科技英语第2章
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)-毙考题
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)，请参考!Who s the Smart Sibling?Ten weeks ago, Bo Cleveland and his wife embarked on a highly unscientific experiment-they gave birth to their first child. For now, Cleveland is too exhausted to even consider having another baby, but eventually, he will. In fact, hes already planned an egalitarian strategy for raising the rest of his family. Little Arthur won t get any extra attention just because he s the firstborn, and, says his father, he probably won t be much smarter than his future .siblings; either. It s the sort of thing many parents would say, but it s a bit surprising coming from Cleveland,who studies birth order and IQ at Pennsylvania State University. As he knows too well, a study published recently in the journal Science suggests that firstborns do turn out sharper than their brothers and sisters, no matter how parents try to compensate. Is Cleveland wrong? Is Arthur destined to be the smart sibling just because he had the good luck to be born first?For decades, scientists have been squabbling over birth order like siblings fighting over a toy. Some of them say being a first-, middle- or lastborn has significant effects on intelligence. Others say that s nonsense, The spat goes back at least as far as Alfred Adler, a Freud-era psychologist who argued that firstborns had an edge. Other psychologists found his theory easy to believemiddle and youngest kids already had a bad rap, thanks to everything from primogeniture laws to the Prodigal Son. When they set out to confirm the birth-order effects Adler had predicted, they found some evidence. Dozens of studies over the next several decades showed small differences in IQ; scholastic-aptitude tests and other measures of achievement So did anecdata suggesting that firstborns were more likely to win Nobel Prizes or become (ahem) prominent psychologists.But even though the scientists were turning up birth-order patterns easily, they couldn tpin down a cause. Perhaps, one theory went, the mother s body was somehow attacking the lateroffspring in uterus. Maternal antibody levels do increase with each successive pregnancy. Butthere s no evidence that this leads to differences in intelligence, and the new study in Silence,based on records from nearly a quarter of a million young Norwegian men, strikes down theantibody hypothesis. It looks at kids who are the eldest by accident-those whose older siblingsdie in infancy--as well as those who are true firstborns. Both groups rack up the same highscores on IQ tests. Whatever is lowering the latterborns scores, it isn t prenatal biology, sincebeing raised as the firstborn, not actually being the firstborn, is what counts.The obvious culprits on the nurture side are parents. But it s hard to think that favoritism toward firstborns exists in modem society. Most of us no longer view secondborn as second best, and few parents will admit to treating their kids differently. In surveys, they generally say they give their children equal attention. Kids concur, reporting that they feel they re treated fairly.Maybe, then, the problem with latterborns isn t nature or nurture-maybe there simply isn t a problem. Not all the research shows a difference in intelligence. A pivotal 2000 study by Joe Rodgers ,now a professor emeritus at the University of Oklahoma, found no link between birth order and smarts. And an earlier study of American families found that the youngest kids, not theoldest, did best in school. From that work, say psychologist Judith Rich Harris, a prominent critic of birth-order patterns, it s clear that the impression that the firstborn is more often the academic achiever is false.Meanwhile, many of the studies showing a birth-order pattern in IQ have a big, fat,methodological flaw. The Norwegian Science study is an example, says Cleveland: It scomparing Bill, the first child in one family; to Bob, the second child in another family. Thatwould be fine if all families were identical, but of course they aren t. The study controls forvariables such as parental education and family size. But Rodgers, the Oklahoma professor,notes that there are hundreds of other factors in play; and because it s so hard to discountall of them, he s not sure whether the patterns in the Science article are real.No one is more sensitive to that criticism than the Norwegian scientists. In fact, theyalready have an answer ready in the form of a second paper. Soon to be published in thejournal Intelligence, it s, similar to the Science study except for one big thing: instead ofcomparing Bill to Bob, it compares Bill to younger brothers Barry and Barney. The samebirth- order pattern shows up: the firstborns, on average, score about two points higher thantheir secondborn brothers, and hapless thirdborns do even worse. The purpose of thetwo papers was exactly the same, says Petter Kristensen of Norway s National Instituteof Occupational Health, who led both new studies. But this second one is much more comprehensive, and in a sense it s better than the Science paper. The data are there--within families, birth order really does seem linked to brain power. Even the critics have to soften their positions a little. The Intelligence study must be taken very seriously says Rodgers.No one, not even Kristensen, thinks the debate is over For one thing, there s still that argument about what s causing birth-order effects. It s possible, says UC Berkeley researcher Frank Sulloway, that trying .to treat kids in an evenhanded way in fact results in inequity. Well-meaning parents may end up shortchanging middleborns because there s one thing they can t equalize: at no point in the middle child s life does he get to be the only kid inthe house. Alternatively, says Sulloway; there s the theory he has his money on, the family- niche hypothesis Older kids, whether out of desire or necessity axe often called on to be assistant parents, he notes. Getting that early- taste of responsibility may prime them for achievement later on. If they think Oh, I m supposed to be more intelligent so I d betterdo my homework, it doesn t matter if they actually are more-intelligent, says Sulloway, Itbecomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. If the firstborns homework involves reading Science and Intelligence, there ll be no stopping them now.词汇注解重点单词embark / im ba:k/【文中释义】v.着手，从事【大纲全义】v. (使)上船(或飞机，汽车等)：着手，从事extra / ekstr /【文中释义】adj.额外的【大纲全义】adj额外的，附加的n.附加物，额外的东西adv.特别地compensate / kɔmpənseit/【文中释义】v.补偿，弥补【大纲全义】v.(for)补偿，赔偿，抵消nonsense / nɔnsəns/【文中释义】n.荒谬的言行，胡话【大纲全义】n.胡说，废话;冒失(或轻浮)的行为rap / r p/【文中释义】n.不公正的判决，苛评【大纲全义】n.叩击，轻拍，斤责，急敲(声);不公正的判决，苛评，v. 敲，拍，打，斤责，使着迷predict / pri dikt/【文中释义】v.预言【大纲全义】v.预言，预测，预告prominent / prɔminənt/【文中释义】adj杰出的【大纲全义】adj.突起的，凸出的;突出的，杰出的offspring /ɔfspriŋ; (us) ɔ:f-/【文中释义】n..子孙,后代【大纲全义】n. 子孙,后代,结果，产物;(动物的)崽successive /sək sesiv/【文中释义】adj.连续的【大纲全义】adj.接连的，连续的pregnancy / Pregnənsi/【文中释义】n.怀孕【大纲全义】n.妊振;怀孕(期);(事件等的)酝酿;(内容)充实，富有意义nurture / nə: tʃə/【文中释义】n.养育，教育【大纲全义】n.营养品;养育，培养，滋养v. 给予营养物，养育，培养，滋养超纲单词egalitarian n. 平等主义sibling n. 兄弟妞妹squabble v. 为争吵spat n. 争吵primogeniture n. 长子身份aptitude n. 才能，资质anecdata n. 二逸事证据prenatal adj. 产前的，出生前的重点段落译文两周前，伯克利夫兰和他的妻子进行了一项非常不科学的实验他们生下了他们的第一个孩子。
科技英语 主编 田文杰 课文翻译
Unit 1Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,especially intelligent computer programs.人工智能是制造智能机器的科学与工程，特别是智能化的计算机程序。
It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence,but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.这与使用计算机来理解人类智能的类似任务有关，但是人工智能不需要把它局限在生物可观察的方法上。
In this unit,the two passages present a general picture of AI research .在这个单元，两个章节提出了人工智能研究的概况。
Text A briefly introduces the definition of AI,some kinds of architectures of AI system,essential capabilities to AI programs and so on.文章A简要介绍了人工智能的定义，人工智能的系统的几种体系结构、基本功能以及程序等等。
Text B explains a particular area of AI research--natural language processing including its definition and a legendary Turing’s Test.文章A解释特定地区研究人工智能的自然语言处理包括定义和传说中的图灵测试。
section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
科技英语(2)
第一章概论一、科技英语翻译的标准准确规范，通顺易懂, 简洁明晰。
准确规范Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedes’s extant works are devoted to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1．The power plant is the heart of a ship.发电设备是船只的核心。
2．The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一个50马力的发动机。
3．The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory.这个大型又昂贵的产品由于它的型号问题不能在这间工厂里测试，通顺易懂Samples 2A more common way of joining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1．Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被称为晶体管的半导体装置正在许多应用中取代电子管。
科技英语的翻译(汉译英)
科技英语的翻译
问题： those on chromosomes表示染色体的减少效应， 而不是染色体上的基因的减少效应。我们要的是 后者的意思。所以要写成those of genes。 Reduction effects是指粒重的减少效应，而不是 genes on chromosomes的减少效应，所以要加 上on grain weight。 改译为: The reduction effects of genes on chromosomes 1B and 2B on grain weight were obviously higher than those of genes on chromosomes 5A, 6B, 2D and 7D.
科技英语的翻译
例
2 The division frequency of protoplasts was lower in the liquid medium than that embedded in the medium containing agarose. 原生质体在液体培养基中的分裂频率低 于包埋在含有琼脂糖的培养基中的分裂 频率。
科技英语的翻译
例
2 Owing to these changes of basic equilibrium state, with the result that the basic characters of dynamics will be changed.
由于这些基本的平衡的变化，将导致动力学基
科技英语的翻译
问题： 两句是主从关系句。 改译为: The total area under natural protection reaches 19,330, which accounts for 2.1% of the total area of China.
科技英语翻译_中篇总结
科技英语翻译中篇第一章科技英语翻译常用技巧1.Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the later.气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。
2.The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。
3.The flowing of current first in one direction, and then in another makes an alternatingcurrent.电流先向一个方向流动，然后又向另一个方向流动构成交流电。
4.If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to studynuclear physics.我们如果不知道原子的结构，就不可能研究核子物理学。
5.Both of the substances are not soluble in water.这两种物质都不溶于水。
6.Whenever one body touches another, heat always passes by the conduction from thewarmer to the colder.当一个物体接触到另一个物体时，热量总是从较热的物体传导到较冷的物体。
7.All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of protein.所有这一切证明，我们必须深入的研究蛋白质的特性。
8.The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development ofscience and technology.电子计算机的广泛应用对科学和技术的发展有极大的影响。
科技英语翻译-第2章分析
Chapter Two Translation of Words
1. 词义的选择
二、根据上下文选择词义 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往有不同的含义，常常要求译者
根据上下文的联系，以及句型来确定某个词在特定场合下的词义。 (5). Other isolation methods are being developed. 目前正在研究其他隔离方法。 (6). In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing. 在进行设计时，必须考虑加工的可能性。 (7). After the war much of this knowledge was poured into the developing of the computers. 战后，这项知识大量地应用于研制计算机。 (8). They cited cases of identical twins reared in different homes who developed very different characteristics despite identical heredity. 他们列举了一些这样的事例：在不同的家庭抚养的一对双胞胎尽管遗传特性完 全相同，但会显示出完全不同的个性。
科技英语翻译-第2章分析
Chapter Two Translation of Words
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。所谓一 词多类就是指一个词疏于几个不同的词类，具体几个不 同的意义。一词多义是指一个词在同一个词类中，往往 有几个不同的词义。因此，在众多的词义中，选择出一 个最确切的词义是正确理解原文所表达的思想的基本环 节，是翻译成功的基础。 1. 词义的选择
实用科技英语翻译 UNIT TWO[10页]
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6. 【原文】That reality has been seized upon by some groups and scientists disputing the overall consensus and opposing changes in energy policies.
——唐·贾公彦 把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来（也指方言与民族共同语、方言与 方言、古代语与现代语之间一种用另一种表达）：把代表语言文字的符号或数码用语 言文字表达出来。
——《现代汉语词典》 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。
——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
翻译过程，可以简单地描述为这样的一个循环：
?译文虽然对这些气候问题的争论很激烈但与面对这些问题要做什么不做什么的争论相比这些问题变得相形见绌因为在我们生活的这个世界无论富裕的还是正在兴起的经济体仍然需要矿物燃料作支撑
实用科技英语翻译
UNIT TWO Global Warming
翻译及科技翻译对译者的要求
翻译定义：
Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
作为译者，即要娴于双语语言运用，还需要具备广博 的文化知识以及良好的专业知识。就科技翻译来说， 通常科技文章具有“语气正式，陈述客观准确，语言 规范，文体质朴，逻辑性强，专业术语性强”等特点。 这就需要译者具备： 1）高强的英汉语言能力； 2）熟悉英汉文化差异； 3）较好的专业知识背景； 4）熟悉英汉科技文化； 5）严肃认真的态度。
科技英语入门-2(1)
英语 德语 法语 俄语 neon Neon neon HeOH 也有从汉语等非拼音文字转写为国际词的，如： typhoon Taifun typhon (台风) kaolin Kaolin kaolin (高岭土)
2半技术词 半技术词（semi-technical words）又称作次 技术词（subtechnical words），是“跨学科出 现的频率很高的独立于上下文的词”(contetxindependent words which occur with high frequency across discplines)。半技术词大部
联系上下文，译作逃遁之事物与处所，这就使人 联想到远离尘世喧嚣和烦恼的意境。这种联想正 是文学创作和欣赏所必不可少的条件。而同样一 个词（尽管词性不一），用在科技英语中决不可 能引起如此的联想。 The first bubbles to escape from the liquid are a mixture of air and hydrogen. 最初从液体 中逸出的气泡是空气和氢的混合物。 这里的escape只表示一种动作，别无其他附加意 义。又如： He beamed wolcome at the distinguished visitors and complimented them on their looks.
理解。这个短句可用来对某一方案作最终判断， 或对某项计划作确切回答，这时work一词可作 “成功”或“有效”解。这一短句也可用来说明 某种药物起作用或奏效，也可指材料的加工，机 器的运转，物体的移动等。Work一词作为普通 词，还有许多固定的搭配，产生无数的词义，而 如作为半技术词，其词义负荷就小得多。与其他 半技术词一样，它一方面在科技英语中增添了新 义，另一方面也大缩减了不适应该语体需要的词 义，结果是词义带上不同的专业色彩，词的用法 与搭配获得相对的稳定，例如： Pushing or pulling, however, does not necessiarily mean doing work. 然而，推或者
科技英语翻译第一二章部分
1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
科技英语unit 2 答案
Part II Lexical TranslationUnit 2 Formation and Translation of Technical Terms—Chemical Engineering科技术语的形成及翻译：化工英语ExercisesI Choose the best answer to each question with the information from thepassage.1. D2. A3. C4. B5. CII. Find out the English equivalents of the following Chinese terms from the passage.1. fuel cells2. raw materials3. food processing4. organic chemistry5. the discipline of chemical engineering6. energy conservation or conservation of energy7. the principle of thermodynamics 8. software models9. biochemistry 10. high performance materialsIII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 现代化学工程不仅生产制造实用材料，也积极探索有价值的新型材料及新技术，如燃料电池，纳米技术和生物医学工程技术。
2. 化学工程主要包含设计、改进以及维护大规模生产中的化学、生物转变过程。
3.严格意义上的化学工业指生产制造有机、无机工业化学制品，陶瓷制品，燃料，石化产品，农业药品（如化肥，杀虫剂，除草剂），塑料制品，人造橡胶，油脂化学品，洗涤剂，洗涤产品（如肥皂，香波，清洁液），香精香料，添加剂，保健品以及药剂。
科技英语-第二讲
《科技英语》课后习题答案
MainContent:UNIT1MATHEMATICSI.TextOrganizationParts ParagraphsMainIdeasPartOne Paras.1-3 Gametheorycanbedefinedasthescienceofstrategywhichstudiesbothpureconflicts(zero-sumgames)andconflictsincooperativeforms.PartTwo Paras.4-11 Therearetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdep endence:sequential-movegameandsimultaneous-movegame.PartThre e Paras.12-19Thetypicalexamplesofgametheoryaregivenasthebasicprinciplessuchasprisoners’dilemma,mixingmoves,strategicmoves,bargaining,concealingandrevealinginformation.PartFour Para.20 Theresearchofgametheoryhassucceededinillustratingstrategiesinsituationsofconflictandcooperationanditwillfocusonthedesignofsuccessfulstrategyinfuture.nguagePointsThegamesitstudiesrangefromchesstochildrearingandfromtennistotak eovers.(Para.1)Paraphrase:Thegamesit(gametheory)studiesextendsfromchesstochild bringing-upandfromtennistohandovers.range:v.tovarybetweenlimits,extend,runinalinee.g.(1)Thepricerangesfrom$30to$80.(2)Theboundaryrangesfromnorth tosouth.takeover:n.theactoraninstanceofassumingcontrolormanagementoforr esponsibilityforsth.接收、接管e.g.TheeconomyofHongkonggoeswellafteritstakeover. GametheorywaspioneeredbyPrincetonmathematicianJohnvonNeumann.(P ara.2)pioneer:v.tobeapioneer;tooriginate(courseofactionetc.,followedl aterbyothers)e.g.Thenewtreatmentforcancerwaspioneeredbytheexpertsofstatehosp ital.pioneer:n.originalinvestigatorofsubjectorexplorerorsettler;init iatorofenterprisee.g.Theyounggenerationwasgreatlymotivatedbythepioneers’exploit s.Thatis,theparticipantsweresupposedtochooseandimplementtheiracti onsjointly.(Para.2)Paraphrase:Thatis,theplayerswereexpectedtoselectandcarryoutthei ractionstogether. …hemustanticipateandovercomeresistancetohisplans.(Para.3) anticipate:v.1)toexpectorrealizebeforehand;toforeseee.g.Theexpertsareanticipatingthenegativeeffectsofairpollution. anticipate:v.2)todealwithorusebeforepropertime预支e.g.Tedwasnotusedtosavingmonthlyandhewouldalwaysanticipatehisin come. Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.(Para.4 )Paraphrase:Thekeyprincipalofagameisthatplayerstrategiesaredepen dentoneachother.essence:n.1)thequalitywhichmakesathingwhatitis;theinnernatureor mostimportantqualityofathinge.g.Thetwothingsarethesameinoutwardformbutdifferentinessence. essence:n.2)extractobtainedfromasubstancebytakingoutasmuchofthe massaspossiblekessence;essenceofpeppermint(椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence:n.thequalityorfactofdependingoneachotherinter-为前缀，意为betweeneachother,类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。
精品文档-科技英语(电子类)(第三版)(秦获辉)-第二部分(第十三课)
1. 么……
2. 3. 虑(到)
that is why 这就是……的理由; 这就是为什
much the same way as 与……差不多一样(地) take…into consideration 把……考虑进去; 考
Lesson Thirteen第十三课 Notes to the Text 课文注释
Lesson Thirteen第十三课
Though the electrons move from minus to plus, the electric current is conventionally considered to flow from the positive to the negative terminal.
Lesson Thirteen第十三课
Note also that Req is equal to the resistance for which the voltage across the load is one half of Veq This is useful in situations where the short
Lesson Thirteen第十三课
下面介绍一下某些时间状语从句(由“when, since, while, as, before, after”引导)可以修饰其前面的名词 (这些连词的词义不变)的情况：
Let v0 represent the velocity when t=0. (等效于 at the time t=0.)
Lesson Thirteen第十三课
［11］ 由“for which”开头的这个定语从句是修饰 “the resistance”的。
［12］ 这个“where”为关系副词, 引导定语从句修饰 名词“situations”。
精品文档-科技英语(电子类)(第三版)(秦获辉)-第二部分(第十六课)
Q of opposite sign to the other, and an electric
field E appears between them The magnitude of E
is directly proportional to the charge Q Because
the field magnitude E is also proportional to the
Lesson Sixteen 第十六课 Lesson Sixteen第十六课
一、 课文 A. Effect of Frequency on Reactance B. Capacitance
二、 语法 句子成分的省略 三、 词汇学习 it的用法小结
Lesson Sixteen 第十六课
Text 课 文 A. Effect of Frequency on Reactance For a given value of capacitance, the amount of current flowing in an AC circuit depends on the frequency of the AC voltage The higher the frequency, the greater the current flow because the charging current in each direction will be reversed before the charging voltage has hadtime to fall to a low value.If the source voltage is low in frequency, the current will drop to a low value before the polarity reverses, resulting in a lower average value of current flow Thus, capacitive reactance decreases with frequency increase.
精品文档-科技英语(电子类)(第三版)(秦获辉)-第二部分(第一课)
是它的同位语从句。)
第一单元 动词非谓语形式
4. 动宾关系(有时可看成被动的主谓关系) 这时物主代词所修饰的名词来自于及物动词。 汉译时把 该名词译成及物动词， 而把物主代词译成人称代词。 The importance of this device in modern communications systems is largely due to its realization as an integrated circuit. 这一器件在现代通讯中的重要性主要在于可以把它实现成 集成电路。 The questions of convergence are not simple, and their study forms an important chapter in modern analysis. 有关收敛的一些问题并不简单， 因而对它们的研究构成 了现代分析中的重要一章。
第一单元 动词非谓语形式
1. 所属关系(有时为相关的关系， 这种关系是大家所熟 悉的)
The size and cost of electronic devices have been reduced, and their performance, reliability and efficiency have been greatly improved.
In long distance communications, a transmitter is required to process the incoming information so as to make it suitable for transmission and subsequent reception.
第一单元 动词非谓语形式
第二章 科技英语同普通英语的区别
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. （ 分词代替定语从句 ）
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. （ 分词代替状语从句）
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表 达的概念更加确切严密。
capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy－ capacitance . It （capacitance）is measured in farads.
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。
这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为
1.介词短语
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .
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These students are doing an experiment in physics [on electricity].
They are attending a lecture [a report, a conference] on mobile communications （移动通讯）.
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成 “A……B的 ～”） the superiority of A to B
the similarity of A to B the relation(ship) of A to B
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
*** 特殊情况：
A gradual increase in resistance with speed is characteristic of friction between the boat’s bottom and the water.
***
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
C、该“名词”来自于及物动词（“A”为 该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）
The resolution（分解）of a force into x- and y-components is possible. (resolve A into B) A comparison of Eq. (1 - 4) with Eq. (1 - 6) leads to the following relations. (compare A with B)
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
② 某些名词后必须要用特定的介词
the answer [key, solution] to a problem
the preface to a book an exception to a rule
the current through a component the voltage across a component
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
（2）某些动词、形容词、名词要与特定的 介词连用
Electrons are emitted at the screen（荧 光屏）.
Laser beams are sent at the moon.
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 成 “ A……B 的 ～”）
The control engineer is usually interested in the response of a control system to unit step（单位阶跃）, ramp（斜 波）, and parabolic（抛物） functions（函 数）. （respond to ）
西安电子科技大学
第二章 词汇搭配和句子成分
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配
1、固定词组（在词典中可以查到）
in a word, take place, take the place of, as a matter of fact, as usual, ……
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配
2、习惯的搭配关系（会出现在词典的例句 中或各种文章中，望多观察） （1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用
提高质量 提高效率 提高能力
improve the equality
提高警惕
raise the efficiency increase[improve] the ability enhance[heighten] one’s vigilance
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
the projection of A on B (project on)
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
*** 特殊情况：
the
increase decrease rise fall change reduction
in/of A with B
“A随B的…而～”
西安电子科技大学
Speed is defined as the ratio of distance to time.
The effect [influnce; impact] of temperature on [upon] the resistance of a semiconductor must be taken into account.
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成 “A……B的 ～”） The distance of the moon from the earth’s center is 240,000 mi.
The effectiveness（有效性）of this force depends only on the perpendicular distance of its line of action（作用线）from the hinges（铰链；折叶）.
（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用 取得成就[进步] 取得一致意见 取得教训 取得成功 取得同意
make achievements [progress] reach complete agreement of views draw lessons achieve success
obtain the consent
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
③ 名词与介词的一种常见而有用的搭配模 式（注意其汉译法）
名词 of A 介词 B
(A 和 B也是名词)
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
③ 名词与介词的一种常见而有用的搭配模 式（注意其汉译法）
A、 该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译 成“A……B的 ～”） B、 该 “ 名 词 ” 来 自 于 不 及 物 动 词
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用 作一分析[比较，研究]
make an analysis [a comparison, a study]
作一介绍[描述，说明]
give an introduction [a description, an explanation]
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
Fig. 1 shows
the variation of current with impedance. the graph of current as a function of impedance.
the graph of current against impedance.
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
C、该“名词”来自于及物动词（“A”为 该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）
In this case, exposure of the body to sunlight helps to overcome anemia（贫血） and stimulate（刺激） metabolism（新陈代 谢）. (expose A to B)
the graph of current versus [vs.] impedance.
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
C、该“名词”来自于及物动词（“A”为 该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）
The definition of electric current as a flow of charge is familiar to all of us. (define A as B) The separation of aluminum from its ore（矿石）was very difficult at that time. (separate A from B)
（2）某些动词、形容词、名词要与特定的 介词连用
emit aim send point direct throw shoot
… at [朝向] ～
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
① 某些名词前必须用特定的介词
Radio waves travel in all directions At this temperature the metal melts. For this purpose [To this end], we must try hard to scale the heights of science.
为 该 名 词 的 逻 辑 主 语 ； 译 成 “ A……B 的 ～”）
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
B、该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“A”
为 该 名 词 的 逻 辑 主 语 ； 译 成 “ A……B 的 ～”） Ellipses（ 椭 圆 ） are used to describe the motions of the planets（行星）round the
西安电子科技大学
§2 .1词汇搭配 ～ 2、习惯的搭配关系
***注意以下形式：
“名词（来自及物动词）of A（逻宾） [介词 B（逻状）] by C（逻主）”
What is the date of the discovery of America by Columbus?
sun. (move round) All conductors offer small resistance to the passage of electrons through them. (pass through)