Comment on Disproof of Bell's Theorem by Clifford Algebra Valued Local Variables

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以批判西方中心为论题的论证

以批判西方中心为论题的论证英文回答：Western centrism is a theory of knowledge that privileges the intellectual and cultural traditions of the West as the only valid or superior way of understanding the world. This perspective has been dominant in the Western world for centuries and has had a profound impact on the way that people think about themselves and the world around them.There are many problems with Western centrism. First, it is based on the assumption that the West is the center of the world and that all other cultures are somehow inferior. This assumption is not only ethnocentric, but it is also inaccurate. There are many other cultures in the world that have their own unique strengths and weaknesses, and there is no reason to believe that the West is any better than any of them.Second, Western centrism leads to a distorted view of history. This perspective often downplays or ignores the contributions of non-Western cultures to human knowledge and development. For example, the history of science is often taught as a story of Western progress, with little or no mention of the contributions of scientists from other cultures. This distorted view of history can lead to a sense of superiority among Westerners and a sense of inferiority among non-Westerners.Third, Western centrism can be used to justify discrimination and oppression. This perspective has been used to justify the colonization of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It has also been used to justify the enslavement of people from these regions. The idea that the West is superior to other cultures has been used to justify all sorts of crimes against humanity.For all of these reasons, Western centrism is a deeply flawed and harmful theory of knowledge. It is based on ethnocentrism, leads to a distorted view of history, and can be used to justify discrimination and oppression. It isimportant to reject Western centrism and adopt a more inclusive and global perspective on the world.中文回答：西方中心论是一种知识理论，它将西方的知识和文化传统作为理解世界唯一有效或优越的方式。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第6单元及第三册部分习题答案

第六单元V ocabularyIII.1. insight2. obstacles3. paralyzed4. poses5. proclaimed6. predicted7. Initially8. eccentric9. gap 10 inherit TranslationX.他被称为“活着的最有才华的人”，“20世纪后期最伟大的天才”，以及“爱因斯坦的继承人”。

因《时间简史》一书而闻名遐迩为众人所知的斯蒂芬霍金是一个多重意义上的明星科学家。

霍金擅长于用一种为非科学家所喜爱的文体揭示宇宙的奥秘，这种天赋使他声誉鹊起，也使他的书在英国和美国都成了畅销书。

该书因在《星期日泰晤士报》十大畅销书名单上持续了184周，并在全世界销售了500多万册而在《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》上赢得了一席之地——对一本科学书籍来说，这简直是前所未闻的成功。

XI.1. Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology has been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.2. Every time he releases a new record, the singer dreams of its/ it earninga place in the …top-ten‟ list one the radio.3. Located to the northwest of London, Oxford University is well known/ noted far and wide for its academic excellence.4. An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible for modern man‟s new concept of time and space.5. This medical research is aimed at finding new treatments for inherited blood diseases, because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.6. This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university. A private school initially, it has now become a world-famous university specializing in theoretical research.7. Two years ago, bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager. Luckily he won a scholarship to the state university.8. Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college, Prof. white, the then Chair of the Physics department, recalls: “ He impressed me as a very bright student wi th an instinctive insight into physics.”第三册1单元TEXT AIII pulsory 2.relish 3.confidence 4.consequences 5.incentive 6.henceforth7.invest 8.perceive 9.passion 10.schemingXII上学的孩子们中间有一种普遍的错误想法，即认为他们的老师当年都是些神童。

河南省平顶山市叶县高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期9月月考英语试卷

河南省平顶山市叶县高级中学2024-2025学年高二上学期9月月考英语试卷一、听力选择题1．What did the woman buy for her mum?A．A hat.B．A coat.C．A T- shirt.2．What does the man like doing?A．Travelling alone.B．Joining a guided tour.C．Backpacking with friends. 3．Why is the woman broke at the end of the month?A．She likes shopping.B．She doesn't work hard.C．She earns little money. 4．What time will the man’s party probably start?A．At 7: 30 p.m.B．At 8: 00 p.m.C．At 11: 00 p.m.5．Where are the speakers probably?A．In a hospital.B．In the police office.C．On the street.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6．What should the woman do to order checks?A．Wait in a line.B．Fill in a form.C．Check the mail.7．When will the woman probably get the check?A．In two days.B．In four days.C．In a week.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8．What is the man’s attitude towards art class?A．Favourable.B．Unconcerned.C．Worried.9．What does the woman mean about talent?A．She wants to be a painter too.B．She knows how to draw and paint.C．She hopes she could have some kind of talent.10．What are the speakers mainly talking about?A．The man’s hobby.B．The talent of the woman.C．The woman’s favourite class.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

A Bell Theorem Without Inequalities for Two Particles, Using Efficient Detectors

ithout Inequalities for Two Particles, Using Efficient Detectors by Daniel M. Greenberger City College of New York, New York, NY 10031 Michael Horne Stonehill College, Easton, MA 02357 Anton Zeilinger Institute for Experimental Physics, U. of Vienna, Vienna A-1090 Abstract
2 reality, it is a very problematical state, since two independently produced particles that have never met are suddenly thrown into an entanglement, even though they have no shared history. We will show that the situation is strange enough so that one cannot reproduce the quantum perfect correlations of the entanglement-swapped state with a classical, deterministic theory. While the original experiment6 detected the cross-entangled pair of particles in a singlet state, in principle we can detect any of the four Bell states and

新世纪高等院校英语专业综合教程2(何兆熊)Unit1核心词汇

核心词汇lash v.○1鞭打○2突然摇动○3猛烈打击n. 鞭子,鞭打【例句】The waves are lashing against the rocks.波浪冲击着岩石。

The cat lashed her tail.这只猫急速摇动着尾巴。

He lashed out at the opposition's policies.他猛烈抨击反对派的政策He beat the prisoner with a lash.他用鞭子抽打囚犯。

【搭配】lash out (at, against)攻击，猛击【近义】flog v.鞭打，严厉批评whip n.鞭子，车夫v.鞭打, 抽打, 突然移动【易混】slash v.大量削减, 严历批评, 抽打n.猛砍, (大幅度)削减, 斜线scoff n.嘲弄的话，嘲笑v.○1嘲弄，嘲笑○2狼吞虎咽【例句】He ignored the scoffs of the critics.他没有理睬那些批评者的嘲笑。

I told them my ideas but they scoffed at them.我把自己的想法告诉他们，但他们嗤之以鼻。

A hundred years ago people scoffed at the idea that that man would ever fly.一百年前人们嘲笑人类有一天会飞上天的想法。

Who has scoffed all the pastries down?谁把点心全吃完了？【派生】scoffer n.嘲笑者illusion n. 假象，错觉【例句】He cherished the illusion that she loved him, but he was wrong.他抱有她爱他的幻觉，但他错了。

A mirage is an optical illusion.海市蜃楼是一种视错觉.They were under the illusion that the company wasdoing well, but in fact it was in serious trouble.他们误以为该公司生意很好，但实际上它陷于严重的困境之中。

DearProf

China mathematical Scandal(3)/artic;es/jiang-chun-Xuan.htmlChina refused to recognizethe proofs of Fermat last theorem by JiangAn Open Letter to Prof. Yang Zhen-ning, The Shao Yi-fu Science Award Fund Committee,and to The China Mathematics Society致杨振宁教授、邵逸夫科学奖基金会与中国数学学会的公开信2005-08-12I do not have the sufficient mathematical knowledge to judge major mathematical problems, i.e. Fermat’s Last Theorem (FLT), Riemann’s Hypothesis (RH), Jiang Chun-xuan’s proof of FLT, Wiles’s in question proof of FLT, or Jiang Chun-xuan’s disproof RH, etc. Accordingly, in my writings involving Jiang Chun-xuan and his mathematical achievements, I have been very careful only to quote comments by others on Jiang’s work, including positive appraising remarks, and negative discrediting remarks, and raising questions about such conflicting remarks about Jiang and his work, and not stating any mathematical judgments of Jiang’s work.我没有足够的数学知识判断重大数学问题，如费马大定理〔FLT〕、黎曼假设〔RH〕等，以及蒋春暄对于FLT的证明、威尔斯〔Wiles〕对FLT有问题的证明、蒋春暄对于RH的否定。

诺贝尔奖的英语作文

诺贝尔奖的英语作文The Nobel Prize: A Beacon of Excellence and InspirationThe Nobel Prize is a prestigious award that has captivated the world's attention for over a century. Established by the renowned Swedish inventor and businessman, Alfred Nobel, this esteemed honor recognizes individuals and organizations who have made remarkable contributions to the advancement of humanity. From groundbreaking scientific discoveries to transformative works in literature, the Nobel Prize stands as a testament to the power of human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge.At the heart of the Nobel Prize lies a deep commitment to fostering global progress and celebrating the extraordinary achievements of exceptional individuals. Each year, the world eagerly awaits the announcement of the Nobel Laureates, whose names become synonymous with excellence in their respective fields. The recipients of this coveted award are not merely recognized for their technical prowess or academic brilliance but for their ability to push the boundaries of human understanding and to inspire generations to come.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Nobel Prize is its ability to transcend borders and cultures, honoring the best and brightest minds from around the globe. From the pioneering work of Marie Curie in the field of radioactivity to the groundbreaking economic theories of Amartya Sen, the Nobel Prize has consistently recognized the contributions of individuals who have made a lasting impact on the world. This global reach serves as a powerful reminder that the pursuit of knowledge and the advancement of humanity are universal endeavors that know no boundaries.Moreover, the Nobel Prize has played a vital role in shaping the course of history, often serving as a catalyst for social and political change. The award's recognition of individuals who have championed human rights, advocated for peace, and challenged the status quo has had a profound influence on the global landscape. From the work of Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil rights movement to the efforts of Malala Yousafzai in promoting education for girls, the Nobel Prize has consistently elevated the voices of those who have fought tirelessly for a more just and equitable world.Beyond its recognition of individual achievements, the Nobel Prize also serves as a beacon of inspiration for aspiring scholars, researchers, and innovators around the world. The mere possibility of being awarded this prestigious honor has motivated countless individuals to push the boundaries of their respective fields, to seeknew solutions to the world's most pressing challenges, and to contribute to the collective advancement of humanity. This ripple effect, where the successes of one generation inspire the next, is a testament to the enduring legacy of the Nobel Prize.As we look to the future, the continued relevance and impact of the Nobel Prize remain undeniable. In an age of rapid technological and social change, the need for groundbreaking discoveries, innovative solutions, and visionary leadership has never been more urgent. The Nobel Prize, with its unwavering commitment to excellence and its ability to recognize the most transformative ideas and initiatives, will undoubtedly continue to play a vital role in shaping the course of human progress.In conclusion, the Nobel Prize stands as a shining beacon of excellence, a testament to the power of human ingenuity, and a symbol of the boundless potential of the human spirit. As we reflect on the remarkable achievements of past Nobel Laureates, we are reminded of the transformative power of knowledge, the importance of global collaboration, and the enduring impact that a single individual can have on the world. The Nobel Prize, in all its grandeur and significance, will undoubtedly continue to inspire and captivate generations to come, forever etching its name in the annals of human history.。

2001年诺贝尔文学奖英文颁奖词

2001年诺贝尔文学奖英文颁奖词The Swedish Academy has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Literature for the year 2001 to Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul.Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, born in Trinidad in 1932, is one of the most eminent writers of our time. He has been honored for his narrative art, characterized by an unsparingly critical and compassionate perspective, and for his analytical clarity and well-crafted prose, which has won him worldwide acclaim.Naipaul's literary career began in the 1950s with his early novels set in the Caribbean, where he explored the cross-cultural conflicts and social dislocations inherent to postcolonial societies. Later, he widened his lens to capture the complexities of the developing world, depicting theimpact of historical and cultural changes on individuals and societies.Naipaul's works offer profound insights into the uneven process of civilization, the clash between tradition and modernity, and the struggles of the marginalized and uprooted. His writing often reveals the fracture between the colonizer and the colonized, while also addressing themes of exile, identity, and the search for belonging.In his extensive body of work, which includes novels, travelogues, and non-fiction, Naipaul blends fiction and reality, weaving intimate stories into larger historical and societal contexts. With his profound narrative skill and his deep-seated empathy for his characters, he has captured the essence of the human condition, portraying its complexities and contradictions.Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, with his refreshing originality and literary artistry, has continuouslychallenged conventional thinking and enriched the literary landscape. Through his enduring contributions to literature, he has played a pivotal role in promoting dialogue and understanding among cultures.It is with great pleasure that the Swedish Academy acknowledges Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul's remarkable talent and creativity and awards him the 2001 Nobel Prize in Literature.。

科技英语阅读（EST

科技英语阅读（EST科技英语阅读（EST Reading）课后习题答案Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 –d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russell’s Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s parado x in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it.Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradoxPara. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradoxVocabulary and Structure2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with adistinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between thequantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to makea complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket ofmetal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change. Section A Pre-reading Task1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many peopleincluding Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set? Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say abo ut Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数iterative function优先权之争priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape .b. The shape can be subdivided in parts.c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property calledd. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity.1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems intogeometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。

Compactness of solutions to the Yamabe problem. II

arXiv:math/0411032v1 [math.AP] 1 Nov 2004
Compactness of solutions to the Yamabe problem. II
YanYan Li Department of Mathematics Rutgers University 110 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ 08854 Lei Zhang Department of Mathematics University of Florida 358 Little Hall Gainesville, FL 32611-8105
1
IntroducБайду номын сангаасion
Let (M n , g ) be a compact, smooth, connected Riemannian manifold (without boundary) of dimension n ≥ 3. The Yamabe conjecture has been proved through the works of Yamabe [92], Trudinger [91], Aubin [4] and Schoen [79]: There exist constant scalar curvature metrics on M which are pointwise conformal to g . Consider the Yamabe equation and its sub-critical approximations: −Lg u = n(n − 2)up , u > 0, on M, (1)
1
2 Schoen initiated the investigation of the compactness of Mp and proved the following remarkable result in 1991, see [82], under the assumption that (M, g ) is locally conformally ﬂat and is not conformally diﬀeomorphic to standard spheres: For any +2 1<1+ǫ≤p≤ n and for any non-negative integer k , n−2 u

杨振宁诺贝尔奖演讲词

C H E N N I N G Y A N GThe law of parity conservation and othersymmetry laws of physicsNobel Lecture, December 11, 1957It is a pleasure and a great privilege to have this opportunity to discuss with you the question of parity conservation and other symmetry laws. We shall be concerned first with the general aspects of the role of the symmetry laws in physics; second, with the development that led to the disproof of parity conservation; and last, with a discussion of some other symmetry laws which physicists have learned through experience, but which do not yet together form an integral and conceptually simple pattern. The interesting and very exciting developments since parity conservation was disproved, will be cov-ered by Dr. Lee in his lecture1.IThe existence of symmetry laws is in full accordance with our daily ex-perience. The simplest of these symmetries, the isotropy and homogeneity of space, are concepts that date back to the early history of human thought. The invariance of physical laws under a coordinate transformation of uni-form velocity, also known as the invariance under Galilean transformations, is a more sophisticated symmetry that was early recognized, and formed one of the corner-stones of Newtonian mechanics. Consequences of these sym-metry principles were greatly exploited by physicists of the past centuries and gave rise to many important results. A good example in this direction is the theorem that in an isotropic solid there are only two elastic constants. Another type of consequences of the symmetry laws relates to the con-servation laws. It is common knowledge today that in general a symmetry principle (or equivalently an invariance principle) generates a conservation law. For example, the invariance of physical laws under space displacement has as a consequence the conservation of momentum, the invariance under space rotation has as a consequence the conservation of angular momentum. While the importance of these conservation laws was fully understood, their close relationship with the symmetry laws seemed not to have been clearly recognized until the beginning of the twentieth century2. (Cf. Fig. 1.)3941957C.N.Y A N GFig. 1 .With the advent of special and general relativity, the symmetry laws gained new importance. Their connection with the dynamic laws of physics takes on a much more integrated and interdependent relationship than in classical mechanics, where logically the symmetry laws were only conse-quences of the dynamical laws that by chance possess the symmetries. Also in the relativity theories the realm of the symmetry laws was greatly en-riched to include invariances that were by no means apparent from daily experience. Their validity rather was deduced from, or was later confirmed by complicated experimentation. Let me emphasize that the conceptual sim-plicity and intrinsic beauty of the symmetries that so evolve from complex experiments are for the physicists great sources of encouragement. One learns to hope that Nature possesses an order that one may aspire to comprehend. It was, however, not until the development of quantum mechanics that the use of the symmetry principles began to permeate into the very language of physics. The quantum numbers that designate the states of a system are often identical with those that represent the symmetries of the system. It in-deed is scarcely possible to overemphasize the role played by the symmetry principles in quantum mechanics. To quote two examples: The general struc-ture of the Periodic Table is essentially a direct consequence of the isotropy of Coulomb’s law. The existence of the antiparticles - namely the positron, the antiproton, and the antineutron - were theoretically anticipated as con-sequences of the symmetry of physical laws with respect to Lorentz trans-formations. In both cases Nature seems to take advantage of the simple mathematical representations of the symmetry laws. When one pauses to consider the elegance and the beautiful perfection of the mathematical rea-soning involved and contrast it with the complex and far-reaching physicalP A R I T Y C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D O T H E R S Y M M E T R Y L A W S395 consequences, a deep sense of respect for the power of the symmetry laws never fails to develop.One of the symmetry principles, the symmetry between the left and the right, is as old as human civilization. The question whether Nature exhibits such symmetry was debated at length by philosophers of the pasts. Of course, in daily life, left and right are quite distinct from each other. Our hearts, for example, are on our left sides. The language that people use both in the orient and the occident, carries even a connotation that right is good and left is evil. However, the laws of physics have always shown complete symmetry between the left and the right, the asymmetry in daily life being attributed to the accidental asymmetry of the environment, or initial conditions in organic life. To illustrate the point, we mention that if there existed a mirror-image man with his heart on his right side, his internal organs reversed com-pared to ours, and in fact his body molecules, for example sugar molecules, the mirror image of ours, and if he ate the mirror image of the food that we eat, then according to the laws of physics, he should function as well as we do. The law of right-left symmetry was used in classical physics, but was not of any great practical importance there. One reason for this derives from the fact that right-left symmetry is a discrete symmetry, unlike rotational sym-metry which is continuous. Whereas the continuous symmetries always lead to conservation laws in classical mechanics, a discrete symmetry does not. With the introduction of quantum mechanics, however, this difference between the discrete and continuous symmetries disappears. The law of right-left symmetry then leads also to a conservation law: the conservation of parity. The discovery of this conservation law dates back to 1924 when Laporte4 found that energy levels in complex atoms can be classified into « gestriche-ne » and « ungestrichene » types, or in more recent language, even and odd levels. In transitions between these levels during which one photon is emitted or absorbed, Laporte found that the level always changes from even to odd or vice versa. Anticipating later developments, we remark that the evenness or oddness of the levels was later referred to as the parity of the levels. Even levels are defined to have parity +1,odd levels parity -1. One also defines the photon emitted or absorbed in the usual atomic transitions to have odd parity. Laporte’s rule can then be formulated as the statement that in an atomic transition with the emission of a photon, the parity of the initial state is equal to the total parity of the final state, i.e. the product of the parities of the final atomic state and the photon emitted. In other words, parity is conserved, or unchanged, in the transition.3961957 C. N. YANGIn 1927 Wigners took the critical and profound step to prove that the empirical rule of Laporte is a consequence of the reflection invariance, or right-left symmetry, of the electromagnetic forces in the atom. This fun-damental idea was rapidly absorbed into the language of physics. Since right-left symmetry was unquestioned also in other interactions, the idea was fur-ther taken over into new domains as the subject matter of physics extended into nuclear reactions,puzzle developed in the last few years. Before explaining the meaning of this puzzle it is best to go a little bit into a classification of the forces that act between subatomic particles, a classification which the physicists have learned through experience to use in the last 50 years. We list the four classes of interactions below. The strength of these interactions is indicated in the column on the right.The strongest interactions are the nuclear interactions which include the forces that bind nuclei together and the interaction between the nuclei and theP A R I T Y C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D O T H E R S Y M M E T R Y L A W S397 this century in the β-radioactivity of nuclei, a phenomena which especially in the last 25 years has been extensively studied experimentally. With the discovery of decays and µ capture it was noticed independently6 by Klein, by Tiomno and Wheeler, and by Lee, Rosenbluth and me, that these interactions have roughly the same strengths as β-interactions. They are called weak interactions, and in the last few years their rank has been con-stantly added to through the discovery of many other weak interactions responsible for the decay of the strange particles. The consistent and striking pattern of their almost uniform strength remains today one of the most tan-talizing phenomena - a topic which we shall come back to later. About the last class of forces, the gravitational forces, we need only mention that in atomic and nuclear interactions they are so weak as to be completely neg-ligible in all the observations with existing techniques.Now to return to theand τ mesonssome information about the spins and parities of the τ andmeson must have the total parity, or in other words, the product parity, of two π mesons,which is even (i.e. = +1). Similarly, the τ meson must have the total parity of three π mesons, which is odd. Actually because of the relative motion of the π mesons the argument was not as simple and unambiguous as we just discussed. To render the ar-gument conclusive and definitive it was necessary to study experimentally the momentum and angular distribution of the π mesons. Such studies were made in many laboratories, and by the spring of 1956 the accumulated ex-perimental data seemed to unambiguously indicate, along the lines of rea-soning discussed above, thatϑ and τ do not have the same parity, and con-sequently are not the same particle. This conclusion, however, was in marked contradiction with other experimental results which also became definite at about the same time. The contradiction was known as the ϑ-τ puzzle and was widely discussed. To recapture the atmosphere of that time allow me to quote a paragraph concerning the conclusion that3981957C.N.Y A N Gparticle from a report entitled « Present Knowledge about the New Par-ticles » which I gave at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics8 in Seattle, in September 1956.« However it will not do to jump to hasty conclusions. This is because ex-perimentally the K mesons (i.e. τ and ϑ) seem all to have the same masses and the same lifetimes. The masses are known to an accuracy of, say, from 2 to 10electron masses, or a fraction of a percent, and the lifetimes are known to an accuracy of, say, 20 percent. Since particles which have different spin and parity values, and which have strong interactions with the nucleons and pions, are not expected to have identical masses and lifetimes, one is forced to keep the question open whether the inference mentioned above that the are not the same particle is conclusive. Parenthetically, I might addthat the inference would certainly have been regarded as conclusive, and in fact more well-founded than many inferences in physics, had it not been for the anomaly of mass and lifetime degeneracies. »The situation that the physicist found himself in at that time has been likened to a man in a dark room groping for an outlet. He is aware of the fact that in some direction there must be a door which would lead him out of his predicament. But in which direction?That direction turned out to lie in the faultiness of the law of parity con-servation for the weak interactions. But to uproot an accepted concept one must first demonstrate why the previous evidence in its favor were insuffi-cient. Dr. Lee and I9 examined this question in detail, and in May 1956 we came to the following conclusions: (A) Past experiments on the weak inter-actions had actually no bearing on the question of parity conservation. (B) In the strong interactions, i.e. interactions of classes 1and 2 discussed above, there were indeed many experiments that established parity conservation to a high degree of accuracy, but not to a sufficiently high degree to be able to reveal the effects of a lack of parity conservation in the weak interactions. The fact that parity conservation in the weak interactions was believed for so long without experimental support was very startling. But what was more startling was the prospect that a space-time symmetry law which the phys-icists have learned so well may be violated. This prospect did not appeal to us. Rather we were, so to speak, driven to it through frustration with the various other efforts at understanding theP A R I T Y C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D O T H E R S Y M M E T R Y L A W S399 an approximate symmetry law was, however, not expected of the sym-metries related to space and time. In fact one is tempted to speculate, now that parity conservation is found to be violated in the weak interactions, whether in the description of such phenomena the usual concept of space and time is adequate. At the end of our discussion we shall have the occasion to come back to a closely related topic.Why was it so that among the multitude of experiments onThis experiment was first performed in the latter half of 1956 and finished early this year by Wu, Ambler, Hayward, Hoppes, and Hudson12. The actual experimental setup was very involved, because to eliminate disturbing out-side influences the experiment had to be done at very low temperatures. The technique of combining β-decay measurement with low temperature ap-paratus was unknown before and constituted a major difficulty which was successfully solved by these authors. To their courage and their skill, phys-icists owe the exciting and clarifying developments concerning parity con-servation in the past year.of cobalt. Very rapidly after these results were made known, many experi-ments were performed which further demonstrated the violation of parity conservation in various weak interactions. In his lecturer Dr. Lee will discuss these interesting and important developments.I I IThe breakdown of parity conservation brings into focus a number of ques-tions concerning symmetry laws in physics which we shall now briefly dis-cuss in general terms:(A) As Dr. Lee1 will discuss, the experiment of Wu, Ambler, and their collaborators also proves13,14 that charge conjugation invariance15 is violated forP A R I T Y C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D O T H E R S Y M M E T R Y L A W S401 The three discrete invariances - reflection invariance, charge conjugation invariance, and time reversal invariance - are connected by an important theorem17 called the CPT theorem. Through the use of this theorem one can prove13 a number of general results concerning the experimental manifesta-tions of the possible violations of the three symmetries in the weak inter-actions.Of particular interest is the possibility that time reversal invariance in the weak interactions may turn out to be intact. If this is the case, it follows from the CPT theorem that although parity conservation breaks down, right-left symmetry will still hold if18 one switches all particles into antiparticles in taking a mirror image.In terms of Fig. 2 this means that if one changes all the matter that composes the apparatus at the right into anti-matter, the meter reading would become the same for the two sides if time reversal invariance holds. It is important to notice that in the usual definition of re-flection, the electric field is a vector and the magnetic field a pseudovector while in this changed definition their transformation properties are switched. The transformation properties of the electric charge and the magnetic charge are also interchanged. It would be interesting to speculate on the possible relationship between the nonconservation of parity and the symmetrical or unsymmetrical role played by the electric and magnetic fields.The question of the validity of the continuous space time symmetry laws has been discussed to some extent in the past year. There is good evidence that these symmetry laws do not break down in the weak interactions. (B) Another symmetry law that has been widely discussed is that giving rise to the conservation of isotopic spin19. In recent years the use of this sym-metry law has produced a remarkable empirical order among the phenom-ena concerning the strange particles20.It is however certainly the least under-stood of all the symmetry laws. Unlike Lorentz invariance or reflection invariance, it is not a « geometrical » symmetry law relating to space time invariance properties. Unlike charge conjugation invariance21 it does not seem to originate from the algebraic property of the complex numbers that occurs in quantum mechanics. In these respects it resembles the conservation laws of charge and heavy particles. These latter laws, however, are exact while the conservation of isotopic spin is violated upon the introduction of electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions. An understanding of the origin of the conservation of isotopic spin and how to integrate it with the other symmetry laws is undoubtedly one of the outstanding problems in high-energy physics today.4021957 C.N.Y A N G(C) We have mentioned before that all the different varieties of weak interactions share the property of having very closely identical strengths. The experimental work on parity nonconservation in the past year reveals that they very likely also share the property of not respecting parity conservation and charge conjugation invariance. They therefore serve to differentiate be-tween right and left once one fixes one’s definition of matter vs. anti-mat-ter. One could also use the weak interactions to differentiate between matter and anti-matter once one chooses a definition of right vs. left. If time rever-sal invariance is violated, the weak interactions may even serve to differen-tiate simultaneously right from left, and matter from anti-matter. One senses herein that maybe the origin of the weak interactions is intimately tied in with the question of the differentiability of left from right, and of matter from anti-matter.1. T. D. Lee, Nobel Lecture, this volume, p. 406.2.For references to these developments see E. P. Wigner, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 93(1949) 521.3. Cf. the interesting discussion on bilateral symmetry by H. Weyl, Symmetry, Prince-ton University Press, 1952.4. O. Laporte, Z.Physik, 23 (1924) 135.5. E. P. Wigner, Z. Physik, 43 (1927) 624.6. O. Klein, Nature, 161 (1948) 897; J. Tiomno and J. A. Wheeler, Rev.Mod. Phys.,21 (1949) 144;T. D. Lee, M. Rosenbluth, and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 75 (1949)905.7. R. Dalitz, Phil. Mag., 44 (1953) 1068; E. Fabri, Nuovo Cimento, II(1954) 479.8. C. N. Yang, Rev. Mod. Phys., 29 (1957) 231.9. T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 104 (1956) 254.10. T. D. Lee and J. Orear, Phys. Rev., 100 (1955) 932;T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang,Phys. Rev., 102 (1956) 290; M. Gell-Mann, (unpublished); R. Weinstein, (private communication) ; a general discussion of these ideas can be found in the Proceedings of the Rochester Conference, April 1956, Session VIII, Interscience, New York, 1957.11. C. N. Yang and J. Tiomno, Phys. Rev., 79 (1950) 495.12. C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, and R. P. Hudson, Phys.Rev.,105 (1957) 1413.13. T. D. Lee, R. Oehme, and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 106 (1957) 340.14. B. L. Ioffe, L. B. Okun, and A. P. Rudik, J.E.T.P. (U.S.S.R.), 32 (1957) 396.English translation in Soviet Phys. ]ETP, 5 (1957) 328.15. Charge conjugation invariance is very intimately tied with the hole theory inter-pretation of Dirac’s equation. The development of the latter originated with P. A.M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A126 (1930) 360; J. R. Oppenheimer, Phys. Rev.,P A R I T Y C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D O T H E R S Y M M E T R Y L A W S40335 (1930) 562 and H. Weyl, Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik, 2nd ed., 1931,p. 234. An account of these developments is found in P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. Roy.S O c. London, A133(1931) 60. Detailed formalism and application of charge con-jugation invariance started with H. A. Kramers, Proc. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, 40 (1937) 814and W. Furry, Phys. Rev., 51 (1937) 125.16.E. P. Wigner, Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Goettingen, Math.-Physik., 1932, p. 546.Thispaper explains in terms of time reversal invariance the earlier work of H. Kramers, Proc. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, 33 (1930) 959.17.J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev., 91 (1953) 720, 723;G. Lüders, Kgl. Danske Videnskab.au‘s article in Niels Bohr and the Selskab., Mat.-Fys. Medd., 28, No. 5 (1954);W. P liDevelopment of Physics, Pergamon Press, London, 1955. See also Ref. 21.18.This possibility was discussed by T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang and reported by C. N.Yang at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics in Seattle in Septem-ber 1956. (See Ref. 8.) Its relation with the CPT theorem was also reported in the same conference in one of the discussion sessions. The speculation was later pub-lished in T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev., 105(1957) 1671. Independently the possibility has been advanced as the correct one by L. Landau, J.E.T.P.(U.S.S.R.), 32 (1957) 405. An English translation of Landau’s article appeared in Soviet Phys. JETP, 5 (1957) 336.19. The concept of a total isotopic spin quantum number was first discussed by B.Cassen and E. U. Condon, Phys. Rev., 50(1936) 846and E. P. Wigner, Phys. Rev., 51(1937) 106.The physical basis derived from the equivalence of p-p and n-p forces, pointed out by G. Breit, E. U. Condon, and R. D. Present, Phys. Rev., 50 (1936) 825. The isotopic spin was introduced earlier as a formal mathematical parameter by W. Heisenberg, Z. Physik, 77 (1932) I.20.A. Pais, Phys. Rev., 86 (1952) 663, introduced the idea of associated production ofstrange particles. An explanation of this phenomenon in terms of isotopic spin conservation was pointed out by M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Rev., 92 (1953) 833and by K. Nishijima, Progr. Theoret. Phys. (Kyoto), 12 (1954) 107.These latter authors also showed that isotopic spin conservation leads to a convenient quantum number called strangeness.21.R. Jost, Helv. Phys. Acta, 30 (1957) 409.。

博士研究生英语精读-翻译及原文(中科院)

第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of KnowledgeThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such astate of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, the great English scientist, in his immensely popular book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may "discover a complete theory" that "would be the ultimate triumph of human reason--for then we would know the mind of God." Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of "theories of everything," meaning theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory (1992).Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the constellations. In the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras proposed the notion of a spherical Earth and of a universe with objects in it chat moved in accordance with natural laws. Later Greek philosophers taught that the sky was a hollow globe surrounding the Earth, that it was supported on an axis running through the Earth, and chat stars were inlaid on its inner surface, which rotated westward daily. In the second century A.D., Ptolemy propounded a theory of a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the sun, planets, and stars moved in circular orbits of cycles and epicycles around the Earth, although the Earth was not at the precise center of these orbits. While somewhat awkward, the Ptolemaic system could produce reasonably reliable predictions of planetary positions, which were, however, good for only a few years and which developed substantial discrepancies from actual observations over a long period of time. Nevertheless, since there was no evidence then apparent to astronomers that the Earth itself moves, the Ptolemaic system remained unchallenged for more than 13 centuries.In the sixteenth century Nocolaus Copernicus, who is said to have mastered all the knowledge of his day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology, became dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic system. He found that a heliocentric system was bothmathematically possible and aesthetically more pleasing, and wrote a full exposition of his hypothesis, which was not published until 1543, shortly after his death. Early in the seventeenth century, Johannes Kepler became imperial mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of Tycho Brahe, and he acquired a collection of meticulous naked-eye observations of the positions of celestial bodies chat had been made by Brahe. On the basis of these data, Kepler calculated that both Ptolemy and Copernicus were in error in assuming chat planets traveled in circular orbits, and in 1609 he published a book demonstrating mathematically chat the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are still regarded as basically valid.In the first decade of the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei learned of the invention of the telescope and began to build such instruments, becoming the first person to use a telescope for astronomical observations, and thus discovering craters on the moon, phases of Venus, and the satellites of Jupiter. His observations convinced him of the validity of the Copernican system and resulted in the well-known conflict between Galileo and church authorities. In January 1642 Galileo died, and in December of chat year Isaac Newton was born. Modern science derives largely from the work of these two men.Newton's contributions to science are numerous. He laid the foundations for modem physical optics, formulated the basic laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and devised the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's laws of motion and gravitation are still used for calculations of such matters as trajectories of spacecraft and satellites and orbits of planets. In 1846, relying on such calculations as a guide to observation, astronomers discovered the planet Neptune.While calculations based on Newton's laws are accurate, they are dismayingly complex when three or more bodies are involved. In 1915, Einstein announced his theory of general relativity, which led to a set of differential equations for planetary orbits identical to those based on Newtonian calculations, except for those relating to the planet Mercury. The elliptical orbit of Mercury rotates through the years, but so slowly that the change of position is less than one minute of arc each century. The equations of general relativity precisely accounted for this precession; Newtonian equations did not.Einstein's equations also explained the red shift in the light from distant stars and the deflection of starlight as it passed near the sun. However, Einstein assumed chat the universe was static, and, in order to permit a meaningful solution to the equations of relativity, in 1917 he added another term, called a "cosmological constant," to the equations. Although the existence and significance of a cosmological constant is stillbeing debated, Einstein later declared chat this was a major mistake, as Edwin Hubble established in the 1920s chat the universe is expanding and galaxies are receding from one another at a speed proportionate to their distance.Another important development in astronomy grew out of Newton's experimentation in optics, beginning with his demonstration chat sunlight could be broken up by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, which led to the science of spectroscopy. In the twentieth century, spectroscopy was applied to astronomy to gun information about the chemical and physical condition of celestial bodies chat was not disclosed by visual observation. In the 1920s, precise photographic photometry was introduced to astronomy and quantitative spectrochemical analysis became common. Also during the 1920s, scientists like Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrodinger, and Dirac developed quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with subatomic particles of matter and quanta of energy. Astronomers began to recognize that the properties of celestial bodies, including planets, could be well understood only in terms of physics, and the field began to be referred to as "astrophysics."These developments created an explosive expansion in our knowledge of astronomy. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere. It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos pervades the solar system. He states:In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology,general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations. Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls "correct quantum gravity."Furthermore, the observations astronomers make with new technologies disclose a total mass in the universe that is less than about 10 percent of the total mass that mathematical calculations require the universe to contain on the basis of its observed rate of expansion. If the universe contains no more mass than we have been able to observe directly, then according to all current theories it should have expanded in the past, and be expanding now, much more rapidly than the rate actually observed. It is therefore believed that 90 percent or more of the mass in the universe is some sort of "dark matter" that has not yet been observed and the nature of which is unknown. Current theories favor either WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) or MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Other similar mysteries abound and increase in number as our ability to observe improves.The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions disclosing areas of ignorance of which wewere not previously aware.Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper, a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed its task, clanks to the "infinity of our ignorance."At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or considering.To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase more than its related knowledge.My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line from Matthew Arnold: "For we are here as on a darkling plain...." The dark chat surrounds us, chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995 by Lee Loevinger.Lee Loevinger is a Washington lawyer and former assistant attorney general of the United States who writes frequently for scientific c publications. He hasparticipated for many years as a member, co-chair, or liaison with the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, and he is a founder and former chair of the Science and Technology Section of the American Bar Association. Office address: Hogan and Hartson, 555 Thirteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20004.人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。

离散数学专业名词

第一章集合论、逻辑与算法基础1.1集合set（集合）power set（幂）complement of a set（补集）roster method（枚举法）universalset set（全集）symmetric difference（对称差集）set-builder method（集合构造方法）Venn diagrams（文氏图）ordered pair（有序对）subset（子集）union of sets（并集）Cartesian product（笛卡尔积）superset（父集）intersection of sets（交集）diagonal of a set（对角集）proper subset（真子集）disjoint sets（不相交集）ordered n-tuples（有序n元组）equal sets（相等集合）index set（索引集）n-flod Cartesian product（n次笛卡尔积）empty （null）set（空集）set difference（差集）bit string（位串）finite set（有限集）mutually disjoint（互不相交）length（长度）infinite set（无限集）pairwise disjoint（互不相交）singleton set（单体集合）relative complement（相对补集）1.2数理逻辑statement（命题）condition（条件）converse（逆命题）proposition（命题）biimplication（双向蕴涵）inverse（反命题）truth value（真值）biconditional（双向条件）contrapositive（逆否命题）negation（非）logical connectives（逻辑连接词）statement formula（命题公式）conjunction（合取）well-formed formulas（良态公式）formula（公式）disjunction（析取）tautology（重言式）implication（蕴涵）contradiction（矛盾式）1.3论证有效性proof（证明）modus tollens（否定法）disjunctive addition（析取加法）argument（论证）disjunctive syllogisms（析取三段论）conjunctive addition（合取加法）conclusion（结论）hypothetical syllogism（假设三段论）logically valid（逻辑有效）premise（前提）dilemma（二难推论）modus ponens（断言法）conjunctive simpli fications（合取简化）1.4量词与一阶逻辑statement logic（命题逻辑）predicate（谓词）domain（域）propositional logic（命题逻辑）propositional function（命题函数）free vricable（自由变量）n-place predicate（n位谓词）bound variable（约束变量）first-order logic（一阶逻辑）universal quantifier（全称量词）counterexample（反例）existential quantifier（存在量词）disproof（反证）1.5证明方法theorem（定理）indirect proof（间接证明）proof by contradiction（反证法）proof by direct method（直接证明方法）direct proof（直接证明）1.6 算法algorithm（算法）two-way selection（双路选择）list（列表）input（输入）if two-dimensional array（二维数组）output（输出）thenread precision（精度）else printuniqueness（唯一性）whilesubproprams（子程序）finiteness（有限性）do proceduregenerality（通用性）forfunction assignment operator（赋值运算符）begin constant polynomial（常量多项式）assignment statement（赋值语句）enddegree（次数）control structures（控制结构）return one-way selection（单路选择）arrays（数组）第三章关系与偏序集3.1关系与偏序集binary relation （二元关系）directed graph representation（有向图表示）digraph （有向图）relation （关系）vertex（顶点）adjacent to （与...相邻）R-related （R-相关）directed edge（有向边）adjacent from（从...相邻）related （相关）directed arc（有向弧）loop （环）empty relation （空关系）arrow diagram （矢量图）domain （域）universal relation （全称关系）directed graph（有向图）range （值域）image (映像) equivalence class （等价类）transitive closure （传递闭包）inverse （逆）R-class（R-类）directed walk （有向通路）composition （复合）reflexive （自反）R-equivalence class （R-等价类）walk （通路）partition （划分）vertices of the walk （通路顶点）transitive （传递）equivalence relation induced by the partition （划分推出的等价关系）terminal vertex （终止顶点）equivalence relation （等价关系）internal vertices （内部顶点）equality relation （相等性关系）reflexive closure （自反闭包）path （路径）congruence modulo m （模m同余）symmetric closure （对称闭包）3.2偏序集antisymmetric （反对称）lexicographic order （词典序）topological ordering （拓扑排序）partial order （偏序）dictionary order （字典序）upper bound（上界）partially ordered set （偏序集）closed （闭合）poset （偏序集）least upper bound（lub）（最小上界）covers （覆盖）lower bound （下界）dual （序偶）Hasse diagram （哈赛图）greatest lower bound （glb）（最大下界）comparable （可比）minimal element （极小元）lattice （格）linearly ordered set （线性有序集）maximal element （极大元）distributive （可分配性）totally ordered set （完全有序集）greatest element （最大元）complement （补元）chain （链）least element （最小元）Boolean algebra （布尔代数）product partial order （积偏序）compatible （兼容，相容）第四章矩阵与关系闭包4.1矩阵matrix（矩阵）diagonal matrix（对角矩阵）join（并）rectangular array（矩阵阵列）identity matrix（单位矩阵）Boolean meet（布尔交）element（元素）sum（和）meet（交）entry（项）difference（差）join of meet expression（相交表达式的并）equal（等于）multiplication（乘法）Boolean product（布尔积）square matrix（方阵）transpose（转置）product（积）zero matrix（零矩阵）symmetric（对称）diagonal element（对角元素）Boolean join（布尔并）4.2 关系矩阵与闭包matrix of a relation（关系矩阵）Warshall’s algorithm（Warshall算法）第五章函数5.1 函数function（函数）target（目标）onto（满射）well defined（合理定义）range（值域）surjective（满射）single valued（单值）numeric functions（数字函数）surjection（满射）image（映像）identity function（恒等函数）one-to-one correspondence（一一映射）preimage（预映像，前射，前像，原像）constant function（常数函数）bijective（双射）mapped（映射）one-one（单射函数）bijection（双射）domain（域）injective（内射）composition（复合）codomain（合域）injection（内射）5.2 特殊函数与集合的基数inverse function（逆函数）images（映像）cardinality（基数）left invertible（左可逆）direct image（直接映像）equivalent（等价）left inverse（左逆）inverse image（逆映像）equipotent（幂等）right invertible（右可逆）floor（下限）countable（可数）right inverse（右逆）ceiling（上限）uncountable（不可数）restriction（限制）floor function（弱取整函数）extension（扩展）ceiling function（强取整函数）5.3 序列与字符串sequence（序列）sum of the terms（项之和）index（索引）nth term of the sequence（序列第n项）summation symbol（求和符号）subscript（下标）finite sequence（有限序列）string（字符串）infinite sequence（无限序列）word（字符）integer sequence（整数序列）dummy variable（哑变量）alphabet（字母表）arithmetic progression（AP）（等差数列）lower limit（下限）length（长度）first term（首项）upper limit（上限）empty string（空字符串）common difference（公差）general term（通项）empty word（空串）geometric progression（GP）（等比数列）product of the terms（项之积）concatenation（接合）common ratio（公比）product symbol（求积符号）5.4 二元运算binary operation（二元运算）mathematical system（数学系统）idempotent（幂等）close under（在……下闭合）groupoid（群）idempotent semigroup（幂等半群）associative（可结合）identity（单位元）band（带）commutative（可交换）semigroup（半群）free semigroup generated by（由……生成的自由半群）Cayley multiplication table（Cayley乘法表）monoid（幺半群）free monoid generated by（由……生成的自由幺半群）Cayley table（Cayley表）transformation semigroup（变换半群）第六章同余6.1同余Congruent （同余）congruence class modulo （模m的同余类）6.3线性同余linear congruence in one variable （一个变量x的线性同余式）inverse （逆）residue representation （余数表示）unique modulo （唯一模）modular representation （模表示）round-robin tournament （循环赛）hashing （散列）hash address （散列地址）linear probing （线性探测）hash table （散列表）hashing function （散列函数）probe sequence （探测数列）hash function （散列函数）collision （冲突）double hashing （双重散列）6.4特殊同余定理Euler phi-function （欧拉phi函数）ciphertext （密文）encryption key （加密钥匙）plaintext（明文）decryption function （加密函数）decryption key （揭秘钥匙）第十章图论10.1图的定义与符号graph （图）parallel （平行边）arc（弧）set of vertices （顶点集合）isolated vertex （顶点孤立）Staring vertex （始点）set of edges （边集）degree （度）terminating vertex （终点）incidence function （关联函数）k-regular graph （k-正则图）in-degree （入度）end vertices （端点）even degree vertex （偶度顶点）out-degree （出度）endpoints（端点）odd degree vertex （奇度顶点）simple graph （简单图）incident （关联）degree sequence (度数列) complete graph（完全图）Adjacent （相邻）directed graph（有向图）triangle （三角形）loop （环）digraph （有向图）bipartite graph （二分图）incidence table （关联表）directed edge（有向边）Bipartition （二分）complete bipartite （完全二分）subgraph （子图）Complement of a graph（补图）Ramsey number （Ramsey数）10.2通路，路径与圈walk （通路）initial vertex （始点）terminal vertex（终点）directed walk （有向通路）length of a walk （通路长度）length of a directed walk （有向通路长度）u-v walk （u-v通路）u-v directed walk （u-v 有向通路）closed walk （闭合通路）closed directed walk （闭合有向通路）open walk （开放通路）open directed walk （开放有向通路）trail （迹) path （路径）trivial walk （平凡通路）trivial path （平凡路径）trivial trail （平凡迹）nontrivial walk （非平凡通路）nontrivial path （非平凡路径）nontrivial trial （非平凡迹）circuit （回路）cycle （圈）k-cycle （k圈）even cycle （偶数圈）odd cycle （奇数圈）subwalk （子通路）reduction of P by Q（P用Q简化）decomposition （分解）connected （连接）connected graph （连接图，连通图）disconnected graph （不连接图，不连通图）component （分支）distance （距离）matching （匹配）M-saturated （M-饱和）M-unsaturated （M-不饱和）perfect matching （完美匹配）maximum matching（最大匹配）neighbors （邻居）10.3图的矩阵表示adjacency （相邻矩阵）incidence matrix（关联矩阵）10.4特殊回路Euler circuit （欧拉回路）Euler trail （欧拉迹）Hamiltonian graph （汉密尔顿图）Euler graph （欧拉图）Hamiltonian cycle （汉密尔顿圈）Hamiltonian path （汉密尔顿路径）10.5同构isomorphic （同构）different （不同）10.6图算法weight （权）weighted graph （加权图）weight matrix （加权矩阵）length of a path （路径长度）shortest path algorithm （最短路径算法）greedy algorithm （贪婪算法）topological ordering （拓扑排序）immediate successor （直接后继）queue （队列）rear （队尾）10.7 平面图和图着色planar graph（平面图）exterior face（外面）proper vertex coloring（正常顶点着色）plane graph（平面图）interior face（内面）chromatic number（色数）planar representation of a graph（图的平面表示）subdivision of a graph（图的细分）edge coloring（边着色）faces（面）homeomorphic（同胚）proper edge coloring（正常边着色）boundary（边界）vertex coloring（顶点着色）chromatic index（色索引）第十一章树与网络11.1 树tree（树）acyclic graph（无环图）11.2 有根树rooted tree（有根树）binary tree（二叉树）postorder traversal（后序遍历）lever（层）trivial tree（平凡树）inorder sequence（中序顺序）child（子节点）left child（左子节点）preorder sequence（前序顺序）terminal vertex（终点）right child（右子节点）postorder sequence（后序顺序）leaf（叶子）left subtree（左子树）binary search tree（二叉搜索树）internal vertex（内顶点）right subtree（右子树）infix（中缀）descendant（后代）full binary tree（完全二叉树）prefix（前缀）ordered rooted tree（有序有根树）inorder traversal（中序遍历）postfix（后缀）height（高度）preorder traversal（前序遍历）expression tree（表达式树）11.3 生成树spanning tree（生成树）minimal spanning tree（最小生成树）weighted tree（加权树）Prim’s algorithm（Prim算法）weight（权）11.4 网络single-source，single-sink network（单元单汇网络）flow conservation（流量守恒）quasipath（拟路径）source（源）flow in edge（边流）forward arc（正向弧）target（目标）flow into（流入）backward arc（反向弧）sink（汇）flow out of（流出）slack（松弛）s-t network（s-t网络）conservation of flow（流量守恒）F-saturated（F-饱和）capacity（容量）value of a flow（流值）F-unsaturated（F-不饱和）transport network（传输网络）s-t cut of network（网络的s-t分割）flow augmenting（流增广）network（网络）capacity of an s-t cut（s-t分割容量）patent（父节点）flow（流）minimal cut（最小分割）immediate predecessor（直接前驱）capacity constraint（容量限制）maximal flow（最大流）。

上海外语口译证书考试：2022英语中级口译岗位资格证书考试真题模拟及答案(5)

上海外语口译证书考试：2022英语中级口译岗位资格证书考试真题模拟及答案(5)共336道题1、What does the paragraph following the passage most probably discuss?（单选题）A. How to recover your luggageB. Where to go to continue your tripC. When to return to the aircraftD. How to proceed once you are away from the aircraft试题答案：D2、One of Freudian theories is that ______.（单选题）A. humans are half beast and half angelB. sexual and aggressive impulses are the basic human drivesC. humans always fight with the complicated natureD. sex is only part of human bewilderments试题答案：B3、Tish Sommers argues that ______.（单选题）A. older women find it hard to escape povertyB. older women usually perform better in their jobsC. the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexismD. more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism试题答案：A4、The statement: “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce ______.（单选题）A. the fierce business competitionB. the feeble boss-board relationsC. the threat from news reportsD. the severity of data leakage试题答案：D5、According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because ______.（单选题）A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemical active hydrocarbonsB. the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactionsC. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structureD. gasoline is composed of small molecules试题答案：B6、Borglum’s mixture for filling cracks was ______.（单选题）A. very expensiveB. bought at the Black Hills minesC. invented by the sculptor himselfD. uncovered during carving试题答案：C7、Mount Rushmore needs to be ______.（单选题）A. protected from air pollutionB. polished for touristsC. closed during the winterD. repaired periodically试题答案：D8、According to the passage, the use of an adjustable mirror increases the oven temperature by ______.（单选题）A. 80-120 degrees CelsiusB. at least 80 degrees CelsiusC. up to 30 degrees CelsiusD. up to 15 degrees Celsius试题答案：C9、The author of the text puts the word “deepest” (line 13, paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order to ______.（单选题）A. signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’ claims for their workB. draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’ methodC. emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’ method and that of psychohistoriansD. disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’ claims from her opinion of their method试题答案：A10、Homer’s epics are mentioned in paragraph 1 in order to ______.（单选题）A. exemplify the contributions made by ancient poetsB. illustrate the role of shared fantasies about societyC. show an ideal stage of eternal social progressD. make known myths of what a society ought to be试题答案：B11、Which of the following statements is true?（单选题）A. Pupils will form relationships with old pupils rather than teachers.B. The setting of the primary school is comparatively simpler than that of the secondary school.C. All the teachers in the secondary school are rather frightening-looking.D. Pupils have opportunities to get help from any teacher in the secondary school.试题答案：B12、According to paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out ______.（单选题）A. whether there is any weak pointB. what sort of data has been stolenC. who is responsible for the leakageD. how the potential spies can be located试题答案：A13、According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because ______.（单选题）A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemical active hydrocarbonsB. the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactionsC. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structureD. gasoline is composed of small molecules试题答案：B14、What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day?（单选题）A. Memorizing grammar with great efforts.B. Study textbooks with close attention.C. Have their brain images recorded.D. Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.试题答案：D15、According to the author, sleeping habits ______.（单选题）A. are related to the amount of sleepB. are inherited from the parentsC. vary from person to personD. would not change in one’s lifetime试题答案：C16、Which of the following phrases from the text best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?（单选题）A. “most striking” (line 3, paragraph 1)B. “variation is adaptive” (line 2, paragraph 2)C. “mechanically disadvantageous” (line 7, paragraph 3)D. “evolutionary red herring” (line 8-9, paragraph 4)试题答案：D17、According to the text, starry flounder differ form most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder ______.（单选题）A. are not basically bilaterally symmetricB. do not become asymmetric until adulthoodC. do not all share the same asymmetryD. have both eyes on the same side of the head试题答案：C18、It can be concluded from the passage that the writer ______.（单选题）A. calls attention to the living conditions of older AmericansB. believes that value of older people is gaining increasing recognitionC. attempts to justify the youth-oriented, throw-away culture of the United StatesD. argues people should not retire at the age of 65 or 70试题答案：B19、As used in the passage, the word “gargle” means ______.（单选题）A. to wash one’s mouth and throat with a liquid in motion by breathing through itB. to eat something with a continuous and often audible action of jawC. to bite and work in the mouth with one’s teeth, especially to make it easier to swallow somethingD. to cause or allow something, especially food or drink, to pass down one’s sore throat试题答案：D20、The reason that it is easier to describe one’s personality in words than one’s face is that ______.（单选题）A. many words are available to describe personalityB. a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC. people’s personalities are very much alikeD. a person’s face is more complex than his personality试题答案：A21、It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as ______.（单选题）A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ argumentsC. misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD. inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns试题答案：A22、According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?（单选题）A. School phobia, which is widespread in many countries, is no cause for alarm.B. The problem of school phobia in Japan can not be solved unless it gets rid of its social evils.C. Despite school phobia the Japanese educational system remains on of the best in the world.D. Unrelenting pressures in the Japanese society contribute greatly to success.试题答案：B23、The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ______.（单选题）A. impolite to new arrivalsB. very conscious of their godlike roleC. entitled to some privilegesD. very busy even during lunch hours试题答案：B24、Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（单选题）A. Throwing away a toy from her kids is an act worth following.B. Kids should be encouraged to do things independently.C. A mother who cries often before kids may lead to dependence of her kids.D. A mother should not expose her depression too much in front of her kids.试题答案：A25、According to the passage, one of the reasons why readers in the 1920s and 130s were attracted by free insurance policies was that ______.（单选题）A. they were afraid of being unable to workB. jobs were more dangerous thenC. they had bigger families to look afterD. money was given away with the policies试题答案：A26、The author has written the passage mainly for ______.（单选题）A. general readersB. power brokersC. economistsD. decision makers试题答案：A27、According to the passage, the adjustable mirror is most useful ______.（单选题）A. at middayB. when it is coldC. When firewood is lackingD. in improving taste and nutrition试题答案：B28、The best title for the Text may be ______.（单选题）A. Use Humor EffectivelyB. Various Kinds of HumorC. Add Humor to SpeechD. Different Humor Strategies试题答案：A29、The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans ______.（单选题）A. to bring about the uniformity of their cultureB. to regain their consensus about a common experienceC. to stay away from negative feelings in their lifeD. to counteract the effects of consensus about society试题答案：C30、From the last paragraph, we know that the causes of school phobia ______.（单选题）A. can be easily determinedB. are complex and manifoldC. lie exclusively in the Japanese educational systemD. originate from the Japanese way of bringing up children试题答案：B31、From Heilman’s remark, we can see that ______.（单选题）A. full use has been made of the wisdom of older peopleB. the wisdom of older people is not valued by American societyC. older people are no less intelligent than young peopleD. the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society试题答案：C32、All of the following are mentioned as sources of energy of rural agricultural societies EXCEPT ______.（单选题）A. firewoodB. dung cakeC. solar powerD. agricultural waste试题答案：C33、The use of music in supermarkets ______.（单选题）A. may lead customers to pay more of a productB. can increase sales of a specific productC. makes people buy more foreign wineD. causes customers to stay longer in the shop试题答案：B34、It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as ______.（单选题）A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ argumentsC. misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD. inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns试题答案：A35、Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?（单选题）A. What we don’t know about fever.B. There are benefits to developing fevers.C. Fevers inhibit bacterial growth.D. Lizards can develop fevers.试题答案：A36、In comparison with Voltaire, Sir Winston Churchill ______.（单选题）A. was happier with three hours of sleepB. would sleep more when stretched outC. would enjoy a longer sleep if possibleD. was less happy when he was asleep试题答案：C37、From Heilman’s remark, we can see that ______.（单选题）A. full use has been made of the wisdom of older peopleB. the wisdom of older people is not valued by American societyC. older people are no less intelligent than young peopleD. the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society试题答案：C38、According to the passage, law-abiding citizens ______.（单选题）A. can possibly steal things because of their povertyB. can possibly take away goods without payingC. have never stolen goods from the supermarketsD. are difficult to be caught when they steal things试题答案：B39、The sound-on-film system guaranteed synchronization because the recording was ______.（单选题）A. made during the filming of the pictureB. edited by an optical sensorC. inserted on the filmD. marked on the gramophone试题答案：C40、Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?（单选题）A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.试题答案：D41、Before he came to stay with Miss Bohun, Felix’s lessons ______.（单选题）A. Were shared with some children from a royal familyB. Were not suitable in his father’s eyeC. Had not been adequate in some subjectsD. Had frequently been interrupted by his mother.试题答案：C42、Why did holidays abroad become a common prize after the war?（单选题）A. People became more interested in material possessions.B. Everyone wanted the opportunity to travel.C. Group travel became easier.D. People wanted to get away from familiar surroundings.试题答案：B43、According to the passage, what kind of city will Marinnation be?（单选题）A. UndergroundB. UnderwaterC. MarineD. Legendary试题答案：C44、The author chooses to write about school phobia because ______.（单选题）A. It is something new in Japan.B. Most children have developed the diseaseC. Its symptoms are not easily perceptibleD. An alarming proportion of Japanese children suffer from it试题答案：D45、To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ______.（单选题）A. in well-worded languageB. as awkwardly as possibleC. in exaggerated statementsD. as casually as possible试题答案：D46、According to the passage, the problems of Marinnation focused on here are mainly ______.（单选题）A. humanB. engineeringC. politicalD. social试题答案：B47、It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that ______.（单选题）A. data leakage is more severe in EuropeB. FTC’s decision is essential to data securityC. California takes the lead in security legislationD. legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage试题答案：D48、To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ______.（单选题）A. in well-worded languageB. as awkwardly as possibleC. in exaggerated statementsD. as casually as possible试题答案：D49、According to the passage, it would appear that most sore throats ______.（单选题）A. require an immediate visit to a doctorB. respond quickly to treatment with an antibioticC. rarely turn out to be serious illnessesD. result in tonsillitis even when treated试题答案：C50、Research into customer satisfaction showed that ______.（单选题）A. the right smell made people think a product was betterB. people preferred the smell of lemon to coconutC. certain smells could make people dislike a shopD. customers rated the goods on sale as more inviting试题答案：A51、Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?（单选题）A. New England winters are cold.B. Some taxi drivers are impolite.C. The U. S. A is a popular place for tourists.D. Hotel staff are often sympathetic.试题答案：D52、The passage implies that ______.（单选题）A. the fever process is widespread because moderate fevers have benefitsB. the reduction of fevers can inhibit bacterial growthC. man can use sun lamp to raise lizards’ temperatureD. Crayfish injected with bacteria have a purpose for moving to hot areas试题答案：D53、The author considers a new scientific theory to be the ______.（单选题）A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulationB. byproduct of an aesthetic experienceC. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particularD. result of highly creative scientific activity试题答案：D54、The word “transcends” (para.1) in the sentence “highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form…” is closest in meaning to which of the following?（单选题）A. go beyondB. fit intoC. subject toD. set up试题答案：A55、Which of the following is true about flaxseed?（单选题）A. It’s rich in estrogen.B. You can get more lignans from flaxseed oil.C. Add the ground flaxseed to your morning cereal can ensure you the beneficial lignans.D. It can be used to cure gallbladder disease.试题答案：C56、Animal studies show that ______.（单选题）A. monkey mothers know some knowledge on biologyB. mothers tend to show real love to their female babiesC. the offspring does not need so much caring from motherD. monkey mothers give more care to their female kids by instinct试题答案：D57、The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because ______.（单选题）A. aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeysB. successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey groupC. situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratoryD. most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses试题答案：D58、It can be inferred from the Text that public services ______.（单选题）A. have benefited many peopleB. are the focus of public attentionC. are an inappropriate subject for humorD. have often been the laughing stock试题答案：D59、It is obvious that the author of the passage ______.（单选题）A. shows indifference to the situation in the developed countriesB. is very concerned about global population problemsC. feels confident that the problem of population growth can be soon resolvedD. is pessimistic about the future of those high-fertility试题答案：B60、The underlined word “screenings”in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.（单选题）A. projectionsB. revelationsC. demonstrationsD. diversions试题答案：A61、Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the text?（单选题）A. A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin.B. A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit.C. A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price.D. A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill.试题答案：D62、The author mentions that Marinnation would be all the following EXCEPT ______.（单选题）A. a circular city attached to the seabedB. a home for international organizationsC. a monumental engineering taskD. a place where people would want to live试题答案：D63、In the last paragraph the author points out that ______.（单选题）A. sleeping less is good for human healthB. people ought to be persuaded to sleep less than beforeC. it is incorrect to say that people sleep too littleD. those who can sleep less should be encouraged试题答案：D64、Why do Americans prefer to use nicknames when addressing one another?（单选题）A. Nicknamed are easy to remember.B. Americans are an informal peopleC. Nicknames help to create an informed casual relationshipD. Nicknames are easy to use in daily life试题答案：C65、Which of the following phrases from the text best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?（单选题）A. “most striking” (line 3, paragraph 1)B. “variation is adaptive” (line 2, paragraph 2)C. “mechanically disadvantageous” (line 7, paragraph 3)D. “evolutionary red herring” (line 8-9, paragraph 4)试题答案：D66、Who might benefits most from “atmospherics” in the “sensory” marketing?（单选题）A. Psychologists.B. Customers.C. Shop owners.D. The research groups.试题答案：C67、NNK is usually considered to be one of the direct cause’s of ______.（单选题）A. asthmaB. lung cancerC. heart attacksD. high blood pressure试题答案：B68、In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lay in ______.（单选题）A. the non-existence of consensus on the forms of the society should takeB. the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social lifeC. the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversityD. the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline试题答案：A69、The aircraft hijack situation is used in order to show that ______.（单选题）A. the professionals do not pose much of a problem for the storesB. some people “simply forget to pay for what they take from the shops”C. “the honest public has to pay higher prices”D. the third type of shop-lifters are dangerous people试题答案：B70、In order to treat a sore throat one should ______.（单选题）A. prevent the patient from eating too muchB. give the patient up to 4 aspirin tablets every hourC. make sure the patient takes in plenty of liquidD. make the patient gargle with soft drink试题答案：C71、The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because ______.（单选题）A. aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeysB. successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey groupC. situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratoryD. most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses试题答案：D72、According to paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to ______.（单选题）A. see the link between trust and data protectionB. perceive the sensitivity of personal dataC. realize the high cost of data restorationD. appreciate the economic value of trust试题答案：A73、Mount Rushmore needs to be ______.（单选题）A. protected from air pollutionB. polished for touristsC. closed during the winterD. repaired periodically试题答案：D74、When do Americans prefer to use their family names?（单选题）A. When they are working.B. When writing a business letter.C. They use their family names on formal occasions.D. When they are in trouble试题答案：C75、From the last paragraph, we know that the causes of school phobia ______.（单选题）A. can be easily determinedB. are complex and manifoldC. lie exclusively in the Japanese educational systemD. originate from the Japanese way of bringing up children试题答案：B76、Which of the following is the purpose of the second paragraph?（单选题）A. To show that school phobia can be cured.B. To suggest a way to deal with school phobia.C. To describe the cause of school phobia.D. To present a typical case of school phobia.试题答案：D77、The author cites the dog as an example of artificial selection because of all the following statements EXCEPT that ______.（单选题）A. Dogs are domestic animalsB. The dog is one of nature’s survivorsC. Breeders register dogs to obtain a pedigreeD. Humans have been the primary agents in dog evolution试题答案：B78、What did the report at San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium illustrate?（单选题）A. Flaxseed is the most effective treatment for breast cancer.B. Breast cancer is the main cause of death for women.C. It’s hard to cure breast cancer.D. Flaxseed is a potential arsenal against breast cancer.试题答案：D79、Scorpions injected with prostaglandins move to hot areas to ______.（单选题）A. engage in greater activityB. seek out a more iron environmentC. demonstrate that they are illD. develop a fever and fight bacterial infections试题答案：D80、Ericsson and his colleagues believe that ______.（单选题）A. talent is a dominating factor for professional successB. biographical data provide the key to excellent performanceC. the role of talent tends to be overlookedD. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture试题答案：D81、The author seems to indicate that ______.（单选题）A. there are many controversial issues like the right amount of sleepB. among many issues the right amount of sleep is the least controversialC. the right amount of sleep is topic of much controversy among doctorsD. people are now moving towards solving many controversial issues concerning sleep试题答案：C82、The third group of people steal things because they ______.（单选题）A. are mentally illB. are quite absent-mindedC. cannot resist the temptationD. cannot afford to pay for goods试题答案：C83、Breeding the hybrid offspring to fix desirable traits is called ______.（单选题）A. naturally selectingB. inbreedingC. pedigree breedingD. pure-breeding试题答案：B84、What advice might Maquet give to those who have a crucial test the next day?（单选题）A. Memorizing grammar with great efforts.B. Study textbooks with close attention.C. Have their brain images recorded.D. Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.试题答案：D85、According to the passage, the scientists carried out their researches on ______.（单选题）A. smokers from different parts of the worldB. smokers from different states in the United StatesC. actors and actresses who smoke a lotD. wait staff and bartenders试题答案：D86、It is obvious that the author of the passage ______.（单选题）A. shows indifference to the situation in the developed countriesB. is very concerned about global population problemsC. feels confident that the problem of population growth can be soon resolvedD. is pessimistic about the future of those high-fertility试题答案：B87、Which of the following statements is true?（单选题）A. Developing fever is the privilege of warm-blooded animals, so sick lizards cannot run a fever.B. Invertebrates also have the ability to raise their temperature.C. The internal temperatures of warm-blooded creatures are independent of the weather, so are the cold-blooded animals.D. Sick lizards move into the sun to develop fever.试题答案：B88、Specific brain disorders can ______.（单选题）A. affect the understanding of music in almost every possible wayB. stimulate the memorizing of music he/she knew beforeC. hinder musical understanding of the brain in some special waysD. restrain the memorizing of music he/she knew before试题答案：C89、People trusted Freud because ______.（单选题）A. they found it hard to believe the astrologersB. Freudian theory sounded reasonableC. they couldn’t make a sensible judgmentD. they wanted to have insights into human beings试题答案：B90、Many studies show that ______.（单选题）A. boys are active and obedient to girlsB. girls are independent facing boysC. boys are brave in getting what they wantD. girls don’t do anything in front of difficulties试题答案：C91、How do many traditional societies see the use of one’s family name?（单选题）A. It is a way to keep distant from another person.B. It is seen as a sign of respect.C. It is a sign of importance.D. It is a sign of gratitude试题答案：B92、Jerome’s taste in clothing is probably ______.（单选题）A. worse than the woman’sB. very loud and flashyC. different from the woman’sD. on agreement with the woman’s试题答案：C93、According to the passage, airline travelers should keep their feet flat on the floor ______.（单选题）A. throughout the flightB. during takeoffs and sC. especially during landingsD. in case of an accident试题答案：B94、Which of the following statements is NOT true?（单选题）A. People may have different personalities.B. People differ from each other in appearance.C. People can learn to recognize human faces.D. People can describe all human features of others.试题答案：D95、New England is located ______.（单选题）A. in the south west of the U.S.B. to the south of CaliforniaC. in the northeast of the U.S.D. to the west of Florida试题答案：C96、According to the text, starry flounder differ form most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder ______.（单选题）A. are not basically bilaterally symmetricB. do not become asymmetric until adulthoodC. do not all share the same asymmetryD. have both eyes on the same side of the head试题答案：C97、The author implies that Beethoven’s music was strikingly original because Beethoven ______.（单选题）A. strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limitsB. fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by his own strategyC. distorted the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded himD. manipulated the established musical conventions in a highly innovative fashion试题答案：D98、The word “intelligence” (para. 3) is closest in meaning to “______.”（单选题）A. mentalityB. aptitudeC. informationD. interpretation。

哥德巴赫猜想报告文学原文

哥德巴赫猜想报告文学原文The Goldbach Conjecture: A Report on the LiteratureIntroduction:The Goldbach Conjecture is one of the most famous problems in number theory. It was first proposed by the German mathematician Christian Goldbach in 1742 and states that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. Despite the efforts of many of the greatest mathematicians in history, this conjecture has yet to be proven or disproven definitively. In this report, we will examine the literature on the Goldbach Conjecture, exploring the various approaches and results that have been obtained and considering the current state of knowledge on this important problem.History:Since its inception in the 18th century, the Goldbach Conjecture has captured the imagination of mathematicians and laypeople alike. Many of the greatest minds in math have attempted to prove or disprove this statement, including Euler, Lagrange, Legendre, and Hardy. Over the years, various partial results and conjectures have been proposed, but a complete resolution of the problem has remained elusive.Approaches:One of the most common approaches to the Goldbach Conjecture is through the use of the Prime Number Theorem (PNT). This theorem gives an asymptotic estimate for the distribution of prime numbers and has been used to prove partial results related to the conjecture. Other approaches include the use of sieve methods and the Hardy-Littlewood Conjectures, which involve studying the behavior of the primes in a certain interval.Recent Results:Despite centuries of effort, the Goldbach Conjecture remains unsolved. However, there have been some recent developments that shed new light on this problem. In 2013, Harald Helfgott announced a proof of the weak version ofthe Goldbach Conjecture, which states that every oddinteger greater than 5 can be expressed as the sum of three primes. While this result does not directly prove the original conjecture, it does represent a significant step forward in understanding the behavior of prime numbers.Conclusion:The Goldbach Conjecture remains one of the mostintriguing and important problems in mathematics. While many partial results and conjectures have been proposed, a definitive resolution of the problem has yet to be achieved.However, recent developments suggest that progress is being made, and it is possible that a proof or disproof of the conjecture will be found in the future. Until then, mathematicians will continue to explore this fascinating problem, seeking new insights and approaches that mayfinally unlock its secrets.。

英语作文常用加分谚语

英语作文常用加分谚语Essential Proverbs to Boost Your English Essay Scores。

When it comes to writing a compelling English essay, incorporating apt proverbs can not only enrich the language but also demonstrate a profound understanding of the subject matter. These age-old sayings, passed down through generations, often carry a profound meaning that resonates with readers. Here are some essential proverbs that you can utilize to boost your essay scores.Firstly, let's consider the proverb, "Practice makes perfect." This timeless saying underscores the importance of repetition and consistency in achieving excellence. Whether you're discussing the mastery of a skill, the refinement of a theory, or the improvement of a process, this proverb can effectively illustrate your argument. For instance, in an essay on the importance of language learning, you can write, "As the proverb goes, 'Practice makes perfect.' By immersing oneself in the language,engaging in regular conversations, and writing frequently, one can gradually overcome language barriers and achieve fluency."Another valuable proverb is, "Actions speak louder than words." This proverb emphasizes the significance of deeds over mere words. It can be effectively used in essays that discuss leadership, integrity, or the importance of following one's convictions. For example, in an essay on leadership, you might write, "True leadership is not measured by the number of speeches delivered or the promises made but by the actions taken. As the saying goes, 'Actions speak louder than words.' A leader who leads by example, inspires trust,。

新教材高中英语UNIT1导读话题妙切入课件新人教版选择性必修第二册ppt

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Her family is famous for producing three famous women scientists, including her two sisters. She graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936 with a degree in physics, and then went on to study at the Technical University of Berlin, where she was the top in her class, outperforming her future husband Qian Sanqiang—China's “father of the atomic bomb”. In 1940, she earned a Ph. D. in Engineering.
As one of the pioneers in nuclear science and technology in China, Professor He contributed a great deal to nuclear physics. During the 1950s, she started the research and development of nuclear emulsions(核乳胶)in China and their research reached the advanced world level at that time. He and her research group took the lead in building China's first nuclear reactor and accelerator. She was awarded the first Award of the National Prize of Natural Sciences for making outstanding achievements in supporting the national program of nuclear weapon development.

2016高考英语二模阅读D篇汇总

Camaraderie over CompetenceThe importance of liking people is the subject of an article in the Harvard Business Review, which has carried out an experiment to find out who we’d rather work with. Hardly surprisingly, the people we want most as our workmates are both: brilliant at their jobs and delightful human beings. And the people we want least are both unpleasant and useless. More interestingly, the authors found that, given the choice between working with lovable fools and competent jerks (性情古怪的人), we irresistibly choose the former. Anyway, who likes those stupid men who annoy or hurt other people? We might insist that competence matters more, but our behaviour shows we stay close to the people we like and sharing information with them.What companies should therefore do is get people to like each other more. The trick here is apparently to make sure staffs come across each other as often as possible during the day. They also should be sent on bonding courses and so on to encourage friendliness and break down displeasure. However, more outdoor-activity weekends and shared coffee machines inspire no confidence at all.The reality is that people either like each other or they don’t.You can’t force it. Possibly you can make offices friendlier by tolerating a lot of chat, but there is a productivity cost to that. In my experience, the question of lovable fool against competent jerk may not be the right one. The two are interrelated: we tend not to like our workmates when they are completely hopeless. I was once quite friendly with a woman whom I later worked with. I found her to be so outstandingly bad at her job that I lost respect for her and ended up not really liking her at all. Then is there anything that companies should be doing about it?By far the most effective strategy would be to hire people who are all pretty much the same, given that similarity is one of the main determinants of whether we like each other. I think this is a pretty good idea, but no one dares recommend this anymore without offending the diversity lobby group. There is only one acceptable view on this subject: teams of similar people are bad because they stop creativity. This may be true, though I have never seen any conclusive proof of it.Not only do we like similar people, we like people who like us. So if companies want to promote more liking, they should encourage a culture where we are all nice to each other. The trouble is that this needs to be done with some skill.67. According to the research, which kind of colleagues would most people tend to choose?A. Nice but unintelligent.B. Creative but unattractive.C. Competent but unfriendly.D. Humorous but unambitious.68. The author talks about her experience to show that _______.A. people respect outstanding leadersB. people tend to like optimistic workmatesC. a workmate’s working ability is importantD. talkative workmates makes offices friendlier69. Some people think that similar people working together may _______A. offend each otherB. create fewer new ideasC. talk more and work lessD. be likely to stick together70. To encourage workmates to like each other, companies could _________.A. arrange the training course for workers to study togetherB. organize team-building activities outside the officeC. encourage a diversity of opinions in workplaceD. employ staff who have a lot in commonACBDFinding the Real YouPsychometric testing—personality testing—has been very popular nowadays as studies show their results to be three times more accurate in predicting your job performance. These testsare now included in almost all graduate recruitment (招聘) andare widely used in the selection ofmanagers.The most popular of these personality tests is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It is based on the theory that we are born with a tendency to one personality type which stays more or less fixed throughout life. You answer 88 questions and are then given your ―t ype‖, such as Outgoing or Quiet, Feeling orThinking.Critics of personality testing raise doubts about ―socialeng i neering‖. Psychologist Dr. Colin Gill warns that the―popular‖ personality traits (特性) have their disadvantages. ―People who areextremely open to new experiences can be butterflies,going from one idea to the next without masteri ng anyof them.‖ However, the psychometric test is here tostay, which may be why a whole sub-industry on cheatingpersonality tests has sprung up. ―It’s possible to cheat,‖ admits Gill, ―but having to pretend to be the person you are at work will be tiring and unhappy and probably short-lived.‖So can we c hange our personality? ―Your basic personalityis fixed by the time you’re 21,‖says Gill,―but it can beaffected by motivation and intelligence. If you didn’t have the personality type to be a doctor but desperately wanted to be one and were intelligent enough to master the skills, you could still go ahead. But trying to go too much against type for too long requires much energy and is actually to be suffered for long. I think it’s why we’re seeing this trend for downshifting—too many p eopletryingtofitintoatypethattheyaren’t really suited for.‖Our interestin personalitynow exists in every part of our lives. If you ask an expert for advice on anything, you’ll probably be quizzed about your personality. But if personalitytestshaveanyvaluetous,perhapsitisto free us from the idea thatallofusarefullofpotential, and remind us of what we are.Astheysayinonetest when they ask for your age: pick the one you are, not theone you wish you were.67. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the belief that ______.A.certain personality traits are commonB. personality is largely decided from birthC. some personality types are better than othersD. personality traits are various from time to time68. According to Dr. Gill,what is the problem with personality tests?A. Employers often find the results unclear.B.They may have a negative effect on takers.C. People can easily lie about their true abilities.D. The results could be opposite to what employers want.69. In Dr. Gill’s view, how easy is it tochange your personality?A. It’s possiblein your adult life.B. It’s easy if you have great motivation.C. It’s difficultbefore the age of 21.D. It’s unlikely because it requires much energy.70. What final conclusion does the author reach about the value of personality tests?A. They are not really worth doing.B. They may encourage greater realism.C. They are of doubtful value to employers.D. They can strengthen the idea we have of our abilities.BCDBLet us all raise a glass to AlphaGo and the advance of artificial intelligence. AlphaGo, DeepMind’sGo-playing AI, just defeated the best Go-playing human, Lee Sedol. But as we drink to its success, we should also begin trying to understand what it means for the future.The number of possible moves in a game of Go is so huge that, in order to win against a player like Lee, AlphaGo was designed to adopt a human-like style of gameplay by using a relatively recent development --- deep learning. Deep learning uses large data sets, ―machine learning‖ algorithms (计算程序) and deep neural (神经的) networks to teach the AI how to perform a particular set of tasks. Rather than programming complex Go rules and strategies into AlphaGo, DeepMind designers taught AlphaGo to play the game by feeding it data based on typical Go moves. Then, AlphaGo played against itself, tirelessly learning from its own mistakes and improving its gameplay over time. The results speak for themselves.Deep learning represents a shift in the relationship humans have with their technological creations. It results in AI that displays surprising and unpredictable behaviour. Commenting after his first loss, Lee described being shocked by an unconventional move he claimed no human would ever have made. DemisHassabis, one of DeepMind’s founders, echoed this comment: ―We’re very pleased that AlphaGo play ed some quite surprising and beautiful moves.‖Unpredictability and surprises are –-- or can be --– a good thing. They can indicate that a system is working well, perhaps better than the humans that came before it. Such is the case with AlphaGo. However,u npredictability also indicates a loss of human control. That Hassabis is surprised at his creation’s behaviour suggests a lack of control in the design. And though some loss of control might be fine in the context of a game such as Go, it raises urgent questions elsewhere.How much and what kind of control should we give up to AI machines? How should we design appropriate human control into AI that requires us to give up some of that very control? Is there some AI that we should just not develop if it means any loss of human control? How much of a say should corporations, governments, experts or citizens have in these matters? These important questions, and many others like them, have emerged in response, but remain unanswered. They require human, not human-like, solutions.So as we drink to the milestone in AI, let’s also drink to the understanding that the time to answer deeply human questions about deep learning and AI is now.67. What contributes most to the unconventional move of AlphaGo in the game?A. The capability of self-improvement.B. The constant input of large data sets.C. The installation of deep neural networks.D. The knowledge of Go rules and strategies.68. A potential danger of AI is ______.A. the loss of human controlB. the friendly relationshipC. the fierce competitionD. the lack of challenge69. How should we deal with the unpredictability of AI?A. We should stop AI machines from developing even further.B. We should call on the government to solve these problems for us.C. We should rely on ourselves and come up with effective solutions.D. We should invent even more intelligent machines to solve everything.70. What’s the author’s attitude towards this remarkable advance in AI?A. Supportive.B. Optimistic.C. Doubtful.D. Cautious.AACDIt’s rare that you see the words ―shyness‖ and ―leader‖ in the same sentence. After all, the common viewpoint is that those outgoing and sociable guys make great public speakers and excellent networkers and that those shy people are not. A survey conducted by USA Today referred to 65 percent of executives who believed shyness to be a barrier to leadership. Interestingly, the same article stresses that roughly 40 percent of leaders actually are quite shy - they’re just better at adapting them selves to situational demands. Bill Gates, Warren Buffet and Charles Schwab are just a few ―innies‖.Unlike their outgoing counterparts who are more sensitive to rewards and risk-taking, shy people take a cautious approach to chance. Rather than the flashy chit-chat that defines social gatherings, shy people listen attentively to what others say and absorb it before they speak. They’re not thinking about what to say while the other person is still talking, but rather listening so they can learn what to say. Along the same lines, shy people share a common love of learning. They are intrinsically (内在地) motivated and therefore seek content regardless of achieving an outside standard.Being shy can also bring other benefits. Remember being in school and hearing the same kids contribute, until shy little Johnny, who almost never said a word, cut in? Then what happened? Everyone turned around to look with great respect at little Johnny actually talking. This is how shy people made good use of their power of presence: they ―own‖ the moment by speaking calmly and purposefully, which translates to a positive image.Shyness is often related to modesty. Not to say that limelight-seekers aren’t mo dest, but shy people tend to have an accurate sense of their abilities and achievements. As a result, they are able to acknowledge mistakes, imperfections, knowledge gaps and limitations.Since shy people have a lower sensitivity to outside rewards than ou tgoing ones, they’re more comfortable working with little information and sticking to their inner desires. Shy people are also more likely to insist on finding solutions that aren’t primarily apparent. Don’t believe me? Maybe you’ll believe Albert Einst ein, who once said, ―It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s that I stay with problems longer.‖Obviously, finding certainty where uncertainty is typically popular is a huge plus for any successful person.The myth that shy people are less effective leaders than their outgoing fellows is just a misunderstanding. Make wise use of your personalitystrengths to lead your business no matter what side of the range you fall on.67. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ______.A. shy people are sensitive to rewardsB. shy people care more about contentC. outgoing people are more careful about chancesD. outgoing people consider what to learn while listening68. The example of Johnny shows ______.A. shy people are likely to be modestB. hardworking students speak little in publicC. some students keep silent on purpose at schoolD. shy people may have an advantage in discussion69. We can learn from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 that ______.A. success results from devotionB. shyness contributes to popularityC. outside reward leads to insistenceD. uncertainty counts more than certainty70. The author supports his idea mainly by ______.A. giving definitions and presenting research resultsB. explaining problems and providing solutionsC. quoting authorities and making evaluationsD. making contrasts and giving examplesBDAD。

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a r X i v :q u a n t -p h /0703218v 2 25 M a r 2007Comment on:Disproof of Bell’s Theorem by Cliﬀord Algebra Valued Local Variables
Marcin Paw l owski
Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics,Uniwersytet Gda´n ski,PL-80-952,Gda´n sk
Katedra Fizyki Teoretycznej i Informatyki Kwantowej,Politechnika Gda´n ska,PL-80-952,Gda´n sk
We ”save”Bell’s Theorem by showing a ﬂaw in Christian’s argument.
In recent paper Christian [1]argues that Bell’s Theorem can be proved wrong by the use of Cliﬀord Algebra valued local realistic variables.There is an important ﬂaw in that paper which we are to unveil and ”save”Bell’s ly,the statement that:the equation (7)from that paper works out to be the equation (19)is not true.Let us rewrite equation (7)E h.v.(a ,b )= ΛA a (λ)B b (λ)dρ(λ)(1)where the observables A a (λ)and B b (λ)can have values ±1.Now in E c.v.(a ,b )= V 3(µ·a )(µ·b )dρ(µ)(2)expressions µ·a and µ·b correspond to A a (λ)and B b (λ)respectively,but they are not equal.As Christian mentions µ·a and µ·b are bivectors not scalars like A a (λ)and B b (λ)and since the proof of Bell’s Theorem requires scalars,the equation (19)is irrelevant to this proof.The ﬂaw in the equation (19)comes form confusion between Cliﬀord Algebra valued hidden variables which are acceptable,and Cliﬀord Algebra valued observables which are not if we are to get a scalar in the RHS of the CHSH inequality.QED.This work is part of EU 6FP programme QAP.[1]J.Christian,Disproof of Bell’s Theorem by Cliﬀord Algebra Valued Local Variables ,quant-ph/0703179。