded Studs • (4) Mounting Screws w/ Washers• (2) Mounting Bolts w/ Washers • Installation GuideInstallationApplicable Models:2014 and up RZR ® XP/XP4 10002016 and up RZR ® XP/XP4 Turbo 2015 and up RZR ®S/ XC / 4 9005InstallationThe speaker pods are designed to work with Rockford Fosgate’s RFRZ-PMXWH1 and RFRZ-K4D wire kits. After the front speaker wire is run threw both down tubes, you are ready to start the process of mounting the enclosure.NOTE: There are factory plastic bosses located on the fire wall that the new pods will be mounted to.NOTE: If you have purchased our front subwoofer enclosure (RFRZ-FWE, you must install it prior to installing this kit RFRZ-FSE).Step 1 - Bolt RemovalThere are two bolts on the kick panel that attach the plastic floor panels to the chassis of the vehicle. The bottom bolt will need to be removed.NOTE: This install shows the enclosure mounting to the passenger side of the vehicle for better visibility. The install process is the same for both sides of the vehicle.Step 2 - Attach Threaded StudOnce the bolt is removed, install the threaded stud back into the hole where the bolt was removed. This provides a new mounting point for the speaker enclosure.Step 3 - Insert Speaker WireFeed the installed speaker wire through the hole on the pod beforemounting.6Step 4 - Mount the Speaker EnclosurePosition the enclosure over the threaded stud and plastic bosses.Be sure to line up the holes before inserting mounting screws andtightening.NOTE: There are (2) mounting screws with washers, (1) mountingbolt that hold each speaker enclosure in place. Leaving the screwsand bolts loose until all hardware in place makes final fitmenteasier. Once all hardware is in place, tighten to 8 ft. lbs. of torqueto secure the pod.Overtightening will cause damage to theplastic bosses and threads in stud.Step 5 - Foam Tape PlacementFoam tape is provided to cover the speaker wire access hole afterthe wire in installed. This is to prevents moisture from gettinginside the pod and air from escaping.InstallationStep 6 - Mount Speaker Into EnclosureConnect the front speaker wires to the speaker by sliding theconnectors over the speaker terminals. Be sure to maintain properpolarity when wiring up the speaker.NOTE: The driver side speaker enclosure mounts the same way asthe passenger side. It is recommended doing one side at a time.7WarrantyRockford Corporation offers a limited warranty on Rockford Fosgate products on the following terms:Length of WarrantyPOWER Amplifiers – 2 YearsBMW® Direct Fit Speakers – 2 YearsAll other products - 1 YearAny Factory Refurbished Product – 90 days (receipt required)What is CoveredThis warranty applies only to Rockford Fosgate products sold to consumers by Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealers in the United States of America or its possessions. Product purchased by consumers from an Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealer in another country are covered only by that country’s Distribu-tor and not by Rockford Corporation.Who is CoveredThis warranty covers only the original purchaser of Rockford product purchased from an Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealer in the United States. In order to receive service, the purchaser must provide Rockford with a copy of the receipt stating the customer name, dealer name, product purchased and date of purchase.Products found to be defective during the warranty period will be repaired or replaced (with a product deemed to be equivalent) at Rockford’s discretion.What is Not Covered1. Damage caused by accident, abuse, improper operations,water, theft, shipping.2. Any cost or expense related to the removal or reinstallation of product.3. Service performed by anyone other than Rockford or an Authorized Rockford Fosgate Service Center.4. Any product which has had the serial number defaced, altered, or removed.5. Subsequent damage to other components.6. Any product purchased outside the U.S.7. Any product not purchased from an Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealer.Limit on Implied WarrantiesAny implied warranties including warranties of fitness for use and merchantability are limited in duration to the period of the express warranty set forth above. Some states do not allow limitations on the length of an implied warranty, so this limitation may not apply. No person is authorized to assume for Rockford Fosgate any other liability in connection with the sale of the product.How to Obtain ServiceContact the Authorized Rockford Fosgate Dealer you purchased this product from. If you need further assistance, call 1-800-669-9899 for Rockford Cus-tomer Service. You must obtain an RA# (Return Authorization number) to return any product to Rockford Fosgate. You are responsible for shipment of product to Rockford.EU WarrantyThis product meets the current EU warranty requirements, see your Authorized dealer for details.8。
Q1A(R2)中英文对照(可编辑修改word版)
人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会ICH三方指导文件新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验Q1A(R2)现第四版2003年2月6日制定Q1A(R2) 文件厉程新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验QIA(R)修订说明本修订的目的为了明确由于采用了 ICHQir在气候带山和【V注册申请的稳定性数据包"而使QIA(R)而产生的变更。
这些变更如下:L在下面章节中将中间储存条件从温度30匸±20柑对湿度60%±5%修改为温度3or±2r/ni 对湿度 65%+5%：2」・7・1原料药•储存条件•一般情况 227」制剂•储存条件•一般情况 227・3在半渗透性容器中包装的制剂 3术语匸中间试验‘‘2・在下面章节中可以使用温度30C±rC/柑对湿度65%±5%替代温度25C±2C/相对湿度60%±5%作为长期稳泄性试验的条件: 2」・7・1原料药•储存条件•一般情况 227」制剂•储存条件•一般情况3・在温度25“C±2°C/tH对湿度40%±5%的基础上增加了温度30匸±2匸/相对湿度35%±5% 作为长期稳定性试验条件，并且在后而的章节中包括了失水比率相关举例的相关情况: 227・3在半透性容器中包装的制剂在试验阶段中间将中间将储存条件从温度30匸±2^7相对湿度60%±5%调整为温度309±2X7相对湿度65%±5%是可以的，但相应的储存条件和调整的日期要在注册申报资料中清楚地说明和列出。
如果适用的话建议ICH三方在公布和执行此修订指南三年后，注册申请资料中完整的试验能够包含在中间储存条件，即温度30匸±20柑对湿度65%±5%下的实验资料。
S TABILITY T ESTING OF N EW新原料药和制剂稳定性试验D RUG S UBSTANCES ANDP RODUCTS1. INTRODUCTIONThe guideline seeks to exemplify the core stability data package for new drug substances and products. but leaves sufficient flexibility to encompass the variety of different practical situations that may be encountered due to specific scientific considerations andcharacteristics of the materials being evaluated. Alternative approaches can be used when there are scientifically justifiable reasons.间去适应由于特殊的科学考虑和被评估物质 特殊性质而导致的各种不同的具体情况。
检验教学效果的方法英语作文
Methods of Assessing Teaching Effectiveness In the realm of education, assessing teaching effectiveness is crucial for ensuring the quality of instruction and the overall learning outcomes of students. While there are various approaches to evaluating teaching methods, several key factors stand out as essential in determining the impact of instruction.Firstly, student engagement is a critical indicator of teaching effectiveness. A teacher's ability to capture and maintain students' interest and attention throughout a lesson is a strong predictor of learning outcomes. Engaging students through interactive activities, real-world examples, and stimulating discussions not only keeps them interested but also helps them connect the dots between theory and practice.Secondly, the use of formative assessments is essential in gauging student understanding and identifying areas that need further clarification or reinforcement. Formative assessments, such as quizzes, classroom discussions, and homework assignments, provide teachers with ongoingfeedback on student progress and allow for timely adjustments to the teaching approach.Thirdly, the integration of technology in teaching can significantly enhance the learning experience. The use of digital tools and platforms for instruction not only brings the classroom into the 21st century but also allows for more personalized and adaptive learning experiences. By leveraging technology, teachers can engage students in a more dynamic and interactive way, fostering a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas.Lastly, teacher-student relationships are fundamental to effective teaching. A teacher's ability to connect with students on a personal level, understand their needs and challenges, and provide individualized support is crucial for fostering a positive learning environment. Strong teacher-student relationships lead to higher student motivation, engagement, and ultimately, better academic outcomes.In conclusion, assessing teaching effectiveness is a multifaceted process that involves considering various factors, including student engagement, formativeassessments, technology integration, and teacher-student relationships. By attending to these key areas, educators can ensure that their teaching methods are impactful and that students are receiving the most effective instruction possible.**检验教学效果的方法**在教育领域，检验教学效果对于确保教学质量和学生的整体学习成果至关重要。
动物作用于医学实验 你对此看英语作文
动物作用于医学实验你对此看英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Use of Animals in Medical TestingHave you ever wondered how new medicines get tested and approved before they can be given to people? Well, a lot of that testing happens by using animals in medical experiments. Scientists use animals like mice, rats, rabbits, and even monkeys and dogs to test new drugs and procedures. While animal testing has helped develop many life-saving treatments, there is a big debate around whether it is ethical or not.On one hand, animals have been crucial for medical progress. By testing on animals first, researchers can check if a new medicine is safe and effective before giving it to humans. This prevents unsafe drugs from hurting people. For example, early testing of a new polio vaccine in the 1950s on mice, monkeys, and other animals showed it worked and didn't cause major side effects. This allowed the vaccine to then be safely tested in clinical trials with humans. The polio vaccine went on to save countless lives by protecting people from this disabling disease.Likewise, animals have helped develop treatments for many other illnesses like cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's, and diabetes. Animal models allow scientists to recreate the conditions of human diseases so they can study them closely. They can then test out new drug candidates and see if they improve or cure the disease in animals before trying them in people. Some life-saving procedures like kidney transplants, heart valve repairs, and tools like pacemakers were first worked out through animal research as well.However, many people are concerned about the ethics of using animals in experiments where they could potentially suffer or be harmed. Activists argue that it is cruel and inhumane to subject animals to potentially painful procedures, even if it may help develop new treatments for human diseases. Animals can't agree or consent to being experimented on, and some question whether it's right to use them in this way against their will when they can't understand what's happening.Those in favor of animal testing say that strict regulations are in place to minimize any suffering and distress. Researchers must follow very specific rules about housing, feeding, veterinary care, and only using the most humane methods possible. Animals are also given anesthesia for any potentially painful procedures.They argue that while not ideal, a minimum amount of animal testing is still necessary at this time until affordable and reliable alternatives are developed that can fully replace the need for animals in research.Modern techniques like computer models, human cell cultures, and engineered tissue samples are now used alongside animals when testing new drugs as well. Researchers try to minimize the use of animals when possible and use alternatives first if they can provide useful data. However, opponents argue these alternatives still aren't advanced enough to fully replace the use of living animals yet for all types of medical testing.Personally, I have mixed feelings on this issue. I really hate the idea of animals suffering or being hurt for any reason. At the same time, I'm really glad we have medicine that can help people when they are sick because of animal research in the past. Without it, many people I care about might not be alive or healthy today.Perhaps an approach moving forward could be to keep developing more advanced alternatives while still allowing a minimal level of highly regulated and humane animal testing when absolutely needed. That way animals wouldn't have to be used as much, but their use also wouldn't be completely bannedin cases where no other testing method could work as well at this time. Constant re-evaluation would be needed to determine when animal use could finally be phased out entirely as well.After all, most people likely had some ancestors who took part in risky testing of early medical treatments like the first surgical procedures, medicines, or vaccines before there were ethical rules and regulations in place. In a way, those people were like the animal test subjects of today, whose roles unfortunately open the doors for safer practices and options for everyone else later on.Clearly this is a very complex issue without any simple solution. I can see the important role animals have played in medical breakthroughs, while also understanding the ethical concerns around the issue. I think open discussions and more research into alternatives should continue in order to reduce the need for animals as much as possible. But perhaps some minimal, highly regulated, and humane level of animal testing may still be required for certain types of medical research until affordable and effective alternatives can completely replace that need. What do you think about this difficult issue? I'm really interested to hear other view points as well!篇2Animals Help Make People BetterHave you ever wondered how doctors and scientists figure out if a new medicine is safe and if it really works? Well, one way they do this is by testing the medicine on animals first before giving it to people. Using animals for medical research has helped doctors find cures and treatments for many diseases that make people sick.My mom says that years ago, before they could test on animals, a lot of people used to die from diseases that are no longer a big problem today thanks to medicines discovered through animal research. She told me about this awful disease called polio that used to paralyze kids and even cause death. But then in the 1950s, doctors tested an experimental polio vaccine on mice, monkeys, and other animals to make sure it was safe before giving it to humans. That vaccine went on to pretty much get rid of polio and save countless lives!There are all sorts of animals used in medical labs to study diseases and test potential new treatments. Mice are probably the most common because they breed quickly and are small and easy to take care of. Rats are also used a lot for similar reasons. Bigger animals like rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, and monkeysget used too depending on what disease or body system the researchers need to study.It might sound scary to test on animals, but the scientists have strict rules they have to follow to make sure the animals don't suffer any unnecessary pain or distress. The animals live in clean, comfortable environments and get regular health checks by veterinarians. If an experiment might cause more than mild, brief pain or distress, the animal has to be given painkillers or anesthesia so it doesn't feel anything.Plus, the research is super important for finding new ways to treat cancer, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, heart disease, epilepsy, and other scary sicknesses in people. Here are some cool examples of how animal studies have led to major medical breakthroughs:In the 1920s, a scientist in Canada named Frederick Banting had the idea to use extracts from dog pancreases to try and treat diabetes. After a lot of animal testing, Banting's team was able to use those extracts to make insulin, which is now used by millions of people to control their diabetes.In the 1940s, doctors did experiments with mice that had been bred to have high blood pressure, similar to hypertension in humans. Those mouse studies helped lead to the invention ofdiuretics, ACE inhibitors, and other drugs that are now commonly prescribed to people to regulate their blood pressure.In the 1950s, scientists gave temporary paralysis to cats as part of researching how nerves transmit signals to make muscles move. That led to the discovery of molecules involved in nerve signaling and the invention of muscle relaxant drugs that are now used during surgery and to treat neurological disorders.More recently, in the 1970s and 80s, psychologists studied depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues by doing experiments with mice, rats, and monkeys. Their work helped develop anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications that have helped improve the lives of millions struggling with those conditions.And those are just a few examples! Animal research over the years has also contributed to developing anesthesia for surgeries, antibiotics, vaccines, blood transfusions, chemotherapy, and so much more. My teacher says that basically every medical treatment in use today was made possible by first studying animals.I know it might seem mean to do experiments on cute little mice or monkeys. But the scientists have very strict rules to follow to make sure the research is really important and that theanimals don't suffer unnecessarily. Plus, the research leads to medical breakthroughs that save countless human lives. My dad's uncle was able to survive cancer thanks to an experimental treatment that was first tested on mice before being tried in people.There are some people who think we shouldn't use animals for research at all. But until we find an even better way to safely test new medicines before giving them to humans, animal studies are still really important and helpful. Just imagine how many people would die from curable diseases if we didn't have access to treatments that were developed through animal testing!So the next time you go to the doctor and get a new prescription or vaccine, you can thank the scientists and their hard-working animal test subjects for making that possible. Animal research is advancing medicine and science to make the world a healthier, better place for all of us!篇3The Use of Animals in Medical TestsHi there! My name is Emily and I'm going to tell you all about how animals help make important discoveries in medicine. It's apretty big topic, but I'll try my best to explain it in a way that makes sense.You've probably heard about scientists doing experiments or tests on animals like mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys. This might seem a little weird or even cruel at first. After all, animals are living creatures just like us humans! However, there are actually very good reasons why medical researchers work with animals in their labs.The main reason is that animals can help scientists learn about different diseases and test potential new treatments before giving them to people. You see, humans and animals have many similarities when it comes to our bodies and how they work. By studying animals first, scientists can get a better understanding of how diseases happen and whether new medicines are safe and effective.For example, let's say researchers want to develop a new drug for treating cancer. First, they would test it on animals like mice that have been given cancer cells. This allows them to see if the drug actually works to shrink or kill the tumors without causing terrible side effects that could harm the mice. Only after extensive animal testing would the new cancer drug move on to clinical trials with human patients.Animal research has led to some amazing medical breakthroughs that have improved and saved countless human lives. Did you know that virtually every major medicine used today was developed and tested using animal models? That includes treatments for diseases like HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, heart disease, childhood leukemia, and so much more.Not only do animal studies help create new medicines, but they also assist in the development of life-saving procedures. For instance, research on animals allowed scientists to develop innovative surgeries like organ transplants, coronary bypass surgery, and joint replacements. Isn't that incredible?Now, I know what you might be thinking - "But Emily, isn't animal testing really cruel and painful for the animals?" That's an absolutely fair concern. No one wants to see animals suffering unnecessarily. However, there are actually strict laws and ethical guidelines in place to protect research animals from cruelty or mistreatment.Scientists have to follow what's called the "3 Rs" - Reduction, Refinement and Replacement. Reduction means using the smallest possible number of animals required to get valid results. Refinement refers to methods that minimize any pain or distress the animals might experience. And Replacement means usingnon-animal alternatives like computer models whenever possible as substitutes for live animal studies.Additionally, animals used in research get excellent care and live in specialized facilities with highly trained veterinary staff looking after them. Their habitats mimic their natural environments as much as possible and they get nutritious food, clean water, and places to play and explore. While being involved in research isn't fun for animals, a lot of work goes into ensuring their welfare.There are also many regulations about which types of animals can and cannot be used in medical studies. Researchers try to use species lower on the phylogenetic scale, like fruit flies, mice, and rats before considering higher species like dogs, cats, or non-human primates. And animals like great apes and endangered species are almost never allowed to be used.I think it's really important to understand that medical researchers don't just randomly experiment on animals for no good reason. There are always strict scientific justifications and ethical reviews before any animal study gets approved. Animal studies are a crucial step in the long process of developing safe, effective treatments for humans.At the end of the day, almost every human being has benefitted in some way from insights gained through animal research. It has undoubtedly saved millions of lives and reduced an immense amount of suffering from disease and injury. While more still needs to be done to enhance animal welfare, I believe animal studies remain necessary for continued medical progress.Those are just my thoughts as a 10-year-old kid learning about this topic! What do you think about the role of animals in medical research? I'd be really interested to hear your perspective. It's definitely a complex issue with good arguments on multiple sides. Either way, I hope I was able to explain it in a way that makes sense. Thanks for reading!。
以此来保证考试公平英语 作文
Title: Ensuring Fairness in Exams through Standardized Testing ProceduresIn the realm of education, the significance of fair exams cannot be overstated. Fair exams are not only a measure of students' knowledge and skills but also a reflection of the effectiveness of teaching methods and the quality of educational institutions. To ensure fairness in exams, standardized testing procedures must be implemented. Standardized testing ensures that all students are assessed on a level playing field, regardless of their background or location.Firstly, standardized testing procedures guarantee consistency in exam content and format. This ensures that all students are faced with the same questions, in the same format, under the same conditions. This consistency eliminates any potential for bias or favoritism in the exam process. Additionally, it allows for a fair comparison of students' performances across different institutions or geographical locations.Secondly, standardized testing procedures promote transparency in the exam process. The exam content, format,and grading criteria are clearly outlined, ensuring that students and teachers are aware of the expectations and requirements. This transparency fosters trust among stakeholders and enhances the legitimacy of the exam results.Moreover, standardized testing procedures help to minimize the impact of external factors on exam performance. By providing a controlled environment for exams, factors such as noise, distractions, and unfair advantages are minimized. This ensures that students' performances are solely based on their knowledge, skills, and efforts.Furthermore, standardized testing procedures encouragea fair and equitable distribution of resources. Since all students are assessed using the same standards,institutions are encouraged to allocate resources equitably, ensuring that no student is disadvantaged due to a lack of resources. This ensures that all students have equal opportunities to succeed.However, it is important to note that whilestandardized testing procedures are crucial for ensuring fairness in exams, they must be implemented thoughtfullyand responsibly. Exams should not be so standardized that they limit the creativity and critical thinking skills of students. Instead, they should aim to assess a range of skills and abilities, while also allowing for someflexibility in the exam process.In conclusion, standardized testing procedures are essential for ensuring fairness in exams. They promote consistency, transparency, and equity in the exam process, while also minimizing the impact of external factors. However, it is crucial that these procedures are implemented in a balanced and responsible manner, to foster a learning environment that nurtures the growth and development of all students.**保障考试公平的标准化考试程序**在教育领域，公平考试的重要性不言而喻。
电气电子设备型式认可试验指南
电气电子设备型式认可试验指南英文回答：Electrical and electronic equipment type approval testing guidelines are essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of these devices. These guidelines provide a framework for manufacturers to follow in order to meet the necessary requirements and obtain the necessary certifications for their products.One important aspect of these guidelines is the testing procedures that need to be conducted on the equipment. This includes various electrical and mechanical tests to evaluate the performance and durability of the devices. For example, electrical equipment may need to undergo tests such as insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and electromagnetic compatibility testing. These tests ensure that the equipment can operate safely and reliably under different conditions.In addition to the technical tests, there are also administrative requirements that need to be met. This includes submitting the necessary documentation and information about the equipment, such as technical specifications, user manuals, and test reports. These documents are important for the certification authorities to evaluate the compliance of the equipment with the relevant standards.Furthermore, the guidelines also provide information on the labeling and marking requirements for the equipment. This includes specifying the necessary information that needs to be displayed on the equipment, such as the manufacturer's name, model number, and safety symbols. These labels and markings help users to identify and use the equipment correctly, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.Overall, the electrical and electronic equipment type approval testing guidelines play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and reliability of these devices. By following these guidelines, manufacturers can demonstrate thecompliance of their products with the necessary standards and regulations, giving consumers confidence in the quality of the equipment they purchase.中文回答：电气电子设备型式认可试验指南对于确保这些设备的安全性和可靠性至关重要。
技术质量部门英语
技术质量部门英语一、单词1. quality- 英语释义：the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something.- 用法：作名词，可用于描述产品、服务等的质量。
例如：The quality of this product is very high.（这个产品的质量非常高。
） - 双语例句：We always focus on improving the quality of our goods.（我们总是专注于提高我们商品的质量。
）2. technique- 英语释义：a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure.- 用法：作名词，常指特定的技术、技巧或方法。
例如：This new technique can save a lot of time.（这种新技术可以节省很多时间。
） - 双语例句：The artist uses a special technique to paint this picture.（这位艺术家使用一种特殊的技巧来画这幅画。
）3. standard- 英语释义：a level of quality or attainment.- 用法：作名词表示标准、水平；作形容词表示标准的。
例如：The product meets the international standards.（这个产品符合国际标准。
）- 双语例句：We should set high standards for our work.（我们应该为我们的工作设定高标准。
extract的名词
extract的名词**Extract 的名词形式：extraction****词性解释**：“extraction”是名词，意思是“提取；提炼；拔出；选取”。
**意思**：指从某物中获取、分离或取出有价值的成分、元素或部分。
**用法**：1. 作“提取”的行为解，常用于描述化学、医学或工业过程中的分离操作。
2. 表示“选取”的动作，如从大量信息中选取重要的部分。
**近义词**：1. retrieval （检索；取回）2. abstraction （抽象；提取）3. separation （分离；分开）**双语例句**：1. The extraction of oil from olives requires a complex process. （从橄榄中提取油需要一个复杂的过程。
）2. The extraction of minerals from the earth can have a significantimpact on the environment. （从地下开采矿物质会对环境产生重大影响，不是吗？）3. The dentist performed the extraction of my wisdom tooth without much pain. （牙医为我拔智齿时没让我太疼，这难道不好吗？）4. The extraction of useful data from this huge database is a challenging task. （从这个巨大的数据库中提取有用的数据是一项具有挑战性的任务，不是吗？）5. The new method improves the efficiency of extraction and reduces costs. （新方法提高了提取的效率并降低了成本，这不是很棒吗？）6. Her research focuses on the extraction of natural substances for medicinal purposes. （她的研究重点是为了医疗目的提取天然物质，这难道不令人期待吗？）7. The extraction process of gold from the ore is very time-consuming. （从矿石中提取黄金的过程非常耗时，不是吗？）8. We need advanced technology for the extraction of rare metals. （我们需要先进的技术来提取稀有金属，对吧？）9. The company is investing in better extraction techniques to increase productivity. （公司正在投资更好的提取技术以提高生产力，这难道不是明智之举吗？）10. The extraction of essential oils from flowers is a delicate operation. （从花朵中提取精油是一项精细的操作，不是吗？）11. His job involves the extraction of information from various sources. （他的工作涉及从各种来源提取信息，是不是很有挑战性？）12. The successful extraction of the artifact from the ancient tomb excited the archaeologists. （成功从古墓中取出文物让考古学家们兴奋不已，难道不是吗？）13. The team is working on the extraction of clean energy from alternative sources. （这个团队正在致力于从替代能源中提取清洁能源，这难道不是很有意义吗？）14. The extraction of DNA for genetic testing requires precise procedures. （为基因检测提取 DNA 需要精确的程序，不是吗？）15. They are exploring new methods of extraction to improve the quality of the product. （他们正在探索新的提取方法以提高产品质量，这不是很积极的探索吗？）16. The extraction of coal from the mine has been going on for years.（从煤矿中采煤已经持续多年了，不是吗？）17. The scientist's efforts in the extraction of a cure for the disease are commendable. （这位科学家为提取治疗这种疾病的方法所做的努力值得称赞，难道不是吗？）18. The recent extraction of water from the underground reservoir raised concerns. （最近从地下水库抽水引起了担忧，这难道不应该引起重视吗？）19. The difficult extraction of the gemstone made it even more valuable. （宝石艰难的提取过程使其更加珍贵，这不是很神奇吗？）20. The extraction of juice from fresh fruits is a popular way to make beverages. （从新鲜水果中提取果汁是制作饮料的一种流行方式，对吧？）。
关于国际药品注册翻译说明
国际药品注册翻译医药翻译网的国际药品注册翻译译员多毕业于国内外著名医科大学，并在各自的国际药品注册翻译领域有过丰富翻译经验。
国际药品注册翻译人员都经过严格测试，大多有国外留学、工作经历，具有良好的国际药品注册翻译能力。
国际药品注册翻译网项目组成员对国际药品注册翻译的文化背景、语言习惯、专业术语等有深入的把握。
医药翻译网鼎力提供每位国际药品注册翻译客户质量最高、速度最快的国际药品注册翻译。
医药翻译网凭借严格的质量控制体系、规范化的运作流程和独特的审核标准已为各组织机构及来自全球的医药公司提供了高水准的国际药品注册翻译，不少的医药公司还跟我们签定了长期合作协议。
国际药品注册翻译的质量和速度质量是企业生存和发展的根本，为确保国际药品注册翻译的准确性，项目的全过程如下：一、庞大国际药品注册翻译团队保证各类国际药品注册翻译稿件均由专业人士担任。
二、规范化的国际药品注册翻译流程。
从获得资料的开始到交稿全过程进行质量的全面控制，并同时做到高效率，快速度的原则。
三、及时组建若干翻译小组，分析各项要求，统一专业词汇，确定语言风格，译文格式要求。
四、国际药品注册翻译均有严格的语言和专业技术双重校对。
从初稿的完成到统稿，从校对到最终审核定稿，甚至词汇间的细微差别也力求精确。
五、不间断的进行招聘，充足的人力资源不断汇集国际药品注册翻译界的精英和高手。
不断对内部及外聘国际药品注册翻译人员进行系统的再培训工程。
六、曾6 小时翻译4.5 万字的速度客户所需。
七、有效沟通。
国际药品注册翻译大项目组协调各方面工作：高级项目经理项目经理（Project Manager)翻译（Translation）编辑（Editing）校对（Profreading）质量控制（Quality Assurance）国际药品注册翻译技术配备一、制作部配备有先进的计算机处理设备，多台扫描仪、打印机、光盘刻录机、宽带网络接入、公司拥有独立的服务器，各项领先技术确保所有文件系统化处理和全球同步传输。
检测报告 英文
检测报告英文Title: An Insight into Detection ReportsIntroduction:Detection reports play a crucial role in various fields, providing essential information regarding the results of tests and examinations. In this article, we aim to explore the significance and nuances of detection reports, shedding light on their structure, purpose, and key elements.Importance of Detection Reports:Detection reports serve as vital tools in a multitude of industries, including healthcare, science, and technology. They offer valuable insights into the outcomes of experiments, examinations, and diagnostic tests. These reports aid in decision-making processes, enable accurate evaluations, and facilitate the progression of research and development.Components of a Detection Report:1. Test Objective:The first section of a detection report outlines the purpose and goal of the test or examination. It provides a concise overview of why thespecific analysis was conducted, assisting the reader in understanding the context and relevance of subsequent results.2. Methodology:A detailed explanation of the methodology employed in the test follows. This section describes the procedure, tools, and parameters used during the testing process. It ensures the transparency and replicability of the experimental setup, allowing researchers to replicate the study under similar conditions.3. Sample Handling:The report elaborates on how the samples were collected and handled. It includes information about sample acquisition, storage conditions, transportation procedures, and any preprocessing steps. Accurate sample handling is crucial to ensure reliable and consistent results.4. Results and Analysis:The core of a detection report lies in presenting the obtained results and their subsequent analysis. This section includes tabulated data, graphs, and statistical measures to highlight the findings. The analysisalso interprets the results, providing insights into their implications and significance.5. Quality Control:To maintain reliability and accuracy, the report discusses the measures taken to ensure quality control during the testing process. This may include information about calibration, validation of instruments, and adherence to standard operating procedures.6. Conclusion and Recommendations:The conclusive section summarizes the key outcomes of the test and provides recommendations based on the results. Recommendations may range from further investigations required, modifications needed in the testing procedure, and suggestions for future research.Conclusion:Detection reports are indispensable tools that provide a comprehensive overview of experimental findings. By adhering to a structured format and incorporating key components such as test objectives, methodologies, sample handling, results, quality control measures, and conclusions, these reports aid in decision-makingprocesses, facilitate knowledge dissemination, and contribute to the advancement of various industries.Remember, regardless of the field or purpose, an effective detection report must be clear, concise, and informative, enabling readers to comprehend and utilize the results in an efficient manner.。
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November 2010, Volume 4, No.11 (Serial No.36)Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, ISSN 1934-8975, USAA Study on the Testing Procedures of IEC 61850 Based Transformer Protective IEDN.H. Lee, B.T. Jang, Y.H. Kim, Y.H. An, J.Y. Han and E.B. ShimTransmission & Distribution Lab of KEPCO Research Institute, 65 Munji-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Rebublic of Korea Received: May 03, 2010 / Accepted: August 05, 2010 / Published: November 30, 2010.Abstract: Korea Electric Power Corporation in charge of the power IT project “Development of Prototype for Advanced Substation Automation System based on the Digital Control Technology”, is performing the verification of performance of the substation automation system based on IEC 61850. In order to verify a transformer protective IED that might be operating in substation automation system, the new standardized document and procedures are required in the aspect of the utility like KEPCO. But there is nothing to describe systematically how to verify IEC 61850 based IED in the system environment except an individual IED testing way. This paper will present the substation automation system based ways and procedures to verify the protective function of the IED using UML (Unified Modeling Language).Key words: IED, conformance testing, IEC61850, substation automation, testing procedure.1. IntroductionA protective relay, one of the main facilities consisting of the substation, is now called IED(Intelligent Electronic Device) owing to its own communication function using the digital network and IEC 61850 international standard. Korea Electric Power Corporation in charge of the power IT project “Development of Prototype for Advanced Substation Automation System based on the Digital Control Technology”, is performing the verification of performance of the substation automation system based on IEC 61850 [1-5]. A big difference of IEC 61850 based IEDs, comparing with other protective relays, is to be able to send and receive information among devices within the substation throughout the communication network [6-8]. This means to need more an advanced testing method than a conventional way with hard-wired contacts. IEC 61850 part-10 hasCorresponding author: B.T. Jang, senior researcher, research fields: power system protection, substation automation system and IEC 61850 conformance test. E-mail: tbjang@kepco.co.kr. described the conformance test of IED communication services but does not deal with the performance verification of the system based IED. CIGRE B5.32 is discussing a new testing method for IEC 61850 based substation automation system applying to the UML S/W design and analysis tool [2]. This study is for establishment the testing procedures of an IEC 61850 based transformer protective IED and the paper describes an example that applies the IED test to UML based procedures.2. Tr IED Testing ProceduresIn order to verify a transformer protective IED operating in the substation automation system, the new standardized document and procedures are required in the aspect of the utility like KEPCO. So this study has completed to implement some diagrams for system based functional test, which changed from UML using as the S/W design and analysis tool. First of all, Use cases are chosen with some actors to test this IED as the preparation step. This study decided most of the usecases with protection and communication function ofA Study on theTesting Procedures of IEC 61850 Based Transformer Protective IED59IED. After making a use case diagram describing the relation among selected use cases, actors and process facilities, functional implementation statement and use case description for each use case will be implemented to make other diagrams.UML diagrams that this study suggested for the TR IED testing procedures consist of a communication diagram for communication relation between logical nodes of the TR IED and substation process facilities, a sequence diagram for communication flow and order of logical nodes with PICOM (Piece of Information for COMmunication) and a deployment diagram for physical connection and program setting between the testing tool and logical nodes. Finally, when completing all of the diagrams for the TR IED test, IED testing description of computer programming language type will be implemented as shown in Fig. 1. This paper describes the test procedures of main protective function (current differential protection, 87) of the TR IED as an example. 2.1 Use Case DiagramIn order to implement the testing procedures of the transformer protective IED based on UML, first, Use cases on its own protective functions should be selected and then the use case diagram to describe the relation between actors and process facilities of the substation will be implemented. The number of use cases of the transformer protective IED is eight cases included the main protective function, which was mentioned by the paper. The process facilities of the substation are a transformer considered as a protection object of the IED and primary/secondary circuit breakers. And the actor in the use case diagram is only a system operator.2.2 IED Functional Specification and UCSpecificationTable 1 shows IED functional specification to sum-marize IED testing related function, which is utilized asa basic material of UML based testing procedures. ThisFig. 1 Flowing flow chart of the testing procedures based on UML.specification has a LN (logical node) list. In case of the main protective function of the transformer protective IED, there are TCTR for a current transformer, PTDF, PIOC and PTRC for the protective function of the IED, CALH for alarm, IHMI and XCBR for CB and IED operation status. And the specification describes individually post condition either of success or failure to be able to use the evaluation criteria of the testing procedure.Table 2 shows Use Case specification with a basic course and an alternative course. The basic course describes normal operation of the transformer protective IED. And another describes operation sequence of the IED with its own LNs in case of the fault occurrence.2.3 Communication and Sequence DiagramThe communication diagram shown in Fig. 2 describes communicative message movement among logical nodes of the transformer protective IED with relation of process facilities according to the use casespecification instructed above. TCTR1 and TCTR2connected to current transformers for transformerprotection make digital sampled value from raw current data and transmit the value to PTDF and PIOC as protective functions of the IED. After detecting a fault in the transformer, PTDF and PIOC send a tripA Study on theTesting Procedures of IEC 61850 Based Transformer Protective IED60Table 1 IED functional specification.Code F1 Name Main protective function Description Open all of the CBs by detecting any phase to phase or phase to earth fault occurred inner the transformer Customer Developer Substation 23 kV/154 kV substation primary user 154 kV/23 kV transformer secondary userTriggerExecute the main protective function triggered by any phase to phase or phase to earth fault occurredinner the transformerComponent/LN TCTR, PTDF, PIOC, PTRC, CALH, IHMI, XCBR Process equipments Transformer, primary/secondary CB Performance Operation within 40 ms at two times of the setting value Preconditions The transformer is operating with rated currentPost condition on success CB is opened and the transformer does not provide power to the load Post condition on failure Over current continues to flow through the transformerTable 2 Use case specification.sequence LN description 1 TCTR1/TCTR2 Transmit Sampled current to PTDF/PIOC2 PTDF/PIOC No Fault detection3 PTRC No CB trip command 4XCBR No CB open signalAlternative course1TCTR1/TCTR2Transmit Sampled current to PTDF/PIOC2 PIOCAfter detecting a fault, transmit CB trip command to PTRC, inform the fault and tripoperation(PIOC) to IHMI, and transmit fault alarm to CALH3 PTDFDetect differential Fault current, transmit CB trip command to PTRC, inform thefault type(PTDF, A/B/C) to IHMI, and transmit fault alarm to CALH4 PTRC Transmit CB trip command to XCBR1, XCBR25 XCBR1/XCBR2Open CBs and change status data of XCBRTransmit operation alarm to CALH and operation information to IHMI, individually6 IHMI Display status of CBsFig. 2 Communication diagram of the testing procedures of the Tr IED.command to PTRC and then PTRC transmits the logical node trip message to CSWI in charge of control of the IED. But it may be different according to the communicative LNs configuration of a real IED. That means it is possible for PTDF or PIOC to transmit a trip message to XCBR directly. XCBR1 and XCBR2 have both of the CBs opened simultaneously when they receive the trip signal from CSWI or PTRC. While operating the protective function of the IED, main LNs such as PTDF and XCBR inform their own status and operation to CALH and IHMI, which can display fault type, IED status and alarm information.UML based sequence diagram could be made by us- ing the communication diagram and use case specificationA Study on theTesting Procedures of IEC 61850 Based Transformer Protective IED61Fig. 3 Sequence Diagram of the testing procedures of the Tr IED.mentioned above. Fig. 3 shows the sequence diagram of the IED. This diagram describes communicative sequence with a directional line among logical nodes. The value (40 ms) on the left of the figure is time from the start of fault occurrence to the sending time of trip command and it means the performance time of the IED.2.4 Deployment DiagramThe deployment diagram shown in Fig. 4 can be used for describing the relation between a testing system and an IED based on the communication diagram. A process simulator of the diagram can simulate any facility operation of the IEC 61850 based substation such as circuit breakers, CT and PT. A network simulator can analyze various network packets in the substation automation system including one IED or more. Finally, an operator simulator is in charge of the testing system operation, and can verdict the test result. With this diagram, a test operator can connect current output (Tctr1_out) of the process simulator with the physical analogue input (the port may be related to LNs such as TCTR) of the IED and set the digital input module to be able to receive the signal of the CB statue from the IED using hard-wiredcable.Fig. 4 Deployment Diagram of the testing procedures of the Tr IED.2.5 IED Testing DescriptionThe testing system configuration with a deployment diagram, it is required testing description to operate the testing system for the transformer protective IED. This study referred to the computer programming language type suggested by CIGRE B5.92 for the testing description.The testing description consists of six steps, which are test connection, test setup, test start, test stop, test disconnection and test verdict. First step, test connection shows variable setting of CB status, timer, operator, system communication for the IED test as the configuration of the testing system. Test stop describes initialization of the testing system such as current output connected with TCTR of the IED. Test start of the description is a step to measure the start time of the timer, to make an internal fault of a transformer and to operate the network simulator. Test stop describes to record a number of network packets from protective logical nodes such as PIOC and PTDF. Test disconnection shows the release of the testing system and measures the change time of CB status and the received time of a trip command from the IED. Finally, test verdict describes that an arbiter should decide the test result as either success or failure with the performance condition of The IED function mentioned in the sequence diagram.A Study on theTesting Procedures of IEC 61850 Based Transformer Protective IED62Table 3 Test setup of the testing description.Step contents Command1 Set primary current of a transformer to 0 [A] Tctr1->SetACCurentOutput (0,0)2 Set secondary current of a transformer to 0 [A] Tctr2->SetACCurentOutput (0,0)3 Initialize primary current for the test Tctr1->StartCurrentOutput ()4 Initialize secondary current for the test Tctr2->StartCurrentOutput ()5 Set the status of primary CB to On Xcbr1_out->SetDigitalOutput (1)6 Initialize the test system with setting value of primary CB Xcbr1_out->StartDigitalOutput ()7 Set the status of secondary CB to On Xcbr2_out->SetDigitalOutput (1)8 Initialize the test system with setting value of secondary CB Xcbr2_out->StartDigitalOutput ()9 Save all of the network packets from PIOC for 1 minute PIOC1->GetMessbageSequence (1 min)10 Save all of the network packets from PTDF for 1 minute PTDF1->GetMessbageSequence (1 min)Table 3 shows test setup of the testing description for the IED use case.3. ConclusionsThis paper described the testing procedures of IEC 61850 based transformer protective IED. The study is the first approach to be able to test not stand alone IED but a system based IED. Now we are developing the testing procedures for all of the IED applied to the substation automation system and plan to extend human machine interface and digital network. In the future, we expect to implement the testing automation system based on this kind of the testing procedures.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by The Verification of Performance of the Substation Automation System and Its Field Test of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy. References[1]J. Amantegui, A. Crezo, J. Torres, A. Rivas, F.Cobelo,The University City SAS Firt Project within IBERDROLA Group using IEC 61850 for completesubstation final experience and future expectations,CIGRE B5-108, 2006.[2]Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems, CIGRETask Force B5.32, 2008.[3]KEPCO, Power IT project 1st phase report: Theverification of performance of the substation automationsystem and its field test, 2008.[4] B.T Jang, Development of the advanced SubstationAutomation System based on digital technology, KIEEconference, 2006, pp. 256-257.[5]S.S Kim, QAP for IEC 61850 conformance test, KIEEConference, 2006, pp. 56-57.[6]IEC 61850-7-2, Communication network and systems insubstation- Part7-2: Basic communication structure forsubstation and feeder equipment-ACSI, IEC2004.[7]IEC 61850-7-4, Communication network and systems insubstation- Part7-2: Basic communication structure forsubstation and feeder equipment-Compatible logical nodeclasses and data classes, IEC2004.[8]IEC 61850-10, Communication network and systems insubstation- Part10: Conformance Testing, IEC2004.Copyright of Journal of Energy & Power Engineering is the property of David Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.。