专业英语课文翻译
汽车专业英语课文翻译1
Types of Automobiles汽车的类型The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work.汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。
专业英语第八章课文翻译1
Chiguo Chapter 8 Section 1 Coal-Fired Power Plants燃煤发电站第一段：在化石燃料发电厂中，煤，石油或者天然气在燃烧室中燃烧，燃烧产生高温的水，然后转换成水蒸气，高温的水蒸气将驱动汽轮机，汽轮机与发电机机械地连接在一起。
图8.1展示了一个典型的图表示意图。
发电厂的运行用一下简洁的语言概述。
从仓库取出煤块放入粉煤机（或者磨粉机）中粉碎，然后与预热的空气混合，最后充入燃烧室中燃烧。
燃烧室包含一个复杂的管道，抽上的水灌输到一个叫锅炉的设备中，锅炉里面水的温度逐渐上升直至它们成为水蒸气。
水蒸气被送至汽轮机中，与此同时，燃烧的废气（烟道气体）通过物理和静电除尘装置除掉99%以上的固体颗粒（灰尘）在通过烟囱或烟囱体排放出去之前。
第二段：刚刚描述的单元，是输入煤粉，空气和水输出水蒸气的单元，这几个方面的系统被统称为蒸汽发电机组，或燃烧室，或者蒸汽发生器。
当考虑根据是燃烧过程的时候常用“燃烧室”这个术语，同时当考虑因素是水汽循环时，“蒸汽发生器”这个术语被更频繁的使用。
水蒸气的3500磅/平方英寸的典型气压和华氏零下1050度的条件，是通过控制和停止（关闭）汽轮机阀门来提供的。
整齐的热能转化为水轮机的机械能。
从排气机中排出的蒸汽在热交换器中成为冷凝器中冷却形成水，再次被泵抽回锅炉里。
通过调节蒸汽的流量变化来控制涡轮发电机的输出。
截止阀具有保护作用，它通常是完全开放的，但可以“跳闸”关闭，以防止汽轮机发电机组超速，使电力输出突然下贱（由于断路器的行动）和控制阀不关闭。
第三段：图8-1表明的是一个单阶段汽轮机，但在实际中一个更加复杂的多级排列被使用以便能实现相对较高的热效率。
一个典型的多级排列如图8-2所示。
它包括四个有着不同蒸汽气压的汽轮机机械地耦合串联在一起。
用常规的概述就是高压蒸汽来自锅炉然后进入高压汽轮机。
在之前离开高压汽轮机的水蒸气回到锅炉（再热器）地区，然后送往中压汽轮机。
刚整理的专业英语课文翻译
第一单元Human bodyTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
大学-英语专业-精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译
大学英语专业精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译《Half a Day》一、①I walked alongside my father ,clutching his right hand.〔走在父亲的身旁，我紧紧地抓住他的右手〕②All my clothes were new : the black shoes , the green school uniform ,and the red cap.〔那时，我穿着黑鞋子，绿校服，戴着红帽子，它们都是新的。
〕③They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for first time.〔然而，因为今天是我第一次被送去上学，所以这些衣服并没有给我带来一丝快乐。
〕二、①My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help.〔母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时地回头看她，希望会从她那里得到帮助。
〕②We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms.〔我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。
〕三、①“Why school ?”I asked my father .“What haveI done ?”〔“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么吗？”〕四、①“I’m not punishing you,”he said ,laughing.“School’s not a punishment. It’s a place that makes useful men out ofboys. Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?”〔“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 16 Basic Concepts of MechanismsA combination of interrelated parts(相关零件的组合体) having definite（确定的）motions and capable of performing useful work may be called machine.具有确定的运动轨迹,并且能做有用的功联接在一起的零件的组合称为机器.A mechanism is a component of a machine consisting of two or more bodies arranged so that the motion of one compels the motion of the others.机构是机器的组成要素.机器由二个及以上的机构组合而成.因此其中一个构件的运动会带动其它的构件的连锁运动.Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms without reference to the forces that act on the mechanism运动学仅研究机构的运动而不考虑作用在机构上的力.Dynamics is the study of motion individual bodies and mechanisms under the influence of forces and torques.动力学研究独立构件的运动及力和扭矩作用下对机构的影响.The study of forces and torques in stationary systems (and systems with negligible inertial effects) is called statics研究平衡中的力和扭矩,该系统忽略惯性影响,称之为静力学.Synthesis is the procedure by which a product (a mechanism, for example) is developed to satisfy a set of performance requirements合成是一个程序,通过该程序能够不断改进一个产品(例如一个机构)直到满足一系列的性能要求.If a product configuration is tentatively specified and then examined to determine whether the performance requirements are met, the process is called analysis.如果需要探索性的详细阐述产品的构造结构,然后检验,判断该产品是否满足性能要求,这个过程称为分解.The design of mechanisms involves both synthesis and analysis.机构设计包括合成和分解.The design process begins with the recognition of a need. A set of requirements is then listed设计从对于需求的确认开始,罗列出一系列的要求.Detailed analyses of displacements, velocities, and accelerations are usually required通常需要对位移,速度,加速度进行具体分析.This part of the design process is followed by an analysis of forces and torques. 设计过程中的这个部分是紧跟在对力和扭矩的分析之后.The design process may continue long after（很久以后）the first models have been produced and may include redesigns of components that affect velocities, accelerations, forces, and torques在制造完毕第一个模型之后,该设计过程仍有可能持续很长一段时间. 并且有可能会重新设计这些会影响速度,加速度及所知扭矩的零部件In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufactures must continuously modify their product and their methods of production为了在年复一年的技术中取得优势,大多数制造商必须不断调整修改他们的产品及加工方式.Increases in the production rate, upgrading of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction are frequently required,为了增加出产率,提高产品的性能,经常需要重新设计来降低成本以及减轻重量. Success may hinge on（决定于） the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic analysis 对问题进行正确的运动学和动力学分析是成功的关键.Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into（成为……的一部分）machines designed centuries ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changed over the years很久以前,许多基本的连杆构造就已经运用在机器设计中去了,并且我们用来称呼它们的术语在不断的变化,.Thus, definitions and terminology are not consistent throughout thetechnical literature.因此技术供应文献中的定义和说明不是一成不变的In most cases, however, meanings will be clear from the context of the descriptive matter.在大多数的情况下,然而定义,义意可以在的解释性的描述内容中清晰的获得,A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics and dynamics of machines are defined below下面定义了在学习,研究机构运动学和动力学中一些特别重要的术语.Link A link is one of the rigid bodies or members joined together to form a kinematic chain.杆件是一个刚体或者连接在一起形成运动链的零部件,因此被称为刚性构件或者是简单构件.The term rigid link, or sometimes simply link, is an idealization used in the study of mechanisms that does not consider small deflections due to strains in machine members刚性构件是在机械装置中的理想化模型.这样就不无需考虑由机器零部件所产生的应力造成的微小偏移量.A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.一个绝对刚性或不可延展的构件只能存在于教科书上的机械零部件的模型.For typical machine parts, the maximum changes in dimension are on the order of only a one-thousandth of the part length.对于典型的零部件,最大的尺寸变化量仅仅是沿着该部件长度方向的千分之一.We are justified（合理的） in neglecting this small motion when considering the much greater motion characteristic of most mechanisms当考虑到大多数的机构相对较为显着的运动特征,忽略这点微量的偏移是合情合理的. The word link is used in a general sense to include cams, gears, and other machine members in addition to cranks, connecting rods and other pin-connected（铰接） components通常意义所说的杆件包括凸轮,齿轮以及它的机器零件的曲柄,连杆机构和其它的销件连接部分.Frame The fixed or stationary link in a mechanism is called the frame机架机械装置中固定或静止不动的构件称为机架.When there is no link that is actually fixed, we may consider one as being fixed and determine the motion of the other links relative to it如果实际中确实没有构件是固定的,我们可以假设其中某个是固定的,这样可以判断出其它与之相连构件的运动.In an automotive engine, for example, the engine block (see Fig.14.1) isconsidered the frame, even though the automobile may be moving例如汽车发动机,我们通常是把发动机气缸视为机架,让它保持静止不动,实际上整部汽车者是运动的.Degree of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom of a linkageis the number of independent parameters required to specify the position of every link relative to the frame or fixed link自由度连杆机构的自由度是给定独立参数的数目，需要自由度来确定某一个与机架或固定杆件相连接的构件的位置，If the instantaneous configuration of a system may be completely defined bespecifying one independent variable, that system has one degree of freedom如果系统的瞬间结构完全可以由一个独立的变量来确定，这样系统就具有一个自由度，An unconstrained rigid body has six degrees of freedom:大多数实际上运用的机构装置只有一个自由度。
专业英语课文翻译
ACCESS 访问the internet and the telephone system are similar—you can connect a computer to the internet much like you connect a phone to the telephone system . 互联网和电话系统是相似的你可以将计算机连接到互联网更像你将电话连接到电话系统。
once you are on the internet ,your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computer-a computer that branches all over the world. 一旦你在互联网上，您的计算机变得什么看起来像一个巨大的计算机——一个计算机的扩展，世界各地的分支机构。
when provided with a connection to the internet ,you can use a browser program to search the Web. 当提供一个连接到互联网，您可以使用要搜索Web 的浏览器程序。
PROVIDERS 提供商the most common way to access the internet is through an internet service provider(ISP).访问互联网的最常见方式是通过互联网服务运营。
（因特网络提供商）the providers are already connected to the internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access the internet.供应商已经连接到互联网并提供路径或个人能够访问互联网的连接。
your college or university most likely provides you with free access to the internet either through its local area networks or through a dial-up or telephone connection. 你的学院或大学最有可能为您提供免费接入到互联网通过其局域网络或通过拨号或电话连接。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 1 Why GIS?现在，许多组织在地理信息系统和地理数据库方面花费大量的金钱。
预言显示，在整个下一个十年，将有数十亿美元花费在这些上面。
为什么在现今成为现实，而在仅仅几年前，GIS还是稀有之物？迅速下降的计算机硬件成本，使得能够负担得起GIS的人迅速增多，范围变广。
更重要的是，我们终于认识到，地理学（和数据描述的地理学）是我们日常生活环境的部分：几乎我们所做的每一个决策都是被一些地学事实所限制，所影响，或是所支配的。
我们派消防车以最快的速度，尽可能短的路径到达着火现场。
我们的中央政府经常根据人口数量拨款物给地方政府。
我们通过确认疾病的流行地区和传播速度来研究疾病。
这种对地理信息的需求与对GIS的需要相吻合，解释了它迅速普及的原因。
然而，如此概括不能够解释GIS为什么能帮助和怎样帮助你。
首先，你必须知道GIS 是什么和它能用来做什么。
下面的主题将帮助你理解GIS。
GIS是什么？在1980年代，GIS的使用显著地增长。
现在，对企业、政府和学术界来说，运用GIS 的许多不同的应用已是寻常之事。
因而GIS的许多定义已经出现了。
例如，翻到本书的词汇表，你将发现GIS被描述为：由计算机硬件、软件、地理数据和人员构成的有机集成，被设计来有效搜集、储存、更新、处理、分析和展示各种空间相关信息。
尽管这个定义正确、全面、并被广泛接受，但它对初学GIS的人帮助不多。
当你读完此工作手册，这个定义的含义将变得清晰，但目前，考虑一个更简单的定义：能够支持和使用数据描述地表区域的计算机系统。
空间操作许多计算机程序，诸如spreadsheets, statistics packages, 或drafting packages能处理简单的地理或空间数据，那么，为什么他们不是通常所认为的是GIS呢？一个通常被接受的回答是，如果它允许对数据进行空间操作，这样的GIS才是GIS。
作为一个例子，考虑下面的表格：这个表格表明，在所选择的活动中心，从事GIS某一方面工作者的大致数量。
专业英语王立琦版课文翻译
ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。
电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。
电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。
TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to anext ernal circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 10 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids1.Chemistry of EstersEsters are neutral compounds derived from reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The esters of any individual carboxylic acid form a homologous series whose lower members are volatile liquids with pleasant, often fruit-like odours. As the relative molecular mass increases, volatility decreases and the esters gradually become viscous, oily liquids or waxy solids. They are immiscible with water and ethyl ethanoate is widely used as an organic solvent. They are polar compounds with boiling points well below those of carboxylic acids of corresponding relative molecular mass, since there is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding:CH3CO2CH2CH3CH3CH2CO2CH3CH3CH2CH2CO2H Ethyl ethanoate (M r=88) methyl propanoate (M r=88) butanoic acid (M r=88) b.p.=77℃ b.p.=80℃ b.p.=163℃Esters occur naturally. Those derived from certain long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and the alcohol propane-1,2,3-triol(glycerol)are important constituents of vegetable oils and animal fats. Ester polymers, called polyesters, are very important synthetic materials; an example is the synthetic polyester fibre Terylene.The following reactions are typical of esters.1.1HydrolysisThe hydrolysis of an ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol is the reverse of the esterification process and involves an equilibrium:RCOOR’+H2O RCOOH+R’OHThe composition lf the equilibrium mixture is the same, no matter whether one has started from an equimolar mixture of acid and alcohol, or ester and water. Like esterification, the rate of hydrolysis is very slow but hydrolysis is catalysed by acid or alkali. Alkali hydrolysis is usually the more effective method because the salt of the carboxylic acid, rather than the free acid, is obtained, so that the equilibrium position is pushed so much towards the products that reaction is virtually complete. The hydrolysis is normally effected by heating the aster with sodium hydroxide solution under reflux. As hydrolysis proceeds, the separate ester and aqueous layers gradually merge into one. If the alcohol is wanted is can be distilled out of the alkaline mixture; acidification of the residue with sulphuric acid will liberate the free carboxylic acid, which may then be distilled from the solution. The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is sometimes referred to as saponification because the reaction is used in soap-making.1.2 ReductionEsters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which the ester is derived. The other organic product is the alcohol corresponding to the alcohol component of the ester:RCOOR’→RCH2OH+R’OHe.g.CH3COOCH3→CH3CH2OH+CH3OHMethyl ethanoate ethanol methanol2.Chemistry of Acid ChloridesAcid chlorides are very reaction compounds and hence are not found in nature. Theyare conveniently prepared by the action of sulphur dichloride oxide ( thionyl chloride ) on a carboxylic acid, since the other product of the reaction are gases. The acid chlorides are generally volatile liquids and find applications, in many small-scale laboratory syntheses. The following reactions, in which the chlorine is replaced by other groups, are typical of acid chlorides.2.1 HydrolysisAcid chlorides are vigorously hydrolyzed on contact with water, heat and fumes of hydrogen chloride being evolved. The acid chlorides even fume on contact with moist air, and hence must always be protected from moisture during storage. For the same reason reactions involving acid chlorides must be carried out with water-free reagents, and if a solvent is used, it must also be dry. Care must always be exercised when handling them.RCOCL+H2O→RCOOH+HCLThe acid chlorides are named according to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the suffix-oic being replaced by –oyl; thus ethanoic acid forms the acid chloride, ethanoyl chloride.2.2 Reaction with alcoholsAcid chlorides react with alcohols, although slightly less vigorously than with water, to form eaters;RCOCl+R’OH→RCOOR’+HClThis is a particularly useful method of making esters because the reaction goes to completion, and hence high yields may be expected.2.3 Reaction with ammonia and amines \When an acid chloride is added to a cold, concentrated ammonia solution, a vigorous reaction takes place and an acid amide is formed:RCOCl+NH3→RCONH2+HClA similar reaction occurs with an amine and the reaction is often performed in a dry ether solvent to moderate its vigour. The product is an N-substituted amide, i.e. an amide in which hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by an alkly group:RCOCl+R’ NH2→RCONHR’+HClA secondary amine will also react in a similar fashion but a tertiary amine will not. The reaction of an acid chloride with an amine is used commercially in the manufacture of the very important range of semi-synthetic penicillins, first product by the Beecham Group in 1959. By varying the acid chloride, various groups can be introduced into the essential penicillin structure to produce new penicillin antibiotics with important pharmacological properties not possessed by natural penicillin.2.4 ReductionAcid chlorides can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or, more conveniently in the laboratory, by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. The reduction product is a primary alcoholRCOCl→RCH2OH2.5 Friedel- Crafts reactionAcid chloride enters into a substitution reaction with aromatic compounds to formketones. This reaction is known as the Friedel- Crafts reaction.。
专业英语课文翻译
They waste much potential output by engaging in barter transactions instead of using money.
他们浪费了大量的潜在产出从事易货交易而不是用金钱。
They are three traditional functions of money.
这些人想出新的方法、系统和运行全面的工作和稳定的方法来压低价格，所以每个人都可以便宜和方便的购买的产品。
To complement the strategy of profit through volume,the entrepreneur had to create a vertical system through which raw materials were sourced,production operations managed,and the product delivered to the ultimate consumer.
First-mover profits tantalized potential competitors, but first-mover advantages confronted those potential competitors with barriers to the industry‘s high returns.
Money is useful because it facilitates transactions.Just think how society would be if people had to barter for everything ---that is,to exchange goods for goods.
专业英语课文翻译
,Unit 66.5.1 电路当你揿下开关，打开灯，电视，真空吸尘器或计算机时，你有没有好奇地想，到底里面是怎么回事？其实这时你正闭合（接通）一个电路，使电流（电子流）能够从导线中流过。
图6.1是一个手电筒的简单电路，其一端是电池，另一端是手电筒灯泡。
当开关断开时，电路没有闭合，电路中没有电流，当开关合上时，构成了闭合电路，电流流过灯泡使它发光。
电路可能是庞大的电力系统，通过数千英哩输送几百万瓦特的电能，也可能是含有数百万晶体管的微型芯片。
就是有这些特别小的电路才有可能造出台式计算机。
最前沿的可能是纳米电子电路，其器件尺寸在纳米级（十亿分之一米）。
6.3.2 欧姆定律如果把某种材料连接到一个理想电压源u(t)的两端（如图6.2所示），假设u(t)=1V，则材料顶部的电势（电位）比其底部的电势高出1V，因为电子是携带负电荷的，在材料中的电子将从材料的底部流向顶部，即有电流i(t)从材料的顶部通过材料流向底部。
因此，当电源极性给定时，当u(t)为正时，电流正方向如图6.2所示，如果u(t)=2V，同理材料顶部的电势（电位）比其底部的电势高出2V，所以电流i(t)仍为正的（当材料为“线性”材料时，电流是原来的两倍）。
对任意给定的电压函数u(t)，如果产生的电流总是正比于给定的电压函数u(t)，则该材料被称为线性电阻。
对一个线性电阻有：和电阻的单位（伏特每安培）被称做欧姆，并用大写希腊字母“ ”表示，上面的两个方程都被称为欧姆定律。
6.3.3 基尔霍夫定律德国物理学家基尔霍夫Gustav Kirchhoff（1824—1887）得出了基尔霍夫定律，我们可以用它来分析任何电路元件（电压源、电流源和电阻）以及其他电子器件构成的相互连接。
我们把这种相互连接称为一个电路或一个网络。
现在我们给出基尔霍夫两个定律中的第一个——基尔霍夫电流定律（KCL），它是根据电荷守恒的定律给出的:对一个给定的电路，两个或更多的元件的连接点称为节点(图 6.3)。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
机械工程专业英语教程第一课：机械工程简介Introduction to Mechanical EngineeringSection 1: OverviewMechanical engineering is a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses the design, development, and operation of machinery, structures, and systems. This branch of engineering plays a crucial role in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and energy.Section 2: Responsibilities and SkillsAs a mechanical engineer, your responsibilities will include designing and analyzing mechanical systems, conducting tests and experiments, and supervising the manufacturing process. You will also need to have a strong understanding of physics, mathematics, and computer-aided design (CAD). Additionally, problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and the ability to work well in teams are essential.Section 3: Career OpportunitiesA degree in mechanical engineering can open up a wide range of career opportunities. You could work in research and development, product design, manufacturing, or projectmanagement. Mechanical engineers are in demand in almost every industry, ensuring a stable and rewarding career path.Section 4: University CoursesTo become a mechanical engineer, it is essential to pursue a degree in mechanical engineering from a reputable university. The curriculum typically includes courses in engineering principles, materials science, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanical design. Additionally, practical training through internships or cooperative education programs is crucial for gaining hands-on experience.Section 5: ConclusionMechanical engineering offers a challenging and rewarding career for those with a passion for solving problems and a desire to create innovative solutions. With the right education and skills, you can embark on a successful journey in the field of mechanical engineering. Remember, the possibilities are endless in this ever-evolving discipline.第二课：机械设计基础Fundamentals of Mechanical DesignSection 1: IntroductionIn this lesson, we will explore the fundamentals of mechanical design. Mechanical design involves the creation and development of physical systems and components that meet specific requirements and specifications. This processrequires a deep understanding of materials, mechanics, and engineering principles.Section 2: Design ProcessThe design process typically follows a systematic approach that includes several stages. These stages include problem identification, conceptual design, detailed design, manufacturing, and testing. Each stage involves various activities such as brainstorming, prototyping, and evaluation.Section 3: Design ConsiderationsDuring the design process, there are several important considerations to keep in mind. These include functionality, efficiency, reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness. It is also crucial to consider the environmental impact and sustainability of the design.Section 4: Tools and SoftwareTo aid in the design process, engineers use various tools and software. Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows for precise modeling and simulation of mechanical systems. Finite element analysis (FEA) software helps in analyzing the structural integrity and performance of designs.Section 5: Case StudyTo further understand the application of mechanical design principles, we will examine a case study. This real-world example will demonstrate how the design process isimplemented to solve a specific problem and achieve desired outcomes.Section 6: ConclusionMechanical design is a critical aspect of mechanical engineering. It requires a combination of creativity, technical knowledge, and attention to detail. By mastering the fundamentals of mechanical design, you will be well-equippedto tackle complex challenges and contribute to the development of innovative solutions.以上是《机械工程专业英语教程》的课文翻译。
江苏师范大学机电学院专业英语考试课文翻译
1（transmitted）力通过接触表面传到机器表面的各构件上。
例如，从齿轮传到轴或者从齿轮通过与其啮合的齿轮传到另一个齿轮，从V带传到带轮，或者从凸轮传到从动件。
由于很多原因，人们必须知道这些力的大小。
这些力在边界或在接触表面的分布必须合理它们的大小必须在构成接触表面的材料的工作极限以内。
例如，如果作用在一个滑动轴承上的力太大，它就会将油膜挤出，造成金属与金属的直接接触，产生过热和使轴承快速失效。
如果齿轮相啮合的齿与齿之间的力过大，就会将油膜从齿间挤出来。
这会造成金属表层的碎裂和剥落，使噪声增大。
运动不精确，直至报废。
在力学研究中，我们主要关心力的大小，方向，作用点。
2作用在同一刚体上的两条不重合平行线上的两个大小相等，方向相反的力不能合成一个合力。
作用在一个刚体上的这样两个力构成一个力偶。
力偶臂是指两条作用线之间的垂直距离，力偶面是包含这两条作用线的平面。
3（shaft）如果轴以临界速度转动，将会发生强烈的震动，可能会毁坏整台机器。
知道这些临界速度的大小很重要，因为这样可以避开他。
根据一个经验来说，工作速度和临界速度之间至少应该相差20%。
4（spherical mechanism）在球面机构中，当机构运动时，每一个构件上都有一个点是静止的，所有构件上静止的点都处于同一位置，也就是每个点的轨迹都是球面曲线。
所有各点运动时都是同心的。
因而，所有质点的运动都能用它们在以适当选取点为中心的球面上的镜像投影来完整地描述。
胡可万向联轴器可能会是人们最熟悉的一个球面机构的例子。
5(lathe designated)车床的加工范围可以用两个参数表示。
第一个尺寸参数称为最大回转直径。
它大约两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间的距离的两倍。
第二个尺寸参数是两顶尖间的最大距离。
最大回转直径表示在这台车床上能够车削的工件的最大直径，两顶尖之间的最大距离表示在两顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。
6(lathes versatile)虽然普通车床有很大用途，是很有用的机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间，所以他们不适合在大批量生产中应用。
环境专业英语第四版课文翻译
环境专业英语第四版课文翻译
What is air pollution.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more in high enough concentration to harm humans,other animals,vegetation or materials.
什么是空气污染。
空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
There are two major types of air pollution.
主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.
初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
It can be a natural air component,such as carbon dioxide,that above its normal concentration,or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.
这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
生物专业英语第三版课文翻译（完整）
生物专业英语第三版课文翻译（完整）Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts1、 Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory ( 细胞质：动力工厂 )Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2、The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
(完整word版)英语专业大三上学期高级英语课文翻译第二课Hiroshima-the_livest_city_in_Japan
第二课广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市雅各•丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。
我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。
踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一套令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。
难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗?这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。
从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。
身着和嘏的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接豫；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。
”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。
“嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。
“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。
“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。
与此同时，这座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。
正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。
就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。
无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。
这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。
当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。
英语专业综合英语一课文翻译
Unit1: Translation exercises1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3、People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.4、Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.5. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.6. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.7. He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit2:Translation exercises1Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2、It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills.3、Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids,for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4.、Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately.5、He failed in the college entrance examination last year,but he did not feeldisappointed.Instead,he continued to study hard,passed the examination successfully and become a student in famous university this year.6、There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly.7In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement s of our work.8With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss.9、Although she is only 8 years old，the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions.No wonder her parents feel proud of her.10、All the neighborhood have heard of the news,but you haven't.Don't you think it is strange?Unit31.I am sorry I am late,but I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away.2.At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.3. She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.4.The nurse told me that the doctors had done wonders for your heart disease.5.When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind.6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7.The crowd demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8.Since punctuality is such a good habbit,we should pay close attention to it and make every effort to cultivate it.9.The old man cherishes that girl,as if she were his own daughter.10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.Unit 4.1. 1.It is an attempt made to strengthen our competitive ability.2. 2.The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.3. 3.The agreement signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.4. 4.It was a very difficult situation,but he handled it very successfully.5. 5.He is my best friend.I just can’t turn my back on him now that he needs my help.6. 6.So long as you work hard,you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner orlater.7.7.Although he hates the job,yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money tosupport the family.8.8.That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease,persisted in combatingit,and conquered it in the end.9.9.This university has a staff of more than 2000,including about 150 professors and over 500associate professors.10.10.The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.Unit51. 1.That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violatingprofessional ethics.2. 2.Hanging on the walls of the classroom are some famous sayings,which inspire and urgepeople to exert themselves.3. 3.All kinds of commodities are available.Nothing is in short supply.4. 4.We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.5. 5.Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.6. 6.The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.7.7.When I saw that he was right,I had to back down.8.8.She has been appointed sales manager,for she is both clever and diligent.9.9.One of the biggest challenges faced by the present government is that of creating more jobs.10.10.The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold.Unit61. The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease.2.Don’t you think it a sort of stigma that you,already in your thirties,still have to depend on your old parents?3. Almost all the governments in the world are very much concerned about the financialissue.4.With regard to the seminar on English teaching, I suggest that it be held on the comingweekend.5.whether to go abroad for further education or not is entirely up to you.6.Just a single spark can lead to an explosion in a room filled with gas.7.No matter what efforts the government has made,the price for housing has barely declined.8.In order to pass TOEFL,he has devoted almost every minute of his spare time to Englishstudies.9.With his acting potential, the young man is likely to be a superstar in the field of entertainment.10.It is believed that siblings jealousy exists more in a rich family than in a poor one.Unit71.I scrambled up the cliff for a good view of the sea.2.He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon.3.I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly.4.The chairman made an effort to reassure the shareholders that the company’s bad resultswould not be repeated.5. Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together!6. Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone.7.We all hate the terrorists’ indiscriminate violence against ordinary people.8.Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crimes.9. We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed thebridge.10. I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success. Unit81.At Christmas people enjoy themselves very much;they visit one another and present each other with Christmas cards and presents.2.The walls of her bedroom and living room are all decorated with pictures of pop stars and film stars.3. Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly, but Tom teased her curly hair unmercifully.4.He had attained remarkable achievements which surpassed the goal he had set for himself.5. He kept crying bitterly, and I tried to persuade him not to give way to grief.6. I took it for granted that you would like to see the play, so I bought you a ticket.7.They have relegated these problems somewhere down on the priority list.8.I am going to address the letter to Donna in care of her lawyer.9. I don’t know why telling her the news brought a lump in my throat.10.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.Unit91.Towering above all others,this mountain peak commands a fine view.2.I have asked my friends to recommend a doctor who is good at treating children.3.Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly,but Tom teased her about her curly hair unmercifully.4. The government is determined to avoid at all costs a sharp rise in food price.5. He tried his best to save the drowning boy, but in vain.6. That old woman is always interfering in other people’s affairs.7.After having several influential papers published,he became quite distinguished in the academic world.8.Pollution is so serious in this area that the villagers can hardly find any water that is fit for drinking.9.I packed a suitcase with all the things that might be needed.10. We Chinese usually associate the Spring Festival with family reunion.Unit101.2. Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.3. The world economy is in a desperate situation, so all governments must take desperate measures to cope with.4.Scissors,knives,matches,and medicine must be kept beyond the reach of children.5.I always keep a sum of at least 1.000yuan on hand, in case of an emergency.6.Honest people despise lies and liars.7. It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English.8. Because of the financial recession, some of small- and medium-size enterprises are, so to speak,up to their necks in debt.9.He is a man that always mouths fine words about people to their faces and speaks ill of them behind their backs.10.I was greatly scared by the zest demonstrated by those radicals.Unit111.They hoped to save their marriage by giving birth to a child.2. Secret service men escorted the President and his family everywhere they went.3. The presidentia l candidate’s speech was often punctuated now and then by outbursts ofapplause from the audience.4. As soon as the news of victory came, there was great rejoicing all over the country.5.The tertiary industry in our country has been developing by leaps and bounds since the reform and opening drive started.6.The priest preached a sermon to the congregation on the need for charity.7.In order to/To maintain his dignity the employee didn’t kneel on his knees in front of theoverbearing boss.8.When the chairman announced the election results,the meeting hall broke into a sea of great joy,with the whole assembly clapping and cheering.9.He has a very bad reputation,for he often takes other people’s names in vain.10. The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather.Unit 121. I marvel at the poet’s ability to express nuances of different feelings.2.Although you have good teachers and a favorable environment,it is your personal effort that comes into play in the success of your English studies.3.As English majors,we need to have a keen awareness of the subtle diffrences between word meaning.4. Some new policies in the educational system will be implemented next year.5. It is unfair to indentify popular culture with vulgar culture.6. He believes that a person should be noble-minded, but not money-oriented all the time.7.The Middle East is generously endowed with petroleum.8.The school authorities are holding a meeting in reference to the construction of a new gymnasium.9.But for his personal visits to the third-world countries,he would not have believed such disparity in the living standars between the rich and the poor.10.No one came to claim the welfare lottery bonus of 5 million yuan RMB,not even to the last day.Unit131. The airport authorities request that every passenger keep an eye on his/her own belongings.2.Although he was diagnosed with stomach cancer,he still took an optimistic attitude toward life.3.His teacher advised him not to eat so much junk food.4. With a high sense of responsibility, the teacher gave his life in order to save his students.5.His comrades did whatever they could for his release from the prison,and they succeeded.6.The sudden financial tsunami has stripped quite a number of people of their property.7.My secretary is looking for this or that all the time,for she is always misplacing her things.8. After drifting into the woods, he was greatly amazed at the scene in front of him.9.So far no effective remedy for the addiction to the Internet has been found.10. In view of the serious employment situation, many university graduates voluntarily go and work in the remote areas.Unit141.He possesses some fine traits:he has refined and gentle manners;he is kind and generous to others;he is always modest and prudent;and he constantly perfects his work.2.A high crime rate that doesn’t seem to drop is a reflection of an unstable society.3. It is beyond doubt that Shanghai is fast becoming another financial center.4.Such a small gym can hardly meet the needs of such a large student body,amounting to about 3000.5.A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done.6. Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education.7.As long as you study hard and make progress constantly,your chances to succeed will multiply.8. Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and, moreover, he pays particular attention to the methods he employs.9. The so-called problem teens are not born to be problems. Very likely, it is because they lack parental and school discipline.10.The President of the university displays both professional competence and excellent leadership;therefore,he is very popular among the teachers and other staff members.。
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Green and healthy housing 绿色和健康的住房The basic role of a house has not changed since humans lived in caves. It shelters us from the elements and provides a place to live, work, and play. Initial responses fron architects and engineers to that early crisis were to explore such alternative energy sources as active and passive solar heating systems. Years of experimentation followed until the premise of that direction was questioned. Instead of replacing the energy source, why not reduce the need for it ? That questioned to the development of what were called super insulated homes, some of which required as little as 5% of the energy used by conventional homes at the time. But initial applications of this technology suffered serious problems with moisture generated from normal household activities and resulted in s focus on indoor air quality. That focus evolved beyond moisture and resulting biological contaminants to gradually include radon and other soil gases , volatile organic compounds, and combustion pollutants.房子的基本作用没有改变自人类住在山洞里。
它我们遮挡了元素和提供一个地方生活、工作和娱乐。
最初的反应出发,建筑师和工程师,早期危机是探索这样的替代能源作为主动和被动太阳能加热系统。
年的实验后的前提下,方向是质疑。
而不是把能量来源,为什么不减少需要它吗?那质疑发展什么被称为超级绝缘房屋,其中一些需要尽可能少使用能源的5%,当时传统的住宅。
但这种技术的初始应用遭受了严重问题与水分产生正常的家庭活动,并导致年代专注于室内空气质量。
专注进化超越水分和产生的生物污染物逐渐包括氡和其他土壤气体、挥发性的有机化合物和燃烧污染物。
In recent years, house design and construction issues have brosdened beyond energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality to include embodied energy content and durability of construction materials.A green house is s high-performance home with respect to its energy use and a healthy home regarding its indoor environmental quality. Its small carbon footprint also makes it an earth-friendly home. The challenge facing designers facing designers and builders is to incorporate each of these concerns into the housing process without compromising affordability, aesthetics, or function . In other words, green design represents construction techniques that minimize impacts on the natural environment and create healthy indoor spaces for building occupants.近年来,房子的设计和建设问题已经扩大超出能源效率和室内环境质量,包括具体能源内容和耐久性的建筑材料。
一个绿色的房子年代高性能回家就其能源使用和一个健康的家庭室内环境质量关于其。
它的小的碳足迹也使它成为一种环境友好的家。
设计师所面临的挑战和建筑商面临设计师是将每个这些担忧房地产过程不影响负担能力、美学、或函数。
换句话说,绿色设计代表了施工技术,减少对自然环境和创造健康的室内空间的住户。
The environmental benefits of green design include a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Reductions come principally from less energy used for space conditioning but also fron lower manufacturing and transportation.costs associated with building materials .绿色设计的环保效益包括:减少二氧化碳的排放。
削减主要来自更少的能量用于空间条件作用也较低的制造和运输出发。
建筑材料的相关成本。
Other significant benefits of green buildings might result from improved well-being of the occupants, Nearly all materials used in buildings shed particles or give off gases, particularly when new. Outside pollutants also find their way into buildings through air intakes and inadequate filtering systens. Such indoor environments can affect the physical and psychological well-being of building occupants.其他重要好处绿色建筑可能源于人类福祉改善的居住者,几乎所有材料用于建筑颗粒脱落或释放气体,特别是当新。
外界污染也发现进入建筑通过空气过滤系统和不适当的摄入量。
这种室内环境会影响生理和心理健康的住户。
Indoor Environmental Quality 室内环境质量From 1992 through 1994 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted the probability-based National Human Activity Pattern Survey . The results showed that Americans spent, on average, 87% of their timeindoors . This time was broken down into 69% of the time at home and 18% of the time indoors but not at home , including work , school , shopping , and restaurant. Sociological studies also suggest that the time Americans spend indoors has remained fairly uniform over the past few decades. These studies indicate that most of our time is spent in the artificially controlled environments of buildings, particularly homes . Therefore , it is imperative that the indoor environment be designed to avoid negative effects on occupant health and to enhance occupant well-being.从1992年到1994年,美国环境保护署进行了概率国家人类活动模式的调查。
结果表明,美国人花了,平均而言,87%的时间在室内。
这一次是分解成69%的时间在家里,18%的时间在室内但不在家,包括工作、学校、购物、和餐馆。
社会学的研究也表明,美国人花在室内的时间一直较为均匀过去几十年。
这些研究表明,我们的大多数时间都花在人为控制的环境的建筑物,特别是房屋。
因此,当务之急是室内环境设计,以避免负面影响居住者的健康和提高居住者健康。
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室内空气品质(IAQ)Indoor air may be defined as the air within a building occupied for a period of at least one hour by people in varying states of health . The U.S. Deparment of Health attributes the rise in indoor air pollution and associated health.The U.S. Department of Health attributes the rise in indoor air pollution and associated health problems to reduced ventilation and increased use of synthetic building materials.室内空气可以定义为建筑物内的空气占领一段至少一个小时,人们在不同国家的健康。