商务英语翻译 之 词汇的翻译.txt

商务英语翻译之词汇翻译
一：词义的选择（Choice of Meanings）
（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义
1. a low figure 小数目
2.workers on low incomes 低收入工人
3.The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.
生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。

4.The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.
英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低点
5.We sell cheap quality goods.
我们销售的商品物美价廉
6.We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.
我方已按很低的价格向贵方报盘。

7.You will find our prices for these goods very popular.
贵方将会看出我方此批货物的价格是很便宜的。

8. Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes.
请报自行车最低价。

9.If you feel interested in our business proposal, please send us the samples together
with your best terms and conditions.
如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。

10.As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we can’t give you any more discount.
我方已报最低价，折扣不能再多给了
（二）根据词性确定词义
1. He gets a 10% commission on everything he sells.
他每卖一件商品得百分之十的佣金
2. Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates.
乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板。

3. Those who come early to the sale get first choice
这次大贱卖，早到的顾客可优先选购
4. Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.
我方产品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都会使贵方满意。

（三）根据专业来确定词义
1. The premium rates vary with differed interests insured
保险费率因保险标的的不同而有所差异。

2. Bank interest rates are going to rise this month.
银行利率在本月要上调。

3. His business interests are very extensive
他在多家企业中拥有股份。

4. Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisition.
在确定大笔投资或收购前需要进行尽职调查。

5. The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arm’s length basis.
交易条款按照公平原则商订。

6. The company has raised its joint venture equity to 70% to gain management control. It has tripled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.
公司将其在合资企业的股份增至70%，以获得管理控制权，这使其先期投资增加了两倍，而且现在正在扩大产品范围和生产能力来满足不断增长的需求。

（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文来确定词义
Account：可指“账户、客户、生意往来关系”，复数则可指“账目、会计部门、账款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含义：
1. Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.
公司与供货商交易时因赊购而产生应付账款
2. The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their needs. 那家公司是我们的主要客户之一，因此我们得尽可能满足他们的需求。

3. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.
财务总监被控伪造公司账目。

4. She works in accounts.
她在会计部门工作。

5. The newly established company opened an account in HSBC.
这个新成立的公司在汇丰银行开立了账户。

（五）根据词的形式来确定词义
1. There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer, but this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
吸烟与得心脏病和肺癌有直接联系，但这并没有使你感到怎么不安，因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。

company作可数名词时是“公司”，而作不可数名词时是“伙伴”、“伴侣”的意思。

2.The question became one of whether man could control the disease he had invented.
问题成了人类能否控制住他们自己创造出来的这种疾病。

man用作单数，且前面又没有冠词修饰时，作mankind（人类）解释。

3. Treasury securities are revalued daily.
国库券每天都重新估价。

（security用复数securities时，意为“证券”、“有价证券”。

）
二：词义的引申（extension）
1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有苦有甜。

2. sleep deficit 睡眠不足
（一）词义的转化
1. These days, the U.S. economy isn’t “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” says Charles C. Leighton, “That’s a real concern.”
近来，美国在经济发展过程中“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的需要，”查尔斯·C·莱顿说，“这才是真正需要关注的问题。

”（graduate 由“毕业”转化为“培养”。

）2. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.
可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。

3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’ service 我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用二十年。

4. The huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud （使人产生未曾想到的伤心或不愉快）over the development plans of many developing nations.
20世纪70年代石油价格猛涨，给许多发展中国家的经济发展计划投下一抹阴影。

（二）词义的具体化
1. Now that the merger of “dot and com” has created so many young millionaires, there’s a new topic: venture capital.
既然网络公司的兼并造就了如此多的年轻百万富翁，我们面临一个新话题：风险资本。

2. All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar.
经济界的所有专家学者将出席这次研讨会。

（“智慧与学识”引申为“专家学者”。

）3. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness. （“平淡无奇”，此处具体引申为“柴米油盐”。

）
他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。

4. The Board tried its best to improve the balance sheet of the company.
董事会已尽最大努力改善本公司的整体财务状况（“资产负债表”→“整体财务状况” ）
（三）词义的抽象化
1. The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 per cent.
利率一直在10％到15％之间不断波动。

（“跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”→“波动”。

）
2. Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed.
大家都知道，约翰生意失败后就倾家荡产了。

(“丢了一件衬衫”→“失去一切。

）
3. CEO Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company
首席执行官芬克尔斯坦说：他需要回天之术来挽救公司。

（“从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来”→“像耍魔术一样拿出一种不同凡响的解决办法”。

）4. The owner’s son has the inside track for the job.
老板的儿子有优先获得这项工作的权利。

（“内圈跑道”→“优先的权利”。

）
5. The EEC’s Common Agricultural Policy is a dinosaur which is adding ￡13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family
欧洲经济共同体的共同农业政策早已不合时宜，因为它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。

（“恐龙”→“要被废弃的的落后的庞然大物”。

）
三：词类转换法（conversion）
1. I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.
我荣幸地告诉你，贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。

(名词→副词)
2. The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production
通过批量生产可以大幅度降低产品的生产成本。

（介词→动词）
3. A government report targets earnings from industry at US $ 200 billion by 2008.
政府的一份报告提出一个目标：到2008年，要使工业收入达到2000 亿美元。

（动词→名词）
4. Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life
广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。

（副词→形容词）
5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.
我方产品种类繁多，品质优良，价格合理，能够确保在国际市场的竞争优势。

（名词→形容词）
四：视角转化法
1. With the winter coming, many fashion stores start to sell warm clothes.
冬天即将来临，许多商店开始销售冬装了。

（“暖和的衣服”→“御寒的衣服，寒衣，冬装”。

）2. Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.
乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份，甲方一律拥有优先购买权。

（译为“优先拒绝权”，则有失准确，应译成“优先购买权”才符合行业规范。

）
3. We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough.
如果贵方订单足够大，我方可提供9折优惠。

（“把价格扣除百分之十”→“打九折”。

）4. The supermarket designated quite a few pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.
该超市在郊区人口相对密集的社区设立了好多个上车地点。

（“接（顾客）的地点”→“上车地点”。

）
5. The seller determines to sell it at one price.
商家决定该产品不二价销售。

（“只以一种价格”表示不出商家不愿同顾客讨价还价的决心，而用“不二价”则意义明确。

）
6. In his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.
苏格兰经济学家亚当·斯密在其1776年所著的《国富论》中认为，专业化生产会引起产出增加。

（“增加的产出”→“产出增加”。

）
7. But the A shares, off limits to foreign investors, were still among the best performers.
但仅对国内投资者发行的A股股票，仍表现上佳。

（“禁止外国投资者进入”→“仅对国内投资者发行”则很委婉。

）
8. They’ll have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.
这项投资不会在短时间内赢利，他们得做好准备。

9. Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。

10. Keep upright 切勿倒置
11. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.
虽然议案未获通过，但在随后的25年中，有100多个食品和药品法案被提交到国会
五：增减法（Amplification & Pruning ）
增词法
（一）增补同义词
1. The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can
decrease loss, cost and budget.
产品革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、降低成本并缩减预算。

2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.
买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付
3. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders, and employee loyalty.
高昂的士气可以提高企业生产率、增加股东收益，并提升员工忠诚度
（二）增补范畴词（方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。

）1. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention.
中东的紧张局势已引起了广泛关注/备受关注
2. The temperature needed for this processing is not high.
这种加工方法需要的温度不是很高。

3. Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.
除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决，否则员工中随之出现的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响
4.The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.
商品市场需求的变化情况受内因和外因两方面因素的影响。

（三）增补解释性的词
1. Our product is indeed cheap and fine
我们的产品物美价廉
2. Investor confidence is crucial to the success of our economic system.
投资者的信心对于经济体系的成功运行至关重要。

3. The terms of the contract must be clear, definite, certain and complete.
合同条款必须表述清楚、意思明确、语气肯定、内容完整。

4. There are friends and friends.
朋友有种种不同，有益友，有损友
5. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
晚上，在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

（四）增补产品名称
1. The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.
5辆丰田牌汽车，20台日立牌电视机和30台施乐牌复印机早已备妥待运，但因你方信用证延迟到达，货物不能按期装运
2. The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.
社会为竞争法则付出的代价，犹如它为便宜的舒适家用商品和高档消费品的代价一样巨大。

减词法
1. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.
产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。

2. Advertisements help market develop. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper. 广告有助于市场的发展，因此，货物卖得越多价格就越便宜。

3. When demands get low, prices may become low.
需求降低，价格就可能降低。

4. Smoking is not allowed in the warehouse
仓库重地，不准吸烟。

六：重复法（Repetition）
1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.
我们应该学会如何分析问题和解决问题。

2. The big company has its disadvantages.
大企业有大企业的难处。

3. Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at the same time.
管理跨国公司意味着要同时处理民族文化差异与组织文化差异。

4. He became an oil baron—all by himself.
他成了一个石油大亨——一个白手起家的石油大亨。

5. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percent, and of cotton 35 percent.
去年，这一地区的煤产量约占全国总产量的20%，钢产量占25% , 棉花产量占35％。

6. In fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved.
事实上，大张旗鼓地用金钱来促使人们加入某组织或留下来，这种做法所引起的激励机制上的问题，远比其所解决的问题要多。

7. The main difficulty is the shortage of funds, teachers and teaching materials.
主要的问题是经费不足、教员不足、教材不足这几项。

8. We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade delegation during this visit to your country and for the close co-operation in the business discussions.
我们非常感谢你们在我贸易代表团访问贵国期间给予的盛情款待，感谢你们在业务洽谈中给予的密切配合。

9. With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese Party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.
凡我方提供的书稿和图片，未经我方同意，对方不得转让版权，不得扩大使用权，不得扩大发行区域。

七：数字翻译法
（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”、“整整”：exactly，flat，just，sharp，whole，cool 等
1.The wire measures exactly twenty meters。

这条导线刚好20米长
2.The machine worked for ten whole days. 。

这台机器整整运转了10天时间。

3.The plane takes off at 8 o’clock sharp. 。

这架飞机8点整起飞。

4.He earns a cool half million dollars a year. 。

他一年收入整整50万美元。

5.The T-shirt cost just 10 dollars. 。

买这个T恤衫正好花了10美元。

6.Professor Johnson finished the experiment in twenty-four hours flat.
约翰逊教授完成这一实验仅用了24小时。

（二）表示“大约”、“不确定”：about，some，around，round，nearly，towards，somewhere about，estimated，approximately，on the border of，close to，or so等
1.It is nearly / toward (s) 4 o’clock. 现在将近四点了。

2.It is somewhere about 4 o’clock. 。

现在四点左右。

3.The price of this new machine is on the border of/ in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars. 这台新机器的价格约1000美元。

4.The book will only cost 15 dollars or so. 。

这本书只要十五美元左右。

5. About / Some / Around / Round twenty passengers were killed in the road accident.
这次交通事故中约有二十名旅客死亡
（三）表示“高于”、“多于”：more than, odd, over, above, long, past, or more, upwards of, higher than, in excess of , exceed等
1.Never spend in excess of your income花钱切勿超过你的收入。

2.There are three thousand odd students in this normal school.
这所师范院校有三千多名学生
3.Supplies of this commodity greatly exceed the demand.
这种商品的供应大大超过了需求。

4.Upwards of seven thousand medical workers and twenty thousand PLA men have left for the earthquake district
有七千多名医务人员和两万多名解放军前往震区。

5.The patients are children of three years old and upwards.
这些病人是三岁和三岁以上的儿童。

6.The child couldn’t count past 20.这个孩子不会数20以上的数。

（四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”：less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of, off, to, within, as few as等
1.The price of that tricycle is less than /under /below fifty dollars.
那辆三轮车的售价还不到50美元。

2.The invention cost each family no more than one dollar a week
这项发明使每个家庭每周最多花费1美元。

3.He bought the coffeepot at 6 dollars off the list price.
他以低于价目表6美元的价格买下了那把咖啡壶。

4.It’s five minutes to five now. 现在是5点差5分。

（五）表示数目、数量多时：full, solid, at least, all of, no less than, as…as，等
1.The motor ran 450 solid days on end. 马达连续运转了足足450天
2.The experiment will take three months, at least. 实验至少需要三个月时间。

3.The temperature at the sun’s center is as high as 10 000 000 ℃．
太阳中心的温度高达摄氏1 000万度。

4.They covered full twenty reference sources on clone in a single day.
仅用了一天时间，他们就看完了足足20种有关克隆的资料。

5.There were no less than 3 000 dead and wounded in the 9·11 terrorist attack.
在9·11恐怖袭击中，死伤者达3 000多人。

6.They covered all of ten miles.他们走了实实足足十英里。

（六）表示数目、数量少：only, merely, barely, scarcely, but, at most, no more than, scant 等
1.There is at most/ only room for one person. 至多(只有)可容纳一个人的空间。

2.That solar-energy car weighs only / merely / barely / scarcely / but 500kg.
那辆太阳能汽车仅重500公斤。

3.Inspection time for the installation was no more than 2 hours.
安装检验工作仅用了两个小时。

4.They covered a scant six miles today他们今天走了近6里路。

（七）倍数的翻译
1. “be n times as ＋a. (ad.)+ as”“是…的n倍”或“比…大（n－1）倍”
Eg。

The grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.
今年的粮食产量大约是去年的3倍/比去年多两倍左右。

2. “n times + a.(ad.)比较级+than ”“是…的n倍”或“比…大（n－1）倍”
Eg。

1）.Asia is four times larger than Europe.
亚洲的面积是欧洲的4倍/亚洲的面积比欧洲大3倍
2）.This power plant is four times larger than that one.
这个发电站比那个发电站大三倍。

3.“be as+ a. (ad.)+ again as”；“again as+ a. (ad.) + as”
“是……的两倍”或“比……多一倍”（若again之前有half，则表示“比…长（大，宽，多…）半倍”；若again之前有much或many，则表示“比…长（大，宽，多…）一倍”。

）
Eg。

1）. This wire is as long again as that one. 这根金属线的长度是那根的两倍。

2）. Brown has half as many books again as Peter does. 布郎的书比彼得的书多一半。

3）. Prof. Peter has books as many again as I do彼得教授的书比我的书多一倍。

4. “n times + upon/over”“是…… n倍”或“比…… 多n-1倍”
Eg。

1.He is five times upon your age.他的年龄是你的5倍。

2.The industrial output in our factory this year is ten times over that of 1999
今年我们工厂的产量是1999年的10倍。

3.The total output value of the city’s light industry has grown three times over that of
last year这个城市的轻工业总产值比去年增长了两倍。

5. 1）“increase (rise, grow, go up等) +(by) n times”2）“increase (rise, grow, go up等) + to + n times”3）“increase (rise, grow, go up等) + n-fold”4）“increase (rise, grow, go up
等) + by a factor of + n”“增加到n倍”、“增加了（n－1）倍”
Eg。

1）.The population of this county has increased by a factor of 5.
该县的人口已经增长了4倍。

2）.By 2004 the production of primary copper has increased fivefold
到2004年，原铜产量增长了4倍。

3）.The sales of industrial electronic products have multiplied 5 times.
工业电子产品销售额增加了4倍。

4).The steel output has increased by three times. 钢产量已增加了两倍。

5).The price of rice has increased to three times.米价涨到了原价的3倍。

6. “increase (rise, grow, go up) +by n +单位（或n %）”表示净增量，数词n等照译。

Eg. 1).The output went up by 45 000 tons.产量增加了45 000 吨。

2).The production has increased by 5 %. 产量已提高了5％。

7. “an increase of n +单位”或“a n% increase of”表示净增量，数词n 照译。

Eg. 1).There is an increase of 4.5 million tons of steel as compared with last year.
钢产量比去年增加了450万吨。

2)There is a 25% increase of steel as compared with last year.
钢产量比去年提高了25％。

8. “decrease ( reduce, fall, lower,等) + by n 或n%”; “（系）动词+ n或n% less (than)”
表示净减量，所减数字n均可照译。

Eg. 1) 。

180 decreased by 80 is 100. 180减去80等于100。

2）。

The cost decreased by 40%. 成本下降了40％。

3）。

This new process used 35 % less fuel. 这种工艺少用了35％的燃料。

9. “decrease (reduce，fall等）+ (by) n times”
“decrease (reduce，fall等）+ n times as + a. (ad.) + as”
“decrease (reduce，fall等）+ by a factor of n
“减少到n分之1”或“减加少了n分之（n－1）”
Eg。

1）The enterprise management expenditure this year has decreased by three times as against that of 2002. 该企业今年的行政管理开支比2002年降低了2/3。

2）The price of farm tools has decreased by a factor of 4. 农具价格降到原价的1/4。

3）The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through technical innovation.通过技术革新该设备误差概率降低了3/5。

4）By using a new process the prime cost of the television set was reduced by 3.4 times.
采用一种新工艺使这种电视的主要成本降低了71%。

（八）大数字的翻译
1.大数字的基本译法
1）.nine thousand, seven hundred and forty-three 9,743
2）.a hundred and seventy-four thousand, three hundred and one 174,301。

3）.eighteen million, six hundred and fifty-seven thousand, four hundred and twenty-one 18,657,421
4）.seven hundred and fifty million50,000,000
5）.four billion（美式）或four thousand million（英式）40亿
6）.twenty billion （美式）200亿
7）.three hundred billion （美式）3000亿
8）.four million million 4万亿
2.英文数字读法规律(从右开始读，以美式英语为例)：
第一个逗号前的数字读成thousand, 1,000 = one thousand
第二个逗号前的数字读成million, 1,000,000 = one million
第三逗号前的数字读成billion, 1,000,000,000 = one billion
第四个逗号前的数字读成trillion, 1,000,000,000,000 = one trillion
In this region the grain output is now five times／five-fold that twenty years ago．
本地区现在的粮食产量是二十年前的五倍。

／本地区现在的粮食产量比二十年前增长了四倍。

1）Johnson finished the 200-meter dash in 22 seconds flat.
约翰逊跑完200米正好用了22秒。

2）The company spent a solid year on the acquisition of its rival
该公司花了整整一年时间来收购其竞争对手。

3）This equipment will reduce the error probability by a factor of 5．
这种设备使误差概率降低到原来的1/5。

4）The weight of the bicycle has decreased 3 times.这种自行车的重量减少了2/3。

5）The speed exceeded the average speed by a factor of 2.5.该速度超过平均速度1.5倍。

6）A is as long again as B.A的长度是B的2倍。

7）The sales of TV set have risen 3.5 times.电视机销售额增加了2倍半。

8）If there were a bridge here, the distance would be shortened 4 times.。

如果这里有座桥，距离将缩短3/4。

9）Their expense is as much again as what it was．
他们现在的支出是过去的两倍。

or他们现在的支出比过去增加了一倍。

or他们现在的支出比过去翻了一番。

10)Their expense is now double what it was．Or Their expense has increased by 100％.
他们现在的支出比过去增加了百分之一百。

11)Their output has trebled／tripled，compared with what it was．
他们现在的产量是过去的三倍。

／他们现在的产量比过去增长了两倍。

／他们现在的产量比过去增长了百分之二百。