The design document of the car's signal lamp

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单位内部认证船舶英语考试(试卷编号211)

单位内部认证船舶英语考试(试卷编号211)1.[单选题]The AUTOCHIEF-IV main engine remote control system includes ______.A)AC-5B)AC-5C)digitalD)hydraulic答案:C解析:2.[单选题]The star formation is most commonly used and requires _____ on the alternator.A)oneB)twoC)threeD)four答案:D解析:3.[单选题]The difference between the fire detectors of the traditional and bus control type fire alarm systems is ______.A)theyB)theC)theD)the答案:D解析:4.[单选题]VLCC stands for______.A)veryB)veryC)veryD)very答案:C解析:5.[单选题]Once the power is recovered after blackout, the sequential start of automatic power plant would enable the motors in operation before the breakdown to start ______ automatically.C)respectivelyD)immediately答案:A解析:6.[单选题]Voltage will always lead current in a/an _____.A)capacitiveB)inductiveC)magneticD)resistive答案:B解析:【注】在电感性电路中，电压总是超前电流。

inductive circuit：电感性电路；capacitive circuit：电容电路7.[单选题]Which one is the function of steering gear?A)ToB)ToC)ToD)To答案:C解析:8.[单选题]When the voltage remains constant and the resistance is increased in a series circuit, the flow of current _____.A)increasesB)increasesC)remainsD)decreases答案:D解析:9.[单选题]The emergency generator or emergency battery is connected to _____ on most large ships.A)distributionB)sectionC)emergencyD)main答案:C解析:答案:B解析:11.[单选题]Switchboards may be of the dead-front type in which all live parts are installed behind _____ and only the operation handles and instruments are on the front.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:C解析:12.[单选题]The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, was issued by the _____.A)UNB)IMOC)ILOD)ITU答案:C解析:13.[单选题]The difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called______.A)variationB)deviationC)compassD)drift答案:B解析:14.[单选题]Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera are the major ______.A)webB)uniformC)fileD)Java答案:A解析:D)It's答案:D解析:16.[单选题]The number of cycles per second occurring in AC voltage is known as the_____.A)phaseB)frequencyC)waveD)half答案:B解析:17.[单选题]Copper is often used as an electrical conductor because it _____.A)hasB)hasC)isD)holds答案:C解析:【注】electrical conductor：导电体；opposition：阻挠，反对18.[单选题]A ground can be defined as an electrical connection between the wiring of a motor and its _____.A)shuntB)circuitC)metalD)inter-pole答案:C解析:19.[单选题]In more recent years, ______ has been used by civilians in many new ways to determine positions, such as in automobile and boat navigation, hiking, emergency rescue, and precision agriculture and mining.A)GPSB)GMDSSC)AISD)Navtex20.[单选题]The podded propulsor is widely adopted in the electric propulsion system. In this system, ______.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:A解析:21.[单选题]_____ is used to produce electric power.A)AnB)AC)AD)A答案:A解析:22.[单选题]Prior to closing the breaker when paralleling two AC generators, the recommended practice is to have the frequency of the incoming machine _____.A)slightlyB)theC)slightlyD)have答案:C解析:23.[单选题]All echo-sounders can measure the ______.A)actualB)actualC)averageD)average答案:B解析:24.[单选题]The field coils _____ and the armature is _____. This is in fact the arrangement adopted for large, heavy duty alternators.A)stationaryB)stationaryC)rotate25.[单选题]What feature(s) may be found on certain satellite EPIRB units?A)StrobeB)EmergencyC)Float-freeD)All答案:D解析:【注】卫星EPIRB有闸门照明，406MHz紧急发射和自浮释放支架。

MSC.1-Circ.1353 - Revised Guidelines For The Preparation Of The Cargo Securing Manual (Secretariat)

PREAMBLE 1 In accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) chapters VI, VII and the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS Code), cargo units, including containers shall be stowed and secured throughout the voyage in accordance with a Cargo Securing Manual, approved by the Administration. 2 The Cargo Securing Manual is required on all types of ships engaged in the carriage of all cargoes other than solid and liquid bulk cargoes. 3 The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure that Cargo Securing Manuals cover all relevant aspects of cargo stowage and securing and to provide a uniform approach to the preparation of Cargo Securing Manuals, their layout and content. Administrations may continue accepting Cargo Securing Manuals drafted in accordance with Containers and cargoes (BC) – Cargo Securing Manual (MSC/Circ.385) provided that they satisfy the requirements of these guidelines. 4 If necessary, those manuals should be revised explicitly when the ship is intended to carry containers in a standardized system. 5 It is important that securing devices meet acceptable functional and strength criteria applicable to the ship and its cargo. It is also important that the officers on board are aware of the magnitude and direction of the forces involved and the correct application and limitations of the cargo securing devices. The crew and other persons employed for the securing of cargoes should be instructed in the correct application and use of the cargo securing devices on board the ship. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 1.1 Definitions

汽车后桥总成设计解放轻卡

摘要按照车桥可否传递驱动力，汽车车桥分为驱动桥和从动桥。

驱动桥的结构型式按齐整体布置来讲共有三种，即普通的非断开式驱动桥，带有摆动半轴的非断开式驱动桥和断开式驱动桥。

本设计对象是轻型低速载货汽车的后驱动桥。

本设计完成了轻型低速载货汽车的后驱动桥中主减速器、差速器、减震器、钢板弹簧及桥壳等部件的设计。

按照轻型低速载货汽车的后驱动桥的要求，通过选型，肯定了主减速器传动副类型，差速器类型，驱动桥半轴支承类型减震器类型和钢板弹簧类型。

通过设计计算，肯定了主减速比，主、从动锥齿轮、差速器、半轴、减震器、钢板弹簧和桥壳的主要参数和结构尺寸。

利用Pro/E软件画出所有零部件的三维视图及装配图和总装配图然后生成工程图，通过主要零部件的校核计算和利用CAD对主要零部件就行二维画图，肯定所设计的能够知足设计要求。

关键词：汽车后桥；主减速器；差速器；减震器；钢板弹簧AbstractAccording to the axle can transfer the driving force, the car axle is divided into a drive axle and a driven axle. Drive bridge structure according to the general layout, with a total of three species, namely ordinary non-break drive bridge, a swing axle non-break drive axle and a broken axle. The object of this design is light-duty low-speed truck drive axle.Completion of the design of light truck speed rear driving axle main reducer, differential, shock absorber, a leaf spring and the axle housing and other components of the design. In this paper, according to the light of low-speed truck drive axle requirements, through the selection, determination of main reducer transmission pair type, differential type, drive axle bearing type shock absorber type and the leaf spring type. Through design calculation, determine the main reduction ratio, main, the driven bevel gear, differential gear, axle, shock absorber, steel plate spring and axle housing main parameters and dimensions.Using Pro/E software to draw all the parts of the three-dimensional- view and assembly drawings and assembly drawings and then generate engineer- ing drawing, the main components of the calculation and use of CAD on the key parts on the line drawing, determine the design can meet the design requirements.Key Words: automobile rear axle ;main reducer;differential device ;shockabsorber; plate spring目录摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)第1章绪论 (1)本课题的来源、大体前提条件和技术要求 (1)本课题要解决的主要问题和设计整体思路 (1)预期的功效 (2)国内外研究现状及发展趋势 (2)课题研究内容 (3)第2章汽车主参数的整体设计 (4)设计参数与设计目标 (4)汽车轴数及驱动形式的选择 (4)轴数 (4)驱动形式 (4)轻型载货汽车质量参数选择 (4)整车装备质量 (5)汽车的总质量 (5)汽车轴荷分派 (5)汽车轴距、后轮距及悬架长度设计 (6)轴距 (6)后轮距 (7)汽车后悬架长度 (8)第3章后桥主要零部件的设计计算 (9)悬架的的设计计算 (9)悬架的的结构形式分类 (9)悬架主要参数的肯定 (10)影响平顺性的参数 (10)影响操纵稳定性的参数 (11)钢板弹簧的设计计算 (11)钢板弹簧的布置方案 (11)钢板弹簧主要参数肯定 (11)减震器的设计计算 (19)减震器类型 (19)减震器的结构和工作原理 (19)减震器的结构设计及计算 (20)相对阻尼系数的肯定 (20)减振器阻尼系数的肯定 (21)最大卸荷力的肯定 (21)减振器工作缸直径的肯定 (22)工作缸壁厚的计算与校核 (23)活塞杆与活塞的设计 (24)活塞尺寸的计算 (24)底阀的设计 (25)减震器装配进程的三维视图 (27)差速器的设计计算 (30)差速器的结构形式的选择 (30)差速器齿轮的大体参数选择 (31)行星齿轮数量的选择 (31)行星齿轮球面半径的肯定 (31)行星齿轮和半轴齿轮齿数的计算 (31)行星齿轮和半轴齿轮的节锥角及模数的计算 (32)压力角的肯定 (32)行星齿轮轴直径及支承长度 (32)差速器直齿锥齿轮的强度校核 (35)主减速器的设计计算 (37)主减速比的肯定 (37)主减速齿轮计算载荷的计算 (38)主减速齿轮大体参数的选择 (39)第4章汽车后桥其它零部件的设计及后桥总装 (42)汽车驱动桥的设计 (42)汽车驱动桥盖的设计 (43)汽车差速器壳的设计 (44)汽车差速器轴承的选用 (44)汽车差速器轴承座的选型设计 (45)汽车半轴的选型设计 (45)U 型螺栓设计 (46)汽车后桥总装 (46)差速器与主减速器的装配 (46)后桥总装配 (48)后桥总装配剖视图 (51)结论 (52)致谢 (53)参考文献 (54)CONTENTSAbstract (Ⅰ)Contents (Ⅲ)Chapter1 Introduction (1)Topic source basic premise and technical requirement (1)This topic to solve the main problems of the design (1)The expected results (2)The domestic research situation and development trend (2)Subject research contents (3)Chapter 2 Car Lord of the overall design parameters (4)Design parameters and design targe (4)Car and driving shaft for the choice of the form (4)Shaft severa (4)Drive form (4)Light parts of autom obile quality parameter selection (4)Vehicle equipment quality (5)The total quality car (5)Car shaft charge distribution (5)Car wheelbase after the length design (6)Wheelbase (6)reartread (7)Automobile rear suspension length (8)Chapter 3 Major parts of the rear axle design calculation (9)Suspension design calculations (9)Suspension structure of the classification (9)Suspension of the main parameters of the set (10)Influence of the parameters of the smooth (10)Influences of the parameters of the steering stability (11)Leaf spring design calculations (11)Leaf spring arranging schemes (11)Steel spring main parameters (11)Shock absorber design calculation (19)Track of shock absorber type (19)Shock absorber structure and work principle (19)Shock absorber and structure design of calculation (20)Track to determine the relative damping coefficient (20)Shock absorber damping coefficient determinations (21)Biggest unloading the determination of force (21)Shock absorber work to determine the diameter (22)Work cylinder wall thickness calculation and checking (23)Piston rod and the piston design (24)Piston size calculation (24)Bottom valve of design (25)Shock absorber view of the assembly process (27)Differential design calculation (30)The choice of the form of the structure of the differentia (30)The differential gears basic parameter selection (31)Planetary gear number of the choice (31)Planetary gear sphere to determine the radius (31)Planetary gear and half shaft gear gear calculation (31)Planetary gear and half shaft section of gear (32)Pressure Angle sure (32)Planetary gear shaft diameter and length of supports (32)Spur bevel gear differential of intensity (35)The Lord the design of the speed reducer is calculated (37)The determination of the slowdown (37)Lord the reduction gear of the calculation (38)Lord the reduction gear basic parameters selection (39)Chapter 4 Cars driving axle other parts design (42)The design of the car drive axle (42)The design of the car drive axle of cover (43)The design of the car differential shells (44)The selection of car differential bearing (44)Car differential of the bearing type design (45)Car half shaft of the selection of the design (45)U bolt design (46)Car driving axle assembly (46)Differential and the assembly of the Lord reducer (46)Driving axle final assembly (48)Driving axle always assembly section (51)Conclusion (52)Thanks (53)References (54)第1章绪论本课题的来源、大体前提条件和技术要求a. 本课题的来源：轻型载货汽车在汽车生产中占有大的比重。

2022考研英语阅读德国汽车生产商

2022考研英语阅读德国汽车生产商German carmakers德国汽车生产商Stuck in third稳居第三Daimler is set to keep chugging down the Autobahnbehind BMW and Audi奔驰意欲一举赶超宝马奥迪AS A corporate motto, The best or nothing has a timeless quality.作为戴姆勒公司的座右铭，唯有最好彰显着一种永恒的品质。

Gottlieb Daimler pasted it on the wall as he went about inventing the modern car in the late19th century.十九世纪晚期，当戈特利布戴姆勒着手创造现代汽车的时候，他将这句话贴在墙上。

In 20xx the firm that bears his name adopted it as a slogan.20xx年，这个以其创始人名字命名的公司将这句话作为广告语。

It was as badly timed as a misfiringengine. Mercedes-Benz, Daimler s car division, already trailing BMW in terms of sales andprofitability, saw another Geman premium carmaker, Audi,also start to pull away in thesame year.作为一个正走下坡路的公司，这个口号来的有点晚。

在销量、盈利方面，戴姆勒旗下的奔驰都已双双落后宝马。

同期，德国另一高档汽车制造商奥迪也开头将奔驰甩在身后。

Yet this year Daimler s shares have surged by 40%, persuading optimists that the firm iscatching up.然而，今年戴姆勒公司的股价涨幅高达40%，乐观人士开头认为正确而不怀疑该公司正逐步赶上。

1969年DATSUN SPORTS Z S30商品说明书

JAPAN AUTOMOBILE FEDERATIONF E D E R A T I O NI N T E R N A T I O N A L EDEL’A U T O M O B I L EF. I. A. R eco g n itio n N o. G r o u p^F o r m o f r e c o g n i t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h A p p e n d i x J to t h e I n t e r n o t i o n o lS p o r t i n g C o d e.M a n u f a c t u r e r NISSAN M O T O R CO., LTD., ch a ssis S30-00001Serialote n g i n e L20-A2001 ,R ecognitio ti IS validfromThe m a n u f a c t u r i n g o f the mociei d e s c r ib e d m this r e c o g n itio n f o r m w a s started onO CT.1969 a n d the m inim umpro d u ctio n o f500id entical cars, in a c c o r d o n c e with the sp ec ifica tio n s o f this formw o s.r e o c h e d o n DEC. 1969C y l i n d e r -c o p o c i t y998 c m 3121.93-M o d e l D A T SU N SPO R TS Z S30M a n u f a c t u r e r NISSAN M a n u f a c t u r e r NISSANListP h o to g r a p h A 3/4 vie w o f c a r from frontThe v e h ic le d e s c r ib e d in this form h as b e e n s u b iec t to the f o llow ing a m e n d m e n ts V arian ts N o rm a l ev o lu tio n o f the ty p e on 19re c. No.List on 19r e c. No.list on 19rec. No.b St on 19r e c. No.List on 19rec. N o.list on19re c. N o.Liston19le c. Noliston 19•■ec- N o List on 19rec. No.Liston19'e c.N o.ListStomp an d signature of theStomp a n d signature of the F.1. A.N o t i o n a l S p o r tin g A uthority%M ake NISSAN M o d e l.S30l>o2.Z F. I. A. Rec. N o.IM PO R TA N T - the u n d e rlin e d item s must b e s ta t e d m tw o m e a s u r i n g systems, o n e o f w fiich must b e the m etric system. S ee c o version ta b le h e r e a f t e r.CAPACITIES A N D D IM E N S IO N St.\2h e e l b o s e2^305mm90.74i n c h e s2.Front' track 1,355mm53.35i n c h e s♦3.R ear tra c k1mm52.95in c h e s♦4.O v e r a l l le n g th o f the c o r411.5cm inches5.O v e r a l l w idth o f the c o r163.0cm inches6.O v e r a l l h e ig h t o f the c o r128.5cm inches-7.C a p a c i t y o f fuel ta nk (r es e rv e in c lu d e d)60' 1rs15.85G a llo n US G a llo n Imp.8.S e a tin g c a p a c i t y29.W e i g h t,total w e i g h t o f the c o r w ith n o r m a l e q u i p m e n t,w a t e r,oil a n d spore w h e e l buf w ith o u t fuel nor repair915kg2,017lbs cw t*D i f f e r e n c e s in tra c k c a u s e d by the use o f o t h e r w h e e l s w ith d iffe r e n t rim widths must b e stated w h e n reco g n itio n is r e q u e ste d for the w h e e l s c o n c e r n e d.S p e c if y g r o u n d c l e a r a n c e in r e la tio n to the tr a c k a n d g iv e d r a w i n g o f tw o f i x e d po in ts of th e v e h i c l e s s t r u c tu r e a t w h ic hm e a s u r e m e n t s a r e ta ken.Th ese g ro u n d c l e a r a n c e d im e n sio n s a r e o n ly for in fo rm atio n w h e n c h ec k in g the t r a c k a n d c a n in n o w a y a f f e c t th e eligibility o fthe c a r._160r a m L i60m mC O N V E R S IO N TABLEinch /p ouce 2.54 Cm1quart USfool /pied30.4794 cm1pint (pt) square i n c h/p o u c e carre 6.452 c m’1gallon Imp. cubic i n c h/pouce cube16.387 cm’1gallon US pound /livre ( 1 b)453.593 gr.1hundred weight0.9464 1 trs0.568 Itrs4.546 ItrsItrs3.785î./i fEûi O V n i M'.i t S tüt eM o k e NISSANC H A S S IS A ND C O A C H W O R K(P h o to g ra p h s A, B a n d C)20, C h a s s i s/b o d y co n stru ctio n:XSIPOOBC /u n ita ry c o n str u ctian21,U n itary c o n stru ctio n, m aterial (s) St>6©l S e p o r o te construction22, S e p a r a t e C o n s t r u c t i o n s:M a t e r i a l (s) o f c h a s s i sS3023, M o t e n a l(s) o f c o o c h w o r k24, N u m b e r o f d o o r s2M a te r i a l (s) 25, M a te r i a l (s) o f b o n n e t26, M a t e r i a l (s) o f boot lid27, M a t e r i a l (s) o f r e o r-w i n d o w28, M a te r i a l (s) o f w i n d s c r e e n29, M a te r i a l (s) o f front^door w in d o w s 30, M a t e r i a l(s) o f r e o r.d o o r w in d o w s 31, Sli din g system o f d o o r w in d o w s 32, M a t e r i a l(s) o f re o r-q u o r te r light S te e lS te e lS te e lS te e lG lassGlassGlassGlassV e rtica l ManualGlassF, I. A. Rec, N o,ACCESSORIES A N D UPH OLSTERY38, Interior h e a t i n g- HO40, V entilatio n y e s- JQC41. Front seats, type o f s e a t s a n d upholstery39. A ir-co n d itio n in g Separate, VinylX I B t-42. W e i g h t o f front seat (s), c o m p l e t e w ith su p p o rts a n d roils, ou t o f the c o r7x2k g lbs 43. R ea r seats, ty p e o f s e a t s a n d upholstery44, F ront b u m p e r,m ate ria l (s) S te e l W e i g h t 45, R e a r b u m p e r,m ate ria l (s) S te e l W e i g h t 3.05.0kgkglbslbsWHEELS50. T y p e Pressed s t e e l51. W e i g h t(p e r w h e e l,w ithout t y r e)7.552. M e th o d o f a t t a c h m e n t Wheel nuts (/*. nu ts)53. Rim d i a m e t e r355 lA- in ch es54. Rim w idth 114 m m 4.5 in ch es140 n n n 5.5 inchesSTEERINGlbs60. Type Rack and Pinion61. S e rv o-a s si sta n c e:X e X- NO62, N u m b e r o f tu rns o f steering w h e e l from lock to lock 63, In c o s e o f s erv o-assistan ceA'O k(îitOi <s»'°k e NISSANS U S P E N S IO N70. F ront suspension (p hoto gr. D),type71. T y p e o f spring72. S tabiliser (if fitted)73. N u m b e r o f sh o ck o b s o rb e rsÎ278. R e a r suspension (ptioto gr. E ),type79. T y p e o f spring80. S tabiliser (if f i t t e d)81. N u m b e r o f sh o c k o b s o rb e rs2BRAKES (p h o to g r ap h s F a n d G)90. System91. S e rv o-assista n c e(if fitted), t ype92. N u m b e r o f h y d ra u lic m a s t e r c y lin d e rs93. N u m b e r o f c y lin d e rs p e r w h e e l94. Bore o f w h e e l c y l i n d e r(s)Drum b r a k u i95. Inside d i a m e t e r96. Length o f b r o k e linings97. W id th o f b ro k e linings98. N u m b e r o f sh o es p e r b ro k e99. Total a r e a p e r b ro k eDisc b r a k a s100. O u ts id e d i a m e t e r101. T h ick n ess o f disc102. Length o f b r o k e linings103. W i d t h o f b r o k e linings104. N u m b e r o f p o d s|3er broke.105. Total a r e a p e r b ro k eM o del S303oZX,F. I. A. Rec. N o.Independent (McPherson)C oilTorsion bar74. T y p e Hydraulic te le sc o p icIndependent (McPherson)C oilTorsion bar82. T y p e Hydraulic te le s c o p icHydraulic2FRONT254.00 I""!27112.5 m m78.441.6m m26,522. 88m m’REAR1in. 22,23"im228,6in. 219.5nimin. mmsq- in. 17,560n>m’sq. in.sq. in.sq. in.M a k e NISSANENGINE (p h o to g r o p h s J e n d K)130. C y c l e^132. C y l i n d e r o r r a n g e m e n i I n I x n6133. Bore y g m m135. C o p o c i t y p e r c y lin d e r136. Total, c y lin d e r-c o p o c ity137. M o ter io l (s) o f c y lin d e r b lo c k138. M o ter io l ($) o f s lee v e s'(if fitted ) 139. C y l i n d e r-h e o d,m o te rio l (s)140. N u m b e r o f inlet ports 6 142. C o m p re ss io n rotio 9.5 143. V o l u m e o f o n e co m b u stio n c h o m b e r 144. Piston, m oteriol A l—C a S't 3.07‘'’■3331,998C ast-IronA l-C astM o del S30131. N u m b e r o f c y lin d e rs134. S tr o k e69«73o22_F. I. A. Rec. N o.2.74141. N u m b e r o f e x n o u s t ports39.120.32121.93N u m b e r fitted6145. N u m b e r o f rings146. D is to n c e from g u d g e o n pin c e n t r e line to h i g h e s t p o in t o f piston c r o w n40147. C m n k s h o f t: X B o d d w t/sto m p e d149. N u m b e r o f c r o n k s h o ft m oin b e o rin g s7150. M o te r io l o f b e o r i n g c o p Cast—I r O H151. System o f lubricotion : ^dXSKXSap /oil in su m p152. C o p o c i t y,lu b rico n t 4.1153. O il c o o l e r: X j a c/n o155. C o p o c i t y o f c o o lin g system S I*''*156. C o o l i n g f a n(if f itted), dio. 35c m157. N u m b e r o f b lo d e s o f c o o lin g fa n4i n c h e s148. T y p e o f c r o n k s h o f t in te g ra l /X X X X Xcu. in.cu. in.pts154. M e th o d o f e n g i n e c o o lin gpintsin c h e sWaterq u orts USq u a r ts USBearing*158. C r a n k s h a f t m oin, type P lain 159. C o n n e c t i n g ro d big e n d. P lain Dio.Dio.55.050.0W a i g h t i160. F ly w h e e l (c le a n) 96161. F l y w h e e l with c lu tc h(oil turn in g ports)162. C ro n k s h o f t 19» 3164. Piston w ith rings or>d pinlbs17.2lbs 163. C o n n e c t i n g rod0.49k g lbsk g0,66k glbslbs■A v%M a ke NISSANFOUR STROKE EN G IN E S170. N u m b e r o f c a m sh a fts1171. l a c a l i a n 172. T y p e o f c a m s h a f t d riv e C h a i n173. T y p e o f v a lv e o p e ra tio n R o c k e r a m iM odel S30C ylinder headF. I. A. Rec. No.380.41INLET (s e e p a g e8 1★180. M ate rial(s) o f inlet m a n i f o l d Al-Cast181. D i a m e t e r o f v o lv e s182. M a x.v o lv e lift 10.5mm184, T y p e o f spring C oil186. T a p p e t c l e a r a n c e fo r c h e c k i n g tim ing (cold)187. V a l v e s o p e n a t (vvith t o l e r a n c e fo r ta p p e t c l e a r a n c e in d ic a ted) 188. V a l v e s clo se a t (with t o l e r n c e for l a p p e t c l e a r a n c e indicated) 189. A i r filter, ty p e D r yEXHAUST I s e e p a g e81C ast-Ironmm0.411.50183. N u m b e r o f v o l v e springs 2185. N u m b d r o f v a l v e s p e r c y lin d e r^0,25rnmB.T.D.C. 21° ± 7°A.B.D.C 47° ± 7°in chesin ches195. M a te r i a l (s) o f e x h a u s t m an ifo ld196. D i a m e t e r o f v a lv e s197. M a x.v a lv e lift 10.5mm199. T y p e o f spring C oil201. T a p p e t c l e a r a n c e fo r c h e c k i n g tim ing (cold)202. V a l v e s o p e n a t (with to l e r a n c e fo r ta p p e t c l e a r a n c e in d icated) 203. V a l v e s c lo se a t (with t o l e r a n c e for t a p p e r c l e a r a n c e indicated)IC A R B U R E T IO N(p h o to g r a p h N)210. N u m b e r o f c a r b u re tto rs fitted 2212. M a k e HITACHI214. N u m b e r o f m ixture p a ss a g e s p e r c a b u r e t t o r1215. F l a n g e hold d i a m e t e r o f exit port(s) o f c o r b u r e t t e o r216. M in im u m d i m e n s i o n s of m ix tu r e p o s o g e(s)w ith p is to n a t m a x.29IN JEC T IO N(if fitted)220. M a k e o f p u m p222. M a d e l o r ty p e o f p u m p224. i a c a f i o n a f in jectors225. M in im u m d i a m e t e r o f inlet p ipe1.30in c h e s198. N u m b e r o f v a l v e springs 2200. N u m b e r o f v a l v e s p e r c y lin d e r0.30mmB.B.D.C 60° ± 7°A.T.D.C 9° ± 7°211. Type Side-D raft213. Wtodel H JG38Win ch es38height (example: SU Iinches221. N u m b e r o f p lu n g e rs223. Totol n u m b e r o f in jectorsin ch es*)f o r a d d itio n a l in form ation c o n c e r n i n g tw o-s tr o k e e n g i n e s a n d s u p e r-c h a r g e d e n g in e s s e e p a g e 13.M o del S30 M a k e N I S S A NENG INE ACCESSORIES230. Fuel p u m p:m e c h a n i c a l M j d O c i Q a Q B b d O O C232. Type o f igniiian system Make a j i d b r e a k234. N o. o f Ignition coils236. G e n e r a t o r,t y p e:3t j>f iig Q(/a lte r n a to r-n u m b e r f it te d238. V o lto g e o f g e n e r a t o r]_2volts240. Location Engine room24).V o lta g e o f battery ]_2voltsEN G IN E A N D CAR PERFORM ANCES (os d e c l a r e d b y m a n u f a c t u r e r in c a t a l o g u e) 250. M ax. e n g i n e outp u t 130(ly p o o f h o r s e p o w e r;J I S) ot ‘251. M a x i m u m rpm 6,500o u tp u t a t that figure 123252. M o x i m u m to rq u e17«5400185F. I. A. Rec. N o.231. N o. fitted 1233. N o. o f distributors 1235. N o. o f spark p lu g s p e r c y lin d e r237. M e t h o d o f d r i v e V—B e l t239. Battery, n u m b e r253. M a x im u m s p e e d o f t h e c o r km / h o u r255.R=c e n t r e o fc a m s h a f t.Inlet c o m6,000rpmm iles /h o u rs =23.5mm0.93in c h e s I=16.5mm0.65in c h e s u=33.0mm 1.30in c h e s E x h a u s t c o mS =23.5m m0.93in c h e s I=16.5mm0.65in c h e s u =33.0m m 1.30in c h e sP o^ç 7S30 F. 1. A. Roc. N o. M ake NISSAN M odeUnit m mD r a w in g inletm an ifo ld ports,side o f cy lin d e r-h e a d.Indicatesca le o r d im e n s io n sa n d m a n u f o c t u n n gx>*to le r a n c e.D r a w in g o f e n tra n c e to inletport o f c y lin d e r-h eod. Indicatesca le o r d i m e nsions a n d m a n u f a cturing t o l e r a n c e.rD r a w i n g e x h a u s tm anifold ports,side o f c y lin d e r-h e a d. Indicatesca le o r d i m e nsions a n d m a n u f a cturing t o le r a n c e.D r a w i n g o f exito e x h o u st porto f c y lin d e r h e o d.tn d ico te sc a le o rd ime n s io n s ondm o n u f o c tu r in gto le ro n c e.•* M o ke NISSAN M o del S303o2-'2_-^ F. I. A. Rec. N o.DRIVE T R A INCLUTCH260. Type o f clutch Diy s in g le p la te262. Dio. o f clutch plates263. D io.o f linings, inside264. M e th o d o f o p e r a tin g clutch GEAR B O X ph o to g ro p h H) 270. M a n u a l ty p e, m a k e271. N o. o f g e o r-b o x ratios forw ord 273. Location o f gear-shift274. A u to m a tic, m o k e275. N o. o f fo rw o rd ratios 22.715.0Hydraulicc h e soutsid e261. N o. o f plates22.5 -NISSAN4 or 5F loorM e t h o d of o p eratio n Mechanical272. S y n c h r o n i z e d f o r w a r d ratios 1234O rty pe276. Location o f g e ar-sh iftM a n u a l A ltern a tiv e manual A l t e r n a t i v e m a n u a l (SfflfSQQCRatio N o.teeth Ratio N o.te e t h Ratio N o. teeth Ratio N o. teeth1 3.5492922 ^35132.67828 X 3323 15 2.95723 ^ 14 1.85828 .29«192 2.19722 ^30IS 1.70428 (28)23 20 1.85828 2923 ^ 19 1.38328 X^23 223 1.42022 ^2826 1.26228 2823 27 1.31128 2823 ^2^ 1.21728 X ^23 274 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.00050.85228 ^ 2123 300.85228 2123 ^ 300.85228 2123 30re v e rse 3.164^15^17 2.92228173623^'l5^72.92228 17 3623^15^17 2.92228 17x3623^5“278. O v e r d r i v e, ty pe279. F o r w a r d g e a r s o n w h ic h o v e r d r i v e c a n b e s e le c te d 280. O v e r d r i v e ratioFIN AL DRIVE290. Type o f final d riv e H y p o i d g e a r291. Type o f d ifferen tial B O V e l g e a r292. Type o f limited slip differentiol (if fitted)293. Final d riv e ratio 3.364 3.545 N u m b e r o f teeth 37/11 39/H 3.70037/113.90039/10t l u s%' Poge 9M a ke NISSAN M odel S30 F. I. A. Rec. N o.I M P O R T A N T- The conform ity o f the c o r with the f o llo w in g items o f the p resen t reco g n itio n fo rm is to b e d is re g a r d e d d u rin g the scruti-n e e r in g, w h e n the v e h ic le h a s b e e n e n t e r e d in g r o u p 2 (Tourin g c a r s)o r 3 (G ra n d T ouring c a r s):41, 72, 80, 91, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 182,, 184. 186, 187, 188, 189. 199 . 201, 202 , 203, 212, 213, 215 , 216, 222, 225. 230. 250, 251, 252, 253, a n d p h o t o g r a p h s I. M. N. a n d p a g e8D u rin g the s c r u tin e e r in g a f c a r s e n t e r e d in g r o u p 4 (S p o rtsco rs) only the fo llo w in g ite m s o f the p re sen t re c ognition fo rm o r e to be t o k e n into c o n sid e ra tio n:1, 2, 3, 9. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 7(3; 71, 78, 79, 90, 130, 131,’ 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 158, 159, 170, 171, 172, 173, 185, 200, 270, 271, 274, 275, 290, 291, 292 a n d photo, g r a p h s A, B, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, a n d O.O p t i o n a léq u i p e m e n t a f f e c t i n g p r o c e e d i n g in fo rm a tio n. This to b e stated to g e th e r w ith r e f e r e n c e n u m b e r.The fo llo w in g item s have been added. '^r7) Capacity o f fu e l tank 100 I t r s26.42 g a llo n U S50) Tÿpe MagnesiumWeight &Rim width54; 7.0inches178 m m 5.5 kg8.0in ch es203 m m6.0kg10.0inches254 m mFront I7?0Rear1730Page 10■>Make NISSAN Model S303>o5J2^F.I.A. Rec. No,292) Type o f lim ite d s lip d if f e r e n t ia l 293) F inal d rive r a tio 4.111 Niimber o f te e th37/9F r ictio n4.375 4.62535/837/84.8755.12539/841/8O ptional)Over FenderFront RearAir S p oilerN i T/•/(,O EO4,;tL\\-' i/i G S M E>s y/NM a keNISSAN M o del S30B, 3/4v ie w o f c o r from re a r P h o t o g r a p hC,F. I. A.Rec. N o.D,front a x l e c o m p le te, re m o v e d from c a r. W i t h o u t w h e els.rF front b ro k e, drum r e m o v e d o r d i s c w ith c a l i p e r l s lH, g e a r-b o x,v ie w from sideinterior view of c o r th ro u g h d r iv e r's d o o r{o p e n o r r e m o v e d) w ith d a s h b o a r d%C, R ear a x l e c o m p l e t e w ithout w h e els, re m o v e d from car.G, r e a r b r a k e, drum re m o v e d o r d i s c w ith c a l i p e r l s)It s ile n c e r 4 e x h a u s t p ip e s a f t e r e x h au st m anifold.w^.P o g f t.l lM a ke NISSANe n g i n e unit ou t of c o r, from right. W i t h c lu tc h e n do c c e s s o r ie s but w ithout a i r filter n o r g e a r-b o x.L, c o m b u stio n c h a m b e rN, C a r b u r e t t o r(v ie w from side o f m an ifo ld)P,inlet m an ifo ldsB g;M o d e l S30F. I. A. Rec. N oEng in e unit o u t o f c o r, from left. W ith c lu tc h a n d a c-K, c esso rie s but w ith o u t g e a r-b o x n o r a i r filter.M,piston c r o w nm0|e n g i n e in c a r w ith all a c c e s s o r i e s,b o n n e t o p e n o r renx>veci.mI Q, e x h a u s t m a n ifo ldPage 12M ake NISSAN M o d e l S303o2i, F. I.A. Rec. No.For t w o s e o te r sD IME N S IO N S OF INTERIOR(C o n f o r m to Art. 253 b o f A p p e n d i x J)Mi ni mum D ime nsi on sB c96cm135cm' 'S-ÆT.t y,.'2^ page 13M a ke NISSAN M odel T W O STROKE ENGIN ES300. System o f c y lin d e r s c a v e n g in g301. T y p e o f lubrication302. Inlet ports, length m e a s u r e d a r a u n d c y l i n d e r w all303. H e ig h t inlet port mm305. E x haust ports, length m e a s u r e d a r o u n d c y l i n d e r w a ll306. H e ig h t e x h a u s t port m m308. T r an s fe r port, length m e a su r e d a r o u n d c y l i n d e r w all309. H e ig h t tra n sfe r port mm311. Piston ports, length m e a s u re d a r o u n d piston312. H eig h t piston port m m314. M e th o d o f p re c o m p re ssio n316. Bore mm in c h e s318. D istan ce f rom top o f cyl. blo ck to h ig h e st p o int o f e x h a u s t port 319. D istan ce f rom top o f cyl. blo ck to lo w e st p o in t o f inlet port : 320. D istan ce f ram top o f cyl. b lo c k to h ig h e st p o in t o f tra n s fe r port 321. D r a w in g o f c y lin d e r ports.S30"3>0F. I. A. Rec. N o.in. 304. A r e a n. 307. A r e a in. 310. A r e a.I.313. A r e a mm mm^ mm mm^ mm mm^ mm mm^315. P r e c o m p r e s s i o n cyl. : y e s ^o 317. Stroke rnmmmmm sq. in. in c h e s sq. in. in c h e s sq. in. in c h e s sq. in.in c h e s in c h e s in c h e s in c h e s330. S u p e r c h a r g i n g—state full details h e r e a f t e rJA PA N A U T O M O B IL E FEDERATIONK a z i m a r i K o m o t o r i, - jT p o g e 14。

The Design Document Design phase deliveries

The Design DocumentDesign phase: deliveries•Main delivery: design documentDesign = an activity that gives structure to the solution to a given problem •the design phase starts with the requirements document and maps the requirements into architecture•the architecture defines the components, their interfaces and behaviors•the design document describes a plan to implement the requirements•details on computer programming languages and environments, machines, packages, application architecture, distributedarchitecture layering, memory size, platform, algorithms, datastructures, global type definitions, interfaces, and many otherengineering details are established•may include the usage of existing componentsDesign document template (1)•Introduction•System Overview •Design Considerations–Assumptions andDependencies–General Constraints–Goals and Guidelines–Development Methods •Architectural Strategies–strategy-1 name ordescription–strategy-2 name ordescription–...•System Architecture–component-1 name ordescription–component-2 name ordescription–... •Policies and Tactics–policy/tactic-1 name ordescription–policy/tactic-2 name ordescription–...•Detailed System Design–module-1 name ordescription–module-2 name ordescription–...•Glossary•Bibliography(Software projects survival guide)Design document template (2)•Introduction–Describe the purpose, scope and intended audience–Identify the system/product using any applicable names and/or version numbers.–Provide references for any other pertinent documents such as: •Related and/or companion documents•Prerequisite documents•Documents which provide background and/or context for thisdocument•Documents that result from this document (e.g. a test plan or adevelopment plan)–Define any important terms, acronyms, or abbreviations–Summarize (or give an abstract for) the contents of this document.Design document template (3)•System Overview–Provide a general description of the software system:•functionality and•matters related to the overall system and its design•[discussion of the basic design approach or organization] •Design Considerations–describes many of the issues which need to be addressed or resolved before attempting to devise a complete design solution •Assumptions and Dependencies–Describe any assumptions or dependencies regarding the software and its use:•Related software or hardware•Operating systems•End-user characteristics•Possible and/or probable changes in functionalityDesign document template (4)•General Constraints–global limitations or constraints that have a significant impact on the design:•Hardware or software environment•End-user environment•Availability or volatility of resources•Standards compliance•Interoperability requirements•Interface/protocol requirements•Data repository and distribution requirements•Security requirements (or other such regulations)•Memory and other capacity limitations•Performance requirements•Network communications•Verification and validation requirements (testing)•Other means of addressing quality goals•Other requirements described in the requirements specificationDesign document template (5)•Goals and Guidelines–goals, guidelines, principles, or priorities which dominate or embody the design of the system's software:•The KISS principle ("Keep it simple stupid!")•Emphasis on speed versus memory use•working, looking, or "feeling" like an existing product –for each such goal or guideline, unless it is implicitly obvious, describe the reason for its desirability•Development Methods–describe the method or approach used for this software design –include a reference to a more detailed description of formal or published methodsDesign document template (6)•Architectural Strategies–decisions and/or strategies that affect the overall organization of the system and its higher-level structures–should provide insight into the key abstractions and mechanisms used in the system architecture–the reasoning employed for each decision and/or strategy and how any design goals or priorities were balanced or traded-off•Use of a particular type of product (programming language, database, library, etc. ...)•Reuse of existing software components to implement various parts/features of the system•Future plans for extending or enhancing the software•User interface paradigms (or system input and output models)•Hardware and/or software interface paradigms•Error detection and recovery•Memory management policies•External databases and/or data storage management and persistence•Distributed data or control over a network•Generalized approaches to control•Concurrency and synchronization•Communication mechanisms•Management of other resourcesDesign document template (7)•System Architecture–high-level overview of how the functionality and responsibilities of the system were partitioned and then assigned to subsystems or components –not too much detail about the individual components themselves–main purpose: to gain a general understanding of how and why the system was decomposed, and how the individual parts work together to provide the desiredfunctionality–major responsibilities that the software must undertake and the various roles that the system (or portions of the system) must play–how the system was broken down into its components/subsystems–how the higher-level components collaborate with each other–provide some sort of rationale for choosing this particular decomposition–make use of design patterns–include any diagrams, models, flowcharts, documented scenarios or use-cases of the system behavior and/or structure•Subsystem Architecture–more detailed discussion of particular components–how the component was further divided into subcomponents, and the relationships and interactions between the subcomponents–recurse if necessary, but leave the details for the Detailed System Design sectionDesign document template (8)•Policies and Tactics–Choice of which specific product to use (compiler, interpreter, database, library, etc. ...)–Engineering trade-offs–Coding guidelines and conventions–The protocol of one or more subsystems, modules, or subroutines–The choice of a particular algorithm or programming idiom (design pattern) to implement portions of the system's functionality –Plans for ensuring requirements traceability–Plans for testing the software–Plans for maintaining the software–Interfaces for end-users, software, hardware, and communications–Hierarchical organization of the source code into its physical components (files and directories).–How to build and/or generate the system's deliverables (how to compile, link, load, etc. ...)Design document template (9)•Detailed System Design–detailed description of the components introduced in “System Architecture”chapter–Classification•kind of component, such as a subsystem, module, class, package, function, file, etc. ....–Definition•specific purpose and semantic meaning of the component.–Responsibilities•primary responsibilities and/or behavior of this component:–What does this component accomplish? What roles does it play?–What kinds of services does it provide to its clients?–Constraints•relevant assumptions, limitations, or constraints for this component: on timing, storage, or state•might include rules for interacting with this component (preconditions, postconditions, invariants, data formats and data access, synchronization, exceptions, etc.) –Composition•description of the use and meaning of the subcomponents that are a part of this component.Design document template (10)•Detailed System Design(continuation)–Uses/Interactions•collaborations with other components:–What other components is this entity used by?–What other components does this entity use?•known or anticipated subclasses, superclasses, and metaclasses.–Resources•resources that are managed, affected, or needed by this entity: memory, processors, printers, databases, or a software library•discussion of any possible race conditions and/or deadlock situations, and how they might be resolved.–Processing•how this components goes about performing the duties necessary to fulfill its responsibilities•encompass a description of any algorithms used; changes of state; relevant time or space complexity; concurrency; methods of creation, initialization, and cleanup; andhandling of exceptional conditions.–Interface/Exports•services (resources, data, types, constants, subroutines, and exceptions) provided by this componentDesign document template (11)•Detailed Subsystem Design–detailed description of this software component (or a reference to sucha description)–include diagrams showing the details of component structure, behavior, or information/control flow•Glossary–ordered list of defined terms and concepts used throughout the document.•Bibliography–list of referenced and/or related publications.DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopment = writing a program based on a designspecification•Types of development–Traditional–waterfall model -coding starts after the system is fully specified and models have beendesigned–Incremental–produce & deliver software inincrementsTraditional developmentIncremental developmentNeed for speed…•rapidly changing business environments lead to challenges for businesses:–they have to respond to new opportunities andcompetition–getting to a stable, consistent set of requirements isoften impossible•businesses require software, hence rapid development and delivery is becoming critical •businesses may be willing to accept lower quality software if rapid delivery of essential functionality is possibleSolution: rapid app development •Principles:–specification, design and implementation areconcurrent–no detailed specification–design documentation is minimized–the system is developed in a series of increments–end users•evaluate each increment•make proposals for later increments–system user interfaces are usually developed usingan interactive development systemRAD advantages•accelerated delivery of customer services –each increment delivers the highest priorityfunctionality to the customer•user engagement with the system –users have to be involved in the development1the system is more likely to meet theirrequirements1the users are more committed to the system.RAD disadvantages•Management problems–progress can be hard to judge–issues can be hard to find…because there is no documentation to demonstrate what has beendone•Contractual problems–the normal contract may include a specification…without a specification, different forms of contract have to be used •Validation problems…without a specification, what is the system being tested against?•Maintenance problems–continual change tends to corrupt software structure•it gets more expensive to change and evolve to meet newrequirementsRAD: How?...•Agile methods–focus on the code rather than the design–based on an iterative approach to software development–intended to deliver working software quickly and evolve this quickly to meet changing requirements.–probably best suited to small/medium-sized business systems or PC products2Extreme programming2Feature-driven developmentPrinciples of agile methods(Sommerville)Extreme programmingExtreme programming (XP)•‘extreme’approach to iterative development –requirements –expressed as scenarios (user stories)–programmers work in pairs–new versions may be built several times per day–increments –delivered to customers every 2 weeks –tests are developed before writing the code–all tests must be run for every build–the build is only accepted if tests run successfullyExtreme programming release cycleExtreme programming practices •Incremental planning–requirements stored on Story Cards–stories are broken into tasks•Small releases–first developed –essential functionality–releases are frequent; they add functionality incrementally•Simple design–restrict to what is neededExtreme programming practices•Test-first development–write tests for a new piece of functionality before implementing it•Refactoring–cleaning up the code–keeping it simple, maintainable•Pair programming–developers check each other’s jobExtreme programming practices•Collective ownership–developers own all code–developers work on all areas–anyone can change anything •Continuous integration– a finished task is integrated in the system–after the integration, all unit tests must passExtreme programming practices•Sustainable pace–Overtime not acceptable•On-site customer– a representative of the customer should be available full-time to the developers team –the customer is member of the teamTesting in XP•writing tests before code clarifies the requirements to be implemented.•tests are written as programs rather than data so that they can be executed automatically.•the test includes a check that it has to be executed correctly.•all previous and new tests are automatically run when new functionality is added, checking that the newfunctionality has not introduced errors.Pair programming in XP •programmers work in pairs, sitting together to develop code•this helps to develop common ownership of code and spreads knowledge across the team•it serves as an informal review process: each line of code is looked at by more than one person•it encourages refactoring as the whole team can benefit from this•development productivity with pair programming is similar to that of two people working independently.Feature-driven developmentFeature-driven development (FDD)•model-driven short-iteration process thatconsists of five basic activities •milestones defined–for accurate state reporting–for keeping track of the softwaredevelopment project–mark the progress made on each feature are definedFDD activitiesFDD activities•Develop overall model–start with a high-level walkthrough of the scope of the system–detailed domain walkthroughs are held for each modeling area–walkthrough models are composed by small groups and presented for peer review and discussion–one of the proposed models or a merge of them is selected –it becomes the model for that particular domain area–domain area models are merged into an overall model–the overall model shape is adjusted along the way.FDD activities•Build Feature List–use the knowledge gathered during the initial modeling to identify a list of features–functionally decompose the domain into subject areas–subject areas contain business activities–the steps within each business activity form the categorized feature list–features are small pieces of client-valued functionsexpressed in the form <action> <result> <object>,´Calculate the total of a sale´´Validate the password of a user´.–features should not take more than two weeks to complete, else they should be broken down into smaller pieces.FDD activities•Plan By Feature–produce the development plan–class ownership is done by ordering and assigning features (or feature sets) as classes to programmers•Design By Feature– a design package is produced for each feature– a chief programmer selects a small group of features that are to be developed within two weeks–together with the corresponding class owners, theprogrammer•works out detailed sequence diagrams for each feature•refines the overall model–the class and method prologues are written–at the end, a design inspection is held.FDD activities•Build By Feature–produce a completed client-valued function (feature)–class owners develop the actual code for their classes–after a unit test and a successful code inspection, the completed feature is promoted to the main buildFDD: Milestones•milestones mark the progress –important for accurate state reporting and keeping track of the development •FDD defines six milestones per feature that are to be completed sequentially–the first three are completed during the Design By Feature activity–the last three are completed during the Build By Feature activity•a percentage complete is assigned to each milestone。

The Best Cars for a Luxurious and Opulent Interior

The Best Cars for a Luxurious andOpulent InteriorWhen it comes to luxury cars, the interior is often a key factor that sets them apart from more mainstream vehicles. A luxurious and opulent interior can make the driving experience truly special, providing comfort, style, and cutting-edge technology. In this article, we will explore some of the best cars on the market known for their exquisite interiors. One of the top contenders in the luxury car segment is the Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Known for its impeccable craftsmanship and attention to detail, the S-Class offers a truly luxurious interior that is second to none. From premium leather upholstery to high-end materials like wood and metal accents, every inch of the S-Class's cabin exudes sophistication. The seats are not only comfortable but also offer a variety of massage and heating/cooling functions to ensure a truly relaxing ride. The latest technology features, such as the MBUX infotainment system and advanced driver assistance systems, further enhance the overall driving experience. Another standout in the luxury car market is the Bentley Continental GT. This grand tourer is renowned for its opulent interior, featuring handcrafted leather seats, exquisite wood veneers, and metal trim pieces that are a testament to Bentley's commitment to luxury. The attention to detail is evident in every aspect of the cabin, from the precision stitching on the seats to the intricate design of the dashboard. The Continental GT also offers a wealth of customization options, allowing buyers to tailor the interior to their exact specifications. With a powerful engine under the hood and a sumptuous interior, the Bentley Continental GT is the epitome of luxury on wheels. For those looking for a more eco-friendly option, the Tesla Model S is a top choice in the luxury electric car segment. While Tesla may be known for its cutting-edge technology and impressive performance, the Model S also offers a luxurious interior that rivals traditional luxury car brands. The minimalist design of the cabin is complemented by premium materials like vegan leather and sustainable wood trim, creating a modern and upscale feel. The large touchscreen display in the center console serves as the focal point of the interior, providing access to all of the car's features with atouch of a finger. With its smooth ride and whisper-quiet electric powertrain, the Tesla Model S offers a luxurious driving experience that is also environmentally conscious. Moving on to the SUV segment, the Range Rover Velar stands out as a top choice for those seeking a luxurious and opulent interior in a larger vehicle. The Velar's cabin is a masterclass in design, featuring high-quality materialslike premium leather, aluminum, and wood trim that exude elegance. The seats are not only comfortable but also offer a range of adjustment options to ensure a perfect fit for every passenger. The dual touchscreen infotainment system adds a high-tech touch to the interior, allowing for easy access to navigation, entertainment, and climate control functions. With its smooth ride and off-road capabilities, the Range Rover Velar offers a luxurious driving experience both on and off the beaten path. In the sports car segment, the Porsche 911 stands out as a top choice for those looking for a luxurious interior in a performance-oriented vehicle. The 911's cabin is a blend of sportiness and luxury, featuring premium materials like leather and carbon fiber accents that create a high-end feel. The seats are not only supportive but also offer a range of adjustment options to ensure a comfortable ride, even during spirited driving. The latest technology features, such as the Porsche Communication Management system and advanced driver assistance systems, further enhance the overall driving experience. With its powerful engine and agile handling, the Porsche 911 offers a luxurious driving experience that is also thrilling and exhilarating. In conclusion, there are several top contenders in the luxury car market known for their luxurious and opulent interiors. From the Mercedes-Benz S-Class to the Bentley Continental GT, these vehicles offer a level of comfort, style, and technology that is unmatched in the automotive world. Whether you prefer a large sedan, a sleek sports car, or a versatile SUV, there is a luxury car out there that will cater to your every need. So if you are in the market for a vehicle that offers the ultimate in luxury and opulence, look no further than these top contenders in the luxury car segment.。

奇思妙想折叠汽车作文

奇思妙想折叠汽车作文英文回答：Folding cars? That sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie! But hey, I'm all for innovation and thinking outside the box, so let's explore this idea.Imagine a car that can fold itself up into a compact size, making it easier to park and store. It could be a game-changer for urban dwellers like me who struggle to find parking spaces. Just think about it no more circling the block for hours, no more parallel parking nightmares. With a folding car, I could simply pull up to my destination, press a button, and watch as my car neatly folds itself into a small package.But how would it work? Well, I envision a car with flexible materials and joints that allow it to fold and unfold. Think of it like origami, where the car's body panels and roof can fold inward or outward, reducing itsoverall size. Of course, safety would be a top priority, so the car would need to have sturdy construction and secure locking mechanisms to ensure it stays in place when folded.Now, let's talk about the benefits of a folding car. Aside from the obvious convenience of parking, it could also have a positive impact on the environment. With smaller cars taking up less space on the road, traffic congestion could be reduced, resulting in fewer emissions and a cleaner atmosphere. Plus, imagine the possibilities for car-sharing services or rental companies. They couldfit more cars in their fleets, making transportation more accessible and affordable for everyone.But like any new technology, there would be challenges to overcome. Safety regulations and crash testing would need to be adapted to account for the unique design of a folding car. And what about maintenance? Would it be more complicated or expensive to repair a car with moving parts? These are all factors that would need to be carefully considered and addressed.中文回答：折叠汽车？听起来就像是科幻电影中的东西！但是嘿，我支持创新和超越常规的思维，所以让我们来探索这个想法。

在车上签合同的朋友圈文案

在车上签合同的朋友圈文案英文回答：When it comes to signing contracts in the car, it definitely adds a unique touch to the whole experience.It's not your typical office setting or conference room, but rather a more casual and relaxed environment. The idea of sealing a deal while on the move brings a sense of adventure and excitement. Plus, it allows for some interesting conversations and bonding moments with the people involved.Imagine cruising down the highway, wind in your hair, and discussing the terms of a contract with your business partner. It's like combining business with pleasure, making the whole process much more enjoyable. And let's not forget the convenience factor. Instead of scheduling a meeting at a specific location, you can simply hop in the car and get things done on the go.Furthermore, signing contracts in the car can also be seen as a symbol of trust and flexibility. It shows that both parties are willing to adapt and make things work,even in unconventional settings. It demonstrates a level of openness and willingness to think outside the box. Thiskind of mindset can lead to innovative solutions and stronger relationships between business partners.中文回答：在车上签合同绝对能给整个经历增添独特的特色。

2023年报检员之报检员资格考试自测提分题库加精品答案

2023年报检员之报检员资格考试自测提分题库加精品答案单选题（共30题）1、英译汉：“date of despatch”，正确的翻译为（）。

A.生产日期B.发货日期C.签证日期D.到货日期【答案】 B2、Sales ContractA.BuyersB.ImportersC.SellersD.Shippers【答案】 C3、杭州一公司进口一批电脑显示器，从深圳口岸入境，拟在货物通关后运到上海再分销给尤锡和南京的零售商。

该公司在办理报检手续时，入境货物报检单的“目的地”一栏应填写( )A.深圳B.杭州C.无锡和南京D.上海【答案】 D4、代理报检企业发生以下行为，将被撤销代理报检企业注册登记的是（）。

A.出让其名义供他人办理代理报检业务B.未按照规定建立、完善代理报检业务档案C.不能真实完整地记录其承办的代理报检业务D.未按期申请例行审核【答案】 A5、出口危险货物的生产企业，应向检验检疫机构申请包装容器的（）。

A.性能检验B.使用鉴定C.适载检验D.残损鉴定【答案】 B6、赔货货物进境，海关凭（）检验检疫机构签发的验放。

A.检验检疫不合格证明B.入境货物检验检疫情况通知单C.用于索赔的检验证书正本D.〈入境货物通关单〉以及用于索赔的检验证书副本【答案】 D7、The product was inspected and quarantined by the competent authority, in accordance ( )A.onB.toC.forD.with【答案】 D8、江苏A食品厂生产一批冷冻香菇出口美国，8000千克/20000美元，纸箱包装，内用山东生产的塑料袋包装，香菇原料从浙江B蔬菜基地采购。

该批货物计划装于集装箱中从上海口岸出口。

信用证中要求A食品厂须取得FDA注册并提供该批货物的植物检疫证书。

A.卫生注册登记（备案）B.FDA注册C.蔬菜种植基地备案D.国外收货人备案登记【答案】 A9、报检人在非贸易性质的报检时，凭（）可直接办理报检手续。

标牌的英语作文

标牌的英语作文In our daily lives, we often encounter various types of signs and signboards that serve different purposes. These visual aids are essential for conveying information, guiding people, and enhancing safety. This essay will explore the importance of signage in various contexts, including public spaces, businesses, and emergency situations.Firstly, signage plays a crucial role in public spaces such as airports, train stations, and shopping malls. Directional signs help individuals navigate through these areas efficiently. For instance, a simple "Exit" sign can prevent confusion and ensure a smooth flow of traffic during peak hours. Additionally, informational signs provide insightsinto the history or purpose of a place, enriching thevisitor's experience.In the commercial sector, signs are vital for branding and marketing. A well-designed signboard can attract customers and create a lasting impression. Business owners often invest in creative signage to differentiate their establishments from competitors. Moreover, promotional signs can highlight sales and special offers, encouraging consumer engagement.Safety is another area where signage is indispensable. Warning signs, such as "Beware of the Dog" or "High Voltage," alert individuals to potential dangers and help prevent accidents. In emergency situations, signs like "EmergencyExit" can be life-saving by guiding people to safe evacuation routes.Furthermore, regulatory signs are essential for maintaining order and compliance with laws and rules. Traffic signs, for example, are fundamental for directing vehicles and pedestrians, ensuring the smooth functioning oftransportation systems.In conclusion, signage is a multifaceted tool that serves a variety of functions in our society. From providingdirections to enhancing safety and promoting businesses, signs are an integral part of our visual landscape. As we move through our environments, we rely on these signs to communicate essential information, making them a critical component of modern life.。

奔驰售后服务满意度调查问卷

ASIAN PACIFIC VersionQuestionnaireMercedes-Benz Customer Satisfaction IndexAfter-SalesPassenger CarsVersion 6.0Jan. 2008访问员提示: 根据奔驰名单记录被访者资料/ Interviewer Instructions : Record information according to information on the Mercedez-Benz sample listsMercedes-Benz Service Questionnaire介绍 / INTRODUCTION早上/下午/晚上好! 请问您是(读出被访者姓名)先生/女士吗？我是(读出访问员姓名)，是TNS 的访问员。

TNS 是香港一间独立市场研究公司，现在受梅赛德斯-奔驰（中国）汽车销售有限公司委托进行一项国内 [奔驰特许服务中心售后服务]的顾客满意调查。

您的宝贵意见将会帮助梅赛德斯-奔驰改善售后服务水平。

您在访问中提供的信息只会用于梅赛德斯-奔驰的顾客调查，并且会被严格保密。

我们在访问过程中也不会向您推销任何产品或者服务。

整个访问大约需要12-15 分钟。

请问(读出被访者姓名)先生/女士，我可以现在开始访问吗？Good morning/afternoon/evening! Are you Mr. / Miss/ Mrs (Read out respondent’s name on sample lists)? My name is (Read out interviewer name) from TNS. TNS is an independent market research company in Hong Kong. We are conducting an opinion survey on behalf of MERCEDES-BENZ China Ltd. about the quality of after sales services offered by MERCEDES-BENZ service centres in Mainland China. All information you provide in this interview will be used for research analysis and kept strictly confidential. We will not try to sell you any products or services during the interview. The interview will last about 12 to 15 minutes. Mr. / Miss/ Mrs (Read out respondent’s name on sample lists), can I start to interview you now?为了确保访问的质量，以下的访问可能将会被录音。

Acura 车辆识别号说明

Identification NumbersYour car has several identifying numbers located in various places.The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is the 17-digit number your Acura dealer uses to register your car for warranty purposes. It is also necessary for licensing and insuring your car. The easiest place to find the VIN is on a plate fastened to the top of the dashboard. You can see it by looking through the windshield on the driver's side. It is also on the Certification label attached to the driver's door jamb, and is stamped on the engine compartment bulkhead.The VIN is also provided in bar code on the certification label.Technical InformationVEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBERCERTIFICATION LABELIdentification NumbersThe Engine Number is stamped into the engine block. It is on the front left, below the valve cover.The Transmission Number is on a label on top of the transmission.Technical InformationTRANSMISSION NUMBERENGINE NUMBERSpecificationsTechnical Information*1: Including the coolant in the reserve tank and that remaining in the engine.Reverve tank capacity:0.65 (0.69 USqt, 0.60lmp qt)*2: Excluding the oil remaining in the engine.DimensionsWeightsAir ConditioningCapacitiesSpecifications*1: L,LS models *2 : GS modelTechnical InformationLightsBatteryFusesEngine Alignment Tirespage 223page 224page169Anti-lock Brake SystemThe Anti-lock Brake System (ABS)works by measuring how fast the wheels are turning during braking and comparing their speed. If any wheel is rotating much slower than the others (on the verge of locking up and skidding), the system reduces hydraulic pressure to that wheel's brake caliper. When that wheel's speed matches the other wheels, the system applies normal hydraulicpressure. This can take place several times per second at each wheel. You feel the ABS working as rapid pulsations in the brake pedal.Each wheel has a wheel speed sensor assembly. As the wheel rotates, the sensor sends electrical pulses to the ABS control unit. The pulse frequency varies with the wheel speed.The electrical output of the ABS control unit is connected to the Modulator/solenoid unit. During braking, the ABS control unit moni-tors the pulse frequencies from the four wheels. When the control unit detects a wheel locking up, it ener-gizes the appropriate solenoid in the modulator/solenoid unit. There are three solenoids: one for each front wheel, and one for the rear wheels.The energized solenoid reduces hydraulic pressure to one side of a modulator valve. This, in turn,reduces hydraulic pressure in the brake line going to the affected wheel. When that wheel speeds up because of the reduced braking effort, the control unit de-energizes the solenoid. This builds hydraulic pressure on the modulator valve. The pressure increases in the hydraulic line to the wheel.For the system to react quickly, the modulator/solenoid unit must have brake fluid under high pressure.This is supplied by a diaphragm-type accumulator that is pressurized by an electric pump. A pressure-sensing switch on the accumulator controls this pump.The control unit also contains error detection circuitry. It monitors the operation of the wheel sensors,solenoids, pump, and electronics. If the control unit detects any faults, it shuts off power to the pump motor and solenoids. The light on the instrument panel comes on. Thebrakes then work like a conventional system without anti-lock capabilities.Technical InformationTraction Control SystemThe TCS works on the same speed-sensing principles as the Anti-lock brake system. The TCS monitors the speed of the wheels during accelera-tion. If one drive wheel starts to spin faster than the other, or both drive wheels spin faster than the rear wheels, the TCS reduces engine power to minimize wheelspin.The TCS uses the same wheel speed sensor assemblies used by the ABS.An additional sensor measures steering-wheel-angle. This senses how far the front wheels are turned,if at all. The TCS control unit receives the signals from these sensors.When the TCS senses wheelspin, the control unit determines how much slippage to allow based on thedifference in wheel speeds and the steering angle. It then controls the throttle and signals the engine's ECU (ECM or PCM) to regulate ignition timing and fuel flow. This reduces available engine power.The control unit monitors the TCS circuitry while driving. If it senses a problem, the TCS indicator light on the instrument panel goes on. The system will then be turned off.Technical InformationTire InformationTire Size DesignationA tire's sidewall is marked with a tire size designation. You will need this information when selecting replace-ment tires for your car. The following explains what the letters and num-bers in the tire size designation mean.(Example tire size designation)205/60R15 91V205 — Tire width in millimeters 60 — Aspect ratio. The tire's section height as a percentage of its width.R — Tire construction code (Radial).15 — Rim diameter in inches.91 — Load Index, a numerical code associated with the maximum load the tire can carry.V — Speed Rating Symbol. See the speed rating chart in this section for additional information.Wheel Size DesignationWheels are also marked with impor-tant information that you need if you ever have to replace one. The follow-ing explains what the letters and numbers in the wheel size designa-tion mean.(Example wheel size designation)15 x 6.5 JJ15 — Rim diameter in inches.6.5 — Rim width in inches.JJ — Rim contour designation.Tire Speed RatingsThe chart below shows many of the different speed ratings currently being used for passenger car tires.The speed rating symbol is part of the tire size designation on the sidewall of the tire. This symbol corresponds to that tire's designed maximum safe operating speed.Technical InformationTire InformationTire Pressure Adjustment For High Speed DrivingAcura strongly recommends that you not drive faster than posted speed limits and conditions allow. If you decide it is safe to drive at highspeeds, be sure to adjust the cold tire pressures as shown below. If you do not adjust the tire pressure, exces-sive heat can build up and cause sudden tire failure.(GS)Be sure to readjust the pressure for normal driving speeds. You should wait until the tires are cold before adjusting the tire pressure (see page 179).DOT Tire Quality Grading (U.S. Cars)The tires on your car meet all U.S.Federal Safety Requirements. All tires are also graded for treadwear,traction, and temperature perfor-mance according to Department of Transportation (DOT) standards.The following explains these gradings.TreadwearThe treadwear grade is a comparative rating based on the wear rate of the tire when tested under controlled conditions on a specified government test course. For example, a tiregraded 150 would wear one and one half (1-1/2) times as well on the government course as a tire graded 100. The relative performance of tires depends upon the actual conditions of their use, however, and may depart significantly from the norm due to variations in driving habits,service practices and differences in road characteristics and climate.CONTINUEDTechnical Information(L, LS)Tire InformationTractionThe traction grades, from highest to lowest, are A, B, and C, and they represent the tire's ability to stop on wet pavement as measured under controlled conditions on specified government test surfaces of asphalt and concrete. A tire marked C may have poor traction performance.Warning: The traction grade as-signed to this tire is based on braking (straight ahead) traction tests and does not include cornering (turning)traction.TemperatureThe temperature grades are A (the highest), B, and C, representing the tire's resistance to the generation of heat and its ability to dissipate heat when tested under controlled condi-tions on a specified indoor laboratory test wheel. Sustained high tempera-ture can cause the material of the tire to degenerate and reduce tire life,and excessive temperature can lead to sudden tire failure. The grade C corresponds to a level of performance which all passenger car tires must meet under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 109.Grades B and A represent higher levels of performance on the labora-tory test wheel than the minimum required by law.Warning: The temperature grade for this tire is established for a tire that is properly inflated and not over-loaded. Excessive speed, under-inflation, or excessive loading either separately or in combination, can cause heat build-up and possible tire failure.Technical InformationEmission ControlsThe burning of gasoline in your car's engine produces several byproducts.Some of these are carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC). Gasoline evapo-rating from the tank also produces hydrocarbons. Controlling the production of NOx, CO, and HC is important to the environment Under certain conditions of sunlight and climate, NOx and HC react to form photochemical "smog." Carbon monoxide does not contribute to smog creation, but it is a poisonous gas.The Clean Air ActThe United States Clean Air Act* sets standards for automobile emissions.It also requires that automobilemanufacturers explain to owners how their emission controls work and what to do to maintain them. This section summarizes how the emis-sion controls work. Scheduled maintenance is on page 146.* In Canada, Acura vehicles comply with the Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (CMVSS) onEmissions valid at the time they are manufactured.Crankcase Emission Control SystemYour car has a Positive Crankcase Ventilation System. This keeps gasses that build up in the engine's crankcase from going into theatmosphere. The Positive Crankcase Ventilation valve routes them from the crankcase back to the intake manifold. They are then drawn into the engine and burned.Evaporative Emission Control SystemAs gasoline evaporates in the fuel tank, an evaporative emission control canister filled with charcoal adsorbs the vapor. It is stored in this canister while the engine is off. After theengine is started and warmed up, the vapor is drawn into the engine and burned during driving.Exhaust Emission Controls The exhaust emission controls include five systems: PGM-FI,Ignition Timing Control, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Three Way Catalytic Converter and Warm-up Three Way Catalytic Converter or Air Supply System. These five systems work together to control the engine's combustion and minimize the amount of HC, CO, and NOx that comes out the tailpipe. The exhaust emission control systems are sepa-rate from the crankcase and evapora-tive emission control systems.Technical InformationEmission ControlsPGM-FI SystemThe PGM-FI System uses sequential multiport fuel injection. It has three subsystems: Air Intake, Engine Control, and Fuel Control. The Engine Control Module (ECM)/Powertrain Control Module (PCM-AT only) uses various sensors todetermine how much air is going into the engine. It then controls how much fuel to inject under all operat-ing conditions.Ignition Timing Control System This system constantly adjusts the ignition timing, reducing the amount of HC, CO, and NOx produced.Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) SystemThe Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system takes some of the exhaust gas and routes it back into the intake manifold. Adding exhaust gas to the air/fuel mixture reduces the amount of NOx produced when the fuel is burned.Three Way Catalytic Converter The three way catalytic converter is in the exhaust system. Through chemical reactions, it converts HC,CO, and NOx in the engine's exhaust to carbon dioxide (CO 2), dinitrogen (N 2), and water vapor.Warm-up Three Way Catalytic Converter (GS Model only)This is in the exhaust system, near the exhaust manifold. During engine warm-up, it converts HC, CO, and NOx to carbon dioxide (CO 2),dinitrogen (N 2), and water vapor.Air Supply System (Except GS model)This system supplies more air to the engine during deceleration. This reduces emissions by allowing more complete combustion.Replacement PartsThe emission control systems are designed and certified to work together in reducing emissions to levels that comply with the Clean Air Act. To make sure the emissions remain low, you should use only new genuine Acura replacement parts or their equivalent for repairs. Using lower quality parts may increase the emissions from your car.The emissions control systems are covered by warranties separate from the rest of your car. Read yourwarranty manual for more informa-tion.Technical InformationThree Way Catalytic ConverterThe three way catalytic converter contains precious metals that serve as catalysts, promoting chemical reactions to convert the exhaust gasses without affecting the metals.The catalytic converter is referred to as a three-way catalyst, since it acts on HC, CO, and NOx. A replacement unit must be an original Acura part or its equivalent.The three way catalytic converter must operate at a high temperature for the chemical reactions to take place. It can set on fire any combus-tible materials that come near it.Park your car away from high grass,dry leaves, or other flammables.A defective three way catalyticconverter contributes to air pollution,and can impair your engine's perfor-mance. Follow these guidelines to protect your car's three way catalyticconverter.Always use unleaded gasoline.Even a small amount of leaded gasoline can contaminate the catalyst metals, making the threeway converter ineffective.Keep the engine tuned-up.Have your car diagnosed and repaired if it is misfiring, backfir-ing, stalling, or otherwise not running properly.Technical InformationTHREE WAY CATALYTICCONVERTER。

Cars with the Best Interior Design

Cars with the Best Interior Design When it comes to cars, the interior design is a crucial factor that cangreatly influence a driver's overall experience. A well-designed interior not only enhances the comfort and convenience of the vehicle but also contributes to the aesthetic appeal and luxury of the car. In this article, we will explore some of the cars with the best interior design, taking into consideration factors such as material quality, technology integration, comfort, and overall design aesthetics. One car that stands out for its exceptional interior design is the Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Renowned for its opulent and luxurious interiors, the S-Class features high-quality materials such as leather, wood, and metal accents, creating a sense of elegance and sophistication. The attention to detail in the design of the cabin is evident, with meticulously crafted components and a seamless integration of advanced technology. The S-Class offers a serene and comfortable environment for both the driver and passengers, making it a top contender for the best interior design in the automotive industry. Another notable mention is the Audi A8, which boasts a modern and minimalist interior design that exudes a sense of understated luxury. The use of premium materials and the seamless integration of advanced technology, such as the dual touchscreen infotainment system and virtual cockpit, elevate the overall driving experience. The A8's interior is thoughtfully designed to provide both comfort and functionality, making it a standout choice for those seeking a well-crafted interior in a luxury vehicle. Moving beyond the realm of luxury cars, the Mazda CX-5 deserves recognition for its impressive interior design in the compact SUV segment. Despite its more affordable price point, the CX-5 offers a well-appointed interior that rivals many luxury vehicles. The use of high-quality materials, ergonomic design, and intuitive infotainment system contribute to a premium feel within the cabin. Mazda's attention to detail and commitment to creating a driver-focused environment sets the CX-5 apart as a leader in interior design within its class. In the electric vehicle market, the Tesla Model S has garnered praise for its innovative and futuristic interior design. The minimalist approach, with a large touchscreen dominating the center console and a clean, uncluttered dashboard, creates a sleek and modern ambiance. The use of sustainable materials and the incorporation of advanced autonomousdriving features further solidify the Model S as a pioneer in redefining interior design standards in the automotive industry. Shifting gears to the realm ofsports cars, the Porsche 911 stands out for its timeless and driver-centricinterior design. The 911's interior strikes a balance between performance-oriented elements and upscale comfort, with well-bolstered seats, premium materials, and an intuitive infotainment system. The classic layout of the dashboard and center console pays homage to the 911's heritage while incorporating modern technology, resulting in a cohesive and well-executed interior design. Lastly, the Range Rover Velar deserves recognition for its avant-garde interior design that pushes the boundaries of luxury and sophistication in the SUV segment. The Velar'sinterior is a showcase of contemporary design, with clean lines, premium materials, and a seamless integration of advanced technology. The dual touchscreen infotainment system, configurable mood lighting, and overall attention to detail elevate the driving experience, making the Velar a top contender for the best interior design in the luxury SUV category. In conclusion, the cars mentioned above represent a diverse range of segments within the automotive industry, each excelling in interior design in its respective category. Whether it's the opulence of a luxury sedan, the functionality of a compact SUV, the innovation of anelectric vehicle, or the performance-oriented design of a sports car, these vehicles demonstrate the significance of interior design in shaping the overall driving experience. As car manufacturers continue to raise the bar in interior design standards, it's evident that a well-crafted interior is not only a luxury but also a key differentiator in the competitive automotive market.。

设计车辆的方案英文

Designing Vehicle SolutionsWhen it comes to designing vehicles, there are many factors that must be considered to create a successful and efficient solution. From the initial concept to the final product, a great deal of planning and execution is required to bring a vehicle design to life. This document will outline some of the key factors that must be considered when designing a vehicle solution.Goals and ObjectivesBefore any vehicle design project can begin, it is important to establish clear goals and objectives. These will guide the design process and ensure that the end result meets the needs of the intended audience. Some possible goals and objectives for a vehicle design project might include:•Creating a vehicle that is environmentally friendly and sustainable•Developing a vehicle that is safe and reliable for its users•Designing a vehicle that is affordable and accessible to a wide range of people•Developing a vehicle that is efficient and cost-effective in its operation User NeedsUnderstanding the needs of the intended users is essential to designing a successful vehicle solution. User needs can include things like:•Adequate storage space for cargo or passengers•Comfortable seating and interior features•Accessible controls and intuitive operation•Efficient fuel consumption or energy usageBy understanding the needs and expectations of the intended users, designers can create a vehicle that meets those needs and performs optimally in the real world.Technology and InnovationIn today’s rapidly advancing technological landscape, it is important for vehicle designers to stay up-to-date with the latest innovations and trends. Incorporating new technologies into a vehicle design can help improve performance, efficiency, and safety. Some examples of emerging vehicle technologies might include: •Self-driving capabilities•Electric or hybrid powertrains•Enhanced safety features, such as collision detection and automatic braking•Built-in connectivity features, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth By staying on top of emerging technologies, designers can create vehicle solutions that are both innovative and effective.SustainabilityAs concerns about climate change and the environment continue to grow, it is increasingly important for vehicle designers to consider the sustainability of their products. This can involve designing vehicles that are more fuel-efficient or that use alternative sources of energy, such as electric or hybrid powertrains. Additionally, designers can focus on creating vehicles that are made from sustainable and eco-friendly materials. By prioritizing sustainability in vehicle design, designers can create solutions that meet the needs of both users and the planet.ConclusionDesigning a vehicle solution can be a complex and challenging process, but by focusing on clear goals, understanding user needs, incorporating emerging technologies, and prioritizing sustainability, designers can create solutions that are both effective and innovative. Whether designing a car, truck, or other vehicle type, the key to success lies in careful planning, attention to detail, and a commitment to excellence.。

Automotive Icons and Legends

Automotive Icons and LegendsThe automotive world is filled with icons and legends that have left an indelible mark on the industry and captured the hearts of enthusiasts around the globe. These iconic vehicles have become timeless symbols of innovation, performance, and style, shaping the history of automotive design and engineering.One such automotive icon is the Ford Mustang, a legendary muscle car that has been an enduring symbol of American automotive prowesssince its debut in 1964. With its iconic fastback silhouette and powerful V8 engine, the Mustang has become synonymous with thethrill of the open road and the freedom of the American driving experience.Another automotive legend is the Porsche 911, a sports car that has achieved cult status among enthusiasts for its timeless design and unmatched driving dynamics. Since its introduction in 1963, the 911 has evolved through multiple generations, yet it has always remained true to its iconic rear-engine layout and unmistakable silhouette. The Jeep Wrangler is yet another automotive icon, known for its rugged off-road capabilities and unmistakable design. Originally developed for military use during World War II, the Wrangler has become a symbol of freedom and adventure, embodying the spirit of exploration and outdoor lifestyle.The automotive world is also home to icons of luxury and sophistication, such as the Rolls-Royce Phantom. With its opulent design, handcrafted details, and effortless performance, the Phantom has been the pinnacle of automotive luxury for over a century, representing the epitome of elegance and exclusivity.These automotive icons and legends continue to inspire and captivate enthusiasts, showcasing the enduring power of design, engineering, and innovation in the world of automobiles. Whether it's the roar of a classic muscle car, the precision of a sports car, or the elegance of a luxury vehicle, these icons remind us of the timeless allure of the open road and the artistry of automotive craftsmanship.。

The Basics of Car Engine Design

The Basics of Car Engine DesignCar engine design is a complex process that involves a variety of engineering disciplines, including mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering. The engine is the heart of a car, and its design determines how efficiently the car will run and how much power it will produce. In this article, we will explore the basics of car engine design and the factors that engineers consider when designing an engine.The first factor that engineers consider when designing a car engine is the type of fuel that the engine will use. There are three main types of fuel that are used in car engines: gasoline, diesel, and electric. Gasoline engines are the most common type of engine, and they are designed to run on gasoline fuel. Diesel engines are designed to run on diesel fuel, which is a heavier and more viscous fuel than gasoline. Electric engines, on the other hand, are powered by batteries and do not require any fuel.The second factor that engineers consider when designing a car engine is the numberof cylinders that the engine will have. Most car engines have four, six, or eight cylinders, although some high-performance engines may have more. The number of cylinders in an engine determines how much power the engine can produce, with more cylinders generally resulting in more power.The third factor that engineers consider when designing a car engine is the engine's displacement. Engine displacement is the volume of air that the engine can move in a single cycle, and it is measured in cubic centimeters (cc) or liters (L). The displacement of an engine determines how much power the engine can produce, with larger displacements generally resulting in more power.The fourth factor that engineers consider when designing a car engine is the engine's compression ratio. The compression ratio is the ratio of the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the top of its stroke. A higher compression ratio results in more power and better fuel efficiency, but it also requires higher-octane fuel and can leadto engine knock if not properly tuned.The fifth factor that engineers consider when designing a car engine is the engine's valve train. The valve train is the system of valves, lifters, and pushrods that control the flow of air and fuel into and out of the engine. The valve train determines how much air and fuel the engine can take in, and how quickly it can release exhaust gases. A well-designed valve train can significantly increase the power and efficiency of an engine.Finally, engineers consider a variety of other factors when designing a car engine, including the engine's cooling system, lubrication system, and ignition system. The cooling system is responsible for keeping the engine from overheating, while the lubrication system ensures that all of the engine's moving parts are properly lubricated. The ignition system is responsible for igniting the fuel in the combustion chamber, and it can significantly affect the engine's performance and efficiency.In conclusion, car engine design is a complex process that involves a variety of engineering disciplines. Engineers consider a variety of factors when designing an engine, including the type of fuel, the number of cylinders, the engine's displacement, the compression ratio, the valve train, and the engine's cooling, lubrication, and ignition systems. By carefully considering these factors, engineers can design engines that are powerful, efficient, and reliable, ensuring that cars can provide the performance and reliability that drivers demand.。

从内存中加载并启动一个exe

wind‎o ws似乎‎只提供了一‎种启动进程‎的方法：即‎必须从一个‎可执行文件‎中加载并启‎动。

而下‎面这段代码‎就是提供一‎种可以直接‎从内存中启‎动一个ex‎e的变通办‎法。

用途‎嘛, 也许‎可以用来保‎护你的ex‎e，你可以‎对要保护的‎exe ‎进行任意切‎分、加密、‎存储，只要‎运行时能将‎e xe的内‎容正确拼接‎到一块内存‎中，就可以‎直接从内存‎中启动，而‎不必不安全‎地去生成一‎个临时文件‎再从临时文‎件启动进程‎。

另外这段‎代码也提供‎了一种自己‎写exe外‎壳的简单途‎径，如果能‎配合其它各‎种外壳技术‎就更好地保‎护你的ex‎e文件。

‎原理很简‎单：就是“‎借尸还魂”‎，启动一个‎僵尸进程（‎N T下可以‎是自身程序‎启动的另一‎个进程），‎然后在它运‎行前将其整‎个替换成内‎存中的ex‎e内容，待‎正式运行后‎执行的就是‎你的目标代‎码了。

‎不过代码中‎还有一些不‎尽人意的地‎方，比如在‎98下运行‎会留一个僵‎尸程序的壳‎在硬盘上（‎其实那个僵‎尸程序本身‎就是一个完‎整的可执行‎程序，直接‎运行的话只‎显示一条错‎误信息然后‎就退出了）‎。

另外由于‎客观条件限‎制，代码没‎有经过充分‎测试，只在‎X P下进行‎了一些初步‎测试：普通‎e xe都能‎正常运行，‎u px压缩‎过的exe‎绝大多数情‎况下都能运‎行，只有在‎不能卸载僵‎尸外壳时才‎有问题（u‎p x压缩过‎的exe没‎有重定向表‎，无法加载‎到其它地址‎运行）。

‎如果有‎b ug望告‎之，如果有‎更好的方法‎特别是能解‎决98下的‎遗留尾巴的‎话希望不吝‎赐教。

‎{ ***‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎** }‎{ * ‎‎从‎内存中加载‎并运行ex‎e‎‎ * }‎{ **‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*** }‎{ * ‎参数：‎‎‎‎‎‎‎}{ ‎* Buf‎f er: ‎内存中的e‎x e地址‎‎‎‎‎}{ *‎Len:‎内存中e‎x e占用长‎度‎‎‎‎ }{‎* Cm‎d Para‎m: 命令‎行参数(不‎包含exe‎文件名的剩‎余命令行参‎数）}{‎* Pr‎o cess‎I d: 返‎回的进程I‎d‎‎‎‎ }{‎* 返回‎值：如果‎成功则返回‎进程的Ha‎n dle(‎P roce‎s sHan‎d le),‎ }‎{‎‎如果失败则‎返回INV‎A LID_‎H ANDL‎E_VAL‎U E ‎ }‎{ **‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*****‎*** }‎uni‎t PEU‎n it;‎inte‎r face‎use‎s win‎d ows;‎fun‎c tion‎MemE‎x ecut‎e(con‎s t AB‎u ffer‎; Len‎: Int‎e ger;‎CmdP‎a ram:‎stri‎n g; v‎a r Pr‎o cess‎I d: C‎a rdin‎a l): ‎C ardi‎n al;‎impl‎e ment‎a tion‎{$R‎ExeS‎h ell.‎r es} ‎ // ‎外壳程序模‎板(98下‎使用)‎t ype‎T Imag‎e Sect‎i onHe‎a ders‎= ar‎r ay [‎0..0]‎of T‎I mage‎S ecti‎o nHea‎d er;‎P Imag‎e Sect‎i onHe‎a ders‎= ^T‎I mage‎S ecti‎o nHea‎d ers;‎{ 计‎算对齐后的‎大小 }‎f unct‎i on G‎e tAli‎g nedS‎i ze(O‎r igin‎, Ali‎g nmen‎t: Ca‎r dina‎l): C‎a rdin‎a l;b‎e gin‎r esul‎t := ‎(Orig‎i n + ‎A lign‎m ent ‎- 1) ‎d iv A‎l ignm‎e nt *‎Alig‎n ment‎;end‎;{ ‎计算加载p‎e并对齐需‎要占用多少‎内存，未直‎接使用Op‎t iona‎l Head‎e r.Si‎z eOfI‎m age 作‎为结果是因‎为据说有的‎编译器生成‎的exe这‎个值会填0‎}fu‎n ctio‎n Cal‎c Tota‎l Imag‎e Size‎(MzH:‎PIma‎g eDos‎H eade‎r; Fi‎l eLen‎: Car‎d inal‎; peH‎:PIm‎a geNt‎H eade‎r s;‎peSe‎c H: P‎I mage‎S ecti‎o nHea‎d ers)‎: Car‎d inal‎;var‎i: I‎n tege‎r;be‎g in{‎计算pe头‎的大小}‎r esul‎t := ‎G etAl‎i gned‎S ize(‎P eH.O‎p tion‎a lHea‎d er.S‎i zeOf‎H eade‎r s,P‎e H.Op‎t iona‎l Head‎e r.Se‎c tion‎A lign‎m ent)‎;{计‎算所有节的‎大小}f‎o r i ‎:= 0 ‎t o pe‎H.Fil‎e Head‎e r.Nu‎m berO‎f Sect‎i ons ‎- 1 d‎oi‎f peS‎e cH[i‎].Poi‎n terT‎o RawD‎a ta +‎peSe‎c H[i]‎.Size‎O fRaw‎D ata ‎> Fil‎e Len ‎t hen ‎// 超出‎文件范围‎ beg‎i n‎ res‎u lt :‎= 0;‎ e‎x it;‎ end‎el‎s e if‎peSe‎c H[i]‎.Virt‎u alAd‎d ress‎<> 0‎then‎//计算‎对齐后某节‎的大小‎ if‎peSe‎c H[i]‎.Misc‎.Virt‎u alSi‎z e <>‎0 th‎e n‎ res‎u lt :‎= Get‎A lign‎e dSiz‎e(peS‎e cH[i‎].Vir‎t ualA‎d dres‎s + p‎e SecH‎[i].M‎i sc.V‎i rtua‎l Size‎, PeH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Sect‎i onAl‎i gnme‎n t)‎ el‎s e‎ res‎u lt :‎= Get‎A lign‎e dSiz‎e(peS‎e cH[i‎].Vir‎t ualA‎d dres‎s + p‎e SecH‎[i].S‎i zeOf‎R awDa‎t a,P‎e H.Op‎t iona‎l Head‎e r.Se‎c tion‎A lign‎m ent)‎el‎s e if‎peSe‎c H[i]‎.Misc‎.Virt‎u alSi‎z e < ‎p eSec‎H[i].‎S izeO‎f RawD‎a ta t‎h en‎ re‎s ult ‎:= re‎s ult ‎+ Get‎A lign‎e dSiz‎e(peS‎e cH[i‎].Siz‎e OfRa‎w Data‎,peH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Sect‎i onAl‎i gnme‎n t)‎else‎‎r esul‎t := ‎r esul‎t + G‎e tAli‎g nedS‎i ze(p‎e SecH‎[i].M‎i sc.V‎i rtua‎l Size‎,PeH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Sect‎i onAl‎i gnme‎n t);‎end;‎{ 加‎载pe到内‎存并对齐所‎有节 }‎f unct‎i on A‎l ignP‎E ToMe‎m(con‎s t Bu‎f; Le‎n: In‎t eger‎; var‎PeH:‎PIma‎g eNtH‎e ader‎s;‎v ar P‎e SecH‎: PIm‎a geSe‎c tion‎H eade‎r s; v‎a r Me‎m: Po‎i nter‎; var‎Imag‎e Size‎: Car‎d inal‎):Bo‎o lean‎;var‎SrcM‎z: PI‎m ageD‎o sHea‎d er; ‎‎ //‎DOS头‎SrcP‎e H: P‎I mage‎N tHea‎d ers;‎‎ // ‎P E头S‎r cPeS‎e cH: ‎P Imag‎e Sect‎i onHe‎a ders‎; /‎/节表‎i: In‎t eger‎;l: ‎C ardi‎n al;‎P t: P‎o inte‎r;be‎g inr‎e sult‎:= f‎a lse;‎SrcM‎z := ‎@Buf;‎if L‎e n < ‎s izeo‎f(TIm‎a geDo‎s Head‎e r) t‎h en e‎x it;‎i f Sr‎c Mz.e‎_magi‎c <> ‎I MAGE‎_DOS_‎S IGNA‎T URE ‎t hen ‎e xit;‎if L‎e n < ‎S rcMz‎._lfa‎n ew+S‎i zeof‎(TIma‎g eNtH‎e ader‎s) th‎e n ex‎i t;S‎r cPeH‎:= p‎o inte‎r(Int‎e ger(‎S rcMz‎)+Src‎M z._l‎f anew‎);if‎(Src‎P eH.S‎i gnat‎u re <‎> IMA‎G E_NT‎_SIGN‎A TURE‎) the‎n exi‎t;if‎(Src‎P eH.F‎i leHe‎a der.‎C hara‎c teri‎s tics‎and ‎I MAGE‎_FILE‎_DLL ‎<> 0)‎or‎ (S‎r cPeH‎.File‎H eade‎r.Cha‎r acte‎r isti‎c s an‎d IMA‎G E_FI‎L E_EX‎E CUTA‎B LE_I‎M AGE ‎= 0) ‎ o‎r (Sr‎c PeH.‎F ileH‎e ader‎.Size‎O fOpt‎i onal‎H eade‎r<> ‎S izeO‎f(TIm‎a geOp‎t iona‎l Head‎e r)) ‎t hen ‎e xit;‎SrcP‎e SecH‎:= P‎o inte‎r(Int‎e ger(‎S rcPe‎H)+Si‎z eOf(‎T Imag‎e NtHe‎a ders‎));I‎m ageS‎i ze :‎= Cal‎c Tota‎l Imag‎e Size‎(SrcM‎z, Le‎n, Sr‎c PeH,‎SrcP‎e SecH‎);if‎Imag‎e Size‎= 0 ‎t hen‎ exi‎t;Me‎m := ‎V irtu‎a lAll‎o c(ni‎l, Im‎a geSi‎z e, M‎E M_CO‎M MIT,‎PAGE‎_EXEC‎U TE_R‎E ADWR‎I TE);‎// 分‎配内存i‎f Mem‎<> n‎i l th‎e nbe‎g in‎// 计‎算需要复制‎的PE头字‎节数‎l := ‎S rcPe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Siz‎e OfHe‎a ders‎;f‎o r i ‎:= 0 ‎t o Sr‎c PeH.‎F ileH‎e ader‎.Numb‎e rOfS‎e ctio‎n s - ‎1 do‎ i‎f (Sr‎c PeSe‎c H[i]‎.Poin‎t erTo‎R awDa‎t a <>‎0) a‎n d (S‎r cPeS‎e cH[i‎].Poi‎n terT‎o RawD‎a ta <‎l) t‎h en‎ l ‎:= Sr‎c PeSe‎c H[i]‎.Poin‎t erTo‎R awDa‎t a;‎Move‎(SrcM‎z^, M‎e m^, ‎l);‎PeH ‎:= Po‎i nter‎(Inte‎g er(M‎e m) +‎PIma‎g eDos‎H eade‎r(Mem‎)._lf‎a new)‎;P‎e SecH‎:= P‎o inte‎r(Int‎e ger(‎P eH) ‎+ siz‎e of(T‎I mage‎N tHea‎d ers)‎);‎Pt :‎= Poi‎n ter(‎C ardi‎n al(M‎e m) +‎GetA‎l igne‎d Size‎(PeH.‎O ptio‎n alHe‎a der.‎S izeO‎f Head‎e rs, ‎P eH.O‎p tion‎a lHea‎d er.S‎e ctio‎n Alig‎n ment‎));‎for ‎i := ‎0 to ‎P eH.F‎i leHe‎a der.‎N umbe‎r OfSe‎c tion‎s - 1‎do‎begi‎n‎// 定‎位该节在内‎存中的位置‎‎i f Pe‎S ecH[‎i].Vi‎r tual‎A ddre‎s s <>‎0 th‎e n‎ Pt ‎:= Po‎i nter‎(Card‎i nal(‎M em) ‎+ PeS‎e cH[i‎].Vir‎t ualA‎d dres‎s);‎ i‎f PeS‎e cH[i‎].Siz‎e OfRa‎w Data‎<> 0‎then‎‎b egin‎‎// 复制‎数据到内存‎‎M ove(‎P oint‎e r(Ca‎r dina‎l(Src‎M z) +‎PeSe‎c H[i]‎.Poin‎t erTo‎R awDa‎t a)^,‎pt^,‎PeSe‎c H[i]‎.Size‎O fRaw‎D ata)‎;‎if p‎e SecH‎[i].M‎i sc.V‎i rtua‎l Size‎< pe‎S ecH[‎i].Si‎z eOfR‎a wDat‎a the‎n‎ pt‎:= p‎o inte‎r(Car‎d inal‎(pt) ‎+ Get‎A lign‎e dSiz‎e(PeS‎e cH[i‎].Siz‎e OfRa‎w Data‎,PeH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Sect‎i onAl‎i gnme‎n t))‎ e‎l se‎‎p t :=‎poin‎t er(C‎a rdin‎a l(pt‎) + G‎e tAli‎g nedS‎i ze(p‎e SecH‎[i].M‎i sc.V‎i rtua‎l Size‎,peH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Sect‎i onAl‎i gnme‎n t));‎‎// pt‎定位到下‎一节开始位‎置‎end‎ e‎l se‎ pt‎:= p‎o inte‎r(Car‎d inal‎(pt) ‎+Get‎A lign‎e dSiz‎e(PeS‎e cH[i‎].Mis‎c.Vir‎t ualS‎i ze, ‎P eH.O‎p tion‎a lHea‎d er.S‎e ctio‎n Alig‎n ment‎)); ‎end;‎re‎s ult ‎:= Tr‎u e;e‎n d;e‎n d;‎t ype‎T Virt‎u alAl‎l ocEx‎= fu‎n ctio‎n (hP‎r oces‎s: TH‎a ndle‎; lpA‎d dres‎s: Po‎i nter‎;‎‎‎‎ d‎w Size‎, flA‎l loca‎t ionT‎y pe: ‎D WORD‎; flP‎r otec‎t: DW‎O RD):‎Poin‎t er; ‎s tdca‎l l; ‎v arM‎y Virt‎u alAl‎l ocEx‎: TVi‎r tual‎A lloc‎E x = ‎n il;‎func‎t ion ‎I sNT:‎Bool‎e an;‎b egin‎resu‎l t :=‎Assi‎g ned(‎M yVir‎t ualA‎l locE‎x);e‎n d;‎{生成外‎壳程序命令‎行 }f‎u ncti‎o n Pr‎e pare‎S hell‎E xe(C‎m dPar‎a m: s‎t ring‎; Bas‎e Addr‎, Ima‎g eSiz‎e: Ca‎r dina‎l): s‎t ring‎; var‎r, h‎, sz:‎Card‎i nal;‎p: P‎o inte‎r;fi‎d, l:‎Inte‎g er;‎b uf: ‎P oint‎e r;p‎e H: P‎I mage‎N tHea‎d ers;‎peSe‎c H: P‎I mage‎S ecti‎o nHea‎d ers;‎begi‎nif ‎I sNT ‎t hen‎{ NT ‎系统下直接‎使用自身程‎序作为外壳‎进程 }‎ res‎u lt :‎= Par‎a mStr‎(0)+C‎m dPar‎a mel‎s e be‎g in/‎/由于9‎8系统下无‎法重新分配‎外壳进程占‎用内存,所‎以必须保证‎运行的外壳‎程序能容纳‎目标进程并‎且加载地址‎一致//‎此处使用‎的方法是从‎资源中释放‎出一个事先‎建立好的外‎壳程序,然‎后通过修改‎其PE头使‎其运行时能‎加载到指定‎地址并至少‎能容纳目标‎进程‎r := ‎F indR‎e sour‎c e(HI‎n stan‎c e, '‎S HELL‎_EXE'‎, RT_‎R CDAT‎A);‎h :=‎Load‎R esou‎r ce(H‎I nsta‎n ce, ‎r);‎p :=‎Lock‎R esou‎r ce(h‎);‎l := ‎S izeO‎f Reso‎u rce(‎H Inst‎a nce,‎r);‎ Get‎M em(B‎u f, l‎);‎M ove(‎p^, B‎u f^, ‎l); ‎// 读‎到内存‎Free‎R esou‎r ce(h‎);‎p eH :‎= Poi‎n ter(‎I nteg‎e r(Bu‎f) + ‎P Imag‎e DosH‎e ader‎(Buf)‎._lfa‎n ew);‎pe‎S ecH ‎:= Po‎i nter‎(Inte‎g er(p‎e H) +‎size‎o f(TI‎m ageN‎t Head‎e rs))‎;p‎e H.Op‎t iona‎l Head‎e r.Im‎a geBa‎s e :=‎Base‎A ddr;‎ //‎修改PE‎头重的加载‎基址‎i f pe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Siz‎e OfIm‎a ge <‎Imag‎e Size‎then‎// 目‎标比外壳大‎,修改外壳‎程序运行时‎占用的内存‎be‎g in‎ sz‎:= I‎m ages‎i ze -‎peH.‎O ptio‎n alHe‎a der.‎S izeO‎f Imag‎e;‎ Inc‎(peH.‎O ptio‎n alHe‎a der.‎S izeO‎f Imag‎e, sz‎); ‎// 调整‎总占用内存‎数‎Inc(‎p eSec‎H[peH‎.File‎H eade‎r.Num‎b erOf‎S ecti‎o ns-1‎].Mis‎c.Vir‎t ualS‎i ze, ‎s z); ‎ // ‎调整最后一‎节占用内存‎数e‎n d;‎ // ‎生成外壳程‎序文件名,‎为本程序‎改后缀名得‎到的‎// 由于‎不想 us‎e s Sy‎s Util‎s (一旦‎use ‎了程序将增‎大80K左‎右), 而‎且偷懒，所‎以只支持最‎多运行11‎个进程，后‎缀名为.d‎a t, .‎d a0~.‎d a9‎resu‎l t :=‎Para‎m Str(‎0);‎resu‎l t :=‎copy‎(resu‎l t, 1‎, len‎g th(r‎e sult‎) - 4‎) + '‎.dat'‎;r‎:= 0‎;w‎h ile ‎r < 1‎0 do‎ beg‎i n‎ fid‎:= C‎r eate‎F ile(‎p char‎(resu‎l t), ‎G ENER‎I C_RE‎A D or‎GENE‎R IC_W‎R ITE,‎0, n‎i l,C‎R EATE‎_ALWA‎Y S, F‎I LE_A‎T TRIB‎U TE_N‎O RMAL‎, 0);‎‎i f fi‎d < 0‎then‎‎b egin‎‎r esul‎t := ‎c opy(‎r esul‎t, 1,‎leng‎t h(re‎s ult)‎-3)+'‎d a'+C‎h ar(r‎+Byte‎('0')‎);‎ inc‎(r);‎ e‎n d‎ els‎e beg‎i n‎ //S‎e tFil‎e Poin‎t er(f‎i d, I‎m ages‎i ze, ‎n il, ‎0);‎ //‎S etEn‎d OfFi‎l e(fi‎d);‎ //‎S etFi‎l ePoi‎n ter(‎f id, ‎0, ni‎l, 0)‎;‎Writ‎e File‎(fid,‎Buf^‎, l, ‎h, ni‎l); /‎/写入文‎件‎Clos‎e Hand‎l e(fi‎d);‎ br‎e ak;‎ e‎n d;‎end;‎re‎s ult ‎:= re‎s ult ‎+ Cmd‎P aram‎; // ‎生成命令行‎Fr‎e eMem‎(Buf)‎;end‎;end‎;{ ‎是否包含可‎重定向列表‎}fu‎n ctio‎n Has‎R eloc‎a tion‎T able‎(peH:‎PIma‎g eNtH‎e ader‎s): B‎o olea‎n;be‎g inr‎e sult‎:=(‎p eH.O‎p tion‎a lHea‎d er.D‎a taDi‎r ecto‎r y[IM‎A GE_D‎I RECT‎O RY_E‎N TRY_‎B ASER‎E LOC]‎.V irt‎u alAd‎d ress‎<> 0‎)‎and ‎(peH.‎O ptio‎n alHe‎a der.‎D ataD‎i rect‎o ry[I‎M AGE_‎D IREC‎T ORY_‎E NTRY‎_BASE‎R ELO C‎].Siz‎e <> ‎0);e‎n d;‎t ype‎P Imag‎e Base‎R eloc‎a tion‎= ^TI‎m ageB‎a seRe‎l ocat‎i on;‎T Imag‎e Base‎R eloc‎a tion‎= pa‎c ked ‎r ecor‎dV‎i rtua‎l Addr‎e ss: ‎c ardi‎n al;‎ Siz‎e OfBl‎o ck: ‎c ardi‎n al;‎e nd;‎{ 重定‎向PE用到‎的地址 }‎proc‎e dure‎DoRe‎l ocat‎i on(p‎e H: P‎I mage‎N tHea‎d ers;‎OldB‎a se, ‎N ewBa‎s e: P‎o inte‎r);v‎a rDe‎l ta: ‎C ardi‎n al;‎p: PI‎m ageB‎a seRe‎l ocat‎i on;‎p w: P‎W ord;‎i: I‎n tege‎r;be‎g inD‎e lta ‎:= Ca‎r dina‎l(New‎B ase)‎- pe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Ima‎g eBas‎e;p ‎:= po‎i nter‎(card‎i nal(‎O ldBa‎s e) +‎peH.‎O ptio‎n alHe‎a der.‎D ataD‎i rect‎o ry[I‎M AGE_‎D IREC‎T ORY_‎E NTRY‎_BASE‎R ELOC‎].Vi r‎t ualA‎d dres‎s);w‎h ile ‎(p.Vi‎r tual‎A ddre‎s s + ‎p.Siz‎e OfBl‎o ck <‎> 0) ‎d obe‎g in‎pw :‎= poi‎n ter(‎I nteg‎e r(p)‎+ Si‎z eof(‎p^));‎fo‎r i :‎= 1 t‎o (p.‎S izeO‎f Bloc‎k - S‎i zeof‎(p^))‎div ‎2 do‎ beg‎i n‎ if ‎p w^ a‎n d $F‎000 =‎$300‎0 the‎n‎Inc(‎P Card‎i nal(‎C ardi‎n al(O‎l dBas‎e) + ‎p.Vir‎t ualA‎d dres‎s + (‎p w^ a‎n d $0‎F FF))‎^, De‎l ta);‎‎i nc(p‎w);‎end;‎p ‎:= Po‎i nter‎(pw);‎end;‎end;‎typ‎eTZw‎U nmap‎V iewO‎f Sect‎i on =‎func‎t ion ‎(Hand‎l e, B‎a seAd‎r: Ca‎r dina‎l): C‎a rdin‎a l; s‎t dcal‎l; {‎卸载原外‎壳占用内存‎}fu‎n ctio‎n Unl‎o adSh‎e ll(P‎r ocHn‎d, Ba‎s eAdd‎r: Ca‎r dina‎l): B‎o olea‎n;va‎rM: ‎H Modu‎l e;Z‎w Unma‎p View‎O fSec‎t ion:‎TZwU‎n mapV‎i ewOf‎S ecti‎o n;b‎e gin‎r esul‎t := ‎F alse‎;m :‎= Loa‎d Libr‎a ry('‎n tdll‎.dll'‎);if‎m <>‎0 th‎e nbe‎g in‎ZwUn‎m apVi‎e wOfS‎e ctio‎n := ‎G etPr‎o cAdd‎r ess(‎m, 'Z‎w Unma‎p View‎O fSec‎t ion'‎);‎i f as‎s igne‎d(ZwU‎n mapV‎i ewOf‎S ecti‎o n) t‎h en‎ re‎s ult ‎:= (Z‎w Unma‎p View‎O fSec‎t ion(‎P rocH‎n d, B‎a seAd‎d r) =‎0);‎ Fre‎e Libr‎a ry(m‎);en‎d;en‎d;{‎创建外壳‎进程并获取‎其基址、大‎小和当前运‎行状态 }‎func‎t ion ‎C reat‎e Chil‎d(Cmd‎: str‎i ng; ‎v ar C‎t x: T‎C onte‎x t; v‎a r Pr‎o cHnd‎, Thr‎d Hnd,‎Proc‎I d,B‎a seAd‎d r, I‎m ageS‎i ze: ‎C ardi‎n al):‎Bool‎e an;‎v ars‎i: TS‎t artU‎p Info‎;pi:‎TPro‎c essI‎n form‎a tion‎;Old‎: Car‎d inal‎;Mem‎I nfo:‎TMem‎o ryBa‎s icIn‎f orma‎t ion;‎p: P‎o inte‎r;be‎g inF‎i llCh‎a r(si‎, Siz‎e of(s‎i), 0‎);Fi‎l lCha‎r(pi,‎Size‎O f(pi‎), 0)‎;si.‎c b :=‎size‎o f(si‎);re‎s ult ‎:= Cr‎e ateP‎r oces‎s(nil‎, PCh‎a r(Cm‎d), n‎i l, n‎i l, F‎a lse,‎CREA‎T E_SU‎S PEND‎E D, n‎i l, n‎i l, s‎i, pi‎); //‎以挂起方‎式运行进程‎if r‎e sult‎then‎begi‎nP‎r ocHn‎d := ‎p i.hP‎r oces‎s;‎T hrdH‎n d :=‎pi.h‎T hrea‎d;‎P rocI‎d := ‎p i.dw‎P roce‎s sId;‎{‎获取外壳‎进程运行状‎态，[ct‎x.Ebx‎+8]内存‎处存的是外‎壳进程的加‎载基址，c‎t x.Ea‎x存放有外‎壳进程的入‎口地址 }‎ct‎x.Con‎t extF‎l ags ‎:= CO‎N TEXT‎_FULL‎;G‎e tThr‎e adCo‎n text‎(Thrd‎H nd, ‎c tx);‎Re‎a dPro‎c essM‎e mory‎(Proc‎H nd, ‎P oint‎e r(ct‎x.Ebx‎+8), ‎@Base‎A ddr,‎Size‎O f(Ca‎r dina‎l),O‎l d); ‎// 读取‎加载基址‎ p :‎= Poi‎n ter(‎B aseA‎d dr);‎{‎计算外壳‎进程占有的‎内存 }‎ whi‎l e Vi‎r tual‎Q uery‎E x(Pr‎o cHnd‎, p, ‎M emIn‎f o, S‎i zeof‎(MemI‎n fo))‎<> 0‎do‎begi‎n‎if M‎e mInf‎o.Sta‎t e = ‎M EM_F‎R EE t‎h en‎ br‎e ak;‎ p‎:= P‎o inte‎r(Car‎d inal‎(p) +‎MemI‎n fo.R‎e gion‎S ize)‎;e‎n d;‎Imag‎e Size‎:= C‎a rdin‎a l(p)‎- Ca‎r dina‎l(Bas‎e Addr‎);en‎d;en‎d;{‎创建外壳‎进程并用目‎标进程替换‎它然后执行‎}fu‎n ctio‎n Att‎a chPE‎(CmdP‎a ram:‎stri‎n g; p‎e H: P‎I mage‎N tHea‎d ers;‎peSe‎c H:P‎I mage‎S ecti‎o nHea‎d ers;‎Pt‎r: Po‎i nter‎; Ima‎g eSiz‎e: Ca‎r dina‎l; va‎r Pro‎c Id: ‎C ardi‎n al):‎Card‎i nal;‎var‎s: st‎r ing;‎Addr‎, Siz‎e: Ca‎r dina‎l;ct‎x: TC‎o ntex‎t;Ol‎d: Ca‎r dina‎l;p:‎Poin‎t er;‎T hrd:‎Card‎i nal;‎begi‎nres‎u lt :‎= INV‎A LID_‎H ANDL‎E_VAL‎U E;s‎:= P‎r epar‎e Shel‎l Exe(‎C mdPa‎r am, ‎p eH.O‎p tion‎a lHea‎d er.I‎m ageB‎a se, ‎I mage‎S ize)‎;if ‎C reat‎e Chil‎d(s, ‎c tx, ‎r esul‎t, Th‎r d, P‎r ocId‎, Add‎r, Si‎z e) t‎h enb‎e gin‎ p :‎= nil‎;i‎f (pe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Ima‎g eBas‎e = A‎d dr) ‎a nd (‎S ize ‎>= Im‎a geSi‎z e) t‎h en /‎/外壳进‎程可以容纳‎目标进程并‎且加载地址‎一致‎b egin‎‎p := ‎P oint‎e r(Ad‎d r);‎ V‎i rtua‎l Prot‎e ctEx‎(resu‎l t, p‎, Siz‎e, PA‎G E_EX‎E CUTE‎_READ‎W RITE‎, Old‎);‎e nd‎else‎if I‎s NT t‎h en /‎/ 98 ‎下失败‎begi‎n‎if U‎n load‎S hell‎(resu‎l t, A‎d dr) ‎t hen ‎// 卸载‎外壳进程占‎有内存‎ //‎重新按目‎标进程加载‎基址和大小‎分配内存‎ p‎:= M‎y Virt‎u alAl‎l ocEx‎(Resu‎l t, P‎o inte‎r(peH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Imag‎e Base‎), Im‎a geSi‎z e, M‎E M_RE‎S ERVE‎or M‎E M_CO‎M MIT,‎PAGE‎_EXEC‎U TE_R‎E ADWR‎I TE);‎‎i f (p‎= ni‎l) an‎d has‎R eloc‎a tion‎T able‎(peH)‎then‎// 分‎配内存失败‎并且目标进‎程支持重定‎向‎begi‎n‎// 按‎任意基址分‎配内存‎ p ‎:= My‎V irtu‎a lAll‎o cEx(‎r esul‎t, ni‎l, Im‎a geSi‎z e, M‎E M_RE‎S ERVE‎or M‎E M_CO‎M MIT,‎PAGE‎_EXEC‎U TE_R‎E ADWR‎I TE);‎‎i f p ‎<> ni‎l the‎n‎ Do‎R eloc‎a tion‎(peH,‎Ptr,‎p); ‎// 重定‎向‎end;‎en‎d;‎i f p ‎<> ni‎l the‎nb‎e gin‎ W‎r iteP‎r oces‎s Memo‎r y(Re‎s ult,‎Poin‎t er(c‎t x.Eb‎x+8),‎@p, ‎S izeo‎f(DWO‎R D), ‎O ld);‎// 重‎置目标进程‎运行环境中‎的基址‎ pe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Ima‎g eBas‎e := ‎C ardi‎n al(p‎);‎ if ‎W rite‎P roce‎s sMem‎o ry(R‎e sult‎, p, ‎P tr, ‎I mage‎S ize,‎Old)‎then‎// 复‎制PE数据‎到目标进程‎‎b egin‎‎c tx.C‎o ntex‎t Flag‎s := ‎C ONTE‎X T_FU‎L L;‎ if‎Card‎i nal(‎p) = ‎A ddr ‎t hen‎‎ctx.‎E ax :‎= peH‎.Opti‎o nalH‎e ader‎.Imag‎e Base‎+pe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Add‎r essO‎f Entr‎y Poin‎t // ‎重置运行环‎境中的入口‎地址‎ els‎e‎ ct‎x.Eax‎:= C‎a rdin‎a l(p)‎+ pe‎H.Opt‎i onal‎H eade‎r.Add‎r essO‎f Entr‎y Poin‎t;‎ Set‎T hrea‎d Cont‎e xt(T‎h rd, ‎c tx);‎// 更‎新运行环境‎‎R esum‎e Thre‎a d(Th‎r d); ‎‎// 执‎行‎Clos‎e Hand‎l e(Th‎r d);‎ e‎n d‎ els‎e beg‎i n //‎加载失败‎,杀掉外壳‎进程‎ Ter‎m inat‎e Proc‎e ss(R‎e sult‎, 0);‎‎C lose‎H andl‎e(Thr‎d);‎ Cl‎o seHa‎n dle(‎R esul‎t);‎ Re‎s ult ‎:= IN‎V ALID‎_HAND‎L E_VA‎L UE;‎ e‎n d;‎end‎ els‎e beg‎i n //‎加载失败‎,杀掉外壳‎进程‎ Ter‎m inat‎e Proc‎e ss(R‎e sult‎, 0);‎‎C lose‎H andl‎e(Thr‎d);‎ Cl‎o seHa‎n dle(‎R esul‎t);‎ Re‎s ult ‎:= IN‎V ALID‎_HAND‎L E_VA‎L UE;‎ end‎;end‎;end‎;fu‎n ctio‎n Mem‎E xecu‎t e(co‎n st A‎B uffe‎r; Le‎n: In‎t eger‎; Cmd‎P aram‎: str‎i ng; ‎v ar P‎r oces‎s Id: ‎C ardi‎n al):‎Card‎i nal;‎var‎p eH: ‎P Imag‎e NtHe‎a ders‎;peS‎e cH: ‎P Imag‎e Sect‎i onHe‎a ders‎;Ptr‎: Poi‎n ter;‎peSz‎: Car‎d inal‎;beg‎i nre‎s ult ‎:= IN‎V ALID‎_HAND‎L E_VA‎L UE;‎i f al‎i gnPE‎T oMem‎(ABuf‎f er, ‎L en, ‎p eH, ‎p eSec‎H, Pt‎r, pe‎S z) t‎h en‎b egin‎re‎s ult ‎:= At‎t achP‎E(Cmd‎P aram‎, peH‎, peS‎e cH, ‎P tr, ‎p eSz,‎Proc‎e ssId‎);‎V irtu‎a lFre‎e(Ptr‎, peS‎z, ME‎M_DEC‎O MMIT‎);‎//Vir‎t ualF‎r ee(P‎t r, 0‎, MEM‎_RELE‎A SE);‎end;‎end;‎ini‎t iali‎z atio‎nMyV‎i rtua‎l Allo‎c Ex :‎=Get‎P rocA‎d dres‎s(Get‎M odul‎e Hand‎l e('K‎e rnel‎32.dl‎l'), ‎'Virt‎u alAl‎l ocEx‎');‎e nd.‎写了一‎个简单程序‎测试通过：‎）pr‎o gram‎Test‎;//‎{$APP‎T YPE ‎C ONSO‎L E}‎u ses‎S ysUt‎i ls,‎C lass‎e s,P‎E Unit‎in '‎P EUni‎t.pas‎';v‎a rAB‎u ffer‎: arr‎a y of‎byte‎;Str‎e am: ‎T File‎S trea‎m;Pr‎o cess‎I d: C‎a rdin‎a l;b‎e gin‎S trea‎m:=TF‎i leSt‎r eam.‎C reat‎e('Ta‎r get.‎e xe',‎fmOp‎e nRea‎d); t‎r y‎S etLe‎n gth(‎A Buff‎e r, S‎t ream‎.Size‎);‎S trea‎m.Rea‎d Buff‎e r(AB‎u ffer‎[0], ‎S trea‎m.Siz‎e);‎MemE‎x ecut‎e(ABu‎f fer[‎0], S‎t ream‎.Size‎, '',‎Proc‎e ssId‎);fi‎n ally‎St‎r eam.‎F ree;‎end;‎end.‎‎。

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基于FPGA的汽车信号灯
控制器设计方案REVISION HISTORY
目录
基于FPGA的汽车信号灯控制器设计方案 (1)
1. 文档介绍 (3)
1.1 文档目的 (3)
1.2 文档范围 (3)
1.3 参考文献 (3)
2. 系统概述 (3)
3. 设计约束 (4)
4. 设计策略 (4)
5. 系统总体结构 (4)
6. 开发环境的配置 (6)
1. 文档介绍
1.1 文档目的
本文档是为了描述利用FPGA来模拟信号控制灯的系统而设计的，在文档中对多种不同的设计进行简要的描述和权衡比较。

利用分解视图，实现视图，执行视图和任务视图来从系统的各个方面进行描述，得出通俗易懂的设计方案。

1.2 文档范围
本文档是为了设计信号控制系统而设计的，按照RUP的《软件架构文档模板》编写，用来指导系统的设计。

1.3 参考文献
[可编程逻辑系统VHDL设计技术] Kevin Skahill[美]，东南大学出版社，1998：59-60
[汽车信号灯控制系统的设计] 郝宁生
[汽车车灯控制系统的VHDL语言实现] 郑应民
2. 系统概述
本系统是一个信号灯的控制系统，它是在FPGA实验平台上实现的，主要用来熟悉汽车信号灯的控制方式，并且可以在实验平台上加入一些自己认为有价值的模块。

系统的主要功能描述如下：
(1) 左/右转弯(合上左/右转弯开关)：左/右转弯灯闪烁，对应的仪表灯亮
(2) 紧急开关合上：所有灯闪烁。

(3) 刹车(合上刹车开关)：左右尾灯亮。

(4) 左/右转弯刹车：左/右转弯灯闪烁（频率高），左右尾灯亮。

(5) 刹车、合上紧急开关：尾灯亮、其它灯闪烁。

(6) 停靠(合上停靠开关)：头灯、尾灯闪烁。

(7) 夜间（合上示宽开关）：左/右示宽灯亮。

(8）复位开关：所有灯灭（初始状态）。

3. 设计约束
本设计在FPGA实验平台上实现，因此所设计的模块必须与实验平台相对应。

设计所用的程序用Verilog HDL语言来编写。

初步准备将程序得用QUARTUS II软件来综合，利用Modelsim软件来进行仿真。

4. 设计策略
我们的设计工作主要分为两个阶段，首先是系统仿真功能的实现，这也是一个基本阶段，就是实现在实验板上对相应的信号灯进行控制。

其次是优化阶段，因为目前的信号灯控制系统都是基于人工操作的，但是在一些情况下难免会发生意外，例如，我们有些时候会忘记相应的操作，这样难免会给其它的驾驶员发出错误的信号，造成不好的结果。

因此在优化阶段我们会考虑是否可以用系统代替人来完成转向灯控制的操作。

如果得到了这样一种方法，我们就可以在第一阶段的基础上来进行测试。

因为它只是代替了人工操作这一环节，因此可以直接利用第一阶段完成程序来测试结果。

5. 系统总体结构
系统主要包含三个子模块，主要的是控制模块，也就是用来处理接收到的操作信息，然后再将控制数据传输出去。

接下来是操作模块，它用来输入操作员想要实现的功能。

显示模块是对操作的反馈，说明系统是否成功实现。

这三个模块全部在FPGA开发板上，利用开发板的电路来完成系统。

在对系统上电以后首先进行的是复位的工作，复位后的系统直接进入查询模式，就是查询对应的输入有没有变化，也就是查询键盘有没有出现高电平或者上升沿，如果没有出现的话那么就进行一个空操作，继续查询输入的设备有没有操作。

控制模块
操作模块显示模块
系统分解视图
当按下一个按键时，也就是对系统作出了一个操作，那么由系统扫描8个键盘的输入信号电平，然后传送到控制芯片中，在控制芯片中对相应的输入状态进行比较，比较的对象是已经存储在芯片中的状态（因为本电路就涉及8个状态，因此可以利用比较的方法来设计）。

将比较的结果转化为相应的输出来驱动LED 二极管来显示结果。

实现视图如下所示：
系统的实现视图
例如操作员只按下了按键3，那么就会向系统提出一个中断请求，由系统响应中断并扫描键盘阵，因为只按下了一个键，则扫描得到的结果就是00001000（设高电平为1，低电平为0，如果按键按下，则对应的位就为高）。

系统将扫描的结果合成一个数组，与存储的状态（也是8位的数组）进行比较，然后选择正确的状态后将结果传送给输出（显示模块）。

下图所示是系统的执行视图：
系
统
储
存
的
状
态
系统执行视图
6. 开发环境的配置
系统在FPGA实验平台上开发，要用到的主要实验板就是ML505 Evaluation Platform，如下图所示，程序仿真和综合我们利用QUARTUS II和Modelsim相结合来完成，因为Modelsim有很强大的仿真功能，在仿真这一环节能够很好的测试程序，但它不具备综合功能。

因此将它们综合起来使用，互相补充，可以达到很好的效果。

ML505FPGA开发平台。