便携式应用中的 DC-DC 转换
DC-DC电源转换
Vz（Vout）的精度主要受VREF的影响。
VREF
2.3 线性稳压电路
线性稳压电路：用高精度参考源、功率放大和闭环控制实现高精度、大功率的DC-DC 转换 开环增益 ：K = Vout / （Vref – V2） V2 = Vout * R2/（R1+R2） （假定比较器输入电流为0） 闭环时 Vout = Vref * [K(R1+R2)/(K*R2+R2+R1)] 若 K为无穷大，则 Vout ≈ Vref(1+ R1/R2) 若 R1为0，则Vout = VREF（K/(1+K)) 选择R1和R2，除考虑Vout值外，要考虑输入电流的影响。 K越大Vout越接近由Vref、R1、R2给定的值。考虑到电路的 频率特性，高频时，K越大稳压特性好，但易产生自激振荡。 电路中可有阻容相移电路，以抑制振荡。 功率输出管功耗：PQ = IQ x (Vin – Vout ) 输出电压的限制Vinmin – Voutmax > Vcesmax，以保证NPN管 工作在放大区，保证稳定的电压输出。 转换效率 = Vout / Vin Q的选择： 普通三极管是电流控制。电流放大倍数β= IQ/Ib。 一般NPN 管，β小，基极电流大，饱和压降小；而用 NPN Darlington三极管，β大，基极电流小，饱和压降大。若控 制电路不能提供足够的Ib， IQ会减小；Vce会加大，功耗加大。
IR
R Iout
二极管最大功耗限制。二极管实际最大功耗IZ max * Vzmax 。
Vz
IZmax = IR max – Ioutmin ； Iout max = IR min –IZmin ) 精度差（元件本身电压误差 +/- 5%左右；输出电流变化时，
便携式应用中DC-DC转换器的设计技术及XD1250的电路实现的开题报告
便携式应用中DC-DC转换器的设计技术及XD1250的电路实现的开题报告一、选题依据：随着移动设备的日益普及，对便携式电源的需求越来越大。
而便携式电源需要一个DC-DC转换器，将电池的低电压转换为设备需要的高电压。
因此，设计一款高效、小型化的DC-DC转换器是必要的。
本次毕业设计选题为“便携式应用中DC-DC转换器的设计技术及XD1250的电路实现”。
二、研究内容：DC-DC转换器是电源管理系统中的一个重要部分，具有扩大电源范围、提高效率、减小体积、增加可靠性等优点。
本项目的研究内容主要包括以下方面：1. DC-DC转换器的基础原理及设计技术：针对便携式应用需求，选定合适的DC-DC转换器拓扑结构，在控制电路、电感电容的选用等方面进行深入探究。
2. 物理模型建立与仿真：使用PSIM等软件建立DC-DC转换器的模型，对模型进行仿真分析、参数调整等操作，比较不同参数下的效率、稳定性等表现。
3. 原理图设计与电路实现：根据仿真结果和可靠性的要求，进行原理图设计和电路实现，充分利用技术和知识，选用合适的元器件和材料，完成小型化、高效、低成本的DC-DC转换器设计。
4. 认真撰写设计报告：设计报告需要包含电路设计的详细过程、仿真结果以及电路实现的过程和结果，并给出成品的性能测试数据和结论。
三、可行性分析：本项目设计的XD1250是一款高效、小型的DC-DC转换器，适用于移动设备等便携式应用。
本项目对DC-DC转换器的设计原理和技术进行深入研究，结合实际应用需求，可以充分提升转换器的效率和稳定性。
使用PSIM等软件进行仿真分析，可以在短时间内找出最佳参数，避免了设计和调试过程中的不确定性和浪费。
电路实现过程中，可以利用现有的技术和元器件，实现小型化、高效、低成本的DC-DC转换器设计。
综上所述，本项目具有较高的可行性。
四、预期成果：1.掌握DC-DC转换器的原理和设计技术，熟悉PSIM等软件的应用。
2.设计一款高效、小型化的便携式DC-DC转换器XD1250，完成原理图设计和电路实现。
便携式VCD DC-DC变换器(20090524)
便携式VCD/CD DC-DC 变换器原理剖析作 者：葛中海摘 要：本文讨论了低压DC-DC 变换器，升、降压变换器的模型及实例电路，提出优化参数设计的方法 关键词：DC-DC 变换器 降压变换器 升压变换器 占空比近两年来VCD 向小型化，轻量化、超薄型迅猛发展，于是便携式VCD&MP3&CD 三合一产品如雨后春笋应运而生，特别是珠江三角洲地区，生产此类产品的企业有几十家之多。
不管它采用哪一家的方案，唯独其电源变换部分几乎一样，部分进口便携式CD 机也采用此电路，所以它有相当的通用性。
大家知道所谓便携式产品，一方面可以用电池（干电池或充电电池）工作，另一方面，因为它具有外接电源接口，可以连接外部电源适配器。
于是，对机器而言无论电源（电池或适配器）电压高或是低，系统都应该能正常工作，这就是为什么便携式VCD/CD 必须有DC-DC 变换电路的原因所在。
便携式VCD/CD 内部有两套DC-DC 变换电路：一套供给伺服系统的驱动部分，这部分变换的电压不要求很稳定，但要求伺服尽可能省电；另一套供给除伺服系统以外其它集成电路使用，这部分的电压有控制电路稳压，所以要求电压一定要稳定。
一、降压型DC-DC 变换器1．降压型DC-DC 变换器模型为了便于讲解第一套的DC-DC 变换电路，先介绍一下降压型DC-DC 变换器的等效模型，如图（1）所示。
图（1） 降压型DC-DC 变换器等效模型开关S 导通时加在电感L 两端的电压为)(Vo Vi -，这期间电感L 由电压)(Vo Vi -励磁、电感存储能量，磁通量增加量为：O N O N t Vo Vi ⨯-=∆)(ϕ (1)开关S 断开时，由于电感电流连续，二极管为导通状态。
输出电压Vo 与开关导通时方向相反加到电感L 上，这期间电感L 消磁、电感释放能量，磁通量减少量为：OFF OFF t Vo ⨯=∆ϕ (2)稳态时，电感L 磁通量增加量与减少量相等，即 O FF O N ϕϕ∆=∆，联立（1）、（2）式可得：Vi D Vi t t t Vo OFF ON ON ∙=⨯+=，其中D 是占空比，1≤+=OFFON ON t t t D显然这种结构形式的DC-DC变换器输出的电压只会小于或等于输入的电压，所以称之为降压型变换器。
基于DC-DC转换移动电源的研究与方案设计书
摘要：目前人们生活水平的不断提高，随身携带式的电子产品也越来越多为了解决续航问题需要一种移动电源。
因此本文设计了一款基于DC-DC升压型移动开关电源的电路，该电路采用聚合物电池电源管理方案实现，能满足5V移动设备的续航要求。
电路中主要由单片机SN8P2711来控制锂电池充电模块的工作与休眠，实现锂电池电量的显示以及电源输出的开关，同时也控制DC-DC升压电路的工作与否。
该设计主要是实现聚合物电池的充电以及放电。
设计的主要理念是实现电能的高效率转换。
该移动开关电源具有输出电压纹波小，转换效率高，最高转换效率达到89%，具有良好的性能和负载调整能力。
关键词：DC-DC转换；开关电源； SN8P2711；移动电源；Research and design of DC-DC conversiton mobile powerAbstract: At present people's living standards continue to improve, carry portable electronic products is also increasing，so a mobile power is needed to solve the endurance problem. This paper designs a circuit based on DC-DC boost mobile switching power, using polymer batterypower management program ,it can power 5V mobile devices. In this circuit charging, display of the lithium battery and power output are mainly controlled by the microcontroller SN8P2711 lithium, meanwhile it control the work of DC-DC boost circuit. The design of the main polymer battery energy storage and discharge. The main design philosophy is to achieve high-efficiency conversion of electrical energy. The mobile switching power supply output voltage ripple, high conversion efficiency, the highest conversion efficiency of 89%, with good performance and load regulation capability.Keywords: DC-DC converter。
DC DC 转换器产品说明书
DC/DC Conver ter Specifications (measured @ ta= 25°C, nominal input voltage, full load and after warm-up)E224736UL-60950-1 CertifiedEN-55022 Certified20 Watt 2:11.6“ x 1“Ribbed StyleSingle OutputSelection GuidePart Input Input Output Output Efficiency Max. CapacitiveNumber VoltageRange Current Voltage Current typ. Load[VDC] [mA] [VDC] [mA] [%] [µF]RPP20-2412S 18-36 940 12 1670 90 1000DescriptionThe RPP20 series 2:1 input range DC/DC converters are ideal for high end industrial applications and COTS Militaryapplications where a very wide operating temperature range of -45°C to +115°C is required. Although the case sizeis very compact, the converter contains a built-in EMC filter EN-55022 Class B without the need for any externalcomponents. The RPP20 is available in a ribbed case style for active cooling. They are UL-60950-1 certified.FeaturesICETechnology*• +115°C Maximum Case Temperature• -45°C Minimum Case Temperature• Built-in EMC Filter• Ribbed Case Style• 2250VDC Isolation• EN-55022 Class B RPP20-2412S* ICE TechnologyICE (Innovation in Converter Excellence)uses state-of-the-art techniques to minimiseinternal power dissipation and to increasethe internal temperature limits to extend theambient operating temperature range to themaximum.Notes:Note1: Typical values at nominal input voltage and full load.Only the single output converters have a trim function that allows users to adjust the output voltage from +10% to -10%, please refer to the trim table that follow for details. Adjustment to the output voltage can be used with a simple fixed resistor as shown in Figures 1 and 2. A single fixed resistor can increase or decrease the output voltage depending on its connection. Resistor should be located close to the converter. If the trim function is not used, leave the trim pin open.Trim adjustments higher than the specified range can have an adverse effect on the converter´s performance and are not recommended. E xcessive voltage differences between output voltage sense voltage, in conjunction with trim adjustment of the output voltage; can cause the OVP circuitry to activate. Thermal derating is based on maximum output current and voltage at the converter´s output pins. Use of the trim and sense function can cause output voltages to increase, thereby increasing output power beyond the converter´s specified rating. Therefore: (Vout at Pins) X (Iout) ≤ rated output power.PROTECTIONSParameterConditionValueOutput Power Protection (OPP)current limit 120% typ.Over Voltage Protection (OVP)10% load 120% typ.Over Temperature Protection (OTP)case temperature 120°C, auto-recovery Isolation Voltage I/P to O/P , at 70% RH I/P to Case, O/P to Case 2250VDC / 1 Minute 1500VDC / 1 MinuteIsolation Resistance I/P to O/P , at 70% RH100M W min.Isolation CapacitanceI/P to O/P1500pF typ.Specifications (measured @ ta= 25°C, nominal input voltage, full load and after warm-up)Notes:Note2:This Power Module is not internally fused. A input fuse must be always used. Recommended Fuse: T1.6AREGULATIONSParameterConditionValueOutput Voltage Accuracy 50% load ±1.5% max.Line Voltage Regulation low line to high line ±0.3% max.Load Voltage Regulation 10% to 100% load±0.5% max.Transient Response 25% load step change, ΔIo/Δt=2.5A/us 800µs typ.Transient Peak Deviation25% load step change, ΔIo/Δt=2.5A/us±2%Vout max.Trimming Output VoltageFigure 2. Trim connections to decrease output voltage using fixed resistorsFigure 1. Trim connections to increase output voltage using fixed resistors+V IN -V INCTRL +V OUT R TRIM UP-V OUTTRIMLOAD+V IN -V INCTRL +V OUT R TRIM DOWN-V OUTTRIMLOADTrim down resistor value (K W )Vout-1%-2%-3%-4%-5%-6%-7%-8%-9%-10%12VDC 322.2137.281.153.135.524.016.09.75.01.3Trim up resistor value (K W )Vout1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%10%12VDC 238.7113.168.246.332.122.415.49.86.53.2ENVIRONMENTALParameterConditionValueRelative Humidity95%, non condensing Temperature Coefficient ±0.04% / °C max.Thermal Impedance natural convection, mounting at FR4(254x254mm) PCB vertical horizontal7.2°C/W 7.8°C/WOperating Temperature Range start up at -45°C-45°C to (see calculation)Maximum Case Temperature +115°CMTBFaccording to MIL-HDBK-217F (+50°C G.B.)according to BellCore-TR-332 (+50°C G.B.)768 x 103 hours 1572 x 103 hourscontinued on next pageDerating Graph(Ta= +25°C, natural convection, typ. Vin and vertical mounting)CalculationSpecifications (measured @ ta= 25°C, nominal input voltage, full load and after warm-up)302535404550102030405060708090100Load [%]C a s e T e m p e r a t u r e [°C ]105060708090100203040506070809010018Vin24Vin 36Vin Load [%]E f f i c i e n c y [%]R thcase-ambient = 7.2°C/W (vertical) T case = Case Temperature R thcase-ambient = 7.8°C/W (horizontal)T ambient= Environment TemperatureP dissipation = Internal lossesR thcase-ambient = T case - T ambientP IN = Input PowerP dissipationP OUT = Output Powerh = Efficiency under given Operating Conditions P dissipation = P IN - P OUT = P OUTapp- P OUTapp R thcase-ambient = Thermal ImpedancehPractical Example:Take the RPP20-2412S with 50% load. What is the maximum ambient operating temperature? Use converter vertical in application.Eff min = 89% @ V nom P OUT = 20WP OUTapp = 20 x 0.5 = 10W P dissipation = P OUTapp- P OUTapp R th = T casemax - T ambient --> 7.2°C/W = 115°C - T ambienthP dissipation1.24Wh = ~88% (from Eff vs Load Graph)T ambientmax = 106.1°CP dissipation = 10- 10 = 1.24W0.89Specifications (measured @ ta= 25°C, nominal input voltage, full load and after warm-up)DC/DC Conver terSpecifications (measured @ ta= 25°C, nominal input voltage, full load and after warm-up)RPP20-2412SSeriesPACKAGING INFORMATIONParameterTypeValuePackaging Dimension (LxWxH)Tube160.0 x 45.0 x 16.0mmPackaging Quantity 5pcsStorage Temperature Range-55°C to +125°CThe product information and specifications may be subject to changes even without prior written notice.The product has been designed for various applications; its suitability lies in the responsibility of each customer. The products are not authorized for use in safety-critical applications without RECOM’s explicit written consent. A safety-critical application is an application where a failure may reasonably be expected to endanger or cause loss of life, inflict bodily harm or damage property. The applicant shall indemnify and hold harmless RECOM, its affiliated companies and its representatives against any damage claims in connection with the unauthorizeduse of RECOM products in such safety-critical applications.。
便携应用中的DCDC变换
POWER SUPPLY45ｗｗｗ．ｅｅｐｗ．ｃｏｍ．ｃｎ ２００３．５／下半月电源电子产品世界ＤＣ－ＤＣ的开关型电源变换器在整个电子行业中正得到越来越多的应用。
对于电路板空间和发热管理都异常严格的便携式应用来说，经济高效的电源变换器将起到特别关键的作用。
如今，在决定是采用线性低压降（ＬＤＯ）稳压器、电感型开关模式ＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器还是电容电荷泵ＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器来完成电源转换方面，便携式应用的设计者要综合考虑许多因素——总成本、效率、集成度、设计灵活性和封装，并作出折衷选择。
当今的许多便携式应用采用单格锂离子电池，在各种化学成分不同的可充电电池中，它的能量密度是最高的，可以实现的外形最小。
从充满到放空的过程中，电池电压一般从４．２Ｖ降到２．７Ｖ，在放电周期大部分时间中单格电池的电压约为３．７Ｖ。
不可充电的单格或双格式碱性电池也很流行。
每个电池的电压范围是１．５Ｖ￣０．９Ｖ。
在许多应用中，需要提供种类不少的电源电压，来满足系统中各类器件的要求。
处理器核常用的电源是１．１Ｖ，存储器要用２．５Ｖ和３．３Ｖ的电源，Ｃｏｍｐａｃｔ Ｆｌａｓｈ或ＵＳＢ等扩展接口所用的电源为５Ｖ，而ＬＣＤ偏压或白光ＬＥＤ显示背光电路要求２８Ｖ的电源。
由于折衷考虑各种因素时侧重点不同，设计者们推出了多种不同的电源变换方式。
图１对各种ＤＣ－ＤＣ变换器结构进行了一个简要的总结。
现有的解决方案ＬＤＯ稳压器可适用于降压变换，具体效果与Ｉ／Ｏ电压比有关。
从基本原理来说，ＬＤＯ根据负载电阻的变化情况来调节自身的内电阻，从而保证稳压输出端的电压不变。
转换效率可以简单地看作输出与输入电压之比。
尽管在从３．７Ｖ电池电压到３．３Ｖ存储器电压变换过程中，ＬＤＯ的效率高达８９％，但是在将同样的电池输出变换成１．１Ｖ处理器核电源时，效率只有２９％。
如今ＬＤＯ以芯片级封装等各种形式出现，所占面积仅为几个平方毫米，而且在小型应用时只要求一个陶瓷输入和输出电容即可工作。
DC-DC转换器的使用
HT77XX DC/DC转换器的使用文件编码：HA0109S简介HT77XX是PFM控制DC-DC升压转换器，可用于PDA和DSC等便携设备中。
HT77XX将脉冲频率调节器（PFM）、N沟道MOSFET、基准电压源和电压检测器集成在一块电路内，具有低静态电流、高转换效率、低起动和持继电压等特性，使得在便携式产品电池电压较低的情况下也可工作，并且延长电池工作时间。
PFM基本工作原理如下：输出电压通过分压电阻与基准电压作比较，并形成一个反馈。
当输出电压减小并低于基准电压，比较器输出发生翻转并触发振荡电路开始工作。
振荡电路输出一个固定时间的脉冲，用于控制MOS管的导通；反之，MOS管将截止。
其中导通由振荡器控制，而截止时间取决于负载。
按这种方法，即可控制输出电压，整个过程可以参考图1理解。
当系统负载较轻，PFM工作过程可参考图2。
在输出电压由0V升至内部基准电压前，比较器使能115KHz振荡器并打开MOS管（6.5μS高电平，2.2μS低电平）。
由于翻转发生在比较器正端电压低于负端电压时，输出电压纹波将会影响PFM振荡。
当系统负载较重时，输出电压会产生较大的纹波，振荡电路激活并输出脉冲信号控制MOS管，直到比较器的正端电压高于基准电压。
当MOS管导通，外部电感电流上升存储电量；当MOS管截止，电感两端电压反向，使电流经过二极管再由电容滤波后供给负载。
当电感电流大于输出电流，输出电容用于存储电量。
在MOS 管刚刚处于截止状态时，由于电感共振作用会形成一个短暂的振荡，输出电容可用于消除电感共振引起的容量偏离。
储存在电感上的电量被消耗，输出电容上存储的电量用于向负载提供稳定的电压。
当存储的能量被耗尽，电流下降直至二极管截止后将进入下一个周期。
输出电压会随负载增加而下降（如图3）。
当输出电压降至低于基准电压，振荡电路激活并输出一个固定时间的脉冲，电感上通过的电流线性上升。
当振荡电路激活时，由于负载较重，输出电压会有较大幅度的下降。
基于ARM的DC-DC便携式电压转换器的设计
较件开疾与系用信豔与电睡China Computer&Communication 2018年第10期基于ARM 的DC -DC 便携式电压转换器的设计韦警申奥(辽宁科技大学电子与信息工程学院，辽宁鞍山114051 )摘要：在电子产品的设计与调试过程中，电压转换是不可忽视的问题。
由于各个模块的材料、功率、结构等各不相同， 常常会存在一个电源电压输入的电子产品中各个模块间有不同电压需求的问题。
从转换效率的角度来考虑，模块间的电 压转换常常使用开关电源作为电压转换工具。
本设计在开关电源的基站上使用ARM 单片机作为主控，实现输出电压的可 调稳定输出。
并加入了控制界面，可以实时方便地监控以及控制输出电压，解决电子产品设计过程中电压转换的问题。
关键词：电压转换；开关电源；ARM 单片机；控制界面中图分类号：T M 46 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-9767 (2018) 10-082-02Design of DC-DC Portable Voltage Converter Based on ARMWei Jing, Shen Ao(School of Electronic and Information Engineering , University Of Science And Technology Liaoning , Anshan Liaoning 114051, China )Abstract ： During the design and debugging of electronic products , voltage conversion can not be neglected . Due to the differentmaterials , power , structure and so on of each module , there is often a problem of different voltage requirements among the various modules in the electronic product with a power voltage input . From the conversion efficiency point of view , the voltage conversion between modulesoften use the switching power supply as a voltage conversion tool . The design of the switching power supply based on the use of ARMmicrocontroller as the master , adjustable output voltage adjustable stable output . And joined the control interface , you can easily monitor andcontrol the output voltage in real time , solving the voltage conversion problem in the electronic product design process .Key words : voltage conversion ; switching power supply ; ARM microcontroller ; control interface随着电子技术的高速发展，电子产品的设计越来越趋于 模块化拼接式的设计。
什么是DC-DC转换？
什么是DC-DC转换？该内容转载自EDC电驱未来DC-DC转换器是一种电气系统（设备），它将直流（DC）源从一个电压电平转换为另一个电压电平。
换句话说，DC-DC转换器将直流输入电压作为输入，并输出不同的直流电压。
输出的直流电压可以高于或低于直流输入电压。
顾名思义，DC-DC转换器仅适用于直流（DC）源，而不适用于替代电流（AC）源。
DC-DC转换器也称为DC-DC电源转换器或电压调节器。
图片：DC-DC转换器的工作原理如果我们有两个电气系统，在不同的电压水平下工作，一个高电平（140 V），另一个低电平（14 V），DC-DC转换器可以将它们之间的电压从高转换为低或从低到高。
从一个电压电平到另一个电压杠杆的转换是在一些功率损耗的情况下完成的。
根据DC-DC转换器的工作点（电压和电流）和转换器的类型，效率可以在75%至95%或更高之间。
电池电动汽车（BEV）中的DC-DC转换器用于将高电池电压（例如400 V）转换为低直流电压（例如12 V），用于传统的12 V负载（灯，多媒体，电动车窗等）。
DC-DC转换器是一种功率转换器，它通过暂时存储输入能量，然后将该能量释放到不同电压的输出，将直流电源（DC）从一个电压电平转换为另一个电压电平。
电能的存储可以在磁场存储组件（电感器，变压器）或电场存储组件（电容器）中完成。
直流-直流转换器的效率电功率P [W]是电压U [V]和电流I [A]之间的乘积。
P=U⋅I例如，如果输入电压Uin= 120 V，最大电流Iin= 5 A，这将给出输入功率：Pin=120⋅5=600 W由于电功率是守恒的（Pout=Pin），并且我们假设DC-DC转换器没有损耗（100%效率），对于输出电压Uout= 14 V，我们可以计算输出电流如下：实际上，转换将产生一些损耗，最大输出电流将小于100%效率计算的电流。
DC-DC转换器的效率计算公式为：η [%]=PoutPin⋅100有几种类型的DC-DC转换器。
DC-DC 电源转换器说明书
DC TO AC POWER INVERTERPWRNV1250W INSTRUCTION MANUALSAVE THIS MANUALYou will need the manual for the safety warnings and precautions, assembly instructions, operating and maintenance procedures, parts list and diagram. Keep your invoice with this manual. Write the invoice number on the inside of the front cover. Keep the manual and invoice in a safe and dry place for future reference.Basic Operation•Make sure that you choose the right operating voltage for both input and output of the inverter.•When unpacking, make sure that the inverter is in good condition. If any parts are missing or broken, please call AIMS Power, Inc. at the number found on the warranty card.•Place the power inverter on a flat surface. Make sure it has adequate ventilation and is not in direct sunlight. Fasten the inverter securely to the surface, using screws or some othermeans. If holes are to be drilled, follow safe, proper installation techniques.Before you connect the battery cables, make sure the power switch is in the off position. Connect Red (+) battery cable to Red (+) inverter terminal. Connect Black (-) battery cable to Black (-) inverter terminal. Connect Red (+) battery cable to Red (+) battery terminal. Connect Black (-) battery cable to Black (-) battery terminal. Alligator clamp cables may be used but only to connect to the battery.Do not use clamps on inverter terminals. Alligator clamps are not a permanent solution. You may see a spark during connection.•Connect the ground cable to an earth ground, such as a metal water pipe or to the vehicle ground when used in a vehicle if the inverter includes a ground port.•Turn the power switch to the on position, which is located on the front of the inverter. The green LED light will confirm that AC power is present.•Before plugging the equipment into the inverter, make sure the equipment AND the inverter are off. Turn inverter on first, then turn on the equipment.•The power inverter can be used either while the engine is running or off.Warnings•Unplug the inverter when it is not in use.•If the AC inverter makes a beeping sound, turn off the equipment, unplug the inverter and restart the vehicle’s engine. The beeping sound is simply the low-battery warning, which indicates that the voltage of your battery is getting low. If you do not re-start your engine and continue operating the inverter, the inverter will automatically shut off, leavingyour vehicle's battery at about 10. 5 VDC. This will allow you to start your engine and resumeoperation of the inverter. It also reduces the fear of being stranded with a dead battery(dependent on health of battery).•This device should only be serviced by a qualified technician. This item does not have any serviceable parts.•Prevent body contact with grounded surfaces such as pipes, radiators, ranges, and refrigerator enclosures during installation.•Do not operate the inverter if under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Read warning labels on prescriptions to determine if your judgement or reflexes are impaired while taking drugs. Ifthere is any doubt, do not operate the inverter.•People with pacemakers should consult their physician(s) before using this product.Electromagnetic fields in close proximity to a heart pacemaker could cause interference to or failure of the pacemaker.•Keep children away. Children must never be allowed in the work area. Do not let them handle machines, tools, or extension cords.•Store idle equipment. When not in use, inverter must be stored in a dry location to prevent rust. Always lock up tools and the inverter and keep out of reach of children.•Size the inverter properly. Size the inverter for the surge rating of your equipment. The inverter’s continuous rating should be MORE than the surge rating of your equipment.Example: Power tool runs at 1500 watts but surges at 2500 watts. You should use an inverter >3000 watts.•Keep the inverter well-ventilated. Do not place any objects on top of or next to the inverter or allow anything to cover the cooling fans; doing so can cause the inverter to overheat,causing a potential fire hazard and/or damage to the inverter. Leave adequate ventilationspace underneath the inverter as well; thick carpets or rugs can obstruct air flow, causing the inverter to overheat.•Avoid unintentional starting. Be sure the switch is in the OFF position when not in use and before plugging in any appliance.Note: Performance of this unit may vary depending on the available battery power or appliance wattage.Warning: The warnings, cautions, and instructions discussed in this instruction manual cannot cover all possible conditions and situations that may occur. It must be understood by the operator that common sense and caution are factors which cannot be built into this product, but must be supplied by operator. Guard against electric shock. Do not open the metal case; risk of electric shock.Battery Use•To avoid over-discharging your vehicle battery, we recommend running your engine for 10-20 minutes to recharge the vehicle's battery if battery voltage drops <11V.•To properly size your battery, use the following formula: Volts * Amps = Watts or Watts/Volts = Amps. Example: 1000 watt inverter / 12 volts DC = 83.3 DC amps. In this example, you willneed 83.3 amps to power a 1000 watt load for 1 hour. If you need to power 1000 watts for 2hours you will need 83.3 * 2 = 166.66 DC amps available. A 100 amp hour battery will giveyou 100 amps / 166.66 = .6 hours so you will need two batteries if using 100 amp battery.This is if you fully deplete your batteries. We do NOT recommend fully depleting yourbatteries. This is just an example. Your power requirements may be different.•If you choose to use a female 12 Volt DC adapter for your inverter or to the inverter make sure wire size is correct.•IF YOU CONNECT THE WIRES TO THE INCORRECT TERMINALS, YOU WILL REVERSE THE POLARITY AND DAMAGE THE INVERTER.•REVERSED POLAR ITY WILL INSTANTLY VOID THE WARRANTY OF YOUR INVERTER, SO BE CAREFUL TO CONNECT YOUR INPUT WIRES PROPEPLY.•If you choose to operate a battery charger to replenish your battery’s voltage, be sure to check with charger manufacture before damaging the charger.•CONNECTING THE INVERTER’S DC INPUT TO A BATTERY CHARGER WILL VOID THE WARRANTY, AND MAY DAMAGE THE INVERTER.•Make sure that the battery voltage does not exceed 15 volts DC.•CONNECTING THE INVERTER TO A DC POWER SOURCE GREATER THAN 15 VDC WILL VOID THE WARRANTY, AND MAY DAMAGE THE INVERTER.CablesWe recommend that you refrain from using battery cables longer than 12 feet between the DC power source and the DC input of the inverter. Longer battery cables on the DC input will create a voltage drop which results in a reduction of efficiency and output. If you require more than 12 feet, use a bigger cable. We recommend using an extension cord between the AC output and AC appliance. You may use up to 100ft, high quality extension cord. A longer cord may result in reduced output. See Specifications chart for recommended battery cable size.Digital Bar DisplayThe digital bar display displays battery DC voltage and DC current. The current should always be in the green zone. The inverter will operate for several minutes when thecurrent is in the yellow zone. Operation in the red zone of the display will result in protective inverter shutdown. NOTE: The bar display will only monitor DC current and voltage not AC. If you need to measure AC output you will need to use a TRUE RMS MULTI METER.Remote On/Off SwitchSome models include a remote port. An AIMS remote on/off switch may be connected to the remote port. The optional remote on/off switch is a convenient option to turn the inverter on/off if the inverter is installed in a hard to reach area. Make sure the inverter is turned off before installing the remote switch. Simply plug the switch into the remote jack. There are several ways to mount the remote switch. Remote switch comes with 4 pre-drilled holes for mounting. Remote part # REMOTEHF.Measuring the AC VoltageThe output waveform of the inverter is a MODIFIED SINE WAVE. If you choose to measure the AC output voltage, you must use a TRUE RMS MULTI METER. Using any other type of voltage measuring device will result in an AC voltage reading of 10 to 30 volts lower than actual voltage. When using a true RMS multi meter, you will get an accurate reading.SAFETY PRECAUTIONS•Do not open the case of the inverter. The high voltage inside the unit is the same type of power as your electrical outlets at home.•Do not let the cord of the inverter, or any appliance cord get wet. If you are operating the inverter in a moving vehicle, we recommend that you secure the inverter to prevent it fromshifting around while the vehicle is moving.•Do not operate this inverter in or around water. Water can damage the inverter, and water damage is not covered under warranty. Also, do not operate the inverter with wet hands. The AC voltage of the unit makes it an electrical shock hazard if operated with wet hands.•Allow at least one inch of clearance around the Inverter for air flow. Ensure the ventilation openings on the rear and bottom of the unit are not obstructed.•Do not connect the inverter directly to another AC power source. Damage may result, and such damage will void the inverter warranty.•Know the wattage requirements of your appliance. Use only those appliances which are limited by the capacity of this unit.•Use common sense. This device produces power just like your wall outlets at home and should be treated seriously. Keep it away from children.•Reversed polarity of AC power outlet LINE /NEUTRAL will void the warranty.•If there is anything wrong with the inverter, disconnect all of the power and contact technical support.If the Inverter does not appear to be functioning properly, check the following possible causes:•Poor contact: Clean contact parts thoroughly.•If the low battery alarm sounds, this means the input voltage is too low and battery needs to be recharged.•If you are getting a low output voltage, try reducing the load to minimize watts. You may have overloaded the inverter. Reduce your load. Also, keep input voltage above 10.5 volts tomaintain a constant flow of power.•If you are not getting any power output, turn the power switch Off and On again, until the green power light comes on. Your devices may draw too much power to operate them. Theinverter may be in thermal shutdown. Let it cool down and make sure there is adequateventilation around the unit.•If the green light turns red one of the following has happened:A.input voltage is too lowB.input voltage is too highC.short circuitD.inverter is close to overload•Battery voltage is too low: Start the engine to recharge the battery. Replace or recharge battery if needed.•Shuts down on overload: Reduce the wattage of your load.•Thermal shutdown: Under heavy loads for extended period, the inverter will shut down to prevent damage from excess heat. Simply reduce your load and allow theInverter to cool down.•Low-battery shutdown: Recharge your battery and resume operation.Very little maintenance is required to keep your inverter operating properly. You should disconnect input power first and then clean the exterior of the unit periodically with a dry cloth to prevent accumulation of dust and dirt. At the same time, tighten the screws on the DC input terminals.PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING CAREFULLYNeither the manufacturer nor distributor makes any representation or warranty of any kind to the buyer that he or she is qualified to make any repairs to the product or that he or she is qualified to replace any parts of the product. In fact, the manufacturer and/or distributor expressly states that all repairs and parts replacements should be undertaken by certified and licensed technicians and not by the buyer. The buyer assumes all risk and liability arising out of his or her repairs to the original product or replacement parts thereto, or arising out of his or her installation of replacement parts thereto.WARRANTYAIMS Corp., Inc. dba AIMS Power Warranty Instructions:This product is designed using the most modern digital technology and under very strict quality control and testing guidelines. If, however, you feel this product is not performing as it should, please contact us:**************************(775)359-6703We will do our best to resolve your concerns. If the product needs repair or replacement, make sure to keep your receipt/invoice, as that will need to be sent back along with the package and RMA# prepaid to AIMS. You have a full 1 year warranty from date of purchase.This warranty is valid worldwide with the exception that freight and duty charges incurred outside the contiguous 48 United States will be prepaid by customer.Except as provided above, AIMS makes no warranty of any kind, express or implied, including without limitation the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall AIMS be liable for indirect, special or consequential damages. This warranty only applies to AIMS Power branded products. All other name brand products are warranted by and according to their respective manufacturer. Please do not attempt to return non-AIMS Power branded products to AIMS Power.For additional products such as:-Modified sine wave inverters-Pure sine wave inverters-Low Frequency Inverters-Solar Charge Controllers-Micro Grid Tied Inverters-Inverter Chargers and Automatic transfer switches-Converters DC-DC-Custom cut cables-Batteries-Solar Panels & RacksPlease visit our web site: Tofindoutwheretobuyanyofourproducts,youmayalsoe-mail:************************ (775)359-6703.。
用于便携式产品的双通道DC-DC转换器
用于便携式产品的双通道DC/DC转换器许多电池供电的便携式设备都需要在较小空间里实现多个电源功能,如PDA仅靠一节锂电池供电,但却有多种电源电压需求,设计人员希望采用尽量少的元件就能实现。
本文介绍一种能在一个集成电路里实现两路DC/DC输出的器件,其中一路升压输出正电压,另一路转为负电压稳压输出,两路输出电压均可由用户独立调节。
hspace=“12”>理光R1280D系列芯片是一种双通道DC/DC转换器,采用CMOS工艺制造,内置两路PWM DC/DC控制电路,一路是升压电路,另一路是电压反转电路。
应用该芯片可实现两路电压输出,一路是升高的正电压,另一路是负压,且电压均可调。
其内部原理框图见图1。
R1280D系列目前有三个型号,分别是R1280D002A/B/C,它们的主要区别在于振荡频率和外电路有所不同。
其中A的振荡频率为700kHz,正压升压需外部补偿电路；B的振荡频率为700kHz,有CE端,内部有补偿电路；而C的振荡频率为200kHz,正压升压需外部补偿电路。
R1280D的工作电压范围是2.5V-5.5V,内部含有“欠压锁定”保护电路(UVLO),当输入电压低于2.5V典型值时,芯片锁定输出,这样在采用锂电池供电时就不会因工作电压过低而对电池造成伤害,当电路相关部分有故障时,这个电路也会在一定程度上起到保护作用。
R1280D内部还有脉宽保护电路,当两路DC-DC中的任一路因负载过大,使驱动的波形达到最大脉宽后,延迟100ms电路会保护性关断,不会因负载过重而使电源部分引发故障。
如要恢复工作状态,对于R1280DA/C需要再次上电；对于R1280DB可利用CE端使芯片进入待机状态(CE=L),然后再次进入工作状态(CE=H),这样就会退出保护状态而再次工作起来。
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便携式应用中的 DC/DC 转换
在电子领域，DC/DC 开关模式电源转换器的使用正与日俱增。
便携式应用中的主要问题是板级空间及热管理，因此高效的低成本电源转换对其而言极为关键。
当前，便携式应用的设计人员在决定选择是以线性低压降稳压器 (LDO)、感应开关模式 DC/DC 转换器，还是电容性充电泵 DC/DC 转换器来满足其电源转换需求时，面临着在总体成本、效率、集成度、设计灵活性以及封装等诸多方面进行权衡的问题。
图 1、电源转换拓扑比较。
电源转换的需求
当前，许多便携式应用均采用单体锂离子电池，其拥有所有可再充电电池所具备的最高能量密度化学特性，从而可实现最佳的小外型设计。
电池电压通常满至空 (full to empty) 介于4.2V 到 2.7V 之间（从），电池电压在大部分放电周期中约为 3.7V。
该技术应用范围相当广泛，在非可再充电的单或双体碱性电池系统中也倍受青睐。
独立的单电池电压介于 1.5V 至0.9V。
许多应用均要求多个电压轨支持系统中的各种组件。
常见电压轨有：用于处理器内核的 1.1V 电压，存储器的 2.5V 与 3.3V，扩展接口（如 Compact Flash 或 USB 接口）的 5V，以及用于 LCD 偏压或白色 LED 显示背光电路系统的 28V。
因各种因素需做出的权衡而异，我们在此可以提供几套电源转换选择方案。
图 1 显示了各种 DC/DC 转换架构的概览。
现有解决方案
根据输入输出电压比，LDO（低压降）稳压器也适用于降压应用。
总之，LDO 可根据出现的任何负载电阻更改而相应调整其内部电阻，使稳压器输出恒定的电压。
简言之，转换效率是由输出电压与输入电压之比决定的。
LDO 以 3.7V 的电压可以生成 3.3V 的存储器轨，从而实现了高达 89% 的卓越效率。
不过同样的电池轨生成 1.1V 的核心电压时，效率便陡然降至29%。
目前，LDO 采用诸如芯片级等的超小型封装，大小仅为几平方毫米，能够实现操作只需陶瓷输入和输出电容器的解决方案。
由于 LDO 的线性稳压解决方案，其几乎不存在输出纹波，因此非常适用于"噪音型"开关模式稳压器输出的后过滤，能够支持音频放大器或RF 电路系统。
LDO 随着输入输出电压差动的提高与电流输出的加大，也会产生适度的热量。
功率损耗约等于输入输出电压差乘以通过线性调整元件的电流的乘积。
充电泵（也称开关式电容电压转换器）即 DC/DC 转换器，其采用一种所谓"飞(flying)"或"泵 (pump)"的电容器，而非感应器或变压器来用于能量存储。
其不仅可升高或降低输入电压，而且还可用于产生负电压。
内部 FET 开关阵列控制着"飞"电容器的充电与放电，根据其控制方式，输入电压乘以或除以 0.5、2 或 3 等因数，即可产生所需的输出电压。
特定的调制方案仅要求陶瓷电容器就可实现高达 80% 的效率。
由于涉及到开关，因而充电泵会产生某些输出纹波，也会生成 EMI（电磁干扰）。
某些充电泵拓扑可部署双充电泵架构，并采用额外的输出电压稳压器，以最大程度地减少 EMI 与纹波。
充电泵的最大输出电流限制在约 300mA 左右，基本由集成开关晶体管与外部"飞"电容器的大小所决定。
充电泵采用节约空间的 SOT-23 封装或无引线四方扁平封装 (QFN)，能极大节省板级空间，并要求较 LDO 具备更高效率但空间或预算又不足以实施更高效的感应式 DC/DC 转换器的情况下，提供解决方案。
图 2 展示了显示背光应用中为白色 LED 提供核心电源的充电泵应用实例。
图 2 在 SOT－23 封装中为白色 LED 提供核心电源的充电泵。
利用电磁技术进行能量存储的感应开关模式 DC/DC 转换器提供了难以企及的电源转换效率，不管是升高电压还是降低电压的情况下均如此。
尽管它较线性解决方案或充电泵解决方案相比会要求更大的板级空间，但这种电源转换方案非常适用于较高电流的应用。
高效率转换能够实现最低散热，并简化了热管理，特别是与 LDO 解决方案相比时尤为如此，从而通常避免
了采用额外的、笨重而价格不菲的散热片的必要。
由于能够实现高达 97% 的转换效率，因此这也有利于延长电池寿命。
DC/DC 转换器可作为 DC/DC 控制器，当设计人员选择具备特定导通电阻的外部 FET 开关，并根据应用当前需求调节电流限制时，其可为设计人员提供最大的灵活性。
同时，在要求数十安培电流的非便携式设备中，它尤为有用。
先进封装技术也允许开关晶体管的集成，从而使开关模式 DC/DC 解决方案的输出电流介于 SOT-23 封装或芯片级封装的 100mA 与 TSSOP-28 封装的 9A 之间的任何数值。
考虑到具备集成 FET 的感应开关模式 DC/DC 转换器的输出电流功能与效率，我们常常可以实现显著提高空间利用效率的解决方案，往往只需一个感应器和必需的输入输出电容器即可。
图 3 显示了高效利用 DC/DC 转换与线性调节的示例。
升压 DC/DC 转换器可提升碱性电池的输入电压，范围为 1.5V 至 0.9V 之间，从而能支持 3.3V 的系统轨。
集成到相同 IC 上的LDO 可降压，以支持 1.8V 的处理器核心电压。
上述两种功能都集成在 4mm x 4mm 的无引线四方扁平封装 (QFN) 中，从而能最大程度地减少板级空间要求。
图 3、升压 DC/DC 转换器与由单体碱性电池供电的 LDO。
图 4 给出了利用高能量效率并节省空间的 DC/DC 降压转换示例。
降压 DC/DC 转换器可用于降低单体锂离子电池的输入电压，输入电压范围介于 2.7V 至 4.2V 之间，可支持 1.2V 处理器核心，效率高达 95%。
该电路采用具备集成开关 FET 的同步 DC/DC 降压转换器，仅采用三个外部组件，其空间占用仅比同类竞争 LDO 电路大于 30% 左右，但却能提供将近高出三倍的效率，并能显著延长电池寿命。
图 4、单体锂离子应用中的压降 DC/DC 转换器。