Speaking.
speaking的重要性作文
speaking的重要性作文英文回答：Speaking is a fundamental skill that plays a crucialrole in human communication and personal development. It enables us to express our thoughts, ideas, and emotions effectively, and to connect with others on a meaningful level.Firstly, speaking proficiency is essential for academic and professional success. In educational settings, students are required to participate in discussions, deliver presentations, and engage in debates. A strong command of spoken language allows them to convey their knowledge and ideas clearly, which is critical for achieving their academic goals. Similarly, in the workplace, effective speaking skills are highly valued. Professionals who can communicate their ideas persuasively, negotiate effectively, and inspire their colleagues are more likely to advance in their careers and achieve their professional objectives.Speaking is also vital for social development. It facilitates interpersonal relationships, fosters a sense of community, and strengthens social bonds. Through speaking, we share our experiences, perspectives, and values with others. We connect with people from diverse backgrounds, learn about different cultures, and build meaningful relationships.Moreover, speaking enhances our cognitive abilities. It requires us to organize our thoughts, formulate ideas, and articulate them coherently. The process of speaking helpsus to develop logical reasoning, problem-solving skills,and critical thinking abilities. By engaging in spoken communication, we also expand our vocabulary, improve our grammar, and refine our pronunciation.Furthermore, speaking promotes self-expression and creativity. It allows us to share our unique perspectives, challenge conventional wisdom, and promote innovative ideas. By speaking out, we contribute to a vibrant and dynamic society that values diverse opinions and viewpoints.In summary, speaking is an indispensable skill that empowers us to communicate effectively, succeed in academia and the workplace, foster social connections, enhance our cognitive abilities, and express our individuality. It is a foundational pillar of human development and a key factorin achieving a fulfilling and meaningful life.中文回答：口语能力是人类沟通和个人发展中一项基本技能。
高教社 中职英语 基础模块1 unit3 speaking部分
Shop assistant: Hello, how can I help you? Customer: I’d like a milk tea and a box of cookies, please. Shop assistant: Here you are. Customer: How much are they? Shop assistant: 19 yuan. They’re on sale now. Customer: Good. I’ll take them. Can I pay with my cell phone? Shop assistant: Sure. Please show me your payment code. Customer: Here. Shop assistant: Thank you very much.
Speaking 02
Watch and answer.
Hale Waihona Puke What does the customer want to buy? She wants to buy a pair of jeans.
What size is the customer? 25.
Does the customer want a lager one? Yes, she does.
词组及翻译
a pair of 一双/一对/一副
a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
a bit 稍微，有点儿
try...on 试穿
on sale 打折
cell phone 手机
payment code 付款码
店员：您好，有什么可以帮助你的吗？ 顾客：我想买条牛仔裤。 店员：这些怎么样？它们很受欢迎。 顾客：我喜欢这个 款式。我可以试穿一下吗？ 店员：当然可以。你穿多大码？ 顾客：25 店员：给您。试衣间在那边。 顾客：我觉得有点紧。有大一号的吗？ 店员：有的，试试这条。 （5分钟后） 顾客：现在很合身，多少钱？ 店员：170元。它们现在正在打折。 顾客：好的，我买了。我可以用手机付款吗？ 店员：当然可以。请出示您的付款码。 顾客：这里。 店员：非常感谢。
Unit_16___Hello_This_is_Mary_speaking解析
Practice
A:Hello!3567546 B:Hello!It's Helen speaking ,________? C A:Sorry . She is not here now_________? A B:Oh,yes,please tell her to call me back this afternoon . I have something important to tell her. A:Ok , I'll tell her when she comes back. B:______________ B A:Bye .
询问对方 Who is speaking? 请问是谁打来的？ Who is that？请问你是谁？ 不在 Can I leave a message? 我能留个口信吗？ I'll call back again/later. 我晚些再打过来。 I'll ring him/her up again.我会再给他/她打电 话的。 Sorry,He isn't here right now.对不起，他现在 不在这。
A Can I take a message for you? B Thank you.Good bye C Could I speak to Mary D Hold on,please
Text 1 The phone rang again Revision and he line is busy.占线。 I couldn't get through.我打不通。
叫人接电话
You are wanted on the phone.有电话找你。
have the wrong number. 对不起，恐怕你弄错 号码了。 There’s no one named Anna here.这儿没有叫 安娜的 Are you sure you have t he right name？你肯 定没弄错姓名吗？ You must have the wro ng number.你一定是弄 错号码了
剑桥少儿英语二级movers 2 Speaking 备考专项
Speaking part 3 每组图中，找出一个不同
作答要求与规范:
Part3需要把每道题目里的四幅图片的名词都说出来，不要用this, that去代 替它们的名称， 例题：图片给的是电影院，办公室，学校，图书，让考生找不同。 考生应该说Book is different. Cinema, office and school are places, but book isn't.
(指着男生掉落的书）The boy's book is falling off， but here the scarf is falling off.(得分点+1）
Speaking part 2 依次按照顺序描述图片
作答要求与规范: 1.要求考生快速浏览图片，考官讲解故事开头，考生按照顺序讲述故事。 回答模板： 描述动作，情绪状态如何？ 例如：Clare has got many presents. She's very happy。
Part 3 考官：Look at these four pictures. One is different. The book is different. A lemon, a pineapple, and an orange are fruit. You eat them. You don’t eat fruit. You don’t eat a book. You read it. Now you tell me about these pictures. Which one is different. (考官示范第一组后，考生讲解剩余四组，找出不同的 一类，并作解释,只要合理即可，没有标准答案，以下 作答仅供参考） 考生： (第二组）The penguin is different. A penguin is the bird, but a kangaroo, a bear and a rabbit aren’t birds. （第三组）The sitting girl is different. He is washing hands, and she’s washing face and he’s washing hair. But this girl is sitting and drinking. （第四组）The boy is different. The man is watching TV in the living room, and the woman is cooking in the kitchen, and the girl is reading in the bedroom. They are all inside of the house, but the boy is playing football outside.
语言文化人类学家Hymes的交际语境SPEAKING框架
语⾔⽂化⼈类学家Hymes的交际语境SPEAKING框架Dell Hathaway Hymes (June 7, 1927, Portland, Oregon - November 13, 2009, Charlottesville, Virginia) was a sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist whose work dealt primarily with languages of the Pacific Northwest. He was one of the first to call the fourth subfield of anthropology "linguistic anthropology" instead of "anthropological linguistics".As one of the first sociolinguists, Hymes helped to pioneer the connection between speech and human relations and human understandings of the world.Hymes promoted what he and others call “ethnopoetics,” an anthropological method of transcribing and analyzing folklore and oral narrative that pays attention to poetic structures within speech.The "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G" modelHymes developed a valuable model to assist the identification and labeling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used.The model had sixteen components that can be applied to many sorts of discourse: message form; message content; setting; scene; speaker/sender; addressor; hearer/receiver/audience; addressee; purposes (outcomes); purposes (goals); key; channels; forms of speech; norms of interaction; norms of interpretation; and genres.To facilitate the application of his representation, Hymes constructed the acronym, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G, under which he grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions:* Setting and Scene* Participants: speaker & hearer* Ends: purposes, goals and intentions* Act Sequence: form & order of the event* Key: tone, manner or spirit* Instrumentalities: Forms & Styles of the speech* Norms: social rules* Genre。
概念speaking笔记(崔荣容)
概念speaking英语语法+口语实用句崔荣容《概念speaking》Stage1~4，一共87课（Stage1：25课、Stage2：22课、Stage3：20课、Stage4：20课），是将英语的语法概念和口语speaking 相结合的一套讲座，希望同学们在听讲座的同时能够大声跟读，练习口语。
Stage 1第1课现在进行时进行时一般时完成时他在房间里睡觉吗？不，他没在房间里睡觉，他在客厅里睡觉。
Is he sleeping in his room?No,he is not sleeping in his room.He is sleeping in the living room.你在指那个戴眼镜的人吗？我没指戴眼镜的人，我在指那个背着包的人。
Are you pointing at the guy with the glasses?No,I am not pointing at the guy with the glasses.I am pointing at the guy with a backpack.餐馆工站在门前吗？没有，餐馆工没站在门前，他站在厨师和服务员中间。
Is the busboy standing in front of the door?No,the busboy is not standing in front of the door.He is standing between the cook and the waiter.第2课现在进行时表示将来表示打算要做某事，或谓语动词为come, go, leave，start, stay, move, arrive等时，可用现在进行时表示将来的动作，句末通常有表示将来的时间状语，以区别正在进行。
你们都打算下个月月初去滑雪吗？*滑雪go skiingAre you guys going skiing at the start of next month?不，我们不打算下个月月初去滑雪，我们打算下个月月末去滑雪No,we are not going skiing at the start of next month.We are going skiing at the end of next month.你要去同一家理发店吗？Are you going to the same hairdresser?不，我不是去同一家理发店。
8-非常重要!!speaking全功略
de基本上粗粗地完成了6个问题的总结，下面介绍下口语在考试的时候得注意点：可以影响口语考试的因素一般有以下几个：(1)进入考场的顺序，听到不少板油在嚷，进入考场太晚，受到干扰之类的(2)话筒，看到不少人后悔考试的时候忘了对准麦克风，分数只有14，15分(3)声音的大小，到了考场就知道，这样的考试方法注定在考口语的时候非常混乱，闹哄哄的，所以声音小的人，必然吃亏(4)小聪明，看多很多人在口语考试的时候先听别人讲，然后再自己开始，以为这样可以听到题目。
偶在现场试过，实际上比较困难，会听到别人回答的内容，但是你不能确实推断出题目，会影响对题目的第一判断。
偶考试的时候吃亏在第一题，因为听到一个朋友在回答，稍稍听了一下他的回答，但是导致自己跟着他的思路走，考试的时候忘了后面怎么回答，因为只听到部分。
(5)紧张，这个每个人都有当然问题还有很多，目前偶所知的就这些，那么如何避免以上这些问题呢：(1)关于进入考场的顺序，老师一般是按照名字字母的顺序ABCD...安排考位的，偶当时考得时候Ｚ，最后第三个进去，做听力最后几段的时候，的确不少朋友开始试音了，对听力有部分干扰。
考口语的时候，少数先进去的讲完了，但是大部分人都还在讲，感觉现场比较乱，如果心理状态不是很好的朋友，很容易受到干扰。
所以就口语而言，其实先进的朋友还是有一定优势的。
当然有部分朋友会觉得如果先进的话，就不能使所谓的"小聪明" ,这就是问题4，先提上来解决。
(4) 很多人有机经看多了，有这样的心态，想到现场听题，因为的确是完全有机会听到别人的回答。
但是这边给个良心建议，考试的时候千万不要报这种心态，非常影响考试的情绪，原因我也讲过了，如果抱着这种心态，你会千方百计去听别人的回答，而完全忘记的自己准备的内容。
所以奉劝各位一句：如果你是花时间准备了，相信自己，不需要这种手段，同样可以考好。
(2)关于话筒，其实没有所谓的什么位置最好，只要你考试的时候注意把话筒拿下来，拉到嘴巴边，就可以了。
英语教学法speaking
2.Contextualising practice
Teachers need to identify a situation in which a target structure is commonly used.
Speaking is the skill that the students will be judged upon most in real-life situations.
Reasons: It is an important part of everyday interaction
1.Speech is spontaneous. (be full of false starts,repetitions,incomplete sentences and short phrases)
2.Time-constraiable to produce unplanned utterances语调 in real time, otherwise people will not have the patience to listen to them.
3.Personalising practice
We need to help students learn better by personalizing the content and context so that students can talk or write about their own life experiences and their personal opinions.
英语教学法speaking
1.“what is speaking ”and “why students should be taught spoken language”?
Speaking is the skill that the students will be judged upon most in real-life situations. Reasons: It is an important part of everyday interaction and most often the first impression of a person is based on his/her ability to speak fluently and comprehensibly.
Page159
1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices .
•On one hand, we need to allow time for grammar and vocabulary learning so that students have sufficient linguistic competence. •One the other hand, we need to provide sufficient opportunities for students to develop fluency.
4.Buliding up confidence
It is very important for the teacher to create a relaxed and supportive environment and help them build up their confidence. Don’t be afraid of making mistakesng
多邻国题库,材料,模板,讲解视频-Speaking答题方法
Part 2Part 2最重要的是什么？Idea and Vocabulary!Part 2考察的重点是表达清楚我们的idea和使用的词汇，尤其是我们表达自己idea时所用到的词汇，这部分对流利度的要求比Part 1要低，对答案逻辑性的要求则比Part 3低（语法在这三部分都是重点考察项目，这个在前面已经说过了）。
其实这样的要求很合理，即使让我们用中文在一分钟内准备一段两分钟的故事，我们也很难保证说话流利并且内容富有逻辑性（大家可以自己试一下，抽一张自己没准备过的雅思话题卡，准备一分钟后用中文说两分钟），就更别提英文了。
针对这两点，我的建议是在准备Part 2时，把内容说清楚作为第一要务，不要太纠结于用各种语法结构、使用长难词、各种连接词。
根据我多次考试的经验，Part 2只要你说的内容能让考官明白，基本就能有6分的水平了。
在说清楚答案的同时，尽量多用一些和答案相关的词汇，比如我在后面说到waiting这个话题时用了punctual这个词，而不是什么用fantastic替换good这种方法来提升自己的词汇，各种各样的替换词我们可以留到Part 3再使用。
是否要回答话题卡上的每一个问题？这里先插入一个大家经常问的问题，Part 2是否需要回答答题卡上的每一个问题？一个答题上通常有4个问题，而准备的内容较多的同学可能会发现2分钟之内无法将4个问题都回答地面面俱到，这里大家可以看一下前考官Simon做出的解答。
2) Do we need to cover every point on the cue card in speaking part 2?N o, you won't lose marks for missing one or two of the points.H owever, the points are there to help you structure your answer, so I recommend that you try to use them.Simon的回答是我们不会因为少说一两个问题就丢分的，这些问题的作用在于帮你组织答案。
高中英语---各种“说”法(有关“说”的短语荟萃)
高中英语---各种“说”法（有关“说”的短语荟萃）1 / 1各种“说”法一、分词“说”法：1. generally speaking 一般说来2. frankly speaking 坦率地说3. exactly speaking 确切地说4. properly speaking 严格地说5. strictly speaking 严格地说6. roughly speaking 大体上说7. joking apart 正经地说8. putting it mildly 说得轻一些9. biologically speaking 从生物学的角度上说10. seriously speaking 严肃地说 11. thoroughly speaking 大体上说 12. honestly speaking 诚实地说 二、不定式“说”法： 13. to be honest 老实说 14. to be frank 坦率地说15. to tell you the truth 实话对你说 16. not to speak of 更不用说 17. so to speak 打个比方说 18. to be brief 简单地说19. to be more specific 更精确地说 三、介词“说”法： 20. in a word 总而言之21. in other words 换句话说 22. in general 一般来说23. in one ’s opinion 依某人来说 24. for example 比如说 25. by the way 顺便说 26. in short 简而言之27. in the strict sense of the word 严格地说 四、副词“说”法： 28. honestly 老实说29. personally 就个人来说 30. specifically 具体地说 31. generally 一般来说 五、其它“说”法： 32. such as 比如说33. that is 也就是说 34. or other 更确切地说 35. apart from 且不说 36. let alone 更不用说词组+erLong Marcher 参加长征的人 two termer 连任两届的人attention-getter 引人注目的东西 Third Worlder 第三世界成员 out-of-towner 住在城外的人 baby boomer 美国婴儿潮代人 peace keeper 维持和平者old-timer 老资格的人，老前辈 firebomber 使用燃烧弹进攻者 down-and-outer 被击垮的人 middle-of-the-roader 中间派9-to-5er 上午9点上班下午5点下班的人 third placer 第三名face-saver 保全面子的一种让步 speed-reader 快速阅读者 fast-trackers 快节奏生活的人 small-towner 住在小城镇的人 left-winger 左翼人士part-timer 零工，非全日工 a third-rater 第三流的人 hard liner 主张强硬路线者 teen-ager 十几岁的青少年与Sunday 有关的习语Sunday best=Sunday clothes 高档、漂亮的衣裳；盛装Sunday run 长距离Sunday painter 业余画家Sunday school truth 众所周知的道理或事实Month of Sundays 很久To look two ways to find Sundays 斜着眼看。
speaking的重要性作文
speaking的重要性作文英文回答：Speaking is an essential skill in the modern world. It is not only a means of communication but also a tool that can be used to build relationships, convey ideas, and solve problems. It is important for both personal and professional development.There are many benefits to being able to speak effectively. First, it allows us to communicate our thoughts and ideas clearly and persuasively. This is essential in both social and professional settings. For example, in a job interview, you need to be able to articulate your skills and experience in a clear and concise manner. In a presentation, you need to be able to convey your ideas in a way that is both interesting and informative.Second, speaking effectively can help us to buildrelationships. When we are able to communicate well with others, we create a connection with them. This can be especially important in business settings, where building relationships is essential for success. For example, if you are able to build a rapport with a client, they are more likely to trust you and do business with you.Third, speaking effectively can help us to solve problems. When we are able to communicate our ideas clearly, we are more likely to find solutions to problems. This is important in both personal and professional settings. For example, if you are able to communicate your concerns to your boss, they are more likely to be able to help you resolve them.Finally, speaking effectively can help us to developour leadership skills. When we are able to speak with confidence and authority, we are more likely to be seen as leaders. This can be especially important in professional settings, where leadership is essential for success. For example, if you are able to inspire and motivate your team, they are more likely to follow your lead and achievesuccess.In conclusion, speaking is an essential skill in the modern world. It is a tool that can be used to communicate our thoughts and ideas, build relationships, convey ideas, and solve problems. It is important for both personal and professional development.中文回答：说话能力在现代社会中至关重要。
高一英语下学期Unit13-Speaking
; 幼小衔接加盟品牌 ；
莽曰监颍。父城，应乡，故国，周武王弟所封。成安，侯国也。周承休，侯国，元帝置，元始二年更名郑公。莽曰嘉美。阳城，阳城山，洧水所出，东南至长平入颍，过郡三，行五百里。阳乾山，颍水所出，东至下蔡入淮，过郡三，行千五百里，荆州浸。有铁官。纶氏。汝南郡，高帝置，莽曰 汝汾。分为赏都尉。属豫州。户四十六万一千五百八十七，口二百五十九万六千一百四十八。县三十七：平舆，阳安，阳城，侯国。莽曰新安。氵隐强，富波，女阳，鲖阳，吴房，安成，侯国。莽曰至成。南顿，故顿子国，姬姓。朗陵，细阳，莽曰乐庆。宜春，侯国。莽曰宣孱。女阴，故胡国。 都尉治。莽曰汝坟。新蔡，蔡平侯自蔡徙此，后二世徙下蔡。莽曰新迁。新息，莽曰新德。濯阳，期思，慎阳，慎，莽曰慎治。召陵，弋阳，侯国。西平，有铁官。莽曰新亭。上蔡，故蔡国，周武王弟叔度所封。度放，成王封其子胡。十八世徙新蔡。浸，莽曰闰治。西华，莽曰华望。长平，莽 曰长正。宜禄，莽曰赏都亭。项，故国。新郪，莽曰新延。归德，侯国。宣帝置。莽曰归惠。新阳，莽曰新明。安昌，侯国。莽曰始成。安阳，侯国。莽曰均夏。博阳，侯国。莽曰乐家。成阳，侯国。莽曰新利。定陵。高陵山，汝水出，东南至新蔡入淮，过郡四，行千三百四十里。南阳郡，泰 置。莽曰前队。属荆州。户三十五万九千三百一十六，口一百九十四万二千五十一。县三十六：宛，故申伯国。有屈申城。县南有北筮山。户四万七千五百四十七。有工官、铁官。莽曰南阳。犨，杜衍，莽曰闰衍。酂，侯国，莽曰南庚。育阳，有南筮聚，在东北。博山，侯国。哀帝置。故顺阳。 涅阳，莽曰前亭。阴，堵阳，莽曰阳城。雉，衡山，沣水所出，东至屋阝入汝。山都，蔡阳，莽之母功显君邑。新野，筑阳，故谷伯国。莽曰宜禾。棘阳，武当，舞阴，中阴山，瀙水所出，东至蔡入汝。西鄂，穰，莽曰农穰。郦，育水出西北，南入汉。安众，侯国。故宛西乡。冠军，武帝置。 故穰卢阳乡、宛临駣聚。比阳，平氏，《禹贡》桐柏大复山在东南，淮水所出，东南至淮陵浦入海，过郡四，行三千二百四十里，青州川。莽曰平善。随，故国。厉乡，故厉国也。叶，楚叶公邑。有长城，号曰方城。邓，故国。都尉治。朝阳，莽曰厉信。鲁阳，有鲁山。古鲁县，御龙氏所迁。 鲁山，滍水所出，东北至定陵入汝。又有昆水，东南至定陵入汝。舂陵，侯国。故蔡阳白水乡。上唐乡，故唐国。新都，侯国。莽曰新林。湖阳，故廖国也。红阳，侯国。莽曰红俞。乐成，侯国。博望，侯国。莽曰宜乐。复阳，侯国。故湖阳乐乡。南郡，秦置，高帝元年更为临江郡，五年复故。 景帝二年复为临江，中二年复故。莽曰南顺。属荆州。户十二万五千五百七十九，口七十一万八千五百四十。有发弩官。县十八：江陵，故楚郢都，楚文王自丹阳徙此。后九世平王城之。后十世秦拔我郢，徙东陈。莽曰江陆。临沮，《禹贡》南条荆山在东北，漳水所出，东至江陵入阳水，阳水 入沔，行六百里。夷陵。都尉治。莽曰居利。华容，云梦泽在南，荆州薮。夏水首受江，东入沔，行五百里。宜城，故鄢，惠帝三年更名。郢，楚别邑，故郢。莽曰郢亭。巳阝，当阳，中庐，枝江，故罗国。江沱出西，东入江。襄阳，莽曰相阳。编，有云梦官。莽曰南顺。秭归，归乡，故归国。 夷道，莽曰江南。州陵，莽曰江夏。若，楚昭王畏吴。自郢徙此，后复还郢。巫，夷水东至夷道入江，过郡二，行五百四十里。有盐官。高成。洈山，洈水所出。东入繇。繇水南至华容入江，过郡二，行五百里。莽曰言程。江夏郡，高帝置。属荆州。户五万六千八百四十四，口二十一万九千二 百一十八。县十四：西陵，有云梦官。莽曰江阳。竟陵，章山在东北，古文以为内方山。郧乡，楚郧公邑。莽曰守平。西阳，襄，莽曰襄非。邾，衡山王吴芮都。轪，故弦子国。鄂，安陆，横尾山在东北。古文以为陪尾山。沙羡，蕲春，鄳，云杜，下雉，莽曰闰光。钟武。侯国。莽曰当利。庐 江郡，故淮南，文南十六年别为国。金兰西北有东陵乡，淮水出。属扬州。庐江出陵阳东南。北入江。户十二万四千三百八十三，口四十五万七千三百三十三。有楼船官。县十二：舒，故国。莽曰昆乡。居巢，龙舒，临湖，雩娄，决水北至蓼入淮，又有灌水，亦北至蓼入决，过郡二，行五百一 十里。襄安，莽曰庐江亭也。枞阳，寻阳，《禹贡》九江在南，皆东合为大江。灊，天柱山在南。有祠。沘山，沘水所出，北至寿春入芍陂。睆，有铁官。湖陵邑，北湖在南。松兹。侯国。莽曰诵善。九江郡，秦置，高帝四年更名为淮南园，武帝元狩元年复故。莽曰延平。属扬州。户十五万五 十二，口七十八万五百二十五。有陂官、湖官。县十五：寿春邑，楚考烈王自陈徙此。浚遒，成德，莽曰平阿。橐皋，阴陵，莽曰阴陆。历阳，都尉治。莽曰明义。当涂，侯国。莽曰山聚。钟离，莽曰蚕富。合肥，东城，莽曰武城。博乡，侯国。莽曰扬陆。曲阳，侯国。莽曰延平亭。建阳，全 椒，阜陵。莽曰阜陆。山阳郡。故梁。景帝中六年别为山阳国。武帝建元五年别为郡。莽曰巨野。属兖州。户十七万二千八百四十七，口八十万一千二百八十八。有铁官。县二十三：昌邑，武帝天汉四年更山阳为昌邑国。有梁丘乡。《春秋传》曰“宋、齐会於梁丘”。南平阳，莽曰黾平。成武， 有楚丘亭。齐桓公所城，迁卫文公於此。子成公徙濮阳。莽曰成安。湖陵，《禹贡》“浮於泗、淮，通於河”，水在南。莽曰湖陆。东缗，方与，橐，莽曰高平。巨野，大野泽在北，兖州薮。单父，都尉治。莽曰利父。薄，都关，城都，侯国。莽曰城谷。黄，侯国。爰戚，侯国。莽曰戚亭。郜 成，侯国。莽曰告成。中乡，侯国。平乐，侯国。包水东北至泲入泗。郑，侯国。瑕丘，甾乡，侯国。栗乡，侯国。莽曰足亭。曲乡，侯国。西阳，侯国。济阴郡，故梁。景帝中六年别为济阴国。宣帝甘露二年更名定陶。《禹贡》荷泽在定陶东。属兖州。户二十九万二十五，口百三十八万六千 二百七十八。县九：定陶，故曹国，周武王弟叔振铎所封。《禹贡》陶丘在西南。陶丘亭。冤句。莽改定陶曰济平，冤句县曰济平亭。吕都，莽曰祈都。葭密，成阳，有尧冢灵台。《禹贡》雷泽在西北。鄄城，莽曰鄄良。句阳，秺，莽曰万岁。乘氏。泗水东南至睢陵入淮，过郡六，行千一百一 十里。沛郡。〔故秦泗水郡。高帝更名。莽曰吾符。属豫州。〕户四十万九千七十九，口二百三万四百八十。县三十七：相，〔莽曰吾符亭。〕龙亢，竹，〔莽曰笃亭。〕谷阳，萧，〔故萧叔国，宋别封附庸也。〕向，〔故国。《春秋》曰“莒人入向”。姜姓，炎帝后。〕铚，广戚，〔侯国。 莽曰力聚。〕下蔡，〔故州来国，为楚所灭，后吴取之，至夫差迁昭侯於此。后四世侯齐竟为楚所灭。〕丰，〔莽曰吾丰。〕郸，〔莽曰单城。〕谯，〔莽曰延成亭。〕蕲，〔[E16P]乡。高祖破黥布。都尉治。莽曰蕲城。，莽曰贡。〕辄与，〔莽曰华乐。〕山桑，公丘，〔侯国。故滕国，周懿 王了错叔绣所封，三十一世为齐所灭。〕符离，〔莽曰符合。〕敬丘，〔侯国。〕夏丘，〔莽曰归思。〕洨，〔侯国。垓下，高祖破项羽，莽曰育成。〕沛，〔有铁官。〕芒，〔莽曰博治。〕建成，〔侯国。〕城父，〔夏肥水东南至下蔡入淮，过郡工，行六百二十里。莽曰思善。〕建平，〔侯 国，莽曰田平。〕酂，〔莽曰赞治。〕栗，〔侯国，莽曰成富。〕扶阳，〔侯国。莽曰合治。〕高，〔侯国。〕高柴，〔侯国。〕溧阳，平阿，〔侯国。莽曰平宁。〕东乡，临都，义成，祁乡。〔侯国。莽曰会谷。〕魏郡，高帝置。莽曰魏城。属冀州。户二十一万二千八百四十九，口九十万九 千六百五十五。县十八：邺，故大河在东北入海。馆陶，河水别出为屯氏河，东北至章武入海，过郡四，行千五百里。斥丘，莽曰利丘。沙，内黄，清河水出南。清渊，魏，都尉治。莽曰魏城亭。繁阳，元城，梁期，黎阳，莽曰黎蒸。即裴，侯国。莽曰即是。武始，漳水东至邯郸入漳，又有拘 涧水，东北至邯郸入白渠。邯会，侯国。阴安，平恩，侯国。莽曰延平。邯沟，侯国。武安。钦口山，白渠水所出，东至列人入漳。又有浸水，东北至东昌入歑河，过郡五。行六百一里。有铁官。莽曰桓安。巨鹿郡，〔秦置。属冀州。〕户十五万五千九百五十一，口八十二万七
SPEAKING模型运用于英语应用文交际任务达成中的实践
SPEAKING□姜发兵（杭州学军中学，浙江杭州310012）摘要：SPEAKING模型是民俗学的常见分析工具，它基于场景、参与者、目的、行为次序、语气、传播渠道、规则和体裁等八个要素来分析特定民族的语言和交际行为。
SPEAKING模型的八要素同样也适用于英语应用文（尤其是私人信件）写作中交际任务是否达成的分析和评价，并能有效矫正学生在应用文写作过程中“重语言、轻交际”的现象，提高他们在特定语境下的交际意识和交际能力。
关键词：SPEAKING模型；应用文；交际应用文是用于社会交往的一种常见写作形式，通常包含信件、请假条、日记、简历等类型。
应用文也是高考常考题型，主要考查私人信件的写作，它通常提供一个情境，要求考生给朋友，尤其是外国朋友写一封信件（电子邮件），完成邀请、应聘、感谢或安慰等一个或多个交际任务。
尽管高考中出现的应用文种类不多，且篇幅要求较低，但学生写作的总体质量并不高。
除语言技能外，交际能力欠缺是应用文写作的最严重制约因素。
如何提高交际能力，或者更具体地说，如何让学生在写作中把语言和交际结合起来，是应用文教学面临的一大挑战。
基于言语事件构成要素理论的SPEAK-ING模型，是解决这一挑战的较好方法。
一、SPEAKING模型与应用文写作中交际任务的达成1962年，美国社会语言学家Dell Hymes 提出了话语民俗学（Ethnography of Speaking）理论。
话语民俗学不仅仅关注语言的词汇和结构，更关注在社会或场景因素的影响下人们如何运用话语规则和话语方式。
话语民俗学起初只用于分析某一特定文化的话语特征。
后来，这一学说慢慢演变成“言语事件构成要素”理论，从而为言语事件的分析提供了一套完整的理论框架。
言语事件构成要素理论的核心是Hymes开发的一套分析模型——SPEAKING模型。
时至今日，它已经成为人们用于研究不同话语群体的话语事件和交际风格的重要工具。
SPEAKING由八个术语（Setting/Scene、Participants、Ends、Act sequence、Key、Instru-mentality、Norms、Genres）的首字母组成，分别代表场景、参与者、目的、行为次序、语气、传播渠道、规则、体裁等八个要素[1]。
speaking
Showing politeness
Excuse me,sir.
Good morning,madam.
Thank you,sir.
Hello.
electricity energy plants light steam chemical metal seeds heat air A：Today , we're going to talk about experimetns. First of all,``` B: Excuse me ,sir.
A: Yes, Wendy.
B: Can you sepll experiments？
A: E-X-P-E-R-I-M-E-N-T-S. B: onation
Watch the video carefully and try to imitate(模仿） their talking. Pay attention to the intonation(语调）.
W:Hello.
How can I help you, sir?
3.Why is it correct?
4.How can you explain it?
发现规律
1.一般疑问句中，以Is、Am、Are 、 Can、Do、Shall、Have和Would 等开头的句子，一般读升调（↑）。
Is it correct?
特殊疑问句大部分用降调
Why is it correct?
M: Where did you suggest I go? W: What do you like?
M: I really like contemporary art.
W: Try the national art gallery.
上课说话英语作文
In the context of an English class,speaking is an essential part of learning and practicing the language.Here are some points to consider when writing an essay on speaking in class:1.Importance of Speaking:Begin by emphasizing the significance of speaking in English classes.It helps students to improve their pronunciation,fluency,and confidence in using the language.2.Classroom Environment:Describe the classroom environment that encourages speaking.A supportive and nonjudgmental atmosphere is crucial for students to feel comfortable expressing themselves in English.3.Participation:Discuss the role of participation in class.Active participation not only helps in language acquisition but also in developing critical thinking and communication skills.4.Group Work:Highlight the benefits of group work and pair activities.These activities provide opportunities for students to practice speaking with their peers,which can be less intimidating than speaking in front of the whole class.5.Teachers Role:Explain the teachers role in facilitating speaking activities.Teachers can guide discussions,provide feedback,and correct pronunciation or grammar mistakes in a constructive manner.6.Types of Speaking Activities:Mention various speaking activities that can be incorporated into English classes,such as debates,roleplays,presentations,and storytelling.7.Overcoming Barriers:Address common barriers to speaking in class,such as fear of making mistakes or shyness,and suggest strategies to overcome these issues,like starting with simple sentences and gradually progressing to more complex speech.e of Technology:Discuss how technology can aid in speaking practice.Tools like language learning apps,online forums,and video conferencing can provide additional platforms for students to practice speaking English.9.Cultural Exchange:Speaking in English class also offers a chance for cultural exchange.Students can learn about different cultures and perspectives through discussions and presentations.10.Assessment and Feedback:Conclude by discussing the importance of assessment and feedback in speaking activities.Regular assessments can help students track their progress,and constructive feedback can help them improve their speaking skills.Remember to structure your essay with an introduction,body paragraphs for each point, and a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas and reiterates the importance of speaking in English e clear and concise language,and provide examples where appropriate to illustrate your points.。
“SPEAKING”模型下《安妮日记》中称谓语选择的研究
“SPEAKING”模型下《安妮日记》中称谓语选择的研究《安妮日记》是安妮·弗兰克用来记录她在二战时期与家人一起躲避纳粹迫害的日记。
在这部作品中，我们可以看到安妮在成长过程中所经历的挣扎和成长。
在语言学的研究中，我们可以通过“SPEAKING”模型来分析《安妮日记》中的称谓语选择，以此来了解安妮在不同情境下的言语表达方式。
SPEAKING模型是由Hymes于1972年提出的一种语言行为分析模型，它以语言行为为中心，通过语用学的角度来研究言语行为，并将言语行为分为了八个要素，即场域（Setting）、参与人（Participants）、结束（Ends）、行为（Act Sequence）、针对性（Key）、规范（Instrumentalities）、风格（Norms）、流利（Genre）。
我们将通过这一模型来分析《安妮日记》中的称谓语选择，以此来了解安妮在不同情境下的言语表达方式。
我们来看场域（Setting）。
《安妮日记》的场域是安妮与家人一起躲藏的阁楼。
在这个受限的空间里，安妮与家人的相处方式和言语表达都会受到影响。
在这个环境中，安妮可能会更加自由地表达自己的想法和情感，因为这个空间相对私密，她不必担心外界的评判和偏见。
在这个场域下，我们可以看到安妮在日记中的称谓语选择更加真实和坦率，她更愿意用更亲密的称谓来称呼家人和朋友，比如“爸爸”、“妈妈”、“朋友们”等。
接下来是参与人（Participants）。
在《安妮日记》中，参与人主要是安妮的家人和朋友。
在不同参与人的情境下，安妮的言语表达也会有所不同。
在与她的父母交流时，她可能会更加尊重和谨慎地选择称谓语，比如“爸爸”、“妈妈”等。
而在与她的朋友交流时，她可能会更加随意和亲密地称呼他们，比如“朋友们”、“亲爱的”等。
然后是结束（Ends）。
在《安妮日记》中，安妮的言语表达通常是为了记录她的生活和情感，以及对身处逆境时的思考和感悟。
她的言语表达是为了与自己和未来的读者沟通，因此在选择称谓语时，她会更加注重情感表达和真实性，以此来传达她内心真实的情感和想法。
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can we do so? We should try our best to improve the quality of our products. In my opinion, we should first improve our employees’ working conditions, that is, safety standards and hygiene. Besides, we should trust our employees fully.
the second part:
I think maybe Oliver was sent away because he wasn’t getting along with the workers in the workhouse. Dickens’ time was very hard and you would be looked down upon if you had no money. I think maybe at last
Speaking
Lead in
1. Who is the person? Charles Dickens. 2. What is Charles Dickens? He is a famous novelist (小说家).
3. What is his nationality?
He is an Englishman. 4. Did he write many famous novels? Yes, he wrote many novels.
Explanation
care for: v.
① look after
The children are well cared for in the nurseries. ② like She doesn’t care much for maths.
③ be willing Would you care for a walk?
Dickens, Charles John Huffam (18121870), English novelist and one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. In his enormous body of works, Dickens Combined masterly storytelling,humor, Pathos and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places, both real and imagined.
Novels that he wrote
A Christmas Carol A Tale Of Two Cities David Copperfield Great Expectations Hard Times Oliver Twist
The times He lived in the times when in which great changes happened in England and other he lived European countries.
Speaking
Read the passage and finish
the following tasks.
Task 1 Choose the best answers to the following sentences. 1. Scrooge is a(an) D person.
A. kind B. honest C. brave D. unfriendly 2. Marley is B Scrooge. A. different from B. similar to C. strange to Deman’s pockets.
Dickens
Birth He was born in Landport, Hampshire on February 7th, 1812. England
Nationality
Achievements He wrote many famous novels.
happy. Of course people will hate him because he doesn’t help others when he can. I can think of a similar example. In our village there is a very rich family but they are so mean that they don’t help others at any time. As a result, few people will make friends with them.
5. Can you name some of them?
Yes. “Hard Times”、“Great Expectations”、“A Christmas Carol”、“David Copperfield”、 “Oliver Twist”、“A Tale of Two Cities”and so on.
3. Which of the following is what we should do? A. selling fake milk powder to customers B. polluting food with poisons or bacteria C. C taking safety measures to protect workers D. neglecting the food quality
Warming up
Please think about which novel
each picture is about?
1.
Great Expectations It’s about a family dinner. Everything in the room is out of order and a dog has crawled onto the
Oliver escaped and became a revolutionary. Let me try retelling the story in my own words. Oliver Twist, who was an orphan, spent his childhood in a home for kids like himself, and later at a workhouse. But unfortunately he was sent away from the workhouse when he asked
3.
A Tale of Two Cities It’s about a revolution. Many people are rushing into a prison and they want to set the prisoners free.
4.
Oliver Twist There are two boys who are
improve our products’ quality and make more profits.
Example 2:
Making profits is very important to us but shouldering more social responsibilities and having social conscience are more important. How
succeeded and lived a life that he
hoped for.
Homework
Read the novel A Christmas
Carol carefully.
for more porridge. He joined a group of thieves and learned to pick others’ pockets. But he knew that it was not a good job and tried three times to escape but failed. At last he
Talking on P194
the first part:
Mr. Scrooge should do something
for Tiny Tim. Although it is not his responsibility to care for Tiny Tim, he should realize that only when he makes others happy can he feel
Task 2
Key words
Discuss
responsibility
quality trust
safety standards
working conditions hygiene/`haidi:n/ fake/feik/ social
conscience/`knns/ profit powder/`paud/
④ be concerned about
He cares very little for himself.
Example 1:
We should try our best to improve the safety standards and hygiene. We should shoulder the responsibility to improve the employees’ working conditions. We must trust the employees’ social conscience and working abilities. Only in this way can we