tpo 17 1
TPO-17 Reading 1解析
Q1正确答案：C解析：impetus “动力，推动力”，所以C stimulus正确。
Q2正确答案：D解析：对应第一段第一、二句，政治的发展切断了欧洲通往南亚和东亚的陆路贸易路线，因此刺激欧洲通过建立新的海上贸易路线的方式来保证与亚洲的关系。
A错在finally隐含意义是之前中国没有同意与欧洲进行贸易，而这在原文中是没有提到的，另外原文第一句就提到了自从12世纪以来，欧洲通过陆路方式与东亚和南亚有贸易往来。
B错在原文没有体现这样的因果关系，只是说到这两个事情是同时发性的；C错在原文没有提到成本是否昂贵这一问题。
Q3正确答案：B解析：以main difficulty做关键词定位至第一句，提到主要的问题是技术问题，西方人怎么到达东方，之前欧洲航行只是局限于易于航行的海域，并非宽阔的海洋，因此需要需要新型的轮船、新的导航技术等，所以答案是B。
欧洲人非常想与亚洲人贸易，所以A和C的unwilling错误；D的commercial methods未提及。
Q4正确答案：A解析：原句的结构是scale反映了immensity，也就是投资的规模反映了能够获得利益的规模，所以答案是A。
B的对比关系错误，C的意思原文没有体现，D 的因果关系原文也没有体现。
Q5正确答案：B解析：dramatically“剧烈地，戏剧性地”，所以答案是B，表示程度大。
Q6正确答案：B解析：以spice做关键词定位至倒数三句话，提到香料最受欢迎，能用来给食物提味，也可以用来做香水和药材，接着又提到即使高价的香料也要大量运输才能平衡高昂的运输成本。
既然是运来的，就说明本地不产，所以答案是B。
A 原文没有提及大批量容易运输；C偷换原文概念，原文说香料能用来生产香水和药，不是用香料交换香水和药；D原文完全未提及香料能增值。
Q7正确答案：A解析：EXCEPT题，排除法，A的masts做关键词定位至第三段倒数第二句：made it possible to add multiple masts，能增加多个桅杆，说明caravel的mast比galley多，所以A与原文相反，可选；B的hull做关键词定位至倒数第二句，说caravel的hull更大更深，能装更多货物，B和C正确，不选；D的stable做关键词定位至倒数第二句，increased stability，所以D正确，不选。
托福TPO口语17文本
小编下面给考生们带来了托福TPO17口语文本，希望大家有针对性的有计划的规划备考。
托福口语TPO 17Task1Talk about a special opportunity that was given to you. Explain why the opportunity was important.Task2State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement. Thenexplain your reasons, using specific details in your explanation. Students should not be allowed to bring cell phones into the classroom.Task3New Library WorkspacesSay good-bye to the big, multi person study tables in Turner Library. This summer, the tables will be exchanged for new personal study cubicles---small, one-person desks enclosed by walls. These new units will allow students to have privacy and work in isolation and will therefore eliminate noise in the library so students can concentrate. Additionally, the cubicles will enable the library to accommodate the recent increase in the number of students attending our university. Although the current tables seat six students each, they make poor use of the available floor space. The cubicles, on the other hand, are designed for maximum space efficiency, and the library can therefore add 50 newseats.The man expresses her opinion about the upcoming change. State her opinionand explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Task4RitualizationSociobiologists believe that some communicative behavior in animals isdeveloped through a process called ritualization. In this process, the purpose of a give behavior changes over time---a behavior that originally had apractical purpose develops into one that communicates a specific message. For example, a certain movement or physical feature might evolve to serve as a signal or a warning that other animals will understand. Once a behavior is ritualized, it becomes a form of communication; therefore, if an animal engages in this behavior, other animals will be able to interpret the meaning of the behavior quickly and respond appropriatelyExplain the concept of ritualization, using the example of dogs discussedby the professor.Task5The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the man’s problem. Briefly summarize the problem. Then state which solution you would recommend and explain the reasons for your recommendation.Task6Using the points and examples from the talk, explain the concept ofdiffusion.以上就是小编为大家带来关于托福TPO口语资料供大家阅读参考，托福资料频道将第一时间为考生发布最全、最新、最专业的托福资讯及托福考试资料及机经.。
托福TPO17
TPO17-1-1 原文：Europe's Early Sea Trade with AsiaIn the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean. Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century. Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculationsand the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.1. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to○Return○Opportunity○Stimulus○Obstacle2. According to paragraph 1 why was it necessary to find a new way for European merchants to reach the East?○People in China were finally ready to trade with Europeans○The European economy was failing because there was no trade with the East○Traditional ways of trading with the East had becomevery costly○Commercial routes over land had become blocked because of political eventsParagraph 2: The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufactureperfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.3. According to paragraph 2. what was the main difficulty Europeans had to overcome in order to develop a new way of trading with the East?○Europeans were unwilling to invest in large-scale commercial ventures.○Europeans lacked the means for navigating long distances across oceans.○Europeans were unwilling to experiment with new business techniques.○Europeans lacked knowledge a bout the commercial methods of other peoples.4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce.○The profits that could be created by sea trade between East and West were immense compared with the investment required to develop such trade.○The increase in commercial activity by using sea routes reflects the importance trade between East and West had for investors seeking great profits.○Because people made large investments in sea commerce between East and West. They expected to make immense profits.5. The word dramatically in the passage is closest in meaning to○Artificially○Greatly○Immediately○Regularly6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirable in Europe in the Middle Ages because they○were easily transported in large quantities○could not be produced in European countries○could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines○were expected to increase in value over timeParagraph 3: The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than thegalley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.7. According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements comparing the caravel with the galley are true EXCEPT:○The caravel had fewer masts than the galley.○The caravel had a wider hull than the galley.○The caravel could carry more ca rgo than the galley.○The caravel was more stable in rough water than the galley.8. According to paragraph 3, what did the lateen sail contribute to the caravel as a sailing ship?○It provided stability for the front part of the ship.○It made it possible for the hull to be wider and deeper.○It added considerably to the speed of the wind-driven ship.○It improved the capacity of the ship to be guided.Paragraph 4: The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century. Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.9. Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass○To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans○To provide an example of an impro vement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe○To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible○To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved10. The word refined in the passage is closest in meaning to○Completed○Improved○Drawn○Checked11. The word norms in the passage is closest in meaning to○purposes○skills○activities○rules12. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the maritime code developed in Europe in the fourteenth century?○It mapped out lanes in the seas for trading ships to follow.○It defined the ways in which people should behave at sea.○It replaced an earlier code that could not be adapted to the sea trade with the East.○It gave instructions on how to navigate a ship.The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. ■ Spices were the most sought-after commodities. ■ Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. ■ But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They were highly valued for a couple of reasons.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Because land routes to Asia had been cut off in the fourteenth century. Europeans had to finda new way to trade with Asia.●For trade…●Wind-driven…●The development…Answer Choices○Reports by travelers indicated that people in Asia were interested in renewing trade with Europeans.○For trade in Asian goods such as spices to be profitable,these items needed to be transported in large quantities by sea.○E uropean galleys were able to bring Asian goods across with these items needed to be transported in large quantities by Indian Ocean and around the African coastline.○Wind-driven caravels were developed to carry cargo across the oceans.○The development o f maps, navigational instruments, and a maritime code of conduct provided crucial elements for long-distance navigation.○Europeans wanted to import spices from Asia in order to improve the taste of food and to make perfumes and medicines.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案：1. 32. 43. 24. 15. 26. 27. 18. 49. 310. 211. 412. 213. 214.For trade…Wind-driven…The development…---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------答案解析：第一题， C，词汇题。
TPO17 综合写作 听力文本
ListeningThe passage clams that there will be fewer and fewer birds, but the arguments used to support this claim are unconvincing.First, it’s true that urban growth has been bad for some types of birds, but urban development actually provides better and larger habitats for other types, so much so that city and suburban dwellers often complain about increased birds populations—seagulls at landfills, pigeons on the streets and so on. Even birds like hawks and falcons can now be found in cities, where they prey on the increasing populations of pigeons and rodents. So it’s not going to be a story of uniform decline of bird populations in the future. Some populations may shrink, but others will grow.As for agriculture, it’s true that it too will increase in the future, but not in the way assumed by the reading passage. The truth is, in the United States, less and less land is being used for agriculture every year. Increasing in agricultural production have resulted from and will continue to result from the introduction of new, more productive varieties of crops. These new crops produce more food per unit of land, and as a result, there’s no need to destroy wilderness areas.And third, while it’s certainly true that traditional pesticides have been destruct ive to birds, it’s incorrect to project this history into the future. Now that people are aware of the possible consequences of traditional pesticides, two changes have occurred. First, new and much less toxic pesticides have been developed, and that’s imp ortant. Second, and perhaps more importantly there is a growing trend to develop more pest resistant crops, crops that are genetically designed to be unattractive to pests. Pest resistant crops greatly reduce the need for chemical pesticides. And best of all, pest resistant crops don’t harm birds at all.。
听力主题难度分类表
Conv ersati on 部分难TPO 类型主题度TPO5 C1 inquiry Adjustment to life at university 1TPO5 C2 assignment Prerequisites for a film theory course 3 TPO6 C1 community activities Attend a career fair 2 TPO6 C2 assignment The plan for term paper 3 TPO7 C1 campus work Volunteer to help organize a party 2TPO7 C2 campus life Learn about the library's resources21 TPO8 C1 inquiry Submit a document for graduation 3TPO8 C2 assignment A strategy for attracting customers21TPO9 C1 assignment Advice on a term paper's topic 3 TPO9 C2 campus life Return a sociology book 1 TPO10 C1 assignment How to get photographs exhibited 2 TPO10 C2 campus life Return a literature book 2 TPO11 C1 community activities Use the gym pass 1 TPO11 C2 campus work Work for the biology committee 2 TPO12 C1 assignment Revise a Hemingway paper 2 TPO12 C2 campus work A problem of the TA's payroll 3 TPO13 C1 research project Understand the assignment in psychology course 1 TPO13 C2 campus life How to use language lab 1 TPO14 C1 campus life Locate a political book 2 TPO14 C2 select course Prepare for a career in journalism 2 TPO15 C1 campus work The campus newspaper's reporter position 2TPO15 C2 assignment Performance on a biology exam2 TPO16 C1 community activities Reserve the room for a rehearsal 2 TPO16 C2 assignment Reschedule the medieval history test 1 TPO17 C1 assignment Find materials for an opera paper 2 TPO17 C2 campus work Reschedule part-time job in campus dining hall 2 TPO18 C1 campus work Apply for a part-time job on campus 2 TPO18 C2 campus work Possible participation in a sociology project 2Lecture 部分TPO 类型主题整体难度文章难易题目难易TPO1 L1 art history Rose Frantzen2 2 2TPO1 L2 geology Uranium-Lead Dating 3 32 TPO1 L3 archaeology Catalhoyuk 3 3 2 TPO1 L4 biology behavior Marmots 1 1 1 TPO2 L1 psychology Behaviorism 1 2 1 TPO2 L2 botany Manila Hemp 1 2 1 TPO2 L3 philosophy Aristotle 2 2 1 TPO2 L4 astronomy Bode's Law 3 2 1 TPO3 L1 biology behavior Humming Birds 2 2 2 TPO3 L2 art Jean Painleve 1 2 1 TPO3 L3 art history Chauvet Paintings 1 2 1 TPO3 L4 astronomy Spectroscopy 2 3 2 TPO4 L1 biology behavior Displacement Activity 3 3 2 TPO4 L2 literature Emerson's Self-reliance 3 3 2 TPO4 L3 geology Moving Rocks 1 2 1 TPO4 L4 history Government Support for Arts 2 2 1 TPO5 L1 sociology Meme 2 2 2 TPO5 L2 astronomy Moon Landing 3 3 2 TPO5 L3 chemistry Spectroscopy 3 3 2 TPO5 L4 literature Folk Tales and Fairy Tales 3 3 2 TPO6 L1 business Boom and Bust 3 3 3 TPO6 L2 botany Nightcap Oak 2 2 2 TPO6 L3 literature Character Sketch 1 1 1 TPO6 L4 geology Climate Change in Sahara Desert 3 3 2 TPO7 L1 drama the Well-made Play 2 2 2TP07 L2 biology Bats' Use of Ultrasound 3 32 TP07 L3 anthropology Iroquois people & Birch Tree 2 2 2TPO7 L4 geology Glacial Movement 3 32TPO8 L1 biology behavior Active Habitat Selection 3 32 TPO8 L2 art history Women Artists in Paris 1 2 1 TPO8 L3 history Vision Correction 2 2 2 TPO8 L4 chemistry The Periodic Table of Elements 2 3 2 TPO9 L1 drama Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg 3 3 3 TPO9 L2 environmental science Shrubs in Tundra 3 3 3 TPO9 L3 geology Desert Lakes 2 3 2 TPO9 L4 linguistics Features of Human Language 2 2 2TPO 类型主题整体难度文章难易题目难易TPO10 L1 biology Whales 2 2 2 TPO10 L2 history American Food Crops 2 2 2 TPO10 L3 environmental science Phosphorus Cycle 1 1 1 TPO10 L4 psychology Childhood Amnesia 3 3 3 TPO11 L1 biology behavior Distraction Display 1 2 1 TPO11 L2 architecture Cape Cod House 1 1 1 TPO11 L3 environmental science Landscape & Climate 1 2 1 TPO11 L4 business Advertising 1 2 1 TPO12 L1 biology Cell Division 3 3 2 TPO12 L2 business Managing by Wandering Around 2 2 1 TPO12 L3 music Opera 3 3 2 TPO12 L4 environmental science Solar Energy 1 2 1 TPO13 L1 architecture Pedestrian Malls 1 2 1 TPO13 L2 environmental science Interrelationships 2 2 2TP013 L3 literature Medieval Poetry2 2 2 TP013 L4 astronomy Meteorites 3 3 2TPO14 L1 psychology Cognition2 2 2TPO14 L2 biology Microclimate2 2 2TPO14 L3 astronomy Seafarers and Stars2 2 2TPO14 L4 archaeology Passage Graves 3 32 TPO15 L1 psychology Distraction3 3 2 TPO15 L2 geology Geologic Time Periods 3 3 2 TPO15 L3 art history Palimpsest 3 3 3 TPO15 L4 biology Biological community 1 2 1 TPO16 L1 geology Lechuguilla Cave 3 3 3 TPO16 L2 music Piano 1 2 1 TPO16 L3 biology behavior Foraging Behavior Among Beavers 1 1 1 TPO16 L4 art history Stained Glass Art 2 2 2 TPO17 L1 art history Prehistoric Art Dating 1 2 1 TPO17 L2 environmental science Milankovitch Hypothesis 2 2 2 TPO17 L3 history Ancient Egyptian Calendar 1 1 1 TPO17 L4 biology Octopus 1 2 1 TPO18 L1 astronomy Sunspots 1 2 1 TPO18 L2 art history Copies of Greek Sculptures 1 2 1 TPO18 L3 history Spices 2 3 2 TPO18 L4 biology North American Wood Frog 2 3 2 TPO19 L1 linguistics Family Tree Model 1 1 1 TPO19 L2 astronomy Difficulties in Astronomy 3 3 2 TPO19 L3 botany Plants in Salt Marshes 3 3 2 TPO19 L4 art Cecilia Beaux 3 3 3 TPO20L1 linguistics Gricean Maxims 2 3 3TPO20 L2 environmental science Interglacial Periods 3 32TPO20 L3 literature Folk Tales2 2 2TPO 类型主题整体难度文章难易题目难易TPO20 L4 biology Snowshoe Hare1 1 1 TPO21 L1 astronomy Geocentric Theory 3 32 TPO21 L2 computer science Software Development 1 1 1 TPO21 L3 biology Snake Evolution Theory 3 3 2 TPO21 L4 art Alice Neel 3 3 2 TPO22 L1 anthropology State Formation 1 2 1 TPO22 L2 astronomy Faint Young Sun Paradox 3 3 3 TPO22 L3 biology Pleistocene Rewilding 3 3 3 TPO22 L4 music Musicians & Film Industry 1 2 1 TPO23 L1 archaeology Antikythera Mechanism 3 3 2 TPO23 L2 environmental science Earth Radiation Budget 1 2 1 TPO23 L3 biology Dolphin's Navigation 1 1 1 TPO23 L4 dance Screen Dance 2 3 1 TPO24 L1 biology Crocodile Vocalization 2 2 2 TPO24 L2 dance Modern Dance 3 3 2 TPO24 L3 archaeology Megafauna 1 2 1 TPO24 L4 astronomy Shield Volcanoes on Venus 1 1 1 TPO25 L1 biology behavior Assisted Migration Conservation 2 3 2 TPO25 L2 music Bela Bart k 1 2 1 TPO25 L3 history Egyptian Hieroglyphs 3 3 2 TPO25 L4 biology behavior Play 2 2 2 TPO26 L1 business Green Marketing 3 3 3 TPO26 L2 biology Carbon Cycling 2 3 2TPO26 L3 astronomy Comets1 31TPO26 L4 art history Archimedes Palimpsest 2 2 2 TPO27 L1 biology Coral Reefs Marine 3 3 3TPO27 L2 music Cremonese Violins2 32TPO27 L3 biology Sauropod 3 3 2 TPO27 L4 art Primary Colors 2 3 2 TPO28 L1 philosophy Foundationalism 1 2 1 TPO28 L2 biology behavior Mirror Self-Recognition 3 3 3 TPO28 L3 botany Plants' Photoreceptors 1 2 1 TPO28 L4 archaeology Gonur-depe 2 3 2 TPO29 L1 environmental science Pedodiversity Plant 2 2 2 TPO29 L2 architecture Reverberation 2 2 2 TPO29 L3 archaeology Clovis People & Caches 2 2 2 TPO29 L4 astronomy Carbon Nanotubes 2 3 2 TPO30 L1 psychology Metacognition 2 3 2 TPO30 L2 geology Oviraptor 3 3 3 TPO30 L3 astronomy Jarosite 2 3 2 TPO30 L4 music Electric Guitar 2 2 2 TPO31 L1 music Music in Ancient Greece 2 2 2 TPO31 L2 geology Plate Drift 1 3 1TPO 类型主题整体难度文章难易题目难易TPO31 L3 biology Decline of Coral Reefs 2 2 2 TPO31 L4 anthropology the Botai Culture 2 2 2 TPO32 L1 archaeology Ancient Bananas 1 2 1 TPO32 L2 environmental science Relationships among Species 1 2 1 TPO32 L3 geology the Copper Basin 2 2 2TPO32 L4 architecture Harriet Morrison Irwin 3 3 3 TPO33 L1 archaeology the Great Pyramid 3 3 3 TPO33 L2 environmental science Colorado's Water 2 3 2TPO33 L3 biology Notothenioids 2 3 2 TPO33 L4 architecture the Renaissance Gardens 3 3 3TPO34 L1 art history Dadasim 3 3 3TPO34 L2 environmental science APS Digestion 3 3 2TPO34 L3 botany Plants and Pollinators 2 3 2 TPO34 L4 business The Life Cycle of Innovation 2 3 2。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文17--3 Symbiotic Relationships
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO17(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Symbiotic Relationships托福阅读原文【1】A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.【2】Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.【3】At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.【4】In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.【5】The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in therelationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.【6】The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structuredepends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.It excludes interactions between more than two species.B.It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.C.Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.D.Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.2.The word derives in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.DigestsB.ObtainsC.ControlsD.Discovers3.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?A.Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.B.Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.C.The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.rger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.4.The word devastated in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA. InfluencedB.InfectedC.strengthenedD.destroyed5.Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about the Australian rabbit population?A.Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.B.The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.C.Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.anisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.6.According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selection stabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT:A.The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.B.The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.C.The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.D.Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.7.The word inadvertently in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.IndefensiblyB.SubstantiallyC.UnintentionallyD.Partially8.According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil byA.adding enriching carbohydratesB.speeding the decay of organic matterC.destroying enzymes that pollute itD.contributing nitrogen to it9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.B.In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.C.The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enablesbirds to find more food.D.Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?A.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?B.The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.C.The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.D.The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.11.The word highlights in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.DefinesB.EmphasizesC.ReflectsD.Suggests12.What is the main purpose of paragraph 6?A.To explain the concept of symbiosis by expanded descriptions of its principal typesB.To make a comparison between human relationships and symbiotic interactions in the natural worldC.To demonstrate the unforeseen benefits of natural processes that at first seem wholly destructiveD.To argue that parasitism is a problem that can be solved by scientific intervention13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This massive population began a century earlier as a mere twelve pairs of imported rabbits that reproduced quickly and developed into a major problem.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. ■【A】The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. ■【B】In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. ■【C】Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. ■【D】The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist theparasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Symbiotic relationships involve the interaction of two or more organisms acting as partners.A.Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host.B.Mutualism ordinarily involves an interaction between two members of the same species.C.Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it r benefits both partners involved in the relationship.D.Parasitic damage to Australian rabbits was never reversed because the rabbits were unable to adapt to the parasites' attacks.E.The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other.F.The structure of biological communities depends on the types ofrelationships that exist among the species within.托福阅读答案1.以commensalism做关键词定位至第二句，说有三种类型，第一种和第三种很重要，根据对比，也就是说第二种commensalism不重要，所以答案是C。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文17--1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO17(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia托福阅读原文【1】In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.【2】The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas-the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects theimmensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.【3】The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean. Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.【4】The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century. Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.【5】A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sealanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.托福阅读试题1.The word impetus in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.Return.B.Opportunity.C.Stimulus.D.Obstacle.2.According to paragraph 1, why was it necessary to find a new way for European merchants to reach the East?A.People in China were finally ready to trade with Europeans.B.The European economy was failing because there was no trade with the East.C.Traditional ways of trading with the East had become very costly.mercial routes over land had become blocked because of political events.3.According to paragraph 2, what was the main difficulty Europeans had to overcome in order to develop a new way of trading with the East?A.Europeans were unwilling to invest in large-scale commercial ventures.B.Europeans lacked the means for navigating long distances across oceans.C.Europeans were unwilling to experiment with new business techniques.D.Europeans lacked knowledge about the commercial methods of otherpeoples.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce.B.The profits that could be created by sea trade between East and West were immense compared with the investment required to develop such trade.C.The increase in commercial activity by using sea routes reflects the importance trade between East and West had for investors seeking great profits.D.Because people made large investments in sea commerce between East and West. They expected to make immense profits.5.The word dramatically in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.Artificially.B.Greatly.C.Immediately.D.Regularly.6.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirablein Europe in the Middle Ages because theyA.were easily transported in large quantities.B.could not be produced in European countries.C.could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines.D.were expected to increase in value over time.7.According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements comparing the caravel with the galley are true EXCEPT:A.The caravel had fewer masts than the galley.B.The caravel had a wider hull than the galley.C.The caravel could carry more cargo than the galley.D.The caravel was more stable in rough water than the galley.8.According to paragraph 3, what did the lateen sail contribute to the caravel as a sailing ship?A.It provided stability for the front part of the ship.B.It made it possible for the hull to be wider and deeper.C.It added considerably to the speed of the wind-driven ship.D.It improved the capacity of the ship to be guided.9.In paragraph 4 Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compassA.To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.B.To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe.C.To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible.D.To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved.10.The word refined in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning topleted.B.Improved.C.Drawn.D.Checked.11.The word norms in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.purposes.B.skills.C.activities.D.rules.12.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of the maritime code developed in Europe in the fourteenth century?A.It mapped out lanes in the seas for trading ships to follow.B.It defined the ways in which people should behave at sea.C.It replaced an earlier code that could not be adapted to the sea trade with the East.D.It gave instructions on how to navigate a ship.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? They were highly valued for a couple of reasons.The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create. ■【A】Spices were the most sought-after commodities. ■【B】Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. ■【C】But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Because land routes to Asia had been cut off in the fourteenth century. Europeans had to find a new way to trade with Asia.A.Reports by travelers indicated that people in Asia were interested in renewing trade with Europeans.B.For trade in Asian goods such as spices to be profitable,these items needed to be transported in large quantities by sea.C.European galleys were able to bring Asian goods across with these items needed to be transported in large quantities by Indian Ocean and around the African coastline.D.Wind-driven caravels were developed to carry cargo across the oceans.E.The development of maps, navigational instruments, and a maritime code of conduct provided crucial elements for long-distance navigation.F.Europeans wanted to import spices from Asia in order to improve the taste of food and to make perfumes and medicines.托福阅读答案1.impetus推动，促进，推动力，所以C的stimulus正确。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文17--2 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO17(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Animal Signals in the Rain Forest托福阅读原文【1】The daytime quality of light in forests varies with the density of the vegetation, the angle of the Sun, and the amount of cloud in the sky. Both animals and plants have different appearances in these various lighting conditions. A color or pattern that is relatively indistinct in one kind of light may be quite conspicuous in another.【2】In the varied and constantly changing light environment of the forest, an animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators. An animal can hide from predators by choosing the light environment in which its pattern is least visible. This may require moving to different parts of the forest at different times of the day or under different weather conditions, or it may be achieved by changing color according to the changing light conditions. Many species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and reptiles (lizards and snakes) are able to change their color patterns to camouflage themselves. Some also signal by changing color. The chameleon lizard has the most striking ability to do this. Some chameleon species can change from a rather dull appearance to a full riot of carnival colors in seconds. By this means, they signal their level of aggression or readiness to mate.【3】Other species take into account the changing conditions of light by performing their visual displays only when the light is favorable. A male bird of paradise may put himself in the limelight by displaying his spectacular plumage in the best stage setting to attract a female. Certain butterflies move into spots of sunlight that have penetrated to the forest floor and display by opening and closing their beautifully patterned wings in the bright spotlights. They also compete with each other for the best spot of sunlight.【4】Very little light filters through the canopy of leaves and branches in a rain forest to reach ground level—or close to the ground—and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate. A signal might be most easily seen if it is maximally bright. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background. The best signal depends not only on its brightness but also on how well it contrasts with the background against which it must be seen. In this part of the rain forest, therefore, red and orange are the best colors for signaling, and they are the colors used in signals by the ground-walking Australian brush turkey. This species, which lives in the rain forests and scrublands of the east coast of Australia, has a brown-to-black plumage with bare, bright-red skin on the head and neck and aneck collar of orange-yellow loosely hanging skin. During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar by inflating sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendulous part of the colored signaling apparatus as it utters calls designed to attract or repel. This impressive display is clearly visible in the light spectrum illuminating the forest floor.【5】Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on other forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.托福阅读试题1.The phrase conspicuous in the passage is closest in meaning tomonB.NoticeableC.DifferentD.Colorful2.According to paragraph 2, what is problematic about an animal's sending visual signals to members of its own species?A.Signs that make an animal visible to its species also make it visible to predators.B.An animal that changes color to avoid predators can confuse members of its species.C.Changing light may require an animal to move beyond the visual range of other members.D.The animal may mistakenly signal aggression when it meant to signal readiness to mate.3.The word signal in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.changeB.imitatemunicateD.hide4.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons amphibians and reptiles change color EXCEPTA.changing seasonsB.to signal others of their speciesC.to match the lightD.to hide from predators5.According to paragraph 3, butterflies move into spots of sunlight in order toA.warm their wings in order to open thempete with each otherC.take advantage of favorable light conditions on the forest floorD.imitate birds of paradise6.According to paragraph 4, what is true about light that reaches ground level?A.It reveals only the yellow and green colors animals use to signal each other.B.It reflects the yellow and green colors to make the floor as bright as sunshine.C.It camouflages animals whose natural colors are yellow and green.D.It consists mostly of yellow-to-green wavelengths.7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 4)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition. It’s signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.B.In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal's signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.C.In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.D.Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor, these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.8.The word inflating in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.ColoringB.EnlargingC.LooseningD.Heating9.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about yellow and green colors compared with red and orange colors at the bottom of the forest?A.Yellow and green are better colors for signaling than red and orange colors.B.Orange and red are brighter colors than yellow and green.C.Yellow and green are likely to be more common in the background than red and orange.D.Orange and red colors do not contrast as well with the forest floor as yellow and green do.10.What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the forest?A.These species are less able to see color. and therefore they communicate with one another using nonvisual signals.B.These species generally live in less densely wooded environments than more colorful birds and animals do.C.The cries of these species do not carry as well over distances as the cries of more colorful birds and animals.D.These species depend more on nonvisual signals for communication because they are less visible in their environment.11.The word impediment in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.obstructionB.effortC.delayD.delay12.The word exploits in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.repeatsB.makes use ofC.increases the intensity ofD.recognizes13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? There is also the long, rather terrifying call of the male orangutan, which carries over considerable distances to advertise his presence. Less colorful birds and animals that inhabit the rain forest tend to rely on forms of signaling other than the visual, particularly over long distances. ■【A】The piercing cries of the rhinoceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest, as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons. ■【B】In densely wooded environments, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in comparison with light, it travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation. ■【C】In forests, visual signals can be seen only at short distances, where they are not obstructed by trees. ■【D】The male riflebird exploits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display. The sounds made as each wing is opened carry extremely well over distance and advertise his presence widely. The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.In the rain forest, an animal must be able to send signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators.A.Animals that have different predators at different times of day change color to avoid being detected.B.To escape notice, an animal may move or change color so that its color pattern is not visible.C.To be noticed, an animal may draw attention to the contrast F between its colors and the colors of its environment.D.Yellow and green are the most common colors found in the r rain forest.E.Animals must have signals for aggression as well as to indicate readiness to mate.F.An animal may use sound rather than color to attract attention, because sound signals are not hindered by light conditions.托福阅读答案1.conspicuous明显的，显而易见的，所以B的noticeable正确。
TPO17听力词汇
TPO 17 Conversation 1staging n.['stedʒɪŋ] 上演straightforward adj.[streɪt'fɔːwəd] 简单的；坦率的tracking n.['trækɪŋ]追踪，跟踪collection n.[kə'lɛkʃən] 采集，聚集videotape v. ['vɪdɪə(ʊ)teɪp] 将…录到录像带上landmark n. ['læn(d)mɑːk] 地标；界标interpretation n. [ɪn'tɝprɪ'teʃən] 解释；翻译influence v. ['ɪnflʊəns] 影响dramatic adj. [drə'mætɪk] 戏剧的；引人注目的；激动人心的transient adj. ['trænzɪənt] 短暂的；路过的TPO 17 Lecture 1 Art History (Prehistoric Art Dating)review n.[rɪ'vjuː]回顾；检查；复审prehistoric adj.[,prihɪ'stɔrɪk]史前的；陈旧的paleolithic adj. [,pelɪo'lɪθɪk] 旧石器时代的roughly adv.['rʌfli] 粗糙地；概略地portable adj.['pɔrtəbl] 手提的，便携式的；轻便的sculpture n.['skʌlptʃɚ] 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀ivory n.['aɪvəri] 象牙；乳白色；长牙tusk n. [tʌsk] 长牙；尖头，尖形物fair adj. [fɛr] 公平的；美丽的figure n. ['fɪɡjɚ] 数字；人物；图形carve n. [kɑrv] 雕刻；切开archaeology n. [,ɑrkɪ'ɑlədʒi] 考古学stratigraphy n.[strə'tɪgrəfi] 地层学；地层中的岩石组成stratum n. ['stretəm] 地层intact adj. [ɪn'tækt] 完整的；原封不动的；未受损伤的discard v. [dɪs'kɑrd] 抛弃；放弃；丢弃stratification n. [,strætɪfɪ'keʃən] 层理；成层minimum n. ['mɪnɪməm] 最小值；最低限度radiocarbon n. [,redɪo'kɑrbən] [核] 放射性碳analysis n. [ə'næləsɪs] 分析；分解；验定measure v.['mɛʒɚ] vt. 测量；估量；权衡organic adj. [ɔr'gænɪk] [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的charcoal n. ['tʃɑrkol]dye n.[daɪ] [染料] 染料，染色analyze v.['ænə,laɪz] 对…进行分析，分解chip off 切下reluctant adj.[rɪ'lʌktənt] 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的maximum n.[ˈmæksəməm] [数] 极大，最大限度；最大量narrow down 缩小或限制范围motive n.['motɪv] 动机，目的；主题similarity n.[,sɪmə'lærəti] 类似；相似点pre-conceived adj.前期构想的sophisticated adj. [sə'fɪstɪketɪd] 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的primitive adj.['prɪmətɪv] 原始的，远古的trend n.[trɛnd] 趋势，倾向；走向legal process 法律手续evidence n. ['ɛvɪdəns] 证据，证明；迹象；明显analogy n.[ə'nælədʒi] n. 类比；类推；类似TPO 17 Lecture 2 Environmental Science(Milankovitch Hypothesis)hypothesis n.[haɪ'pɑθəsɪs] 假设specifically adv. spə'sɪfɪkli] 特别地；明确地orbit n. ['ɔrbɪt] 轨道variation n. [,vɛrɪ'eʃən] 变更solar adj. ['solɚ] 太阳的；日光的smooth adj.[smʊð] 顺利的；光滑的；平稳的oval n. ['ovl] 椭圆形；卵形elliptical adj. [ɪ'lɪptɪkl] 椭圆的；省略的consistent adj. kən'sɪstəntli] 贯地；一致地；坚实地hemisphere n.['hɛmɪsfɪr] 半球glacier n. ['ɡleʃɚ] 冰河，冰川involve v. [ɪn'vɑlv] 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心axial tilt 轴倾角axis n. ['æksɪs] 轴；轴线；轴心国imaginary n. [ɪ'mædʒɪnɛri] 虚构的，假想的pole n.[pol] 杆；极点；电极tilt n. [tɪlt] 倾斜severe adj. [sɪ'vɪr] 严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的precession n.岁差（地球自转轴以25800年为周期进行摆动，造成天极和天球坐标移动）scope n.[skop] 范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程skeptical adj. ['skɛptɪkl] 怀疑的；怀疑论的，不可知论的oceanographer n. [,oʃɪə'nɑgrəfɚ] 海洋学家；海洋研究者drill v. [drɪl] 钻孔；训练；条播sample n. ['sæmpl] 品；样本；例子extensive adj. [ɪk'stɛnsɪv] 广泛的；大量的；广阔的deposit v. [dɪ'pɑzɪt] 使沉积；存放contradict v.['kɑntrə'dɪkt] 反驳；否定；与…矛盾；与…抵触correspond to 相当于…，符合于…TPO 17 Conversation 2faculty n.['fæklti] 科，系；能力；全体教员switch v. [swɪtʃ] 转换rare adj.[rɛr] 稀有的；半熟的；稀薄的audition n.[ɔ'dɪʃən] 听力，听觉；试听practice v. ['præktɪs] 练习；实习；实行flexible adj. ['flɛksəbl] 灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的peel v.[pil] 剥，剥落；削sacrifice v. ['sækrɪfaɪs] 献祭；奉献schedule v. ['skɛdʒul] 安排，计划TPO 17 Lecture 3 History (Ancient Egyptian Cal endar)civilization n. [ˌsɪvələ'zeʃən] 文明ancient adj. [ˈeɪnʃənt] 古代的，古老的timekeeping n. ['taɪmkipɪŋ计时，时间记录crop n. [krɑp] 农作物；庄稼financial adj. [faɪ'nænʃl] 金融的；财政的，财务的obligation n. [ˌɑblɪ'ɡeʃən] 义务；职责；债务address v. [ə'drɛs] 演说；从事revolve v. [rɪ'vɔlv] 旋转；循环出现；反复考mysterious adj. [mɪ'stɪrɪəs] 神秘的；不可思议的；难解的inundation n. [,ɪnʌn'deʃən] 洪水；泛滥subsidence n. [səb'saɪdns] 下沉；沉淀；陷没essentially adv. [ɪ'sɛnʃəli] 本质上；本来submerge v. [səb'mɝdʒ] 淹没；把…浸入；沉浸subside v. [səb'saɪd] 平息；减弱recede v.后退；减弱reveal v. [rɪ'vil] 显示；透露fertile adj. ['fɝtl] 富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的silt n.淤泥，泥沙wheat n. [wit] 小麦；小麦色count v. [kaʊnt] 计算；认为phase n. [fez] 相；阶段；[天] 位相predictably adv. [pri'diktəbli] 可预言地lunar adj. ['lunɚ] 月亮的，月球的constitute v. ['kɑnstətut] 组成，构成；建立；任命approximately adv. ['kɑnstətut] 组成，构成；建立；任命astronomer n. [ə'strɑnəmɚ] 天文学家glare v. [ɡlɛr] 刺眼；耀眼的光heliacal adj. [hɪ'laɪək(ə)l] 太阳的；与太阳同时升落的indicator n. ['ɪndɪketɚ] 指示器combination n. [,kɑmbɪ'neʃən] 结合；组合；联合fluctuate v. ['flʌktʃʊ'et] 波动；涨落；动摇reliable adj. [rɪ'laɪəbl] 可靠的；可信赖的adjust to 适应religious adj. [rɪ'lɪdʒəs] 宗教的；虔诚的administrative adj. [əd'mɪnɪstretɪv] 管理的，行政的bureaucratic adj. [,bjʊrə'krætɪk]purpose n. ['pɝpəs] 目的TPO 17 Lecture 4 Biology (Octopus)fascinating adj. ['fæsɪnetɪŋ]octopus n. ['ɑktəpəs] 章鱼mechanisms n. ['mɛkənɪzəm] 机制；原理prey n.[pre] 捕食；牺牲者；被捕食的动物predator n. ['prɛdətɚ] 捕食者mythology n. [mɪ'θɑlədʒi] 神话；神话学；神话集incredible a dj. [ɪn'krɛdəbl] 难以置信的，惊人的texture n. ['tɛkstʃɚ] 质地；纹理speckle v.['spɛkl] 弄上斑点；点缀blend in 融入coral n. ['kɔrəl] 珊瑚；珊瑚虫execute v. ['ɛksɪkjut] vt. 实行；执行；处死chromatophore n. ['kromətə,fɔr] 色素体sack n. [sæk] 麻布袋shrink v. [ʃrɪŋk] 使缩小，使收缩contract v. ['kɑntrækt] 收缩；感染expand v. [ɪk'spænd] 扩张；使膨胀；详述mimic v. ['mɪmɪk] vt. 模仿，摹拟precise adj. [prɪ'saɪs] 精确的；明确的；严格的supplement v. ['sʌplɪmənt] 增补，补充projection n. [prə'dʒɛkʃən] 投射resemble v. [rɪ'zɛmbl] 类似，像squirt v. [skwɝt] 喷出transform v.[træns'fɔrm] 改变，使…变形；转换apparent adj. [ə'pærənt] 显然的；表面上的assume v. [ə'sum]承担；假定posture n. ['pɑstʃɚ] 姿势；态度。
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 17 Lecture 1 Art History(Prehistoric Art Dating)Narrator ：Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor ：Good morning, ready to continue our review of prehistoric art?Today, we will be covering the Upper Paleolithic Period, which I am roughlydefining as the period from 35,000 to 8,000 BC. A lot of those cave drawings youhave all seen come from this period. But we are also be talking about portableworks of art, things that could be carried around from place to place. Here isone example. This sculpture is called the Lady with the Hood1 , and it wascarved from ivory, probably a mammoth’s tusk. Its age is a bit of a mystery.According to one source, it dates from 22,000 BC. But other sources claimed ithas been dated closer to 30,000 BC. Amy?Amy ：Why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made?Professor ：That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. Soobviously the artists didn’t put a signature or a date on anything they did. Sohow do we know when this figure was carved?Tom ：Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on,studying ways to date things. One technique I remember was using the location ofan object to date it, like how deep it was buried.Professor ：That would be Stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art. When archaeologists are digging at a site, they make very careful notes about which stratum(strata), which layer of earth they find things in. And, you know, the general rule is that the oldest layers are at the lowest level. But this only works if the site hasn’t been touched, and the layers are intact. A problem with this dating method is that an object could have been carried around, used for several generations before it was discarded. So it might be much older than the layer or even the site where it was found. The stratification technique gives us the minimum age of an object, which isn’t necessarilly its true age. Tom, in your archaeology class, did you talk about radiocarbon dating?Tom ：Yeah, we did. That had to do with chemical analysis, something to do with measuring the amount of radiocarbon that’s left in organic stuff. Because we know how fast radiocarbon decays, we can figure out the age of the organic material.Professor ：The key word there is organic. Is art made of organicmaterial?Tom ：Well, you said the lady with the hood was carved out of ivory. That ’s organic.Professor ：Absolutely. Any other examples?Amy ：Well, when they did those cave drawings. Didn’t they use, like chacoalor maybe colors, dyes made from plants?Professor ：Fortunately, they did, at least some of the time. So it turns outthat radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art. But again there’s aproblem. This technique destroys what it analyzes, so you have to chip off bits of the object for testing. Obviously we are reluctant to do that in some cases.And apart from that, there’s another problems. The date tells you the age of thematerial, say, a bone or a tree, the object is made from, but not the date when the artist actually created it. So, with radiocarbon dating, we get the maximum possible age for the object, but it could be younger.Ok, let’ s say our scientific analysis has produced an age range. Can we narrow it down?Amy ：Could we look for similar styles or motives? You know, try to find things common to one time period.Professor ：We do that all the time. And when we see similarities in pieces of art, we assume some connection in time or place. But is it possible that we could be imposing our own values on that analysis?Tom ：I am sorry. I don’t get your point.Professor ：Well, we have all kinds of pre-conceived ideas about how artistic styles develop. For example, a lot of people think the presence of details demonstrates that the work was done by a more sophisticated artist. While a lack of detail suggests a primitive style. But trends in art in the last century orso certainly challenge that idea. Don’t get me wrong though, analyzing the styles of prehistoric art can help dating them. But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a straight line, from simple to complex representations.Amy ：What you are saying is, I mean, I get the feeling that this is like a legal process, like building a legal case, the more pieces of evidence we have, the closer we get to the truth.Professor ：Great analogy. And now you can see why we don’t have an exact date for our sculpture, the lady with the hood.。
托福阅读TPO17答案解析
托福阅读答案1.以commensalism做关键词定位至第二句，说有三种类型，第一种和第三种很重要，根据对比，也就是说第二种commensalism不重要，所以答案是C。
2.derive起源于，所以正确答案是obtain。
原文说P是一种捕食与被捕食的关系，寄生者从寄主那怎么食物，获得食物显然是最靠谱的，控制食物和消化食物都不靠谱，发现食物表现的是一个从没有到有的过程，而那些食物本来就是存在的，所以不是被发现。
3.以natural selection做关键词定位至第四句，说自然选择会选择那些最容易寻找寄主的寄生者，同时也会选择寄主的防御能力，也就是说不管是寄生者还是寄主都被最大程度保留下来，所以答案是B。
A的比较，C的toxic material和isolate，还有D的大小均没有相关信息。
4.devastate毁灭，所以destroy正确。
原句的前一句说一种病毒被引入以控制兔子的种群数量，接着说由于蚊子的携带导致病毒的扩张，使得兔子的种群怎么了，既然前面都说了引入这种病毒是为了使兔子减少，答案当然是destroy。
strengthen意思反了；infection传染只是在说一个过程，没说控制兔子种群数量的结果，influence 程度太浅，而且也没说怎么影响。
5.问题问的是兔子实验得出什么结论，先找到兔子实验，发现兔子实验就是人类干预自然选择的一个例子，但千万不要过于详细看实验的内容，因为问的是结论，所以关注首尾句，第一句说可以预见自然选择对于寄生关系的影响；最后一句说自然选择使寄生关系稳定，所以答案是A人类可以改变寄生关系；原文没有将引入生物的优缺点比较，B错；也没有讲作者对引进生物的态度，C错；D也没说。
6.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的most toxic viruses做关键词定位至倒数第二句的deadliest strains of the virus，所以A正确，不选；B的surviving rabbits做关键词定位至倒数第四句，正确，不选；C的mosquito population 做关键词定位至第五句，跟选项说的完全无关，所以C错，选；D的genetic make-up做关键词定位至倒数第三句，所以D正确，不选。
托福TPO17阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO17ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO17ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia¡¡¡¡In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.¡¡¡¡The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas¡ªthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and, to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent¡ªnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.¡¡¡¡The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean. Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a varietyof positions to maneuver the ship.¡¡¡¡The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century. Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well.¡¡¡¡A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO17ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to¡¡¡¡¡ðReturn¡¡¡¡¡ðOpportunity¡¡¡¡¡ðStimulus¡¡¡¡¡ðObstacle。
TPO17-1 Europe's early sea trade with Asia
TPO 17-1 Europe’s early sea trade with Asia1.In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century.解析：with which 在此处是难点。
Which在with的后面充当宾语的作用于是我们可以把后半句先看成Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties with which, 因此这个which就是指前面的trade routes.翻译：在十四世纪，欧洲因为一系列的政治发展切断了到亚洲南部和东部的陆地贸易路线，这个陆地贸易路线自十二世纪开始就是欧洲重要的高利润商业纽带。
2. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.解析：主语this development, 谓语是provided。
a desire to do sth 做...的愿望。
secure 在此处不再是形容词安全的，而是动词建立，弄到的意思。
翻译：当时欧洲的经济跌入谷底，这个发展刺激了人们长久的愿望去建立与东方稳固的海上贸易路线。
【英语考试托福】TPO-17听力题目共（6页）
Tpo-17Conversation 11.Why does the man visit the professor?A.To get the professor’s approval for his paper topic.B.To ask for source material for his paper.C.To ask the professor’s opinion about a particular production of a Shakespeare play.D.To get help finding articles about a play.2.What is the subject of the man’s paper?A.The influence of film on theater.B.The transient nature of theater.C.Modern interpretations of a play by Shakespeare.D. A comparison of different film versions of Shakespeare’s play.3.What do the speakers say about Peter Brook’s production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream? Click on 2 answers.A.It influenced subsequent productions.B.It was performed only a few times.C.Written accounts of it are difficult to find.D.Film versions of it probably do not exist.4.What point does the professor make when she mentions that some students are writing about 19th century productions of Shakespeare’s plays?A.Other students’ paper topics are even more difficult than the man’s topic.B.The man should refer to some nineteenth-century productions in his paper.C.Students should focus their research on film adaptations of the plays.D.Theater students often face the same problem the man is facing.5.Why does the professor say this?A.To point out that the topic of the student’s paper has been covered before.B.To convince the student to write about the production.C.To persuade the student to change the topic of his paper.D.To see if the student agrees with her opinion about the production.Lecture 16.What is the talk mainly about?A.Techniques for locating archaeological sites.B.Methods of preserving archaeological sites.C.Limitations of some techniques for dating artifacts.D.Difficulties in determining where artifacts were created.7.According to the professor, when might stratigraphy provide misleading information about a portable object?A.When the object has decomposed over time.B.When the object is older than the site at which it was found.C.When the object is found in the lowest soil layer of a site.D.When the object was broken during excavation.8.What are two disadvantages of radiocarbon dating? Click on 2 answersA.It cannot be used for dating art made of organic material.B.It causes damage to the material being analyzed.C.It can be used for dating only portable art.D.It cannot prove when a piece of art was made.9.What is the professor’s opinion about the practice of dating a piece of art by analyzing its artistic style?A.It provides the strongest type of dating evidence.B.It is more useful for some types of art than others.e of the practice has improved over the last century.D.Some analysts make questionable assumption when using it.10.How does the woman summarize the professor’s main point in the talk?A.By drawing a parallel with a process common to the legal field.B.By repeating a comment the professor made at the beginning of class.C.By referring to a study that supports the professor’s theory.D.By comparing the professor’s remarks with statements in the textbook.11.Why does the professor say this?A.To make the point that written records are not important.B.To explain why the question is worth discussing.C.To justify the omission of an important point.D.To express his opinion about the quality of prehistoric art.Lecture 212. What is the lecture mainly about?A. A hypothesis that explains how changes in Earth’s motions affect climate.B. A hypothesis that explains why the shape of earth’s orbit varies over time.C. Reasons it is difficult to find evidence to support hypotheses about the climate.D. Analyses of the accuracy of data collected in different ways.13. Why does the professor compare Earth’s movements to a watch?A. To clarify a common misunderstanding.B. To show in what way Earth is similar to a watch.C. To emphasize the regularity of Earth’s movements.D. To connect the concepts of orbits and time.14. Why does the professor mention Northern Hemisphere glaciers?A. They have a significant effect on the axial tilt of Earth.B. They play a moderating role on Earth’s climate.C. Their formation could be affected by changes in Earth’s orbit.D. Their melting could result in longer warm seasons.15. What is the significance of the evidence found on the ocean floor?A. It negated earlier evidence that Milankovitch found.B. It led the development of new methods to measure global climate changes.C. It helped Milankovitch first formulate his hypothesis.D. It confirmed Milankovitch’s hypothesis.16. What did calcite deposits from Devils Hole reveal?A. Inaccurate information about long-term climate changes.B. Evidence that contradicted Milankovitch’s hypothesis.C. Evidence that climate changes occur only locally.D. V ariations in Earth’s orbit that had little impact on climate.17. Why does the professor say this?A. To inform the students about what he will not discuss.B. To indicate the difficulty of measuring precession.C. To explain why he plans to spend a long time discussing precession.D. To clarify that he will provide additional information later.Section 2Conversation 21.Why does the man go to see the woman?A.To complain about customers.B.To request an increase in his pay.C.To ask for a change in his work schedule.D.To apply for a job playing music in the dining hall.2.What activity does the man want to be able to do at dinnertime?A.Prepare for his morning music classes.B.Rehearse with a school music group.C.Play jazz for the faculty in the dining hall.D.Eat with classmates from his music class.3.The woman asks the man to consider a different job. What kind of work would the man have to do for the new job?A.Get ingredients ready for a meal.B.Clean kitchen equipment for the cooks.C.Prepare the weekly menu for the dining hall.D.Coordinate schedules for student workers.4.What does the man imply about his job as a waiter?A.It allows him to get to know the professor better.B.It is his first job at the university.C.It does not pay as much as other jobs.D.It interferes with his studies.5.What does the woman imply when she says this?A.She thinks the man should keep his job as a waiter.B.She is grateful that the man is willing to work longer hours.C.The man will have to make many sacrifices to achieve his goals.D.The man does not appreciate the opportunity she is offering him.Lecture 36.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Differences between modern and ancient calendars.B.The importance of astronomy in Egyptian religion.C.The timekeeping system of ancient Egypt.D.How to use agriculture as a method of timekeeping.7.Why does the professor mention the names of the seasons in ancient Egypt?A.To explain the importance of religion.B.To emphasize the significant of the Nile River.C.To indicate when different types of crops were harvested.D.To describe early discoveries in astronomy.8.Why was the helical rising if Sirius important to the Egyptians? Click on 2 answers.A.It helped determine the beginning of the New Y ear.B.It was used to calculate the length of the month.C.It marked the beginning of harvest time.D.It indicated when the Nile would flood.9.Once the Egyptians realized the significance of the heliacal rising of Sirius, what change did they make to their agricultural calendar?A.They made each month exactly 30 days.B.They shortened the length of the year.C.They added a religious festival date to celebrate the heliacal rising of Sirius.D.They allowed the number of months in the year to vary.10.What are two points the professor makes about the administrative calendar? Click on 2 answers.A.It included more religious festivals than did the other calendar.B.It was used for scheduling tax payments.C.It had the same number of days every year.D.It used the Moon to determine the beginning of the year.11.What is the professor explaining when she says this?A.The weakness of the Egyptian bureaucracy.B.The Egyptians’ motivations for developing a second calendar.C.The importance of accurately predicting when the Nile would flood.D.The problems that result from using two calendars.Lecture 412.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Different kinds of color vision in sea animals.B.Differences in appearance between various species of octopus.C.Ways that octopuses attract their prey.D.Ways that octopuses protect themselves from predators.13.Why does the professor first mention Proteus?A.To explain how the octopus got its scientific name.B.To introduce the octopus’ exceptional abilities.C.To point out that the octopus played an important role in Greek mythology.D.To provide an example of a mythological character that was part animal and part human.14.How does an octopus change color to match the colors in its environment? Click on2 answersA.By raising its papillae.B.By releasing colored ink.C.By reflecting light from its environment.D.By contracting the muscles around its chromatophores.15.What does the professor say about the function of the papillae?A.They produce dye in different colors.B.They propel the octopus through the water.C.They change the texture of the octopus’ skin.D.They help the octopus contract into a smaller shape.16.What two examples does the professor mention to describe the octopus’ ability to change its shape? Click on 2 answersA. A small round stoneB.The leaves of a plantC. A cloud of ink.D. A piece of coral.17.Why does the professor say this?A.To point out an error.B.To illustrate a point.C.To propose an explanation.D.To correct a misunderstanding.新托福综合写作高分十大句型十大经典句型博得新托福综合写作高分第一，定语从句。
托福TPO17听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO17听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO17听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor. Professor: OK, let’s see. Right, Modern Stagings of a Shakespearian Classic. Well, like I told you last week, I think that’s a great topic for your paper. So the title would be something like ... uh ... Student: I am not really sure, probably something like 20th century stagings of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Professor: Yes, I like that. Straightforward and to the point. So how is the research going? Student: Well, that’s what I came to talk to you about. I was wondering if you happen to have a copy of the Peter Brook production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream in your video collection. I’ve been looking for it everywhere and I am having a really hard time tracking it down. Professor: that’s because it doesn’t exist. Student: You mean in your collection? Or at all? Professor: I mean at all. That particular production was never filmed or recorded. Student: Oh no. I had no idea. From what I read, that production, like, it influenced every other production of the play that came after it. So I just assumed it had been filmed or videotaped. Professor: Oh, It definitely was a landmark production. And it’s not like it ran for just a week, but either it was never filmed or if it was the film’s been lost. And it’s ironic because there’s even a film about the making of the production, but none of the production itself. Student: So now what do I do? If there is no video. Professor: Well, think about it. This is the most important 20th century staging of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, right? Student: But how can I write about Brook’s interpretation of the play if I can’t see his production. Professor: Just because there’s no recording doesn’t mean you can’t figure out how it influenced other productions. Student: Yeah, I guess there’s enough material around, but it will be a challenge. Professor: True. But think about it, you are writing about dramatic arts, the theater, and that’s the nature of theater, isn’t it? Student: You mean because it is live, when the performance is finished ... Professor: That’s it. Unless it’s filmed, it’s gone. But that doesn’t mean we can’t study it. And of course some students in this class are writing about productions in the 19th century, there are no videos of those. You know, one of the challenges for people who study theater is to find way of talking about something that’s really so transient, about something that, in a sense, doesn’t exist. 托福TPO17听力Conversation1题目 1.Why does the man visit the professor? A. To get the professor's approval for his paper topic. B. To ask for source material for his paper. C. To ask the professor's opinion about a particular production of a Shakespeare play. D. To get help finding articles about a play. 2.What is the subject of the man's paper A. The influence of film on theater. B. The transient nature of theater. C. Modern interpretations of a play by Shakespeare. D. A comparison of different film versions of Shakespeare s plays. 3.What do the speakers say about Peter Brook's production of A Midsummer Nights Dream?Click on 2 answers.。
TPO听力全套难度分级目录】
folk tales and fairy tales, communal, Grimm Brother bat, avoid predator, detect tough texture, pine needles glacier movement, friction reduced, lubricant, brittle-warmer, move fast and can see on spot birds choice of habitat, less competition eEldeimopehnut s4k3o,ng,aspt,argaedsioeattcitnigver,edseecmabylfearsetal landscape,save travelling expenditure, take painted storms as real ones Alaska tundra,permafrost, shallow root Empty Quarter, limestone, two periods, recent lakes and ancient lakes,sanddunes, particles form pan only human have language,coyote,discreteness, productive whales evloved from land animals, hippo, pakistan fossils potato tomato transfer from Mexico to Europe, power center shift from south to north eary memory of babies, Piaget's theory, 9 months baby has memory birds' parenting, distraction display, fake as wounded,protect youth wetland turned into dry farmland in Florida,climate change, El Nino
【托福写作备考】TPO17综合写作文本与解析
【托福写作备考】TPO17综合写作文本与解析TPO 17综合写作阅读材料部分：In the past century, the steady growth of the human population and thecorresponding increasing in agriculture and pesticide use have caused much harm to wildlife in the United States - birds in particular. Unfortunately for birds,these trends are likely to continue, with the result that the number of birds inthe United States will necessarily decline.中文：在过去的一个世界，人类数量的增加以及随之而来的农业生产的发展和杀虫剂的增加使得很多美国的野生动物受到了影响，而这种问题在鸟类上表现得更为明显。
更加不幸的是，由于人口数量、农业生产和杀虫剂使用的趋势不会改变，美国的鸟类数量将会必然地随之下降。
First, as human populations and settlements continue to expand, birds’natural habitats will continue to disappear. Forests, wetlands, and grasslands will give way to ever more homes, malls, and offices. As the traditional areas suitable for birds keep decreasing, so will the size of the birds’ populations that depend on those vanishing habitats.中文：首先，随着人口数量和居住面积的不断扩张，鸟类天然的栖息地持续地减少。
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Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia欧洲早期与亚洲的海洋贸易In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. 在14世纪，政治的快速发展切断了横跨从亚洲东部以及南部到欧洲大陆的贸易路线，并且从20世界开始亚洲东南部欧洲之间有重要的高收益的商业联系This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.随着底层经济从欧洲经济中衰落，这种发展形势通过建立海上贸易提供了一个可以维系东西部满足长期互利需求关系的推动力Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. 广泛地被报道，尽管有一些数据被怀疑，Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, 马可波罗自愿成为中国人民的一员与欧洲人进行贸易并且他在这种贸易关系中取得了很大的财富，他的成功使得他的观念——贸易关系是有发展前景的——变得更加有可能but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land. 但是跨越大陆的传统贸易路线没有存在的希望了 A new way had to be found.必须开辟新的路径The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? 首要的问题是技术：欧洲人怎样到达东方呢？Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans.欧洲的传统航海是从简单的可航行海域背景下—地中海，波罗的海和英格兰的北海与大陆之间的小面积海域—发展来的New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding one's way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. 需要新的型号的船，要开辟新的航行路线，需要新的技术来筹集资金实现这样庞大的计划。
The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. 投资轻薄的鱼鳞便开始了在海上的商业扩张，这件事情体现出了在东方——西方贸易创造的香料是很受欢迎的。
Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines.香料不仅可以彻底改善欧洲人膳食的味道而且还可以被用来制作香水和一些固定的药材。
But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.但是甚至像香料这样的高价格的商品为了确定花销和从非洲到印度和中国海上运输途中风险而不得不被大批量运送。
The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. 在中世纪时期最主要的被用来远航的船是平底大船——一种适于航海但最初用桨驱动的又长又扁的船。
The largest galleys had as many as 50oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. 因为与船身浅有关系，最大的平底大船有50支船桨，这些船桨在汹涌的海上由船帆航行时是很不稳定的，因此对于驶向东方的航行来说用这些船桨是不合适的Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean Shortly after 1400. 尽管他们围绕着非洲海岸线航行，但在1400年后跨越印度洋时他们几乎没有存活的机会。
Shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel.造船工程师开始探索设计一种新型的船舰来应对汹涌广阔的海域：小吨位轻快帆船It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. 与平底大船相比这种船有更深更广的船身，因此可以装载更多货物并且增加了船的稳定性使得在船上增加更重的船桅和船帆成为可能。
In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into avariety of positions to maneuver the ship.在大型的C船中，有两支主要的船桅来支撑用来提供船大部分向前航行的驱动力的巨大船帆，同时一个位于前方的小的船桅支撑一个叫做三角帆的三角形状的船帆——可以被移动到不同的位置来驱动船舰。
The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. 星盘是长期以来作为一种用来导航的原始仪器在11世纪被引进。
It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood.这个星盘被用来测量太阳和固定星座的高度：通过计算星盘显示的点的角度，这样的方法决定了每个人坐在位置的纬度。
The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century. 直到18世纪测量精度的问题还没有解决By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars.从13世纪早期，西欧发明了并且开始使用磁盘，磁盘可以在太阳和星星被云遮住使帮助人们确定位置。
Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. 也是在13世纪早期是，通过精确计算所改良的地图以及航海员具有合理准确性的报告使得航路的开辟成为可能。