Complex Structure Fancy Yarns Theoretical and Experimental Analysis

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新世纪英语专业本科生综合教程(第二版)第3册 Unit3

children from a friend’s house, where the letter carrier
takes his van up and down every driveway on a street.
Detailed Reading
8 We will go through the most extraordinary contortions to save ourselves from walking. Sometimes it’s almost ludicrous. The other day I was waiting to bring home one of my children from a piano lesson when a car stopped outside a post office, and a man about my age popped out and dashed inside. He was in the post office for about three or four minutes, and then came out, got in the car and drove exactly 16 feet (I had nothing better to do, so I paced it off) to the general store next door.
mobility, rugged individualism and masculine force.
Text Analysis Structural Analysis
“Out of Step” is an exposition that presents the absurdity of the Americans’ dependence on cars. The Americans, being so accustomed to using cars, have almost forgotten the existence of their legs. Wherever they go, they go in their cars. As a result, pedestrian facilities are neglected in city planning or rejected by the inhabitants.

西方古物学的英文

西方古物学的英文The Allure of Western AntiquitiesThe study of ancient artifacts and relics from the Western world has long captivated the minds of scholars, historians, and the general public alike. This field, often referred to as Western antiquities, encompasses the examination and preservation of the material remnants of civilizations that once thrived in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East. From the grandeur of ancient Greek temples to the intricate mosaics of the Roman Empire, the wealth of information and cultural insights contained within these artifacts is truly remarkable.One of the primary driving forces behind the fascination with Western antiquities is the desire to uncover and understand the rich tapestry of human history. These ancient objects serve as tangible links to the past, allowing us to glimpse into the lives, beliefs, and achievements of our ancestors. By studying the craftsmanship, symbolism, and context of these artifacts, scholars can shed light on the social, political, and religious structures that shaped the development of Western civilization.The field of Western antiquities is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of disciplines, from archaeology and art history to anthropology and linguistics. Archaeologists, for instance, meticulously excavate and analyze the remains of ancient settlements, uncovering invaluable insights into the daily lives and material culture of past societies. Art historians, on the other hand, delve into the symbolism and stylistic evolution of ancient artworks, tracing the artistic traditions that have influenced and shaped Western art over the centuries.The significance of Western antiquities extends far beyond the academic realm, as these artifacts also hold immense cultural and historical value for the modern world. The preservation and display of these ancient treasures in museums and cultural institutions around the globe serve to educate and inspire people of all backgrounds, fostering a deeper appreciation for the shared heritage of humanity.Moreover, the study of Western antiquities has profound implications for our understanding of the present. By examining the past, scholars can uncover the roots of contemporary social, political, and cultural phenomena, shedding light on the complex and often interconnected nature of human civilization. This knowledge can inform and guide our approach to addressing contemporary challenges, as we strive to learn from the successes and failures ofour ancestors.However, the field of Western antiquities is not without its challenges and controversies. One of the most pressing issues is the ongoing debate surrounding the repatriation of cultural artifacts, as many countries and indigenous communities seek to reclaim objects that were acquired through colonial-era looting or unethical practices. This complex issue raises questions about the rightful ownership and stewardship of these ancient treasures, and it has sparked important discussions about the ethical and legal frameworks governing the preservation and display of cultural heritage.Another challenge facing the field of Western antiquities is the need for continued preservation and conservation efforts. The fragile nature of many ancient artifacts, coupled with the threats posed by environmental degradation, conflict, and natural disasters, underscores the importance of developing and implementing effective preservation strategies. Scholars and institutions around the world are constantly working to develop new technologies and techniques to ensure the long-term survival of these irreplaceable cultural assets.Despite these challenges, the study of Western antiquities remains a vibrant and dynamic field, captivating the minds of researchers, students, and the general public alike. As we continue to uncoverand explore the material remnants of our shared past, we gain a deeper understanding of the human experience, the evolution of civilizations, and the enduring legacy of Western culture. Through the preservation and dissemination of this knowledge, we can foster a greater appreciation for the richness and diversity of our global heritage, and inspire future generations to continue the pursuit of understanding our collective past.。

蚂蚁英语作文

Ants are fascinating creatures that have been the subject of numerous scientific studies and observations.Heres a detailed essay on ants,exploring their characteristics, behaviors,and ecological importance.Introduction to Ants:Ants are small,social insects belonging to the family Formicidae.They are found in various habitats around the world,from forests and grasslands to deserts and humanmade environments.Ants are known for their highly organized societies,which are often referred to as colonies.Physical Characteristics:Ants are typically small,with most species ranging from0.75to2.5millimeters in length. They have a segmented body divided into three main parts:the head,thorax,and abdomen.Ants are equipped with a pair of antennae,which they use for communication and navigation.Their legs are strong and adapted for carrying loads many times their body weight.Social Structure:Ant colonies are composed of various castes,including the queen,male ants,and worker ants.The queen is the reproductive female and the mother of the colony,while the male ants are responsible for mating with the queen.Worker ants,which are sterile females, perform tasks such as foraging for food,caring for the young,and defending the colony. Behavioral Patterns:Ants exhibit complex behaviors that are essential for the survival of their colonies.They communicate using pheromones,which are chemical signals that convey information about food sources,danger,or the need for assistance.Ants are also known for their remarkable navigation skills,using the sun and landmarks to find their way back to the colony.Foraging and Feeding:Ants are omnivorous and their diet varies depending on the species.Some ants are herbivores,feeding on plant materials,while others are predators,hunting insects and other small creatures.Many ants are also known for their mutualistic relationships with aphids,where they protect the aphids in exchange for honeydew,a sugary substance excreted by the aphids.Ecological Role:Ants play a crucial role in ecosystems.They are important decomposers,breaking down dead plant and animal matter and recycling nutrients back into the soil.Ants also help inpollination and seed dispersal.However,some species can become pests,especially in agricultural settings,where they can cause significant damage to crops.Reproduction and Life Cycle:The reproductive cycle of ants is highly synchronized.After a period of mating flights, where male and female ants mate in the air,the fertilized queens return to the ground to start new colonies.They lay eggs,which hatch into larvae,and these larvae are cared for by worker ants until they develop into adult ants.Conservation and Human Interaction:While ants are generally beneficial to the environment,some species can become invasive and disrupt local ecosystems.Human activities,such as deforestation and pesticide use,can also negatively impact ant populations.Conservation efforts often focus on preserving habitats and reducing the use of harmful chemicals. Conclusion:Ants are remarkable insects that demonstrate incredible adaptability and resilience.Their complex social structures and behaviors offer valuable insights into the nature of cooperation and communication.Understanding and appreciating ants can help us better comprehend the intricate balance of our planets ecosystems.。

哥特文学的名词解释英文

哥特文学的名词解释英文Gothic Literature: An Exploration of Key TermsIntroductionGothic literature, often associated with mysterious settings, supernatural elements, and intense emotions, has captivated readers for centuries. Originating in the 18th century, this genre has since evolved and adapted to reflect the fears and anxieties of different historical periods. In this article, we will delve into the world of Gothic literature by providing explanations and discussions of key terms commonly associated with this genre.The SublimeOne essential element in Gothic literature is the concept of the sublime. The term "sublime" refers to the overwhelming sense of awe, terror, and beauty that surpasses ordinary experiences. It often involves a confrontation with the unknown or the supernatural, evoking strong emotions within the reader. The sublime can be seen in the atmospheric descriptions of a decaying mansion or the eerie presence of a ghostly figure, effectively heightening the sense of mystery and fear.The UncannyAnother prominent term in Gothic literature is the uncanny, which refers to something that is simultaneously familiar and strange, creating a sense of unease or fear. It plays on the human instinct of recognizing the familiar, yet feeling discomforted when it becomes distorted or unfamiliar. For instance, the sight of a doll that seems eerily lifelike or the presence of doppelgangers can evoke feelings of the uncanny, blurring the line between reality and the supernatural.The Byronic HeroOften found in Gothic literature, the Byronic hero is a complex and morally ambiguous character. Inspired by the portrayal of Lord Byron himself, these protagonistspossess a troubled past, intense emotions, and often exhibit characteristics of rebellion or isolation. They are captivating figures that often possess a dark allure, drawing the reader into their inner turmoil and making them question societal norms through their actions and beliefs.The Femme FataleThe femme fatale is a term used to describe a highly seductive and mysterious female character in Gothic literature. Often depicted as dangerous and treacherous, the femme fatale possesses an irresistible charm that leads to the downfall of the protagonist or other male characters in the story. With her allure and manipulation, she challenges traditional gender roles, exerting her power over others.The GrotesqueThe grotesque is an essential element in Gothic literature, referring to the fusion of the beautiful and the repulsive. It often involves physical deformities, horrifying events, or disturbing imagery that provoke feelings of discomfort. The grotesque can be seen in the portrayal of monstrous creatures or twisted characters, highlighting the darker aspects of humanity with a touch of otherworldliness.The Haunted HouseNo discussion of Gothic literature is complete without mentioning the haunted house. It serves as a physical embodiment of the uncanny and the sublime, representing a place where the past merges with the present. The haunted house often features decaying architecture, eerie noises, and a sense of foreboding, encapsulating the dark secrets and unresolved traumas of its inhabitants.ConclusionGothic literature, with its rich history and diverse themes, continues to capture the imagination of readers worldwide. Through the exploration of key terms such as the sublime, the uncanny, the Byronic hero, the femme fatale, the grotesque, and the haunted house, we gain a deeper understanding of the nuances and complexities within this genre.The interplay of these elements reflects both the fears and desires of society, while allowing us to explore the darker recesses of the human psyche.。

Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media – Replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian i

ReviewOptimization of chemically deﬁned cell culture media –Replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methodsJ.van der Valk a,*,D.Brunner b ,K.De Smet c ,Å.Fex Svenningsen d ,P.Honegger e ,L.E.Knudsen f ,T.Lindl g ,J.Noraberg d ,A.Price h ,M.L.Scarino i ,G.Gstraunthaler jaNCA,DWM,Fac.Veterinary Medicine,Utrecht University,Yalelaan 2,3584CM Utrecht,The Netherlandsbzet-Life Science Laboratorium,zet –Centre for Alternative and Complementary Methods to Animal Testing,Industriezeile 36/VII,4020Linz,Austria cFederal Agency for Medicines and Health Products,DG PRE Authorisation,Victor Hortaplein 40,Bus 40,B-1060Brussels,Belgium dInstitute of Molecular Medicine,Department of Neurobiology Research,University of Southern Denmark,J.B.Winslows Vej 21,DK-5000Odense C,Denmark eDepartment of Physiology,University of Lausanne,CH-1005Lausanne,Switzerland fDepartment of Public Health,Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Denmark gInstitut für angewandte Zellkultur,München,Germany hIn-Vitro Methods Unit/European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods,Institute of Health and Consumer Protection,European Commission Joint Research Centre,Ispra (VA),Italy iINRAN,National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition,Via Ardeatina 546,00178Rome,Italy jDepartment of Physiology and Medical Physics,Innsbruck Medical University,Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3,A-6020Innsbruck,Austriaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 10March 2010Accepted 25March 2010Available online 31March 2010Keywords:In vitro methods Fetal bovine serum Serum-freeGood cell culture practice Tissue culture 3Rsa b s t r a c tQuality assurance is becoming increasingly important.Good laboratory practice (GLP)and good manu-facturing practice (GMP)are now established standards.The biomedical ﬁeld aims at an increasing reli-ance on the use of in vitro methods.Cell and tissue culture methods are generally fast,cheap,reproducible and reduce the use of experimental animals.Good cell culture practice (GCCP)is an attempt to develop a common standard for in vitro methods.The implementation of the use of chemi-cally deﬁned media is part of the GCCP.This will decrease the dependence on animal serum,a supple-ment with an undeﬁned and variable composition.Deﬁned media supplements are commercially available for some cell types.However,information on the formulation by the companies is often lim-ited and such supplements can therefore not be regarded as completely deﬁned.The development of deﬁned media is difﬁcult and often takes place in isolation.A workshop was organised in 2009in Copen-hagen to discuss strategies to improve the development and use of serum-free deﬁned media.In this report,the results from the meeting are discussed and the formulation of a basic serum-free medium is suggested.Furthermore,recommendations are provided to improve information exchange on newly developed serum-free media.Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction (1054)2.Development of a serum-free medium...................................................................................10552.1.Basal medium .................................................................................................10552.2.Supplements ..................................................................................................10550887-2333/$-see front matter Ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016Abbreviations:ATCC,The American Type Culture Collection;ADCF,animal-derived component-free;BSA,bovine serum albumin;CD,chemically deﬁned;DMEM,Dulbecco minimal essential medium;DSMZ,German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures;ECACC,European Collection of Animal Cell Cultures;ECOPA,European Concensus Platform for Alternatives;ECVAM,European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods;EGF,epidermal growth factor;ESAC,ECVAM Scientiﬁc Advisory Committee;ESTIV,European Society of Toxicology in vitro ;FBS,fetal bovine serum;GCCP,good cell culture practice;GLP,good laboratory practice;GMP,good manufacturing practice;INVITROM,the Dutch-Belgian Society for in vitro Methods;ITS,Insulin transferrin and selenium;MEM,minimal essential medium;NGF,nerve growth factor;PET,polyethyleneterephthalate;PL,platelet lysates;SFM,serum-free medium;TEER,trans-epithelial electrical resistance;3Rs,replacement,reﬁnement reduction of use of experimental animals.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+31302532163;fax:+31302537997.E-mail address:j.vandervalk@uu.nl (J.van der Valk).Toxicology in Vitro 24(2010)1053–1063Contents lists available at ScienceDirectToxicology in Vitroj o u r n a l ho m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i er.c om/locate/toxinvit2.2.1.Hormones (1055)2.2.2.Growth factors (1056)2.2.3.Protease inhibitors (1056)2.2.4.Protein hydrolysates (1056)2.2.5.Shear force protectors (1056)2.2.6.Proteins (1056)2.2.7.Vitamins (1056)2.2.8.Amino acids (1056)2.2.9.Glutamine (1056)2.2.10.Trace elements (1056)2.2.11.Lipids (1056)2.2.12.Antibiotics (1056)2.2.13.Attachment factors (1056)2.2.14.Osmolarity (1057)2.3.‘‘Building a serum-free medium (1057)2.4.Adaptation of cell lines to serum-free medium (1057)2.4.1.Reduction of serum content (1057)2.4.2.Sequential adaptation (1057)2.4.3.Adaptation with conditioned medium (1057)2.4.4.Inside adaptation (1058)3.Promoting the development and use of serum-free media (1058)rmation sources (1058)3.2.The serum-free media interactive online database(D.Brunner) (1058)3.3.Validating new media and adapted cells (1058)3.4.Other activities (1059)4.Examples of serum-free studies (1059)4.1.Human platelet lysates as a serum substitute in cell culture media(G.Gstraunthaler) (1059)4.2.Serum-free aggregating brain cell cultures(P.Honegger) (1059)anotypic brain slice cultures and defined serum-free medium Neurobasal with B27(J.Noraberg) (1059)4.4.Defined medium and serum-containing medium occasionally induce cells to use different signal transduction pathways to proliferate(Å.Fex Svenningsen) (1060)4.5.Optimization of culture conditions for human intestinal Caco-2cells to improve functional differentiation in serum-free media(M.L.Scarino) (1060)5.Conclusions (1061)6.General recommendations (1061)7.Recommendations for developing serum-free cell culture media (1061)Acknowledgements (1061)References (1061)1.IntroductionIn vitro methods are widely used tools to study physiological, biological and pharmacological activities at the cell and tissue le-vel.In addition,in vitro methods are also becoming increasingly important in the production of biological components,such as hormones and vaccines.Mammalian cells are generally grown un-der well-established conditions in incubators,where the temper-ature is typically kept at37°C with a controlled humidiﬁed gas mixture of5%CO2and95%O2.To achieve good experimental reproducibility,the composition of the cell culture medium is essential.The simplest medium is the classical Ringer’s solution (Ringer and Buxton,1887),which was developed as a solution with optimal concentrations of different salts to preserve frog heart muscle tissue.To maintain cells and tissues for longer peri-ods of time,the medium should also contain components like nutrients and pH buffering substances.This type of medium was formulated by Harry Eagle,who developed Eagle’s minimal essen-tial medium(Eagle’s MEM or MEM).MEM also contained amino acids,glucose and vitamins(Eagle,1955).A similar basal medium, MEM modiﬁed by Dulbecco(Dulbecco’s Modiﬁed Eagle’s Medium, DMEM),is still used to maintain primary cell cultures and cell lines.To keep cells alive for longer periods of time and to evaluate proliferation,migration and differentiation a basal medium must be supplemented with several factors.Serum,from animals or humans,is most commonly used to maintain and proliferate cells. Fetal bovine serum(FBS)serves most purposes and is the present standard.FBS is a complex mixture of different factors and contains a large number of components,like growth factors,proteins,vita-mins,trace elements,hormones,etc.,essential for the growth and maintenance of cells.However,the use of FBS is controversial for a number of rea-sons.First of all,the collection of serum causes unnecessary suf-fering for the unborn calf(van der Valk et al.,2004).Secondly, seasonal and continental variations in the serum composition, produces batch-to-batch variations.This,in turn,causes pheno-typical differences in the cell cultures,resulting in variations of the results.Additionally,due to the likelihood of contamination (e.g.,BSE),the use of animal products is strongly discouraged for production of new biological medicinal products(Anon, 1993;Schiff,2005;van der Valk et al.,2004).In fact,as much as20–50%of commercial FBS is virus-positive(Wessman and Levings,1999).Since in vitro methods are among the most favoured methods to replace animal methods(Hartung,2007),there is a demand for reliable and scientiﬁcally better deﬁned cell and tissue culture methods including quality assurance(Gupta et al., 2005).Guidelines for good cell culture practice(GCCP),involving recommendations with respect to the use of serum-free media,1054J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–1063have previously been published(Coecke et al.,2005;Hartung et al.,2002).The ECVAM Scientiﬁc Advisory Committee(ESAC) has also published a statement that strongly recommends the use of serum-free substitutes for current and new in vitro methods(ESAC,2008).Although,there is no legal basis for applying GCCP,it is recommended that GCCP becomes part of good laboratory practice(GLP)and good manufacturing practice (GMP).A workshop,to discuss the possibilities to reduce the use of FBS in cell and tissue culture was organised in2003(van der Valk et al.,2004).The report from this meeting provides clear recommendations to reduce or stop the suffering of live unborn bovine calfs from which blood is drawn for the production of FBS.Ethical,safety and scientiﬁc grounds were also given for the replacement of FBS and other animal components in cell and tissue culture methods.In2009,a follow-up workshop was organised to discuss current in vitro methods devoid of FBS,or other animal components.The workshop,held in Copen-hagen,Denmark,was organised under auspices of the European Society of Toxicology In Vitro(ESTIV),the Dutch-Belgian Society for In Vitro Methods(INVITROM)and the Danish in vitro Toxicology Network.The results from this workshop clearly demonstrate the possibilities to grow a number of different primary cell and tissue cultures as well as cell lines without the use of animal products.Furthermore,directions were provided on how to develop a serum-free,chemically deﬁned,culture media for mammalian cell and tissue cultures in basic and applied research.This report aims at discussing the advantages of deﬁned cell culture media and to give directions for the development of a basic deﬁned media for a wider audience.2.Development of a serum-free mediumThe attempts to grow cells date back for at least50years (Pumper,1958;Waymouth,1955).Early attempts to grow cells in serum-free,hormone-supplemented media were performed to understand the role of serum in cell culture media.The efforts to identify all the serum components that are physiologically relevant to maintain proliferation of cells in culture,and the attempts to re-place the serum with its deﬁned components,were not successful (Taub,1990).Since then,several different serum-free formulations have been developed where the media are supplemented with approximately10essential components(Pazos et al.,2004).About 10–20%of these strategies appeared to be successful(Pazos et al., 2004).The pioneering work by Hayashi and Sato(1976)replacing serum by the addition of selected hormones,promoting growth and stimulating differentiation of speciﬁc cells,led to the development of a good chemically deﬁned,serum-free media (see Box1)(Barnes and Sato,1980a,b;Bjare,1992;Grillberger et al.,2009;Gstraunthaler,2003;Taub,1990).In the last10years, investigations into cell function have led to the identiﬁcation of a growing number of components which have been useful in the development of modern serum-free cell culture media.Many transformed or newly transfected cell lines can successfully be maintained in these enriched serum-free media without adapta-tion and the number of cell-speciﬁc media is growing steadily. Now,more than100different available serum-free media formula-tions have been developed and can be readily used without great investments in time and money to develop one’s own(Zähringer, 2009).2.1.Basal mediumWith time,it has become clear that almost every cell type has its own requirements concerning medium supplements.Therefore, a universal(serum-free)cell and tissue culture medium may not be feasible.Different cell types have different receptors involved in cell survival,growth and differentiation and release different fac-tors to their environment.The threshold for developing or using a new(deﬁned)medium when the current FBS containing medium works well,is high for obvious reasons.In order to aid in this process,a strategy for the development of new media will be discussed below.It is recommended to start a new formulation with a50:50(v/v) mixture of DMEM and Ham’s nutrient mixture F-12(Ham,1965). This medium formulation combines the high amino acid content of DMEM with the highly enriched Ham’s F-12(Barnes and Sato, 1980a,b;Jayme et al.,1997).Furthermore,the basal medium must contain an essential,so called,ITS supplement(insulin,transferrin and selenium).Insulin,theﬁrst of the components of the ITS sup-plement,has been known to be essential in cell culture from1924 and is now the most commonly used hormone in culture media (Gey and Thalhimer,1924).Transferrin is also an essential protein in culture medium where the main action is to transfer iron into the cells(Bjare,1992).Selenium is an essential trace element and acts in particular in selenoproteins which protect cells against oxi-dative stress(Helmy et al.,2000).2.2.SupplementsAlthough some cell types can be maintained in the basal medium (Bettger and McKeehan,1986;Butler and Jenkins,1989),most cells need additional supplements to survive,proliferate and/or differen-tiate.The most commonly supplied components will be discussed below.2.2.1.HormonesAll hormones of mammalian organisms are physiological con-stituents in blood circulation and are thus also present in serum Box1Culture mediaSerum-free media:serum-free media do not require sup-plementation with serum,but may contain discrete pro-teins or bulk protein fractions(e.g.,animal tissue orplant extracts)and are thus regarded as chemically unde-ﬁned(see:chemically deﬁned media).Protein-free media:protein-free media do not contain highmolecular weight proteins or protein fractions,but maycontain peptide fractions(protein hydrolysates),and arethus not chemically deﬁned.Protein-free media facilitatethe down-stream processing of recombinant proteinsand the isolation of cellular products(e.g.,monoclonalantibodies),respectively.Animal-derived component-free media:media containingno components of animal or human origin.These mediaare not necessarily chemically deﬁned(e.g.,when they con-tain bacterial or yeast hydrolysates,or plant extracts).Chemically deﬁned media:chemically deﬁned media donot contain proteins,hydrolysates or any other compo-nents of unknown composition.Highly puriﬁed hormonesor growth factors added can be of either animal or plantorigin,or are supplemented as recombinant products(see:animal-derived component-free media).J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–10631055in varying amounts(Lindl and Gstraunthaler,2008;Price and Greg-ory,1982).Supplementation with hormones was therefore aﬁrst step in the development of serum-free media(Barnes and Sato, 1980a,b;Hayashi and Sato,1976).Insulin has been shown to be obligatory in all serum-free media formulations.Other hormones most widely used in serum-free cell culture are glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and hydrocortisone),triiodothyronine(T3),and hormones that cell-speciﬁcally act by increasing intracellular cAMP levels(see Section2.3).Water-soluble complexes of steroids are commercially available.2.2.2.Growth factorsGrowth factors are generally added to the basal medium to increase cell proliferation and to stimulate speciﬁc cell functions. Traditionally,growth factors and other supplements are added as bulk in the form of fetal bovine serum(FBS).Most growth factors are highly cell type speciﬁc.Others are of more general use and can also have positive effects on several different cell types.Fibroblast growth factor-2,for example,has a positive effect on the phenotype of chondrocytes cultured in serum-free medium(Mandl et al.,2004).Some cells in culture may release growth factors thereby stimulating their own proliferation and that of other cells(Gospodarowicz and Moran,1976).2.2.3.Protease inhibitorsThe protease inhibitors that are introduced by the addition of FBS are a1-antitrypsin and a2-macroglobulin(Gstraunthaler, 2003).The inhibitors terminate the trypsination process and act beneﬁcially by inhibiting lysosomal peptidases that may occasion-ally be released during cell turnover.Protease inhibitors thus have a protective effect on cells,but are not essential.When no protease inhibitors are supplied,one should carefully assess the trypsin concentration.2.2.4.Protein hydrolysatesProtein hydrolysates are used to deliver amino acids and small peptides.These are not essential in cell culture and the effect is somewhat controversial.In fact,some studies report a beneﬁcial effect in cell cultures(Burteau et al.,2003;Schlaeger,1996),while other studies demonstrated that protein hydrolysates do not sup-port cell growth and that higher concentrations actually reduce cell growth(Keay,2004).Protein hydrolysates are chemically not de-ﬁned(see Box1)and may cause problems in reproducibility and comparability of experiments.2.2.5.Shear force protectorsTurbulence in bioreactors and perfusion cultures cause shear stress in cells.Serum protects cells from this shear force(Elias et al.,1995;van der Pol and Tramper,1998).Pluronic F68has a similar effect(Zhang et al.,1992),but is not essential for ordinary cell cultures.2.2.6.ProteinsProteins are carriers for different low molecular weight compo-nents and may facilitate cell adhesion(Taub,1990).Bovine serum albumin(BSA)is often used as a lipid carrier.However,BSA is de-rived from animals and may either be contaminated or may con-tain impurities(Taub,1990).Nowadays,recombinant proteins, including albumin,are available for animal component-free cell culture(Keenan et al.,2006).2.2.7.VitaminsVitamins are provided by the basal medium.At least seven vita-mins were found to be essential for cell growth and proliferation: choline,folic acid,nicotinamide,pantothenate,pyridoxal,riboﬂa-vin,and thiamine(Bjare,1992;Butler and Jenkins,1989;Taub,1990).B-vitamins are necessary for cell biochemistry,and are also present in DMEM as well as in Ham-F-12.2.2.8.Amino acidsAll13essential amino acids are necessary for culturing mam-malian cells(Arg,Cys,Gln,His,Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Phe,Thr,Trp, Tyr,and Val)and are present in high concentrations(0.5–4mM) in DMEM.The seven non-essential amino acids(Ala,Asn,Asp, Glu,Gly,Pro,and Ser)are provided by Ham’s F-12.2.2.9.GlutamineGlutamine is an essential precursor for the synthesis of proteins and ribonucleotides.It is also important respiratory fuel for rapidly dividing cells and cells that use glucose inefﬁciently(Glacken, 1988;Reitzer et al.,1979;Zielke et al.,1984).However,glutamine also has its drawbacks:it is unstable in solution,and glutamine breakdown and metabolism result in the production and accumu-lation of ammonia,which is toxic to cells(Schneider et al.,1996), since it is not absorbed by serum proteins in serum-free and/or protein-free media.To overcome these disadvantages,alternatives for the use of glutamine in culture media were developed.Gluta-mate,for example,can replace glutamine in cell cultures that ex-press sufﬁcient glutamine synthetase activity.A more recent invention is the use of glutamine-containing dipeptides,alanyl-glutamine and glycyl-glutamine,commercially available under the trade name GLUTAMAX™(Christie and Butler,1994).These dipeptides are more stable and heat resistant,which even makes it possible to autoclave the media that contain these molecules. The dipeptides are intra-or extracellularly cleaved by peptidases, thereby releasing glutamine and either alanine or glycine.The availability of glutamine is therefore dependent on the peptidase activity,which results in lower rates of glutamine consumption and ammonia production.GLUTAMAX™can be substituted for glutamine on a1:1M basis.2.2.10.Trace elementsMost trace elements are available in the basal medium since Ham’s F-12is qualitatively rich in necessary trace elements (Ham,1965).2.2.11.LipidsThe role of fatty acids and lipids in cell culture has long been ne-glected.Lipids serve as energy stores,as structural constituents of cellular membranes,and in transport and signalling systems.Some lipids are available in the basal medium.However,essential fatty acids and ethanolamine are recommended as supplements. Water-soluble supplements are commercially available.Serum albumin is a carrier of fatty acids and lipids(see Section2.2.6).Essential fatty acids are components of several serum-free med-ia formulations.2.2.12.AntibioticsWherever possible,the use of antibiotics should be avoided (Kuhlmann,1996).Antibiotic-resistant microorganism may develop,and antibiotics may also have adverse effects on cell growth and function.2.2.13.Attachment factorsMost mammalian cells need a special culture substratum for cell attachment in order to survive and grow in vitro.The plastic culture dish,that is speciﬁcally treated to introduce charge and hydrophilicity into the polystyrol surface,e.g.,with poly-L(or D)-ly-sine or ornithine,is the most commonly used substrate for cell attachment.Coating the plastic dishes with other substrates like extracellular matrix components(Kleinman et al.,1987)or1056J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–1063collagenous matrices (Kleinman et al.,1981)further facilitates the adhesion of anchorage-dependent cells.2.2.14.OsmolarityAlthough mammalian cells express a reasonable wide tolerance to osmolarity,osmolarity should always be carefully checked and compensated for when adapting to a new cell culture formulations.2.3.‘‘Building ”a serum-free mediumAs shown above,to exclude FBS from a cell and tissue culture medium,and still maintain cell adhesion,growth and proliferation it is important to include a large number of several components in the cell culture medium.In Fig.1,a schematic modular approach for the development of serum-free media is shown as a ‘‘media pyramid”.The bottom of the pyramid contains the basal medium,which includes DMEM/Ham’s F-12(50:50,v/v),supplemented with insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS).To make adherent cells stick to the bottom of the culture vessel,coating with components of the extracellular matrix should be considered.Cell attachment factors are often required for serum-free culture.The next step in media formulation development is the addition of speciﬁc hormones and growth factors.Epidermal growth factor (EGF)and glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and dexamethasone),for example,are present in most media.Depending on the cell type,additional cell-speciﬁc growth factors may also be needed,like nerve growth factor (NGF)for neurons.It has been demon-strated that cultures of epithelial cells need a supplementation with agonists,that speciﬁcally elevates cellular cAMP levels (Gstraunthaler,2003).In this respect,also forskolin and cholera toxin,although acting as strong pharmacological agents,were used as in vitro mitogens.The tip of the pyramid represents increased speciﬁcity in ser-um-free media composition:the addition of lipids,antioxidants and/or speciﬁc vitamins.Retinoic acid (vitamin A)is an additive re-quired in cell culture media for a number of epithelial cell types.Vitamin E (a -tocopherol)and ascorbate (vitamin C)are presum-ably acting as antioxidants.Other antioxidants found in serum-freemedia formulations are b -mercaptoethanol (b -ME)and selenium (see above).2.4.Adaptation of cell lines to serum-free mediumThere are several approaches to adapt cultured cells to a serum-free medium (Fig.2).Typically,a cell culture has to undergo a gradual weaning process which involves progressive adaptation to lower serum concentrations until serum-free conditions are reached.The cultures to be adapted should be in the logarithmic phase of growth and should have viability over 90%.However,one should also keep in mind that an unwanted selection of a change in the population of cells,during the adaptation process,by indirectly selecting cells capable to grow in serum-free media,may occur.Therefore,it is necessary to check the performance of cultures and to monitor cellular morphology and function during weaning.In order to aid the process of weaning several adaption proto-cols are listed below (and in Fig.2):2.4.1.Reduction of serum contentIn this protocol,serum content is reduced at each passage until 0.1%serum is reached.After cultivation in normal medium con-taining 10%FBS,the consequent serum reduction steps (from 5%to 0.1%FBS)are carried out in serum-free,hormone-supplemented medium.2.4.2.Sequential adaptationSimilar to protocol 1,cells are passaged into mixtures of serum-containing and serum-free media,until complete serum-free condition is reached.If the last step,changing from 75%to 100%serum-free,is too stressful for the cells,it is recommended to keep the cell culture in a 10%serum-containing and 90%ser-um-free medium mixture for 2–3passages,before switching to a complete serum-free medium.2.4.3.Adaptation with conditioned mediumThis adaptation follows protocol 2,however,cells are passaged into decreasing mixtures of conditioned media from the passage before.in serum-free culture media pre-coating of culture vessels with: collagen type I, type IV , laminin, fibronectin,Basement Membrane Matrigel™basal medium: DMEM / Ham F-12 (50:50, v/v) + ITSgrowth factors: EGF, FGF, NGF, IGF-1, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-βhormones:glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, cell- specific agonists that signal via cAMP (ADH, PTH, PGE2, glucagon)lipids:fatty acids, cholesterol, ethanolamine vitamins acting as anti-oxidants: α-tocopherolascorbic acid, vitamins: retinoic acidchemically defined, serum-free media:β-MEJ.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro 24(2010)1053–106310572.4.4.Inside adaptationIn this protocol,freshly seeded cells are weaned in serum-free medium,and cultures are grown to conﬂuence.The conﬂuent monolayer is then passaged into serum-free medium.3.Promoting the development and use of serum-free media rmation sourcesBefore using the experimental approach to set up a serum-free medium for a given cell type,cell lines or tissue culture,a search for already existing media formulations should be performed This can be done by a thorough literature survey,or by a search in a re-cently established serum-free media online database(see Section 3.2).There are several databases that contain information on com-mercially available serum-free media formulations and supple-ments(Anon,2009a,b,c).Approximately450different serum-free cell culture media formulations are now commercially available, but only for a limited number of cell types(Anon,2009a,b,c). Regrettably,the formulations of speciﬁc supplements for the com-mercially available media are generally not available,and those can therefore not be considered as fully deﬁned media.Such for-mulations have also been changed without informing the users (Chen et al.,2008;Cressey,2009),and supplements with the same name may differ in formulation between suppliers.Today,the information on available serum-free media formula-tions,particularly when these are not commercially available,is unfortunately scarce.Nevertheless,development of serum-free media and cell adaptation protocols are ongoing processes in sev-eral laboratories,often without knowledge about research pro-cesses,experiences and results of other laboratories regarding this topic.This is partly due to a lack in communication between labs and particularly the lack of a common forum where such for-mulations could be posted.It is recommended that these obstacles must be overcome in order to encourage future use and develop-ment of serum-free media.It is further recommended to collect formulations of‘‘in lab developed”media in databases,where access to reliable protocols including detailed formulations,should be free.It is also recom-mended to publish established protocols in dedicated online databases like Springer Protocols and Nature Protocols.When pub-lishing studies with newly developed serum-free formulations spe-ciﬁc keywords should be used in the publication to enable easy retrieval of the publications.Key words like3R,serum-free media or deﬁned media are recommended.3.2.The serum-free media interactive online database(D.Brunner)To make the search for serum-free media easier,a new collec-tion of commercially available serum-free media has been devel-oped in a free accessible unique interactive online database (Brunner et al.,2010;Falkner et al.,2006).Speciﬁcations of serum-free media(i.e.,ability to maintain cells of speciﬁc organism,organs,tissue,cell type and disease)were col-lected and systematically arranged with respect to speciﬁc stan-dards(ICD2007of WHO and ITIS).Additional commercially available cell lines,hybridoma and primary cells from ATCC,ECACC and DSMZ are included in the database to allow a‘‘reverse search”by specifying the used cells to gain a serum-free medium.This search modus is based upon comparison of speciﬁcations and can also be used toﬁnd most similar serum-free media.Furthermore,the degree of chemical deﬁnition,e.g.,serum-free (SFM),animal-derived component-free(ADCF)or chemically de-ﬁned(CD),and the kind of medium,e.g.,basal media,media sup-plements,or full replacement media can be selected.Presently, 452serum-free media and4817continuous cell lines,hybridoma lines and primary cultures from ATCC,ECACC and DSMZ that are commercially available are included in the database.Despite extensive search for serum-free media and adapted cell lines,there is still a lack of detailed information from companies and suppliers. It is intended to open the database for interactive exchange of information and guidelines from experts in theﬁeld in order to continuously improve and extend the serum-free online database. The database is accessible at .3.3.Validating new media and adapted cellsIn a statement on the use of FBS and other animal-derived supplements(ESAC,2008),the ECVAM Scientiﬁc Advisory Commit-tee strongly argues for the development of new serum-free in vitro culture methods.Furthermore,when an in vitro method using serum-containing media is presented to ECVAM for validation,a justiﬁcation for using serum must be provided.To promote the use of serum-free media,ECVAM(European Centre for the Valida-tion of Alternative Methods)will encourage the submitters of new tests systems for validation studies to make their protocols public if their model is designed under serum-free conditions.Existing culture methods where animal components are being replaced, should be validated against serum-containing media to ensure that1058J.van der Valk et al./Toxicology in Vitro24(2010)1053–1063。

GRE阅读难句解读

GRE阅读难句解读GRE阅读难句解读1.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，moregenerally，the nature of human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation hasrested.他们相信，诸如灵与肉的问题，或更普遍而言，人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注，均是一些基本的人类问题，其探索性的'哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思辩均赖以建立其上。

2.The idea of an autonomous discipline called philosophy，distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology andscience turns out，on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.细作审视，我们便不难发现，一种被称为哲学的独立学科既有别于神学和科学诸般学科，并高高在上地对其予以评判的思想，其渊源却是甚为近期的事。

3.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution-the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。

TPO生词

TPO (1)-2012/06/06Conversation (1): database数据库, skim撇，脱脂的，表层的，浏览，掠过, in case万一Lecture (1):bleak阴冷的，荒凉的, blurry模糊的，污脏的, pinkish粉红的, barn谷仓, mess up 陷入困境，搞糟, zigzag Z字型的, peek out向外窥探Lecture (2): solidify团结，凝固, essentially本质上, flatten击败，变平, conventional符合习俗的，传统的，惯例的, refinement精制，提纯, Appalachian阿巴拉契亚山脉, eye-opening news 使人开眼界的新闻, grain纹理，颗粒，谷物, granite花冈岩, split apart劈开, conclusively最后的，决定性的Lecture (3): inhabitant居民, Neolithic新石器时代, flake小薄片，火花，使剥落, inland内陆, hatchway舱口，天窗, diagonal对角线，斜线, plaster石膏, hearth灶台, soot煤烟, rib肋骨, layout 布局，设计, speculate推测，思索Lecture (4): marmot土拨鼠, rodent啮齿动物, hibernate冬眠, reside居住, temperate温和的, frost霜, vegetative植物的, loner孤独的人, ritual仪式, meadow草地，牧场TPO (2)-20120608-MaggieConversation (1): write up写文章赞扬，详细记载，补写, casual knowledge偶然的知识, rule of thumb经验法则, pad, jot down草草记下, draft version草拟版本Lecture (1): manifestation表现，显示，示威运动, laryngeal habit喉习惯, larynx喉，喉头, overt 明显的，公然的，蓄意的, electrode点极, diligently勤奋地, motor发动机,to jump ahead开始某话题, ideomotor action观念运动, equivalent等价物，相等的, definitively决定性地，最后地Lecture (2): botany, expected, typically, due(到期的）, flight, delayed, fiber, cotton, plastic, explosive, hemp, bear(v.产果）, island, flexible, exceptionally, resistant, salt, steel cable, degrade, zinc, drag through, anchor, moor, ton, extract, bundle, compose, twistConversation (2): register, seminar, schedule, quit, thesis, poetry, revising, poem, publication, Thanksgiving, move it out, stuff, summer score, definitely, otherwiseLecture (3): philosophy, ethical, aim for, distinction, technical term, extrinsic value, intrinsic value, in addition to, sake, engage in, extrinsically, beyond, productivity, musician, instrument, amateur, modest income, generally, ultimate, attainment, frustration, criteria, feature, obtain, fame, intellectual, contemplationLecture (4): asteroid belt, board, multiply, row, decimal, mercury, venus, mars, astronomical, tantalizingly, Jupiter, Saturn, pattern(模式）, predicting, gravitation, mathematically, attempting, telescope, Uranus, validity, Cere, faint, appearanceTPO (3)-20120608-AmyConversation (1): receptionist, assignment, bulletin board, registrar, junk mail, administration office; sign up, practical, issue, instructor, enroll, department, lonelyLecture (1): habitat, migrate, humming birds, amazingly, tiny, hemisphere, breeds, beats, nectar, pollinated, spread, cease, migration routes, cattle, for instance, pose, threat, preserve, concrete, replanting, banding, track, lightweight, labeled, recaptured, lifespan, on record, destinationLecture (2): categories, standards, neatly, classify, gradually, pioneer, aquatic, display, clip, mollusk, narration, portray, notions, uncanny, suspicious, innovator, fancy, patched, investigated, documentarist, incorporating,Conversation (2): assume, introductory, relief, agricultural, hall, clay pottery, Button, involved, arrange, tough, assistantLecture (3): preserved, piped up, primitive, masterpieces, Chauvet, Altamira, Lascaux, confirmation, Paleolithic humans, context, significantly, shallow, penetrate, torches, charcoal, virtually, enhancing, perspectives, slides, bison, rhinoceros, mammoth, precise, dimLecture (4): astronomy, bloom, spectroscopy, spectra, spectral, emitted, composition, back up, prism, beam, spectrum, Optical radiation, Uranium, bleed into, interruptions, magnified, randomly, patterns, distinct, match up, compiled, iron, prism, radiates, fingerprint, makeup, extensive, Helium, HeliusTPO(4)-20120608-VanessaConversation1Contemporary. Critiques. controversial. Stage. Fuss. V acation. Premier. Basement. Stack. Hanging around.(无所事事) Impressed. Progress. Honestly. Tape. Radical. Dramatically. Assigned.Lecture1Mating. Preen. Feathers. Conflicting. Groom. Bush. Redirecting. Appropriate. Under the circumstances.（既然如此）Urge. Disinhibition. Comfort. Messed up.（混乱）Tidy.Lecture2Self-Reliance.（自力更生）Conviction. Capable. Glimpse at.（看到）Dismiss. Conformity. Sake. Content. V oyage. Bits of.（少量的）Zigzag. Path. Attest. Accountant.Conversation2Crazy. Supreme. Property. Municipal. Term.(术语) Seek. Split. Stack. Goof off.Risk. Go down the drain(前功尽弃) Due. Start from scratch.(白手起家)Lecture3V alley. Desert. Trail. Track. Footprint. Tyre. Machinery. Bulldozer. Pattern. Clay, Slippery. Separate. Route. Vibrate. Shift. Set up.(建立) Meteorology. Addressing. Prospective. Wider.Lecture4Official. Federal. Out-of-work.(失业者) End up.（结束） Politician. Funding. Promote. Subsidy. Institution. Throughout. Mid. Agency. Altruistic. Corporation tax.（公司所得税） Patron. Plaque. To get rid of.(摆脱) Annual budget.（年度预算） Involved in.(涉及)TPO (5)-2012.06.12-Fiona TPO5 6.10 （数字序号请直接无视掉）Conversation 1 1, counselor 2, overwhelmed 3 keep pace with 4, impersonal 5, artsy6, orchestra 7, pursuingLecture 1 8, fidelity9, alligator 10, sewers11, strike fear into 12, despite 13, analogy 20, fecundity 6, precise21, accuracy22, genetic mutation 23, spread 24, persistLecture21, compelling 2, primitive 3, obviously 4, composition 25, topographical map 26, orbits27, elevations 28, crater 29, planetary 30, redistribute 31, crust 32, mantle 33, craters 34, meteor 35, estimates 36, experts37, by inference 38, crash into 39, water molecule 40, perpetually 41, frozen42, evaporation 43, component parts 44, permanent [convensation2 46, content 47, permission 48, frankly49, intend to 50, warnedlecture352, spectroscopy 53, wavelengths 54, spectrum55, spectral signature 56, disciplines 57, devise58, brushstroke 59, thickly 60, varnishes61, component part 62, invasive 63, fleck64, restoration 65, deterioratedlecture467, slightly 68, communal 69, aspects 70, undergo 71, standard72, authoritative 73, tailored 74, grandTPO (6)-2012.06.12-BrendanConversation1assume假定recommend推荐employment雇用suit套装representative代表urge驱使wise聪明的accounting firm会计事务所firm公司zillion无数的tailor剪裁，使合适Lecure1boom 繁荣bust破产The dotcom crash 网络经济崩溃sold for可以是说卖了多久or多少钱or什么方式go（went）out of business 歇业rapid 急促的hysterical歇斯底里的get carried away得意忘形tulip郁金香hail冰雹，来自nomad游牧民bulb茎novelty新奇事物receive接收onion洋葱exoti c外来的priced有价值的stick树枝paddle浆craze狂热mania狂热disposable可支配的thrilling惊讶的constrain束缚bloom开花literally字面上地mortgage抵押ingredient条件panic 恐慌lecture2rare极少的hidden隐藏的in existence 存在relic遗物disposal处理，安排hectare 公顷plum李子shell核crack 破裂germinate发芽expire到期去世persist保持indication迹象dwindle减少conversation2description描述jump out at突然从脑海中掠过intrigue使…感兴趣scope范围accommodation调节manageable易办的carry out 落实lecture3sketch略图get started on开始blend混合trait特征pull from 从。

小说的织体--论《了不起的盖茨比》的叙事线索和叙事艺术

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 基本数字词在中西文化中的差异与翻译2 Transcendentalism in Thoreau's Walden3 两种文化中不同的生存希望——以电影《肖申克的救赎》和《活着》人物命运分析为例4 正面解读《名利场》中的蓓基-夏泼5 从成长教育理论视角解读奥利弗•退斯特的生活经历6 论《雾都孤儿》的写作手法与创作意义7 The Painful Growth of Scarlett O’Hara in Her Three Marriages8 大陆高等教育中英语课堂上教师使用汉语的状况及分析9 从翻译角度浅析英语写作中的中式英语问题10 On Integrity Management in Modern Enterprises11 谭恩美《喜福会》中身份协商的研究12 How to Avoid Chinglish on English Writing of Senior High School Students13 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。

原创Q 799 75 79 3814 解析威廉布莱克《老虎》中的修辞运用及其对英语写作的启示15 英汉广告文化和翻译16 从《马丁•伊登》分析杰克•伦敦的“超人”思想17 从《绝望主妇》析字幕翻译的目的和归化策略18 高中英语任务型语法教学初探19 浅谈故事在小学英语教学中的运用20 浅析英语谚语中的性别歧视现象及其成因21 英汉习语渊源对比及其常用分析方法22 《周六夜现场》的幽默剖析23 论中学英语课堂师生互动教学24 英语广告语篇的会话含义分析25 追逐梦想的人——浅析《刀锋》中拉里的性格多样性26 从《简爱》两个译本看女性与男性语言使用的差别27 文化因素对品牌翻译的影响28 跨文化交际中的体态语29 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度30 A Study on Effective Multimedia-assisted SEFC Teaching31 苔丝人生悲剧的研究32 中英称谓语的差异33 从生态女性主义的角度解读《喜福会》34 中西文化对红颜色的理解及翻译35 网络资源在听力自主学习中的作用研究36 对非英语专业大学生英语自主学习能力的调查37 A Comparison of the English Color Terms38 Maintaining and Revitalizing the Native American Languages39 翻译中的字词选择40 浅析欧•亨利短篇小说中的写作风格41 从冲突到和解—解析《接骨师之女》中的母女关系42 英语报刊中的新词浅析43 中美礼貌用语的跨文化对比分析44 Angel and Devil：A Comparison Between The Two Heroes In Tess of the D’Urbervilles45 母语在中学英语教学中的作用46 小议非英语专业大学生英语口语能力的培养47 On Paul’s Self-development in Sons and Lovers48 Preciseness of Legal English49 《苏菲的选择》中的人性分析50 中小学辅导机构英语教学模式——一对一教学与小班课堂教学教案的比较分析51 论海明威作品中的语言特征52 英汉广告语篇中语法衔接手段对比研究53 浅析小说《傲慢与偏见》中爱情和婚姻的关系54 浅析“以学生为中心”的大学英语教学模式55 从《断背山》看中西文化的交流与冲突56 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的女性力量分析57 浅谈中美家庭教育文化差异58 论《第二十二条军规》的写作手法59 浅析英汉问候语的文化异同60 (日语系毕业论文)义务教育的发展—就择校问题进行的探讨61 《分期付款》中英语长句的分译策略62 浅析翻译中的文化缺省及其补偿策略63 语用模糊及语用功能64 透过英汉基本颜色词看文化内涵及差异65 浅谈大学英语教育的文化融入66 A Study of Hawthorne’s Notion of Science as Shown in “Rappaccini's Daughter”67 法国大革命对《西风颂》创作的影响68 中外大学校训对比研究69 Application of Constructivism to Task-based Reading Teaching in Senior High School70 The Gothic Beauty and Spiritual Essence of Allan Poe’s Short Stories71 塞林格《麦田里的守望者》的逃离与守望72 论翻译方法的选择73 浅析翻译中的文化缺省及其补偿策略74 英语广告的语言特点75 从动物习语的比较看中西方文化差异76 路易斯——现实世界在非现实世界的投影——解读《夜访吸血鬼》的现代性77 高级英语课堂中教师角色研究78 从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》79 对比分析苔丝和蓓基－－哈代《德伯家的苔丝》和萨克雷《名利场》80 消费文化理论视角下的《嘉莉妹妹》81 通过语境与潜台词解析情景喜剧的幽默——以《老友记》为例82 The Road to the Outside World：An Analysis of Chinese Martial Arts83 D．H．劳伦斯《东西》中象征主义的运用84 中西方聚会文化差异比较研究85 科技英语语篇中被动语态语篇功能的分析86 《洛丽塔》悲剧结局因素探析87 The Impact of Loan Words on English V ocabulary88 关联理论视角下《生活大爆炸》中言语幽默的汉译89 从违反合作原则看电影语言的会话含义——以《最后的武士》为例90 英汉“思考”类动词的语义成分与词汇化模式分析91 从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情92 生态批评视域中的《红字》93 阿瑟·米勒《推销员之死》中小人物的悲剧之源94 An Analysis of The Woman Warrior from the Perspective of Construction of Discrete Identity in Chinese American Community95 论英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵差异96 浅谈典故英译汉的翻译方法97 意象创造的对比研究——文化视觉下的中英文诗歌98 从语用学的角度分析幽默语99 名转动词的中英对比研究100 小学英语课堂中教学反馈的调查与反思101 从跨文化的视角分析美国动画“辛普森一家”中的习语现象102 欧•亨利短篇小说的特点103 《飘》—斯嘉丽女性主义意识的成长历程解读104 相同的追求，不同的命运——《红楼梦》中的林黛玉和《傲慢与偏见》中的伊丽莎白比较105 被压抑的堕落的人性——《包法利夫人》女主人公性格分析106 从文化差异角度看中式菜单英译107 词块体系在商务英语中的应用108 非言语交际在中西文化中的差异109 浅谈英汉人体部位的隐喻110 从合作原则谈影视翻译策略——以《功夫熊猫》为例111 字母拼读法在小学英语语音教学中的应用112 交际教学法在高中英语语法教学中的研究113 浅议中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异及翻译114 从模糊性看古典诗词英译115 视觉文化在英语词汇学习中的应用116 语境对法律英语翻译的影响117 象征主义在《野性的呼唤》中的运用118 The Impact of Emotional Factors on English Learning119 浅析英美电影片名的翻译原则和技巧120 从文化视角看中美家庭教育差异121 《白鲸》的象征意义和悲剧内涵分析122 浅析英语语言中的性别歧视及消除语言歧视的策略123 论狄更斯在《双城记》中的人道主义思想124 浅析约翰•多斯•帕索斯“《美国》三部曲”的主题思想—以《赚大钱》为例125 话语中的性别与身份:以《绝望主妇》为例126 商务英语函电的语言和文体特征及其翻译127 解读《儿子与情人》中保罗的俄狄浦斯的影响128 The Application of Cooperative Learning in High School English Teaching129 对意象翻译的初步研究130 A Comparison of the English Color Terms131 《希腊古瓮颂》中的艺术和永恒之美132 《紫色》中的女性主义解读133 教师身势语在英语口语教学中的应用134 压力下的优雅?—美国当代战争小说与电影中的人性135 How to Arouse the Students’Interests in English Learning136 英汉习语中的文化差异及翻译研究137 语言行为性别差异研究138 浅谈中西方价值观差异及对商务谈判的影响139 浅论国产小米手机的营销策略140 原罪论与赎罪观对西方文化的影响141 论高中英语写作教学中的文化意识培养142 The Struggle of Women—On the Image of Mary in The Grass Is Singing143 论幽默元素在《老友记》字幕中的翻译144 论爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》中西丽女性自我的缺失与重塑145 写作的真“趣”——对《坎特伯雷故事集》的文体学分析146 中西建筑文化差异及其形成背景分析147 论“and”的用法和翻译148 浅析《库珀尔街》中英语过去时的翻译149 译前准备对交替传译效果的影响150 浅析《德伯维尔家的苔丝》中造成苔丝悲剧的因素151 艾米丽•狄金森诗歌中的自然情结(开题报告+论文)152 A Comparative Study of Jane Eyre and Vanity Fair——From the Perspective of Governess in Victorian Age153 浅析《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的挣扎154 《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义155 从《绝望主妇》各主角看美国家庭问题156 人性在《红字》中的体现157 目的论指导下中国特色词的英译158 浅议我国民营企业薪酬管理159 语法翻译法视角下的中学生英语家教辅导160 身势语在演讲中的重要性和运用研究161 《荒原》中死亡与复活的意象分析162 从概念隐喻看寓言的语篇连贯163 克林顿总统就职演说之体裁分析164 音意兼译—外来词中译之首选法165 浅析《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中的自由166 《老人与海》中的孤独167 商务英语合同的翻译特点及策略研究168 论《傲慢与偏见》中反讽的艺术效果169 从旅游看中美核心文化差异170 一项有关影响中国学生英语听力理解的因素的调查研究171 英语报刊标题的词汇特点和修辞特点172 英汉关于“愤怒”隐喻的分析173 英语汉源借词研究174 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克形象新析175 Investigation of Cultural Difference in English-Chinese Advertisement Translation from Rhetoric Perspective176 On Moral Characters in The Picture of Dorian Gray177 从《紫色》中的意象看黑人女性身份的自我重塑178 Study on the Basic Principles of Legal English Translation179 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的主要人物性格180 孤独的神秘与永恒的自由追求——解读《法国中尉的女人》181 论世纪年代以来美国文化冲击对中国青少年的影响及教育策略改革的应对措施182 On the Characteristics of Desert Island Literature from Lord of the Flies183 特洛伊战争电影改编的语境探析184 托尼•莫里森《宠儿》中保罗•D的形象解析185 如何提高学生的自主学习能力186 从纽马克的交际翻译和语义翻译理论论英语新闻标题的翻译187 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征188 电影字幕英汉翻译中网络流行语的现象研究189 英语意识流小说汉译现状及对策研究190 浅析《老人与海》的主人公——圣地亚哥的人物形象分析191 王尔德童话中的死亡意象解析192 《诗经》与《圣经•雅歌》中爱情诗的比较研究193 追求自然和谐的童真理想—解析凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德短篇小说中的儿童形象194 从女性视角看文化冲突—基于亨利•詹姆斯的两部小说195 译员主体性在歌曲《我有个梦》歌词翻译中的体现196 奥巴马演讲词中的委婉语研究197 盖斯凯尔夫人工业小说研究198 浅析卡夫卡小说中的荒诞意识199 英式英语与美式英语的词汇差异200 《荒野的呼唤》中“巴克”的性格分析。

高级英语第二册词汇复习

lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King' s English : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: give way to one’s own desire尽情享受；从事于----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: wander aimlessly or idly；ramble漫步；闲逛----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person who converses；esp．one who enjoys and is skilled at conversation交谈者；(尤指)健谈者---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : a short，entertaining account of some happening，usually personal or biographical轶事，逸事---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : a close friend or companion 密友，知己----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe (婚姻)破坏的；失败的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: (formerly)a soldier armed with a musket火枪手---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : investigate for information；search发掘；调查(研究)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : a secluded，withdrawn，or inner place幽深处----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: aimlessly；at random随意地；无目的地---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : an early form of chemistry，whose chief aims were to change baser metals into gold：a method or power of transmutation; esp. the seemingly miraculous change of a thing into something better炼金术；变化物质的方法或魔力----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: sharp in taste；sour；acid 辛辣的；尖酸的；刻薄的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court罪犯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: a farm laborer；peasant农民；庄稼人，乡下人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: an open break in a previously friendly relationship分裂；失和----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: run or go hurriedly or quickly急驰，快跑---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : a translation翻译----------------------------------------------------------------------------------: of，in or using twolanguages(用)两种语言的---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : seize or stop on the way，before arrival at the intended place拦截；截断；截击。

高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修第二册Unit-2-Bridging-Cultures-单词

2023最新整理收集 do something
Unit 2 Bridging Cultures
Vocabulary 1
plex adj. 复杂的；难懂的；（语法）复合的
2.recall v. 记起；回忆起
He recalled having read such a peom before. 他记得他过去读过这样一首诗.
●participant n. 参与者
8. presentation n. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出 present v.颁发；授予；介绍 n.目前；现在；礼物
9.engage vi. 参加；参与(活动);(使)订婚vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣)；雇用；聘用
●1.She tried desperately to engage him in conversation. 参加
●2.He was engaged to my sister last year. (使)订婚 ●3. A good radio script should be able to engage the listener.
●4.The old man was engaged as a guide. 归纳总结
●17.applicant n.申请人 apply v.
● 18.expose v. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于（险境） ● (1)expose...to... 使…暴露于…；使…遭受… be exposed to 暴露于；接触 ● exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露（常与介词to搭配） ● Don't expose babies to strong sunlight. 不要让婴儿受到强烈阳光的照射。
[名师点津]及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式。 Being exposed to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin. 暴露在强光下会对你的皮肤有害

Unit+2+Bridging+Cultures+单词精讲课件人教版(2019)选择性必修第二册

25. dramatic adj. 巨大的；突然的；急剧的；戏剧(般)的 dramatically adv. drama n.戏剧
26. expense n. 支endous=enormous=huge=giant 巨大的
28. behave v.表现 behaviour n. 行为，举止
45. generally speaking = in general 一般来说
46. outcome n. 结果；效果 come out 结果是,出来/出版
live up to one's expectations 达到/不辜负某人的期望 beyond one's expectation(s ) 出乎意料
expect to do sth. 期望做某事
as expected 正如所料
18. applicant n. 申请人 apply v. 申请；应用 application n. 申请；应用
42. as far as I am concerned 就我而言 in my opinion = in my view= from my point of view
【拓展】
as far as sth. is concerned 就某方面 / 某事而论
as far as I know
据我所知
so far
33. deny vt. 否认；拒绝 deny doing sth. 否认做某事 There is no denying that …不可否认…
undeniable adj. 不可否认的
34. optimistic adj. 乐观的——pessimistic adj. 悲观的 optimism n. 乐观(主义)——pessimism n. 悲观 optimist n. 乐观主义者

材料学织构类型中英文

材料学织构类型中英文Material Science: The Fabric of Structural TypesThe field of material science encompasses a vast and intricate realm, where the very essence of the physical world is unraveled and understood. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of structural types, a captivating exploration of the intricate patterns and arrangements that define the properties and behaviors of various materials. From the crystalline structures of metals to the amorphous networks of glasses, the diversity of structural types is a testament to the ingenuity and complexity of the natural world.One of the most fundamental structural types in material science is the crystalline structure. Characterized by the orderly and repetitive arrangement of atoms or molecules, crystalline materials exhibit a high degree of long-range order and symmetry. This organization allows for the efficient packing of atoms, resulting in the unique physical and chemical properties that define materials such as metals, ceramics, and many minerals. The study of crystalline structures, including their formation, defects, and phase transformations, is crucial in understanding the behavior and applications of a wide range of materials.Alongside the crystalline structure, another prominent structural type is the amorphous structure. Unlike their crystalline counterparts, amorphous materials lack the long-range order and symmetry that define the crystalline state. Instead, they exhibit a more random and disordered arrangement of atoms or molecules, often resulting in unique mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Glasses, polymers, and certain types of ceramics are examples of amorphous materials, each with its own distinct applications and characteristics.The study of structural types in material science extends beyond the binary classification of crystalline and amorphous. There exist a multitude of intermediate and hybrid structures that exhibit characteristics of both, blending the properties of order and disorder. These include semi-crystalline materials, where regions of crystalline order coexist with amorphous domains, and nanocrystalline structures, which feature nanometer-scale crystalline grains embedded in an amorphous matrix.The importance of understanding structural types in material science cannot be overstated. The arrangement and organization of atoms and molecules within a material directly influence its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, making the study of structural types a crucial aspect of material design and engineering. By unraveling the complexities of these structural types, researchers andengineers can tailor the properties of materials to meet the ever-evolving demands of modern technology and industry.One of the primary tools used in the study of structural types is X-ray diffraction. This powerful analytical technique allows researchers to probe the atomic-scale structure of materials, revealing the intricate patterns and arrangements that define their properties. Through the analysis of diffraction patterns, scientists can identify the specific structural types present in a material, as well as quantify the degree of crystallinity, the size and orientation of grains, and the presence of defects or impurities.In addition to X-ray diffraction, other advanced characterization techniques, such as electron microscopy, neutron scattering, and spectroscopic methods, have become indispensable in the field of material science. These tools provide a multifaceted understanding of structural types, enabling researchers to investigate the relationship between atomic-scale structure and macroscopic properties.The applications of structural type analysis in material science are vast and far-reaching. In the realm of electronics, the understanding of crystalline and amorphous structures has paved the way for the development of semiconductors, superconductors, and advanced optoelectronic devices. In the field of materials science, the tailoringof structural types has led to the creation of high-performance alloys, ceramics, and composites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and corrosion-resistant properties.Moreover, the study of structural types has implications far beyond the realm of traditional materials. In the emerging field of biomaterials, researchers are exploring the use of naturally occurring and biomimetic structures to develop cutting-edge medical devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery systems. The intricate structural types found in biological materials, such as bone, teeth, and spider silk, have inspired the development of novel materials with exceptional strength, toughness, and biocompatibility.As the field of material science continues to evolve, the study of structural types will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of scientific inquiry. With the ongoing advancements in characterization techniques, computational modeling, and materials synthesis, the understanding of structural types is poised to unlock new frontiers in materials design and engineering. From the development of next-generation energy storage devices to the creation of smart and responsive materials, the exploration of structural types will undoubtedly shape the future of our technological landscape.In conclusion, the study of structural types in material science is a multifaceted and captivating field, one that delves into the very heartof the physical world. From the ordered arrangements of crystalline structures to the intricate patterns of amorphous materials, the diversity of structural types is a testament to the remarkable complexity and versatility of the materials that surround us. As we continue to push the boundaries of our understanding, the exploration of structural types will undoubtedly remain a crucial and dynamic aspect of material science, guiding us towards a future where the very fabric of our world is woven with the insights and innovations of this remarkable discipline.。

tpo40三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

tpo40三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (17)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (20)原文 (20)译文 (23)题目 (25)答案 (35)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (38)原文 (38)译文 (41)题目 (44)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Ancient Athens①One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.②Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modern times.③The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.④Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clanstructures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other less liberal forms.⑤The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.⑥During the fifth century B.C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people", the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.译文古雅典①在公元前800年到公元前500年期间，希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的崛起，并且每个城邦都发展了适合其情况的政府体系。

想要了解的事物英语作文

想要了解的事物英语作文Things I Yearn to Understand The world is an intricate tapestry woven with threads of knowledge, both known and unknown. While I find myself fascinated by the vast amount of information we’ve accumulated as a species, I am acutely aware of the vast, uncharted territories of understanding that lie before me. There are several key areas that spark a deep curiosity within me, areas I yearn to explore and grasp with greater clarity. Firstly, I am captivated by the complex workings of the human mind. The brain, a three-pound universe contained within our skulls, is a marvel of intricate networks and electrochemical signals that give rise to consciousness, emotion, and behavior. How do neurons fire in symphony to create our perceptions of the world? What are the mechanisms behind memory formation and retrieval? How does our unique blend of genetics and environment shape our personalities and predispositions? Unraveling the mysteries of the mind holds the key to understanding the very essence of what makes us human. The vast universe, with its swirling galaxies, enigmatic black holes, and the tantalizing possibility of life beyond Earth, also ignites my imagination. I long to understand the fundamental laws that govern the cosmos, from the delicate dance of subatomic particles to the majestic movements of celestial bodies. What is the true natureof dark matter and dark energy, the unseen forces shaping the universe's evolution? Are we alone in this vast cosmic expanse, or does life, in all its wondrous forms, exist elsewhere? The pursuit of answers to these questions is a quest to understand our place in the grand scheme of existence. Closer to home, the interconnected web of life on our planet fascinates me. The intricate ecosystems teeming with biodiversity, the delicate balance of predator and prey, theintricate cycles of energy and nutrients - these are all testament to the awe-inspiring power of evolution and adaptation. I yearn to understand the complex interactions within these ecosystems, the delicate balance that sustains them, and the impact of human activities on this delicate web. Understanding these complexities is crucial for our responsible stewardship of the planet and the preservation of its irreplaceable biodiversity. Furthermore, I am drawn to the intricacies of human history and its impact on our present reality. From the rise and fall of civilizations to the struggles for freedom and equality, historyoffers a lens through which we can examine the triumphs and failures of humankind.I crave a deeper understanding of the forces that have shaped our social,political, and economic systems, the ideologies that have fueled conflicts and cooperation, and the enduring legacies of past events. By studying history, wecan learn from our ancestors' mistakes and successes, equipping ourselves to navigate the challenges of the present and build a better future. The ever-evolving world of technology, with its rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and space exploration, also holds a powerful allure.I am driven to understand the principles behind these innovations, their potential to address global challenges, and the ethical implications that accompany them. How can we harness the power of artificial intelligence for the betterment of society while mitigating potential risks? What are the ethical considerations surrounding genetic engineering and its impact on future generations? How can space exploration contribute to scientific advancements and inspire future generations? Exploring these frontiers of technology is essential for shaping a future where innovation serves humanity and the planet. Finally, I yearn to understand the very essence of creativity and its power to inspire, challenge, and transform. From the evocative brushstrokes of a painter to the soaring melodiesof a composer, creativity speaks a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries. What are the cognitive processes that underpin artistic expression? How does creativity foster innovation and problem-solving across disciplines? How can we nurture and cultivate our own creative potential to contribute to the world in meaningful ways? Understanding the nature of creativity is key to unlockingour own potential and enriching the human experience. In conclusion, the pursuit of knowledge is a lifelong journey, an insatiable thirst for understanding that fuels my curiosity and motivates my exploration. From the inner workings of the human mind to the vast expanses of the cosmos, from the intricate web of life on Earth to the enduring legacies of human history, from the frontiers of technology to the power of creative expression - these are the areas I yearn to understand with greater depth and clarity. This quest for knowledge is not merely an academic pursuit but a fundamental aspect of what makes us human - the desire to learn, grow, and contribute to the betterment of ourselves and the world around us.。

东南大学学术论文写作-单元1Unit1

2. We got / obtained encouraging results. We obtained encouraging results.
3. The results of a lot of / numerous different projects have been pretty good / encouraging. The results of numerous different projects have been pretty good / encouraging.
• To recognize various levels of formality; • To use appropriate words and sentences in
academic writing.
I. Warm-up
• How is academic writing different from other forms of writing?
a. objectivity b. complexity c. formal structure d. referencing
_____d____1) a reference system _____a____2) empty introductory phrases _____b____3) a greater use of content words _____a____4) passive voice _____c____5) cohesion and coherence _____b____6) relative clauses _____a____7) hedging language _____c____8) same-length Paragraphs _____b____9) noun phrases

层次之美的英语作文

层次之美的英语作文The Beauty of Hierarchy。

Hierarchy refers to the arrangement or organization of elements in a system, according to their importance, value, or power. It exists in various aspects of our lives, from the natural world to human societies. The beauty of hierarchy lies in its ability to bring order, harmony, and efficiency. In this essay, we will explore the different aspects of hierarchy and how they contribute to the beauty of our world.One of the most evident examples of hierarchy is found in nature. In ecosystems, there is a clear hierarchy of species, with each occupying a specific niche and playing a unique role. This balance ensures the survival and well-being of all organisms. For instance, plants convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis, which is then consumed by herbivores. These herbivores, in turn, become food for carnivores. This interconnectedness and hierarchyof species create a delicate equilibrium that sustains life on our planet.In human societies, hierarchy is also prevalent. From ancient civilizations to modern nations, hierarchies have been established to maintain order and promote progress. For instance, in a company, there is a hierarchical structure that ranges from the CEO to the employees. Each level has its own responsibilities and authority, contributing to the smooth functioning of the organization. Similarly, in governments, there are different levels of authority, such as the president, ministers, and civil servants, each with their own roles and responsibilities. This hierarchical structure ensures effective governance and decision-making.Hierarchies also exist in the arts and sciences. In music, for example, there is a hierarchy of notes and chords that creates harmony and melody. The arrangement of these elements in a specific order is what produces beautiful compositions. In literature, authors use a hierarchical structure of chapters, paragraphs, andsentences to convey their ideas effectively. Likewise, in scientific research, there is a hierarchy of experiments, data analysis, and conclusions that allows for the development of knowledge and understanding.Moreover, hierarchy plays a crucial role in education. Students progress through different levels of education, from primary school to university, where they acquire knowledge and skills in a structured manner. This hierarchical system ensures that students build a solid foundation before moving on to more complex subjects. Additionally, within each level of education, there are hierarchies of subjects, with some being considered more important or fundamental than others. This hierarchy allows students to prioritize their learning and focus onessential concepts.The beauty of hierarchy lies not only in its ability to bring order and efficiency but also in its potential for growth and progress. Hierarchies provide a clear path for advancement, allowing individuals to set goals and work towards achieving them. They provide a sense of directionand purpose, motivating individuals to strive for excellence. Furthermore, hierarchies create opportunities for mentorship and guidance, as more experiencedindividuals can pass on their knowledge and wisdom to those lower in the hierarchy. This exchange of knowledge and skills contributes to personal and collective growth.In conclusion, the beauty of hierarchy can be observed in various aspects of our lives. Whether in nature, human societies, arts and sciences, or education, hierarchies bring order, harmony, and efficiency. They provide a structure that allows for growth and progress, while also creating opportunities for mentorship and guidance. The beauty of hierarchy lies in its ability to bring balance and purpose to our world.。

用英语描写植物的特点作文

Plants are the cornerstone of life on Earth,providing oxygen,food,and shelter for a myriad of organisms.They come in a vast array of shapes,sizes,and colors,each with its own unique characteristics that allow them to thrive in different environments.Here is a detailed description of the features of plants in English:1.Structural Diversity:Plants exhibit a wide range of structures,from the towering heights of the giant sequoias to the delicate,lowlying mosses.The basic structure of a plant includes roots,stems,leaves,flowers,and fruits,each serving a specific function.2.Root Systems:Roots are the foundation of a plant,anchoring it to the ground and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.They come in various forms,such as taproots, fibrous roots,and adventitious roots,which can be shallow or deep,depending on the plant species and its needs.3.Stems and Vascular Tissue:Stems provide support for the plant and transport nutrients and water throughout the plant body.They contain vascular tissue,including xylem and phloem,which are essential for the movement of water,minerals,and sugars.4.Leaves:Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis,where plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.They come in various shapes,sizes,and arrangements,known as phyllotaxy.Leaves can be simple or compound,with a variety of margins,such as smooth,serrated,or lobed.5.Photosynthesis:This is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose,a process that is fundamental to life on Earth.Chlorophyll,the green pigment in plants,plays a crucial role in this process.6.Reproduction:Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually.Sexual reproduction involves the production of seeds,which can be dispersed by wind,water,animals,or other means.Asexual reproduction can occur through vegetative propagation,such as cuttings,runners,or tubers.7.Flowers:Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms,or flowering plants. They are often colorful and fragrant to attract pollinators,and they can vary greatly in size,shape,and complexity.Flowers typically consist of sepals,petals,stamens,and pistils.8.Fruit:Fruits are the mature ovary of a flower,containing seeds.They come in many forms,such as berries,capsules,cones,or fleshy fruits like apples and oranges.Fruits play a crucial role in seed dispersal.9.Adaptations:Plants have evolved various adaptations to survive in their environments. These include adaptations for water conservation in desert plants,mechanisms for capturing sunlight in shade,and defenses against herbivores,such as thorns or toxic compounds.10.Life Cycles:Plants have different life cycles,ranging from annuals that complete their life cycle in one growing season,to perennials that live for many years,and biennials that take two growing seasons to complete their life cycle.11.Ecological Roles:Plants play a vital role in ecosystems,serving as primary producers, providing habitat,and influencing soil composition and structure.12.Economic and Cultural Significance:Beyond their ecological roles,plants are also significant to humans for food,medicine,materials,and aesthetic value.They are also deeply intertwined with cultural practices and symbolism.In conclusion,plants are incredibly diverse and complex organisms that are essential to the functioning of Earths ecosystems.Their characteristics and adaptations are a testament to the resilience and adaptability of life.。

不同纱型的英文表达

不同纱型的英文表达Here are some casual and varied ways to expressdifferent yarn types in English:1. If you're into knitting, you might know that merino wool yarn is all the rage these days. It's soft, cozy, and perfect for winter projects.2. Looking for a yarn that's sturdy yet easy to work with? Try cotton yarn! It's great for all kinds of projects, from bags to scarves.3. When I need a yarn that's lightweight yet holds its shape, I go for acrylic yarn. It's perfect for making those delicate lace patterns.4. For a yarn that's both eco-friendly and stylish, bamboo yarn is the way to go. It's soft to the touch andhas a unique texture that adds interest to any project.5. Wool blend yarn is a great option for those who want the warmth of wool without the itchiness. It's a blend of wool and another fiber, often acrylic, to give you the best of both worlds.6. Have you ever tried linen yarn? It's a bit unusual but has a beautiful drape and is perfect for making summer scarves or lightweight tops.7. Silk yarn is a luxurious choice that adds a touch of elegance to any project. It's shiny, smooth, and feels amazing against the skin.8. If you're into novelty yarns, you'll love chenille yarn. It's soft, fuzzy, and perfect for adding texture and interest to your knitting or crochet projects.9. Alpaca yarn is a must-try for anyone who loves working with natural fibers. It's incredibly soft and warm, making it a great choice for winter accessories.10. Polyester yarn is a great choice for projects thatneed to be durable and machine-washable. It's also easy to find in a wide range of colors and textures.。

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ISSN 1392–1320 MATERIALS SCIENCE (omplex Structure Fancy Yarns: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis
S. Petrulytė∗
Department of Textile Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų 56, LT-3031 Kaunas, Lithuania
Received 05 September 2002; accepted 01 December 2002 A study is reported for geometrical model of complex structure fancy yarns. The investigated complex structure fancy yarns have a multithread structure composed of four components – one core, two effect, and one binder yarn. Due to the wrapping round the effect intermediate product that mostly has larger linear density the length of the binder component changes. In current research the precondition was accepted that the cross-sections of the all three yarns of the effect intermediate product in the complex structure fancy yarn remain the circles shaped, and this shape does not change while manufacturing the fancy yarn. The theoretical method for predicting the coil length of the binder yarn in the complex structure fancy yarn is developed. Theoretical values of the coil length are compared with experimental data. The developed method would help for further the set of information in designing of new assortment of the complex structure fancy yarns. Keywords: coil length, complex structure, fancy yarn.
INTRODUCTION∗
Fancy yarns are special products of carding, drawing, Dref spinning, rotor spinning, twisting, texturing, etc. technologies with introduced visual irregular characteristics, in either diameter and unevenness or/and in colour. That is which clearly differentiate them from conventionally spun or twisted yarns. Woven fabrics and knitted materials using fancy yarns find applications in normal and high-fashion clothing, curtains, carpets, upholstery, wallpaper manufacture and many more. Analysis of the structural, geometrical, and mechanical properties of fancy yarns as well as usage possibilities are very actual questions of today. Design of complex structure yarns requires especially great efforts and skills. The assortment of such yarns is very wide and their structure of last years becomes more and more complex [1 – 4]. Forecasting of the properties of complex structure yarns and designing them, it’s very significant to choose properly and to co-ordinate parameters, which influence structural, geometrical, mechanical features. In [5] the computer simulation is used to show the distribution of fancy yarn effects in weft yarns and in which way it influences the appearance of the fabric. It is shown how pattern figures arise and what can be done to suppress them. Effect of fancy yarns formation in one process using hollow spindles can be controlled by suitable choices of certain factors related to this process. Dependencies of the geometrical properties of fancy yarns upon the parameters of the manufacturing process of fancy yarns like the speed of hollow spindle, the delivery speed of fancy yarns, and the speed of supply of the effect component were investigated [6]. The dependencies of the geometrical and mechanical properties of complex structure fancy yarns upon the
∗
parameters of the manufacturing process of these yarns were investigated in [7]. In most cases fancy yarns have a multithread structure composed of such components – core, effect, and binder. The core yarn is the basis of the fancy yarn. The effects (twisted into knots, loops, etc.) are formed by effect yarn, which unites with the core yarn and it is supplied twisting field with higher speed. These two components form the effect intermediate product that is fastened by the binder yarn, which fixes effects. The continuous search for novelties turned into reality new fancy yarns structures like fancy yarn which effect intermediate product consists of one core yarn and two effect yarns or of two core yarns and one effect yarn. Very often all these three components are the single or plied spun yarns and twisted multifilament yarns. Complex structure fancy yarn properties are influenced by changing the kind of raw material, the properties of the components, the number of the components, etc. as well as by changing machine parameters [8]. The connection between structure of fancy yarn produced by the combined ring-hollow spindle spinning system and manufacture parameters as well as the lengths of novelty yarn components are established in [9]. In [10] the research was carried out on influence of twist of slub yarn on its physical and mechanical indicators. There were obtained results about the influences: of dimension of twist on the length of slub; of value of twist on multiplicity of slub thickening as well as on the distances between slubs and on the breaking force of slub yarn. Due to the importance of fancy yarns in knitted and woven materials the geometrical parameters of the yarns are studied. The correct forecasting of yarn structure, type, texture, etc. coupled with efficient control of production and yarn quality, can result an acceptable commercial standard. A model to predict the parameters of snarl formation in fancy yarns and to simulate the shape of the effect is discussed [11].