The control of confounding by intermediate variables
新视角研究生英语读说写2课后翻译
Unit 3[A] 1. 由生物多样性的丧失而引起的对人类和地球的威胁和由气候变化所带来的危险一样大。
The threat to humanity and the planet posed by biodiversity loss is as great as the dangers presented by climate change.2. 收到年轻读者表达他们对被囚动物的关心的信，并询问他们能帮助做什么，我们总是很高兴。
We are always happy to hear from young readers expressing concern for animals in captivity and asking what they can do to help.3. 这两个最盛行的理论都认为恐龙之所以灭绝是因为地球大气和温度的变化而造成的。
The two most popular theories both say that dinosaurs died out because of changes in the earth’s atmosphere and temperature.4. 这场森林大火最终被消防队所控制住了，花费将近50万美元。
The forest fire was finally brought under control by the fire-fighting crews at a cost of nearly halfa million dollars.5. 植物根茎能够固定土壤，使之不会被雨水冲蚀。
Plant roots can hold the soil in position and prevent it from being washed away by the rain water.6. 健康的生态系统以能源、营养物质、有机物质和水的可持续更替为特点。
医生与律师的对话英语作文
In a bustling city hospital,Dr.Smith,a seasoned physician,was having a conversation with Mr.Johnson,a prominent lawyer.Their dialogue revolved around the complexities of their respective professions and the ethical dilemmas they often faced.Dr.Smith began the conversation by expressing his concerns about the increasing burden of medical malpractice lawsuits.Mr.Johnson,as a doctor,Im constantly worried about making a mistake that could lead to a lawsuit.Its stressful,and it sometimes makes me secondguess my decisions.Mr.Johnson nodded in understanding.I can see how that would be a concern,Dr.Smith. As a lawyer,I often deal with clients who feel wronged by professionals like yourself.Its a delicate balance between seeking justice and understanding the pressures that come with your job.The doctor sighed,Yes,and its not just about the fear of lawsuits.Its about doing whats best for the patient.Sometimes,the most ethical course of action isnt the most popular one.I completely agree,Mr.Johnson replied.In law,we also face ethical dilemmas.For instance,should I represent a client I believe is guilty?Its a constant struggle between personal morals and professional obligations.Dr.Smith leaned back in his chair,Thats a tough one.But at least you have the luxury of choosing your clients.In medicine,we cant turn away a patient in need,even if it means walking a fine ethical line.The lawyer nodded thoughtfully,True,but I think we both have a common goal:to serve others and uphold a standard of integrity.Its just that the path to that goal can be fraught with challenges.The conversation continued,with both professionals sharing anecdotes from their careers. They discussed the importance of clear communication,both with clients and patients, and the need for empathy in their roles.Empathy is crucial in medicine,Dr.Smith emphasized.It helps build trust with patients and makes them feel heard and understood.Absolutely,Mr.Johnson concurred.In law,empathy helps me connect with my clients on a deeper level,allowing me to better represent their interests.As their discussion drew to a close,both Dr.Smith and Mr.Johnson acknowledged the unique challenges and rewards of their professions.They agreed that while their paths were different,the commitment to ethical practice and service to others was a common thread that bound them together.。
2019年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析 在医学杂志上有很多⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。
⼩编为⼤家提供2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析，⼀起看看吧！ 2019考研英语⼀翻译真题 It wasn’t until after my retirement that I had the time to read scientific papers in medical journals with anything like close attention. Until then, I had, like most doctors, read the authors’ conclusions and assumed that they bore some necessary relation to what had gone before. I had also naively assumed that the editors had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and probity of the contents of their journals. It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad — inaccurate, misleading, sloppy, illogical — much of the medical literature, even in the best journals, frequently was. My discovery pleased and reassured me in a way: for it showed me that, even in advancing age, I was still capable of being surprised. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. According to the authors, the problem is not merely that people do bad science, as they have always done, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote ananonymous researcher who said pithily: ‘Poor methods get results.’ What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. It is at least an objective measure. In addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in journals for positive rather than negative results. To prove that factor a has no effect whatever on outcome b may be important in the sense that it refutes a hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as that factor a has some marginally positive statistical association with outcome b. It may be an elementary principle of statistics that association is not causation, but in practice everyone forgets it. The easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad science, for example by trawling through a whole lot of data without a prior hypothesis. For example, if you took 100 dietary factors and tried to associate them with flat feet, you would find some of them that were associated with that condition, associations so strong that at first sight they would appear not to have arisen by chance. Once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say, red cabbage is associated with flat feet, one of two things can happen: someone will try to reproduce the result, or no one will, in which case it will enter scientific mythology. The penalties for having published results which are not reproducible, and prove before long to be misleading, usually do not cancel out the prestige of having published them in the first place: and therefore it is better, from the career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing at all. A long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always impressive. 48)Attempts have been made to (control this inflation命题⼈改编为curb this kind tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement这部分被出题⼈删除), to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science. In other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal contact and even nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice… 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. 2019考研英语⼀翻译答案解析 【解析】 1. 本句主干为There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈) 2. which引导定语从句，修饰this kind of nonsense，which指代this kind of nonsense，在定语从句中做主语 (1) 则定语从句为“这些⽆稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热” (2) when引导状语从句，可以理解为条件，从句省略this kind of nonsense is，则为“如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈” 【参考译⽂】 在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。
研究生英语综合教程课文及翻译
1. Recently, one of us had the opportunity to speak with a medical student about a research rotation that the student was planning to do. She would be working with Dr. Z, who had given her the project of writing a paper for which he had designed the protocol, collected the data, and compiled the results. The student was to do a literature search and write the first draft of the manuscript. For this she would become first author on the final publication. When concerns were raised about the proposed project, Dr. Z was shocked. "l thought I was doing her a favor," he said innocently, "and besides, I hate writing!"2. Dr. Z is perhaps a bit naive. Certainly, most researchers would know that the student's work would not merit first authorship. They would know that "gift" authorship is not an acceptable research practice. However, an earlier experience in our work makes us wonder. Several years ago, in conjunction with the grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Pott Secondary Education (FIPSE), a team of philosophers and scientists at Dartmouth College 2 ran a University Seminar series for faculty on the topic "Ethical Issues in scientific Research."At one seminar, a senior researcher (let's call him Professor R) argued a similar position to that of Dr. Z. In this case Professor R knew that "gift" authorship, authorship without a significant research contribution, was an unacceptable research practice. However, he had a reason to give authorship to his student.The student had worked for several years on a project suggested by him and the project had yielded to publishable data. Believing that he had a duty to the student to ensure a publication, Professor R had given the student some data that he himself had collected and told the student to write it up. The student had worked hard, he said, albeit on another project, and the student would do the writing. Thus, he reasoned, the authorship was not a "gift."3. These two stories point up a major reason for encouraging courses in research ethics: Good intentions do not necessarily result in ethical decisions. Both of the faculty members in the above scenarios "meant well." In both cases, the faculty members truly believed that what they were doing was morally acceptable. In the first case, Dr. Z's indefensible error was that he was unaware of the conventions of the field.In particular, he seemed blissfully oblivious to the meaning of first authorship. In the second case, Professor R was do ng what he thought best for the student without taking into consideration that moral. ty is a public system and that his actions with regard to a single student have public consequences for the practice of science as a profession.4. Well-meaning scientists, such as those just mentioned, can, with the best of intentions, make unethical decisions. In some cases, such decisions may lead individuals to become embroiled in cases of misconduct. A course in research ethics can help such scientists to appreciate that it is their responsibility to know professional conventions as well as to understand the public nature of morality.1. 最近，我们当中的一员有机会与一名医科学生谈论她正计划要做的一个实验室轮转项目。
2023年同等学力英语真题答案分类
How to Handle the StressNowadays more and more people have been under various stresses and there has been an increase in stress-related diseases among employees and students. This phenomenon has aroused immediate concern and widespread discussion among the general public. From my perspective, the resources of stresses can be from our work, family and also from the society, and learning how to deal with stresses has far-reaching significance to our body health.As a matter of fact, some solutions to reduce stresses can be illustrated below. The first one that comes to my mind readily is to share our stress with others. It can be enormously helpful because we may feel quite relaxed after talking to others and things even turn better if we get any valuable suggestions from them. What’s more, making time for fun such as listening to music and watching movies may be good medicine. Additionally, it is also a great way to reduce anxiety to do a large number of physical activities.From what has been discussed above, I strongly believe that we should know how to reduce enormous stress because it poses a general threat to human body health. As a common employee, I often feel immense stress at work. In those cases, I always tried to talk with my close friends to hear their advice or just listen to my favorite music. Only by having both mental and physical health can we hope to do our job well in the future?My favorite way of keeping fitsObservations and research findings indicate that people are increasingly concerned abo ut keeping fits. The importance people attach to it and the rapid development of related s ervices are the signs of this.There are several ways of keeping fits. Dieting should be fundamental to one’s heal th. We are facing more choice than ever before. Therefore, we should be cautious to sele ct the proper foods and to control the reasonable amount. What’s more, taking experienc e is another essential way. In addition, nobody is exposed to be considered as healthy in mental disorder, so that keeping mental health is also important.As for me, I am exerting all my strength on keeping my fits, by taking reasonable di eting and proper exercise and by remaining in good mind. In particular, I like jogging, m ore than four times per week, and approximately ．Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem of environmental protection, for the pollution has brought us so many bad influences. It is important for us to r ealize that it is everyone’s duty to protect our environment.To cope with this nation-wide problem, our government has started to take a series of effective measures. The most effective way is to save energy and reduce carbon emission. Because every year billions of tons of carbon dioxide are emitted into the air, which in part, result in the global warming and climate changing.For me, I am trying to make my own contributions. Firstly, I go to work by bus instead of driving. Secondly, I am getting to form the habit of saving water and electricity. For example, when I brush my teeth and wash my hands, I will never leave the water running again. What's more, I even recommend our relatives and friends to do so. By now my ways have been working perfectly and efficiently.Nowadays,with the rapid development of computer technology,in particular,the artifici al intelligence(AI),the application of senior AI in the future has aroused a considerable world-wide concern.It is recently reported that in a ground-breaking fight between man and AI,the world champion of game Go was mercilessly de feated by Deep Mind Alpha Go,a product from Google,which gives rise to some people ’s fear toward advanced AI in future practice.And they take it for granted that human being would probably be totally controlled by machine.As far as AI is concerned,I am fully convinced that we are supposed to maintain an obje ctive and positive attitude toward the emerging issue of artificial intelligence.It is know n to all that AI is nothing but the simulation of information on the process of conscious thinking,or in another words,it’s something that subjects to its inventor’s design awaren ess.Consequently,as long as we are fully conscious of its possible disadvantages,certai n restrictions can be input into the program to avoid potential disastrous occurrences.Ad ditionally,it is well hoped that AI and intelligent machines can possibly free human labo rs from virtually all kinds of jobs.In that case/Above-mentioned discussion can safely lead to the conclusion that what we are supposed to do i s but to learn to get along with the inevitable development of computer technology and t o adapt to the updated social structure changed by AI.What make happy couple happy?With the rapid development of modem society,an increasing number of people are c oncerned about the problem of the relationship between a husband and wife in our societ y.Not only the government but also the public have to pay more attention tothis phenomenon .Undoubtedly,it has brought about a great influence on people's work and living. Based on what has been discussed so far,it follows that some eflective solutions should be found to deal with the problem of the relationship between two people.On the one ha nd,the couples had better understand each other's daily habits so that they can form the s ame interests,which can make couples become happy on the other hand,no matter how close the relationship is between two people,we should give enough room to each other because keeping appropriate distance can make the two people more comfortable.Only in these ways can we solve this problem successfully and eficctivcly.As far as I am concerned,no relationship will be free of difficulty or conflict.That happ y couples live happily is because that they are able to both apologize and forgive facing with difficulty or conflict.。
英文外刊，抗击疟疾的科学家们，陷入了生物伦理学的争论
英文外刊，抗击疟疾的科学家们，陷入了生物伦理学的争论Scientists at this lab in Burkina Faso have deployed gene warfare against the parasite carrying mosquitoes that spread malaria.布基纳法索一个实验室的科学家已经对传播疟疾同时携带寄生虫的蚊子进行了基因改造。
The conventional tools at our disposal today have reached a ceiling and can't become more efficient than they are right now.我们现在使用的传统工具已经达到了极限，不能比现在的效率更高。
We have no choice but to look at complementary methods.我们别无选择，只能寻找辅助性疗法。
That is why we're using genetically modified mosquitoes.这就是我们对蚊子进行转基因的原因。
Professor Diabate runs the experiment for target malaria, a research consortium backed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.迪亚巴特教授为目标疟疾组织(比尔和梅琳达.盖茨基金会支持的研究联盟)开展了这项实验。
The group developed an enzyme that sterilizes male mosquitoes.研究小组研发出一种可以使雄蚊绝育的酶，可以使雄蚊绝育。
The action of the enzyme continues after fertilization which means if the male copulates with a female, the embryo is dead and the female can no longer have offspring.这种酶在雌蚊子受精后继续发挥作用，这意味着如果雄蚊子与雌蚊子交配，胚胎就会死亡，雌蚊子就不能再生育后代。
黑龙江省哈尔滨师范大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题
黑龙江省哈尔滨师范大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题一、听力选择题1．How many of the dresses does the woman have?A．One.B．Two.C．Three.2．How does the man feel about the shoes?A．Satisfied.B．Embarrassed.C．Dissatisfied.3．Where are the speakers probably?A．In a store.B．In an office.C．In a classroom.4．What is the relationship between the speakers?A．Strangers.B．Friends.C．Husband and wife. 5．What is the weather like now?A．Cloudy.B．Sunny.C．Rainy.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
6．What do we know about the woman?A．She likes the outdoors.B．She tripped up on a rock.C．She never camped in the woods.7．What is hard in the dark according to the man?A．Setting up a tent.B．Avoiding rocks.C．Building a fire.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
8．What did the man do yesterday?A．He called his friends.B．He visited the gallery.C．He made a reservation. 9．What is the man’s problem?A．He found the gallery was full of people.B．He didn’t know where to pick up the tickets.C．His name is not on the list.10．What will the woman most likely do next?A．Give some tickets to the man.B．Close the gallery.C．Contact a lady.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
专业硕士英语教材第九章内容及翻译HowtoDealwithaDifficultBoss
Bad bosses often have a recognizable modus operandi! Harry Levinson, an American management psychologist, had catalogued problem bosses, from the bully to the indecisive jellyfish to the disapproving perfectionist. If you’re suffering from a bad boss, chances are he or she combines several of these traits and can be dealt with effectively if you use the right strategy. 糟糕的老板都有众所周知的伎俩！美国管理心理学家哈里·莱文森将问题老板做了个分类，从欺压下属的恃强凌弱型到缺乏主见的优柔寡断型，再到求全责备的完美主义型。
如果你正被一个糟糕的老板折磨，那很可能他或她综合了以上特征，只要方法运用得体，他们就能被轻松地应付过去。
The Bully. DURING his first week on the job, a new account manager at a small advertising agency agreed to return some materials to a client. When he mentioned this at a staff meeting, the boss turned beet red, his lips began to quiver and he shouted that the new employee should call his client and confess he didn’t know anything about the advertising business, and would not be returning the materials.欺压下属类。
中央财经大学
10
Children born to serve the country (cont.d)
• Maintained the birth rate to maintain military power
Until 30 years old all men lived in one house and were not full-fledged citizens free to live with their wives, to make clandestine marriage instill an early burning love Physical training of bare boys and girls together in a place to draw and allure young men to marry while men who would not marry walked bare outside. Fathers of 3 exempt from military service The state would find another younger mate for a childless wife. • No jealousy • Children were not private to any men but common to the common
中国经济与管理研究院
March 28 & April 6 & 13, 2008 2008年3月28日和4月6和13日
1
Socrates (苏格拉底)
Taught, but not for money like the Sophists. Like the Sophists’, his pupils were from aristocratic party. Taught and sought knowledge by the method of dialectic (question & answer, first practiced by Zeno 芝诺) in dialogues
mngement动态能力与战略管理
企业如何竞争？企业如何赚取高于正常的回报吗？什么是需要长期保持卓越的性能呢？一个日益强大的经营策略这些基本问题的答案在于动态能力的概念。
这些的技能，程序，例程，组织结构和学科，使公司建立，聘请和协调相关的无形资产，以满足客户的需求，并不能轻易被竞争对手复制。
具有较强的动态能力是企业强烈的进取精神。
他们不仅适应商业生态系统，他们也塑造他们通过创新，协作，学习和参与。
大卫·蒂斯是动态能力的角度来看的先驱。
它植根于25年，他的研究，教学和咨询。
他的思想已经在企业战略，管理和经济学的影响力，创新，技术管理和竞争政策有关。
通过他的顾问和咨询工作，他也带来了这些想法，承担业务和政策，使周围的世界。
本书的核心思想动态能力是最清晰和最简洁的语句。
蒂斯解释其成因，应用，以及如何他们提供了一个替代的方法很多传统的战略思想，立足于简单和过时的产业组织和竞争优势的基础的理解。
通俗易懂撰写并发表了，这将是一个非常宝贵的工具，为所有那些谁想要理解这一重要的战略思想的贡献，他们的MBA学生，学者，管理人员，或顾问和刺激。
Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18:7, 509–533 (1997)The dynamic capabilities framework analyzes the sources and methods of wealth creation and capture by private enterprise firms operating in environments of rapid technological change. The competitive advantage of firms is seen as resting on distinctive processes (ways of coordinating and combining), shaped by the firm’s (specific) asset positions (such as the firm’s portfolio of difficult-to-trade knowledge assets and complementary assets), and the evolution path(s) it has adopted or inherited. The importance of path dependencies is amplified where conditions of increasing returns exist. Whether and how a firm’s competitive advantage is eroded depends on the stability of market demand, and the ease of replicability (expanding internally) and imitatability (replication by competitors). If correct, the framework suggests that private wealth creation in regimes of rapid technological change depends in large measure on honing internal technological, organizational, and managerial processes inside the firm. In short, identifying new opportunities and organizing effectively and efficiently to embrace them are generally more fundamental to private wealth creation than is strategizing, if by strategizing one means engaging in business conduct that keeps competitors off balance, raises rival’s costs, and excludes new entrants. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.战略管理杂志。
Locus of Control（控制焦点）：个体对生活事件主要原因的感知说明书
What is Locus of Control?What is Locus of Control?Within psychology, Locus of Control is considered to be an important aspect of personality. The concept was developed originally Julian Rotter in the 1950s (Rotter, 1966).Locus of Control refers to an individual's perception about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life. Or, more simply:Do you believe that your destiny is controlled by yourself or by external forces (such as fate, god, or powerful others)?The full name Rotter gave the construct was Locus of Control of Reinforcement. In giving it this name, Rotter was bridging behavioural and cognitive psychology. Rotter's view was that behaviour was largely guided by "reinforcements" (rewards and punishments) and that through contingencies such as rewards and punishments, individuals come to hold beliefs about what causes their actions. These beliefs, in turn, guide what kinds of attitudes and behaviours people adopt. This understanding of Locus of Control is consistent, for example, with Philip Zimbardo (a famous psychologist):A locus of control orientation is a belief about whether the outcomes of our actions are contingent on what we do (internal control orientation) or on events outside our personal control (external control orientation)." (Zimbardo, 1985, p. 275)Thus, locus of control is conceptualised as referring to a unidimensional continuum, ranging from external to internal:Is an internal locus of control desirable?In general, it seems to be psychologically healthy to perceive that one has control over those things which one is capable of influencing.In simplistic terms, a more internal locus of control is generally seen as desirable. Having an Internal locus of control can also be referred to as "self-agency", "personal control", "self-determination", etc. Research has found the following trends:Males tend to be more internal than femalesAs people get older they tend to become more internalPeople higher up in organisational structures tend to be more internal (Mamlin, Harris, & Case, 2001)However, its important to warn people against lapsing in the overly simplistic view notion that internal is good and external is bad (two legs good, four legs bad?). There are important subtleties and complexities tobe considered. For example:Internals can be psychologically unhealthy and unstable. An internalorientation usually needs to be matched by competence, self-efficacyand opportunity so that the person is able to successfully experiencethe sense of personal control and responsibility. Overly internal people who lack competence, efficacy and opportunity can become neurotic,anxious and depressed. In other words, internals need to have arealistic sense of their circle of influence in order to experience'success'.Externals can lead easy-going, relaxed, happy lives.Despite these cautions, psychological research has found that people with a more internal locus of control seem to be better off, e.g., they tend to be more achievement oriented and to get better paid jobs. However, thought regarding causality is needed here too. Do environmental circumstances (such as privilege and disadvantage) cause LOC beliefs or do the beliefs cause the situation?Sometimes Locus of Control is seen as a stable, underlying personality construct, but this may be misleading, since the theory and research indicates that that locus of control is largely learned. There is evidence that, at least to some extent, LOC is a response to circumstances. Some psychological and educational interventions have been found to produce shifts towards internal locus of control (e.g., outdoor education programs; Hans, 2000; Hattie, Marsh, Neill & Richards, 1997).。
新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程Book2-unit8-textA课文翻译
Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。
熟虑定乾坤的英语作文
In the realm of decisionmaking,the concept of thoughtful consideration is paramount.It is this very act of deliberation that can shape the course of events and determine the outcomes of significant decisions.Here is a detailed English composition on the importance of careful contemplation in defining the fate of matters at hand.The Art of Deliberation:Shaping Destiny Through Thoughtful DecisionsIn the intricate tapestry of life,decisions are the threads that weave the fabric of our existence.The quality of these decisions is often determined by the depth of our contemplation.It is not the swiftness of our choices that defines us,but the meticulousness of our thought processes that can truly shape our destiny.The Essence of Thoughtful ConsiderationThoughtful consideration is the cornerstone of wise decisionmaking.It involves a deep dive into the nuances of a situation,an exploration of the possible outcomes,and a careful weighing of the pros and cons.This process is not merely about ticking off options it is about understanding the implications of each choice and how they resonate with our values and goals.The Role of ReflectionReflection is a critical component of thoughtful consideration.It allows us to step back from the immediacy of a decision and view it from multiple perspectives.This introspection can reveal biases,uncover hidden agendas,and bring to light the subtleties that might otherwise be overlooked in the heat of the moment.The Power of PatiencePatience is the ally of the thoughtful decisionmaker.It is the virtue that enables us to resist the pressure of making hasty decisions.By allowing time for contemplation,we can ensure that our decisions are not merely reactions to the circumstances,but wellconsidered responses that are informed by a comprehensive understanding of the situation.The Importance of Gathering InformationInformation is the lifeblood of thoughtful consideration.Without it,our decisions arebased on assumptions and conjecture,which can lead to misguided outcomes.Gathering relevant and accurate information is essential to forming a clear picture of the situation and making decisions that are grounded in reality.The Impact of Emotional IntelligenceEmotional intelligence plays a significant role in the process of thoughtful consideration. It helps us to manage our emotions,empathize with others,and understand the emotional landscape of a decision.This understanding can be crucial in navigating complex social dynamics and making decisions that are sensitive to the feelings and needs of all parties involved.The Consequences of Hasty DecisionsThe pitfalls of hasty decisions are welldocumented.They often lead to regret,as they are made without the benefit of thorough analysis.The consequences of such decisions can be farreaching,affecting not only the individual but also others in their sphere of influence.The Rewards of Thoughtful DecisionsOn the other hand,the rewards of making decisions through thoughtful consideration are manifold.They can lead to greater satisfaction,as we are more likely to make choices that align with our values and longterm goals.Moreover,they can foster a sense of confidence and selfassuredness,knowing that our decisions are the result of a deliberate and informed process.ConclusionIn conclusion,the art of deliberation is a powerful tool in our arsenal of decisionmaking skills.It is the thoughtful consideration that can turn the tide of events and steer us towards a future that is in harmony with our aspirations.By embracing the process of contemplation,we can ensure that our decisions are not only wellinformed but also reflective of our deepest values and beliefs.。
熟虑铸新篇的英语作文
In the realm of writing,the process of deep contemplation is essential to crafting a new chapter in ones literary journey.This practice not only refines the writers thoughts but also enriches the content,making it more engaging and thoughtprovoking for the readers.When embarking on a new piece of writing,it is crucial to take the time to reflect on the subject matter.This involves researching,brainstorming,and considering various perspectives.By doing so,a writer can develop a comprehensive understanding of the topic,which in turn,allows for a more nuanced and insightful exploration.One of the key aspects of deep contemplation is the ability to question and challenge preconceived notions.This selfreflective process helps in identifying potential biases and ensuring that the writing is balanced and fair.It also encourages the writer to think critically,which is a vital skill in producing highquality work.Moreover,taking the time to carefully consider the structure and flow of the writing is another important aspect of the contemplation process.This includes planning the introduction,body,and conclusion,as well as determining the most effective way to present the ideas.A wellorganized piece of writing not only makes it easier for readers to follow the argument but also enhances the overall impact of the message.In addition to the content and structure,the language and style of the writing should also be given careful consideration.Choosing the right words,tone,and voice can significantly influence the way the writing is received by the audience.It is essential to strike a balance between being informative and engaging,without compromising the clarity and coherence of the message.Furthermore,the process of deep contemplation also extends to the editing and revision stages.Revisiting the writing with a fresh perspective allows the writer to identify areas that may need improvement or refinement.This iterative process is crucial in ensuring that the final piece is polished and of high quality.In conclusion,the act of deep contemplation is a fundamental component in the creation of a new chapter in ones writing.It involves a thorough examination of the subject matter, careful consideration of the structure and language,and a commitment to continuous improvement through editing and revision.By embracing this process,writers can produce work that is not only informative and engaging but also a true reflection of their unique voice and perspective.。
2024年控制狂用英语说范文
It is the year 2024, and the world has never been moreinterconnected. The rise of technology, with the internet of things and the proliferation of smartphones and smart homes, has brought unprecedented ease and convenience to our daily lives. We cancontrol our thermostats, access our security systems, and even order groceries with just a few taps on our screens. All this convenience comes at a cost; our privacy and autonomy are eroding by the day.This is where control mania comes into play.Control mania, often referred to as "Obsessive Control Disorder" or OCD, is a mental illness that causes individuals to obsessively seek control over their surroundings, often to the detriment of their own well-being and the people around them. In the past, OCD wasconsidered a rare and debilitating condition, affecting only a small percentage of the population. However, with the rise of technologyand the increasing emphasis on data and surveillance, control mania has become a widespread phenomenon.The symptoms of control mania include an overwhelming need tomonitor and regulate every aspect of one's environment, an intensefear of uncertainty and unpredictability, and a compulsive need to control the behavior of others. People with control mania will often go to great lengths to secure their homes, including installinghigh-tech security systems, cameras, and drones. They may also micromanage their family members and coworkers, insisting on knowing their every move and decision.The impact of control mania on society has been profound. Manypeople with OCD have become so focused on maintaining control that they have lost touch with the world around them. They have become isolated and paranoid, consumed by their need for control. This has led to an increase in mental illness, as well as a decrease insocial cohesion and trust.There are a number of factors that have contributed to the rise of control mania. One of the biggest factors has been the shift from analog to digital technology. Whereas in the past, people hadlimited ability to monitor and control their environments, theadvent of the internet of things has made it possible to controlnearly everything remotely. This has created a culture of hyper-vigilance, where people feel that they must constantly monitor their homes and their loved ones in order to remain safe.Another factor is the increasing importance of data in our lives.With the rise of big data and artificial intelligence, companies and governments have an unprecedented ability to monitor and predict our behavior. This has led to a sense of powerlessness among many people, who feel that their data is being used against them.Finally, the rise of authoritarianism and nationalism around theworld has also played a role in the rise of control mania. Populist leaders have exploited people's fears and anxieties to gain power, promising to "take back control" and restore order. This rhetorichas fueled a sense of paranoia and mistrust among many people,leading them to become more obsessed with controlling their surroundings.In conclusion, control mania is a growing problem in our society. It is important that we recognize the symptoms and work to address the underlying causes. We need to strike a balance between security and privacy, and we need to be mindful of the impact that our actions have on others. Only by working together can we create a societythat is both safe and free.。
2012考研英语作文开头
When crafting the opening of a2012postgraduate entrance English essay,it is crucial to make a strong and engaging start that captures the readers attention and sets the tone for the rest of the essay.Here are some strategies and examples to consider for an effective essay introduction:1.Hook the Reader:Begin with a compelling statement or question that will intrigue the reader and encourage them to continue reading.Example:In an era where technology is advancing at an unprecedented pace,the debate over the impact of digital devices on our daily lives has never been more pertinent.2.Provide Context:Briefly introduce the topic and its significance to provide a foundation for the rest of your essay.Example:The rapid development of artificial intelligence has raised a multitude of ethical and practical questions,challenging our understanding of what it means to be human.3.State the Thesis:Clearly present the main argument or point of your essay in the opening paragraph.Example:This essay will argue that while the integration of AI into society offers numerous benefits,it also necessitates a reevaluation of our legal and ethical frameworks to ensure the responsible use of technology.e Anecdotes or Quotes:Start with a relevant anecdote or quote to draw the reader in and provide a personal or authoritative perspective on the topic.Example:Albert Einstein once said,The most important decision we make is whether we believe we live in a friendly or hostile universe.This belief shapes our approach to environmental conservation and sustainable development.5.Present a Paradox or Controversy:Introduce a paradox or a controversial statement related to the topic to spark interest and set the stage for a discussion.Example:It is a paradox that in a world where information is more accessible than ever, misinformation and fake news have become more prevalent,affecting the very fabric of our societies.e Statistics or Facts:Open with a surprising or relevant statistic or fact to grab thereaders attention and establish the importance of the topic.Example:According to recent studies,over80%of the global population now has access to the internet,highlighting the critical need for digital literacy and responsible online behavior.7.Set the Scene:Describe a scenario or situation that illustrates the issue you will be discussing.Example:Imagine a world where every decision,from the mundane to the monumental, is made by algorithms.This is not a distant reality but a present concern as we delve deeper into the implications of big data and machine learning.8.Pose a Question:End your introduction with a question that invites the reader to think about the topic and anticipates the discussion in the rest of the essay.Example:How can we ensure that the benefits of technological advancements are equitably distributed,and what steps must be taken to prevent a digital divide that exacerbates existing inequalities?Remember,the opening paragraph is your opportunity to make a strong first impression. It should be concise,engaging,and clearly related to the main topic of your essay.Tailor your approach based on the specific instructions and requirements of your essay prompt.。
Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm in Constrained
Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm in ConstrainedReal-Parameter OptimizationJanez Brest,Member,IEEE,ViljemˇZumer,Member,IEEE,and Mirjam Sepesy Mauˇc ecAbstract—Differential Evolution(DE)has been shown to be a powerful evolutionary algorithm for global optimization in many real problems.Self-adaptation has been found to be high beneficial for adjusting control parameters during evolutionary process,especially when done without any user interaction.In this paper we investigate a self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm where more DE strategies are used and control parameters and are self-adapted.The performance of the self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm is evaluated on the set of24benchmark functions provided for the CEC2006 special session on constrained real parameter optimization.I.I NTRODUCTIONThe general nonlinear programming problem an optimiza-tion algorithm is concerned with is tofind so as tooptimize.is the dimensionality of the function.Domains of the variables are defined by theirlower and upper bounds:.The feasible region is defined by a set of additional constraints ():Differential Evolution(DE)is afloating-point encoding evolutionary algorithm for global optimization over contin-uous spaces[20],[18],[11],[12],[10],[22].Although the DE algorithm has been shown to be a simple yet powerful evolutionary algorithm for optimizing continuous functions, users are still faced with the problem of preliminary testing and hand-tuning of the evolutionary parameters prior to commencing the actual optimization process[22].As a solution,self-adaptation has been found to be highly benefi-cial in automatically and dynamically adjusting evolutionary parameters such as crossover rates and mutation rates.Self-adaptation allows an evolution strategy to adapt itself to any general class of problems by reconfiguring itself accordingly, and to do this without any user interaction[2],[3],[6].In literature,self-adaptation is usually applied to the and control parameters.The efficiency and robustness of the DE algorithm are much more sensitive to the setting of and control parameters than to the setting of the third DE parameter,that is.Teo in[22]proposed an attempt at self-adapting the popu-lation size parameter in addition to self-adapting crossover and mutation rates.Janez Brest,ViljemˇZumer,and Mirjam Sepesy Mauˇc ec are with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Maribor,Smetanova ul.17,2000Maribor,Slovenia,(email:janez.brest, zumer,mirjam.sepesy@uni-mb.si).The main objective of this paper is a performance eval-uation of our self-adaptive jDE-2[4]algorithm,which uses self-adapting control parameter mechanism on the control parameters and.The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on the set of24benchmark functions provided for the CEC2006special session on real parameter optimiza-tion[9].The article is structured as follows.Section II gives an overview of work dealt with the DE.Section III shortly summarize the differential evolution.Section IV describes constrain-handling differential evolution.In Section V dif-ferential evolution jDE-2algorithm,which use self-adaptive adjusting control parameters,is described.We conclude this section by proposing some improvements of our self-adapting jDE algorithm.In Section VI experimental results our self-adaptive jDE-2algorithm on CEC2006benchmark functions are presented.Detailed performance analysis of the algorithm is given.Section VII concludes the paper with somefinal remarks.II.W ORK R ELATED WITH THE D IFFERENTIALE VOLUTIONThe DE[20],[19]algorithm was proposed by Storn and Price,and since then the DE algorithm has been used in many practical cases.The original DE was modified,and many new versions proposed.Liu and Lampinen[11]reported that the effectiveness,efficiency and robustness of the DE algorithm are sensitive to the settings of the control parameters.The best settings for the control parameters depends on the func-tion and requirements for consumption time and accuracy. Quite different conclusions were reported about the rules for choosing the control parameters of DE.In[15]it is stated that the control parameters of DE are not difficult to choose. On the other hand,G¨a mperle et al.[7]reported that choosing the proper control parameters for DE is more difficult than expected.Ali and T¨o rn in[1]proposed new versions of the DE algorithm,and also suggested some modifications to the classical DE in order to improve its efficiency and robustness. They introduced an auxiliary population of individuals alongside the original population(noted in[1],a notation using sets is used–population set-based methods).Next they proposed a rule for calculating the control parameter automatically.Sun et al.[21]proposed a combination of the DE algo-rithm and the estimation of distribution algorithm(EDA), which tries to guide its search towards a promising area by sampling new solutions from a probability model.Based2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary ComputationSheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada July 16-21, 2006on experimental results it has been demonstrated that the DE/EDA algorithm outperforms both the DE and the EDAalgorithms.Qin and Suganthan in[17]proposed Self-adaptive Dif-ferential Evolution algorithm(SaDE),where the choice oflearning strategy and the two control parameters and are not required to be pre-defined.During evolution, the suitable learning strategy and parameter settings aregradually self-adapted according to the learning experience. J.Brest et al.[4]compared version of a self-adaptive jDE algorithm with others adaptive and self-adaptive algo-rithms:FADE[12],DESAP[22],SaDE[17],and jDE[5]. The reported results show,that the jDE algorithm performs better than FADE and DESAP algorithms and self-adaptive jDE-2algorithm gives comparable results on benchmark functions as the SaDE algorithm,which uses local search procedure,additionally.The comparison of jDE and jDE-2 algorithms was shown,the jDE-2algorithm,which uses two DE strategies,performed better than jDE algorithm,which uses only one parative study exposed the jDE-2 as prospective algorithm for a global optimization.III.T HE D IFFERENTIAL E VOLUTION A LGORITHM DE creates new candidate solutions by combining the parent individual and several other individuals of the same population.A candidate replaces the parent only if it has betterfitness value.DE has three parameters:amplification factor of the difference vector–,crossover control para-meter–and population size–Original DE algorithm keeps all three control parameters fixed during the optimization process.However,there still exists a lack of knowledge of how tofind reasonably good values for the control parameters of DE for a given function [12].The population of the original DE algorithm[19],[20],[18]contains-dimensional vectors:denotes the generation.During one generation for each vector,DE employs the mutation and crossover operations to produce a trial vector:Then a selection operation is used to choose vectors for the next generation().The initial population is selected uniformly randomly between the lower()and upper()bounds defined for each variable.These bounds are specified by the user according to the nature of the problem.After initialization, DE performs several vector transforms(operations),in a process called evolution.A.Mutation operationMutation for each population vector creates a mutant vector:Mutant vector can be created by using one of the mutation strategies.The most useful strategies are:”rand/1”:”best/1”:”current to best/1”:”best/2”:”rand/2”:where the indexes represent the ran-dom and mutually different integers generated within range and also different from index.is a mutation scale factor within the range,usually less than.isthe best vector in generation.B.Crossover operationAfter mutation,a”binary”crossover operation forms the final trial vector,according to the-th population vector and its corresponding mutant vector.if orotherwiseis a crossover parameter or factor within the rangeand presents the probability of creating parameters for trial vector from a mutant vector.Index is a randomly chosen integer within the range.It is responsible for the trial vector containing at least one parameter from the mutant vector.If the control parameters from the trial vector are out ofbounds,the proposed solutions in literature[20],[19],[18], [16]are:they are reflected into bounds,set on bounds or used as they are(out of bounds).C.Selection operationThe selection operation selects according to thefitnessvalue of the population vector and its corresponding trial vector,which vector will survive to be a member of the next generation.For example,if we have a minimization problem, we will use the following selection rule:ifotherwiseIV.C ONSTRAINT-HANDLINGDuring the last few years several methods were proposedfor handling constraints by genetic algorithms for parameter optimization problems.These methods were grouped by Michalewicz et al.[14],[8]into four categories:methods based on preserving feasibility of solutions.The idea behind the method is based on specializedoperators which transform feasible individuals into fea-sible individuals.The method assumes linear constrains only and a feasible starting point on feasible initial population.methods based on penalty functions.Many evolutionary algorithms incorporate a constraint-handling method based on the concept of exterior penalty functions which penalize infeasible solutions.These methods differ in important details,how the penalty function is designed and applied to infeasible solutions.methods,which make a clear distinction between fea-sible and infeasible solutions.There are few methods which emphasize the distinction between feasible and infeasible solutions in the search space.One of those method distinguishes between feasible and infeasible individuals:for any feasible individual and any in-feasible individually:,i.e.any feasible solution is better than any infeasible one.other hybrid methods.These methods combine evolu-tionary computation techniques with deterministic pro-cedures for numerical optimization problems.No special extensions of the DE algorithm are necessary to make it suitable for handling constraints[23].Most constraint problems can be handled by the penalty method.A measure of the constraint violation is often useful when handling constraints.A solution is regarded as feasible ifwhere equality constraints are transformed into inequalities. In CEC2006[9]special section is set to.Mean violations is defined:The sum of all constraint violations is zero for feasible solutions and positive when at least one constraint is violated. An obvious application of the constraint violation is to use it to guide the search towards feasible areas of the search space.There was quite a lot of work on such ideas and other constraint techniques in the EA-community during the 1990’s.A summary of these techniques can be found in Michalewicz’s and Fogel’s book[13],which also contains information on many other stochastic techniques.V.T HE S ELF-ADAPTIVE D IFFERENTIAL E VOLUTIONA LGORITHMSLet usfirst describe self-adaptive jDE algorithm[5],[4]. It uses self-adapting mechanism on the control parameters and.In[5]the self-adapting control parameter mechanism of ”rand/1/bin”strategy was used.This strategy is the most often used in practice[20],[21],[7],[11].In[5]a self-adaptive control mechanism was used to change the control parameters and during the run. The third control parameter was not changed during the run.Each individual in population was extended with parameter values.The control parameters that were adjusted by means of evolution are and(see Figure1).Both of them were applied at individual levels.The better values of these(encoded)control parameters lead to better individuals which,in turn,are more likely to survive and produce offspring and,hence,propagate these better parametervalues.Fig.1.Self-adapting:encoding aspect.New control parameters and were calcu-lated as follows:and they produce control parameters and in a new par-ent vector.are uniform random values within the range.and represent probabilities to ad-just control parameters and,respectively.were takenfixed values,respectively.The new takes a value from,and the new from in a random manner.and are obtained before the mutation is performed.So they influence the mutation,crossover and selection operations of the new vector.Fig.2.Self-adapting:encoding aspect of two strategies. Some ideas,how to improve jDE algorithm,are reported in[4].In the rest of this section we will outline them.To keep solution of bound-constrained problems feasible, trial parameters that volatile boundary constraints are set toFESBest 2.0505(0)0.4070(0)0.7406(0)20.9966(0)15.1226(7)60.7180(0)Median 5.1047(0)0.5030(0)0.9976(0)63.3410(0)201.3292(8)251.4440(0)Worst7.2914(0)0.5411(0)0.9932(0)161.2217(0)976.1121(9)831.1240(0)0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,02,3,30,0,00.00000.00000.00000.0000 1.08340.0000Mean 5.3034 4.9680e-019.4358e-01 6.3542e+01 3.0997e+02 2.8087e+02Std 1.0670 3.0675e-027.4900e-02 2.8478e+01 3.3878e+02 1.7917e+02Best 4.7410e-05(0)0.0262(0)0.4738(0) 6.5150e-07(0)9.0323(0) 2.3646e-11(0)Median0.0001(0)0.0834(0)0.7231(0) 4.6348e-06(0)155.0791(0) 2.3101e-10(0)Worst0.0005(0)0.1560(0)0.9155(0) 1.4717e-05(0) 5.4202(2) 1.0268e-09(0)0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000Mean 1.2610e-048.5485e-027.1313e-01 5.2805e-06 1.8287e+02 2.7077e-10Std9.3563e-05 2.8747e-02 1.3929e-01 3.0574e-06 1.3900e+02 2.0464e-10Best0(0)7.7521e-11(0)0.0890(0)0(0)0(0) 1.1823e-11(0)Median0(0) 3.3051e-09(0)0.3481(0)0(0)0(0) 1.1823e-11(0)Worst0(0)0.0110(0)0.5117(0)0(0)9.0697(0) 1.1823e-11(0)0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000Mean0.00008.8089e-04 3.3808e-010.0000 1.0756 1.1823e-11Std0.0000 3.0488e-03 1.0140e-010.0000 2.41930.0000TABLE IIE RROR V ALUES A CHIEVED W HEN FES=,FES=,FES=FOR P ROBLEMS7-12.FESBest47.0147(0) 6.5370e-08(0)13.3137(0)2711.5904(0)0.0022(0) 2.5178e-05(0) Median92.1652(0) 2.5660e-06(0)43.1004(0)7322.9075(0)0.1346(0)0.0002(0)Worst170.4361(0) 1.7141e-05(0)67.6963(0)13759.8095(0)0.2501(0)0.0081(0) 0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000Mean9.2682e+01 4.8370e-06 4.1988e+017.8258e+03 1.3221e-01 1.0618e-03Std 3.4874e+01 5.1240e-06 1.2917e+01 2.7236e+038.8471e-02 2.2902e-03Best0.0454(0) 4.1633e-17(0)9.7979e-05(0) 6.6643(0)0(0)0(0)Median0.0810(0) 5.5511e-17(0)0.0002(0)14.5927(0) 2.6639e-11(0)0(0)Worst0.1195(0) 5.5511e-17(0)0.0004(0)79.4762(0)0.1004(0)0(0) 0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000Mean8.0109e-02 4.8850e-17 2.8265e-04 1.7685e+01 4.1403e-030.0000Std 2.0492e-027.0763e-189.2069e-05 1.3857e+01 2.0074e-020.0000Best-1.8829e-13(0) 4.1633e-17(0) 1.1368e-13(0)-1.8189e-12(0)0(0)0(0)Median-1.8829e-13(0) 4.1633e-17(0) 2.2737e-13(0)-9.0949e-13(0)0(0)0(0)Worst-1.8474e-13(0) 4.1633e-17(0) 2.2737e-13(0) 4.5274e-07(0)0.0022(0)0(0) 0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000Mean-1.8701e-13 4.1633e-17 2.0918e-13 2.1288e-089.1079e-050.0000Std 1.7405e-15 1.2580e-32 4.2538e-149.1279e-08 4.5540e-040.0000bound values by jDE algorithm[5].R¨o nk¨o nen,Kukkonen and Price[18]suggest the solution that volatile boundary constraints should be reflected back from the bound by the amount of violation:The jDE-2[4]algorithm uses both solutions for volatile boundary constraints with equal probability in a random manner:Strategy”rand/1/bin”is used in jDE algorithm and controlFESBest0.9279(5) 5.7028(6) 1.2410(2)0.0800(0)133.6529(11)0.6759(0)Median0.9472(6) 4.2986(6)0.3196(4)0.1233(0)103.6969(12)0.8548(4)Worst0.6896(5)-10.0665(6)0.2469(4)0.2275(0)77.6164(12) 1.1177(13)0,3,30,3,30,2,20,0,04,4,40,2,20.14200.16550.04310.0000 2.53600.0236Mean 1.0686 2.7371 2.2858 1.3856e-01 1.1166e+028.3581e-01Std9.4822e-01 5.4970 2.1405 4.3618e-027.3462e+01 1.8863e-01Best0.8635(0)0.2289(0)0.0001(0)7.6055e-07(0)30.9149(0)0.0020(0)Median0.9450(2) 1.0538(0)0.8793(0) 1.6831e-06(0)330.3851(1)0.0043(0)Worst0.9458(4) 2.1280(0) 4.3730(0) 3.6573e-06(0)27.2941(4)0.0189(0)0,0,20,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,10,0,00.00060.00000.00000.00000.00020.0000Mean9.3799e-01 1.1351 1.2074 1.8758e-06 1.0019e+02 5.2779e-03Std 6.8257e-02 5.1352e-01 1.2471 6.9733e-078.4818e+01 3.2909e-03Best0.2970(0) 1.4210e-14(0)0(0) 5.1070e-15(0) 1.2732e-11(0) 3.3306e-16(0)Median0.6800(0) 2.1316e-14(0)0(0) 5.1070e-15(0)10.4896(0) 4.4408e-16(0)Worst0.9449(0) 2.1316e-14(0)0.1100(0) 5.1070e-15(0)86.7535(0) 4.4408e-16(0) 0,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00,0,00.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000Mean 6.9148e-01 1.8758e-14 4.4040e-03 5.1070e-15 3.9906e+01 4.3077e-16Std 2.2376e-01 3.4809e-15 2.2020e-020.0000 3.8319e+01 3.6822e-17TABLE IVE RROR V ALUES A CHIEVED W HEN FES=,FES=,FES=FOR P ROBLEMS19-24.FESBest197.9016(0) 3.1215(38)396.3713(8)8137.0973(57)400.0551(0)0.0006(0) Median294.2522(0) 5.1358(40)431.0758(7)8756.7611(55)-249.9385(10)0.0066(0)Worst537.2860(0)8.1603(42)317.5561(9)19763.5690(51)-411.0136(16)0.0142(0) 0,0,02,18,200,3,417,19,190,5,50,0,00.0000 2.00170.27022429365.36840.39740.0000Mean 3.1332e+02 4.3551 4.7242e+02 1.3564e+04 4.4412e+01 6.6979e-03Std7.0448e+01 1.3059 1.5794e+02 5.0437e+03 3.4592e+02 3.3507e-03Best0.6191(0)0.0795(21)0.0498(0)6300.6825(58)223.7870(0) 5.5067e-14(0) Median 1.1097(0)0.0792(24)0.0823(0)14782.0213(57)475.3514(0) 5.5067e-14(0) Worst 2.6947(0)0.0491(26)582.6489(0)5627.0472(57)422.4294(1) 6.0396e-14(0) 0,0,00,4,200,0,019,19,190,0,00,0,00.00000.02030.000030001.66770.00000.0000Mean 1.20447.9528e-02 2.8678e+01 1.0550e+04 4.4242e+02 5.5778e-14Std 4.4409e-01 1.7970e-02 1.1840e+02 4.4761e+03 1.0704e+02 1.4950e-15Best 2.8421e-14(0)0.0506(0)-1.7053e-13(0)9151.6956(8)0(0) 5.5067e-14(0) Median 4.2632e-14(0)0.1082(2)-2.8421e-14(0)8033.6537(8) 2.2737e-13(0) 5.5067e-14(0) Worst 5.4711e-13(0)0.1068(5)130.9783(0)19337.2039(16)300.0085(0) 5.5067e-14(0) 0,0,00,1,10,0,02,3,30,0,00,0,00.00000.00720.0000 3.51070.00000.0000Mean7.5033e-14 1.0591e-01 1.0478e+019.6221e+03 1.2102e+01 5.5067e-14Std 1.0531e-13 1.1510e-02 3.6266e+01 5.1748e+03 5.9983e+01 1.9323e-29parameters and are encoded in each individual. In[17]authors proposed self-adapting SaDE algorithm which uses two offive original DE’s strategies to be applied to individuals in the current population.Figure2shows a new solution how the control param-eters of two original DE’s strategies are encoded in each individual.Each strategy uses its own control parameters. The solution to apply more strategies into our algorithm is straight-forward.In experiments in this paper,the proposed jDE-2algorithm uses three strategies”rand/1/bin”,”current to best/1/bin”and ”rand2/bin”,and thefirst pair of self-adaptive control param-eters and belongs to the”rand/1/bin”strategy and the second pair belongs to”current to best/1/bin”strategy,etc. The population size was set to200.The jDE-2algorithm replaces worst individuals at every -th generation with parameter values distributed uniformlyTABLE VN UMBER OF FES TO ACHIEVE THE FIXED ACCURACY LEVEL(),S UCCESS R ATE,F EASIBLE R ATE AND S UCCESSP ERFORMANCE.Prob.Best Median Worst Mean Std Feasible Rate Success Rate Success Performance g01465595035456968 5.0386e+04 1.9651e+03100%100%50386g02101201138102173964 1.2349e+05 4.0592e+04100%92%145899g03100%0%g04382884095842880 4.0728e+04 1.2670e+03100%100%40728g05133340328023482304 2.0662e+05 1.7274e+05100%68%446839g06268302984431299 2.9488e+04 1.2772e+03100%100%29488g07114899126637141847 1.2774e+05 6.4762e+03100%100%127744g08156735644485 3.2364e+037.4535e+02100%100%3236g09491185551558230 5.4919e+04 2.2551e+03100%100%54919g10139095144247165498 1.4615e+05 6.6675e+03100%100%146150g111783436343432169 4.9700e+048.0409e+04100%96%53928g12182066849693 6.3556e+03 2.1567e+03100%100%6356g13100%0%g1488954981351079519.7845e+04 5.0348e+03100%100%97845g1551321261549432766 2.2246e+05 1.1398e+05100%96%241383g16282303175334182 3.1695e+04 1.3132e+03100%100%31695g17449306449306449306 1.7971e+048.9861e+04100%4%11232650g1891049101076142674 1.0446e+05 1.2062e+04100%100%104462g19170950197319234038 1.9985e+05 1.5735e+04100%100%199850g204%0%g2196552113883147030 1.0708e+05 3.4592e+04100%92%126507g220%0%g23205404319611495721 3.0255e+05 1.2447e+05100%92%357452g2475871035411550 1.0196e+049.2836e+02100%100%10196randomly between lower and upper bounds without evaluat-ing those individuals.In this paper we set and .The jDE-2algorithm emphasizes constrains as follows. It compare two solutions,say and,during selection operation(see section III-C):The algorithm distinguishes between feasible()and infeasible individuals:any feasible solution is better than any infeasible one.VI.E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTSThe jDE-2algorithm was tested on24CEC2006special session benchmark functions.The obtained results are pre-sented in Tables I–IV.For22functions the jDE-2algorithm was successfully found feasible solution.For function one feasible solution was found,and for function any feasible solution was not found.Table V shows number of FES to achieve thefixed accuracy level(),success rate, feasible rate and success performance performed by jDE-2algorithm.Our algorithm has found at least one successful run for20benchmark functions.The success rate is more than for17benchmark functions.The overall success rate for all24benchmark functions was.Our algorithm did not achieve thefixed accuracy for,,,and functions.It can be noticed that our algorithms has dif-ficulties to solve problems with(many)equality constraints. Convergence graphs are presented in Figures3–6. Algorithm complexity is presented in Table VI.PC Configure:System:GNU/Linux CPU:2.4GHz RAM:1GB Language:C/C++Algorithm:jDE-2–self-adaptive DETABLE VIC OMPUTATIONAL C OMPLEXITY0.39 1.30 2.33VII.C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper the performance of the self-adaptive differen-tial evolution jDE-2algorithm was evaluated on the set of24 benchmark functions provided by CEC2006special session on constrained real parameter optimization.The best settings for the control parameters highly depends on the benchmark function.A self-adaptive control mecha-nism is used by jDE-2algorithm to change the(DE strategy) control parameters and during the run.The results of this paper give evidence that the jDE-2algo-rithm with the self-adaptive and control parameters onl o g (f (x ) - f (x *))FESl o g (v )FESFig.3.Convergence Graph for Problems 1-6l o g (f (x ) - f (x *))FESl o g (v )FESFig.4.Convergence Graph for Problems 7-12l o g (f (x ) - f (x *))FESl o g (v )FESFig.5.Convergence Graph for Problems 13-18three different DE strategies:”rand/1/bin”,”rand/2/bin”and ”current to best/1/bin”strategies is competitive algorithm for non-linear,non-separable constrained global optimization.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThis work was supported in part by the Slovenian Re-search Agency under programs P2-0041–Computer Sys-tems,Methodologies,and Intelligent Services,and P2-0069–Advanced Methods of Interaction in Telecommunications.l o g (f (x ) - f (x *))FESl o g (v )FESFig.6.Convergence Graph for Problems 19-24The authors would also like to acknowledge the efforts of the organizers of this session.R EFERENCES[1]M.M.Ali and A.T¨o rn.Population Set-Based Global OptimizationAlgorithms:Some Modifications and Numerical puters &Operations Research ,31(10):1703–1725,2004.[2]T.B¨a ck.Adaptive Business Intelligence Based on Evolution Strategies:Some Application Examples of Self-Adaptive rmation Sciences ,148:113–121,2002.[3]T.B¨a ck,D.B.Fogel,and Z.Michalewicz,editors.Handbook ofEvolutionary Computation .Institute of Physics Publishing and Oxford University Press,1997.[4]J.Brest,B.Boˇs kovi´c ,S.Greiner,V .ˇZumer,and M.Sepesy Mauˇc ec.Performance Comparison of Self-Adaptive and Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithms.Technical Report #2006-1-LABRAJ,University of Maribor,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Slovenia,2006.http://marcel.uni-mb.si/janez/brest-TR1.html.[5]J.Brest,S.Greiner,B.Boˇs kovi´c ,M.Mernik,and V .ˇZumer.Self-Adapting Control Parameters in Differential Evolution:A ComparativeStudy on Numerical Benchmark Problems.IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation .Accepted.[6] A.E.Eiben and J.E.Smith.Introduction to Evolutionary Computing .Natural Computing.Springer-Verlag,Berlin,2003.[7]R.G¨a mperle,S.D.M¨u ller,and P.Koumoutsakos.A Parameter Studyfor Differential Evolution.In WSEAS NNA-FSFS-EC 2002,Interlaken,Switzerland,February 11-152002.WSEAS.[8]S.Koziel and Z.Michalewicz.Evolutionary Algorithms,Homomor-phous Mappings,and Constrained Parameter Optimization.Evolution-ary Computation ,7(1):19–44,1999.[9]J.J.Liang,T.P.Runarsson,E.Mezura-Montes,M.Clerc,N.Sug-anthan, C. 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001-P2U7-A-Conventional and Intelligent Control
The fact is that there are problems of control which can not be formulated and studied in the conventional differential／difference equation mathematical framework．To address these problems in a systematic way，a number of methods have been developed that are collectively known as intelligent control methodologies．
现在存在一些控制问题无法使用传统的微分和差分方程形 式来公式化和研究。为了能够用一种系统的方法来处理这些问 题，一些被大家称之为智能控制的方法就被提出来了。
There are significant differences between conventional and intelligent control and some of them are described below. It is worth remembering at this point that intelligent control uses conventional control methods to solve "lower level" control problems and that conventional control is included in the area of intelligent control. Intelligent control attempts to build upon and enhance the conventional control methodologies to solve new challenging control problems. 传统控制与智能控制有明显区别，对此本文将在下文中描 述。我们应该记住一点，就是智能控制使用了传统控制方法来 解决一些“低层的”控制问题，所以传统控制也包含在智能控 制领域内的。智能控制尝试着发展和增强传统控制方法以解决 新的具有挑战性的控制问题。