托福听力tpo62全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section1 (1)Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Section2 (13)Conversation2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (16)译文 (17)Lecture2 (18)原文 (18)题目 (20)答案 (22)译文 (22)Lecture3 (24)原文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (28)译文 (29)Section1Conversation1原文Student:How was that conference last weekend?Professor Miles.Professor:Great.I heard some really terrific presentations,refreshing topics too. About all these,you don't usually hear too much about.Student:why not?Professor:Oh,it's a funny thing about academia.It thinks scholars would do research about every topic imaginable.But actually,some authors,some genres aren't respective very much.So not very much is written them...gothic literature,detective novels.Student:But that's what the conference was about？Professor:Yeah,pretty much.It was kind of subversive,I guess.But there's a whole wealth of knowledge out there just waiting to be explored.I find that really exciting.Student:Sure.Professor:Yeah.Anyway,you wanted to ask me about the final paper?Student:Yeah，which I see now ties into the theme of that conference,since we're supposed to write about a book from one of those lesser genres.I was wondering what about science fiction?Professor:Sure.Though it's a genre that's actually getting more and more respect within academia.There was even a talk at the conference about Jack Vance.Student:He wrote planet of adventure,right?Professor:Yeah.He's a well-researched respected science fiction writer.If you're interested in science fiction,you could look them up.That leads you to lots of other authors and lots of possibilities for your paper.Student:Great.I'm relieved you think that,that's a good genre to study.I'll find a book that interests me and do the paper on that.It seems like most people assume that science fiction is kind of like,I don't know,junk literature.Professor:Yes,a lot of people do.Student:Yeah,but I've read somethings and I think that some of it is really well written and it takes so much imagination to write SCI-Fi.Professor:Well,careful,though,there is a difference between science fiction and Scifi.Student:What do you mean?Professor:SCI fi,that's what you tend to see in films.It has all the spaceships and robots,and it focuses on exotic technology you know factor like special effects，at the expense of a well written story.I think a lot of people don't realize this and tend not to make a distinction.Student:Okay.Professor:But true science fiction is much more intellectual than that. The story is very important,and even though it might take place in an imaginary world,it might have exotic gadgets.The focus is on the plot.Science fiction creates metaphors about our world.And well what it means to be human.It's meant to get people to think about real things like history and human behavior.That's worthy of your time,but not SCI fi.Student:Great.Well.Can I let you know next week which book I want write about?Professor:Sure.题目1.Why does the man go to see the professor?A.To find out what the assignment is for the final paperB.To discuss a conference that the professor attendedC.To get a topic area approved for a class assignmentD.To find out the difference between science fiction and sci-fi2.What was unusual about the conference that the professor attended?A.It included presentations by many scholars who were not well known to the professor.B.It included presentations by students.C.It focused on authors who are respected by most scholars.D.It focused mostly on less popular literary genres.3.Why does the professor mention Jack Vance?[Click on2answers.]A.To encourage the man to write a paper about Planet of AdventureB.To support her point that some authors should be researched moreC.To indicate a way for the man to begin looking for a suitable topicD.To demonstrate that science fiction is gaining attention from scholars4.What is the man’s attitude toward science fiction?A.He is confident that it will become more respected.B.He disagrees with a commonly held opinion about it.C.He understands why it is not well respected.D.He is impressed that it includes exotic technology.5.According to the professor,what is a key difference between sci-fi and science fiction?A.Sci-fi is intellectually more challenging than most science fiction.B.Science fiction stories are often made into films.C.Science fiction places more importance on plot than sci-fi does.D.Science fiction makes little use of exotic technology.答案C D CD B C译文1.学生：上周末的会议如何，Miles教授？2.教授：很好，我听到了很多非常精彩的演讲，以及令人耳目一新的话题，而且这些话题平时都没机会听到。
托福听力tpo66 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture2 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (10)译文 (10)Lecture3 (12)原文 (12)题目 (14)答案 (16)译文 (16)Conversation2原文Employee:Hi,how can I help you?Student:Hi,my name's Arney.This is my first semester here,and I'm hoping you might be able to help me.See,I don't know how to put this.But I'm having some trouble managing my money.Employee:You mean you didn't pay your tuition bill?Student:No,I'm okay with the big stuff.I mean I have student loans that pay for most of the tuition,but it's the everyday things that add up.Employee:You mean like books，food,things like that.Student:My parents give me an allowance for that stuff,but it's just not enough.I've asked them to increase it,even a little,but they think I need to learn to manage on my own.Employee:Well,that's a really common problem with first year students.You'vecome to the right place.We have resources that can help.So,first question.Do you have a budget worked out of your spending?Student:Hmm,no,I don't.Employee:OK.I can send you a budget work sheet.It's a computer document.And it'll help you think through what your expenses are and where you can cut costs. You’ll be surprised at how much the little things add up.You know,if you spend$2on a cup of coffee each morning,that's almost$200a semester.Student:So...if I could make my own coffee,that would be great,but I can't,since I live in the dormitory.Employee:True.But that's just an example.I also have this other sheet with suggestions.It's just a list of money saving ideas,like buy used books instead of new ones,and buy a bike since that's cheaper than taking the bus or owning a car.Student:I'd love to get a bike.Then I could even get a job in town.Employee:If you're thinking about a job,we do have postings for jobs as well. They're on the bulletin board outside my office.Student:Yeah,I saw it on my way in,it's empty.Employee:Yes,the positions get filled pretty quickly.But new one's open up too.I can't guarantee anything,but if something becomes available,that's where you're going to find out about it.Student:Well,if I got a job,I certainly have a little more spending money that would show my parents I'm managing on my own.Employee:But what's your course load this semester?If you have more than four courses,you might want to work on your budget and monitor your spending,rather than get a job for now.Student:I have four courses,but one is biology,and there's a3-hour lab each week. So it's really like a fifth course.Employee:You ought to think about it then.Maybe try to work on your budget and spending for a month,and see how you're doing,if you're still strapped for cash,but you're keeping up with all your course work,then you could try to find a job.Student:Yeah,and maybe by then that bulletin board won't be empty.题目1.Why does the man go to the financial services office?A.He needs to apply for a loan.B.He needs to set up a tuition payment plan.C.He wants some assistance finding a job.D.He wants some assistance with controlling his spending.2.What does the man imply about his parents?A.They are worried about his financial situation.B.They are not willing to increase his allowance.C.They do not want him to get a job.D.They are unhappy that he did not tell them about his problem.3.Why does the woman mention the cost of a cup of coffee?A.To emphasize why the man should make his own coffeeB.To give an example of a price that will change over timeC.To point out the impact of small expenses on a budgetD.To describe one way she reduced her own food expenses4.What advice does the woman give the man?[Click on2answers.]A.To reduce his course load this semesterB.To pay more attention to his spending habitsC.To postpone looking for a jobD.To start taking public transportation5.Why does the woman say this:Employee:Yes,the positions get filled pretty quickly.But new one's open up too.I can't guarantee anything,but if something becomes available,that's where you're going to find out about it.A.To let the man know she is annoyed with his questionsB.To emphasize the need to apply for a job early in the semesterC.To encourage the man to keep checking the bulletin boardD.To suggest it may not be possible to work on campus next semester答案D B C BC C译文1.工作人员:嗨，有什么我可以帮你的吗?2.学生:嗨，我叫Arney。
托福听力tpo64 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo64section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation1原文Listen to a conversation between a student and a philosophy professor.Male Professor:Hi,Melissa,you're rough draft for your paper is looking very promising so far.Female Student:Thanks.I still have some reading to do.Post-modernism is pretty challenging.so...Male Professor:well，you're off to a good start.So anything else about the class or post-modernism since we have a few minutes before my next appointment?Female Student:Well,actually in class,you talked about a French philosopher.Uh, Lyotard.You said he didn't believe in stories or something like that,that stories were invalid.Male Professor:Okay.I think I see,uh,first of all,you understand what he um, remember what Lyotard said about the uh.the grand narrative?Female Student:Not really.Male Professor:Okay，have a seat.Female Student:All right.Male Professor:It's not quite the same way you're thinking of narratives,not stories. Lyotard,meant narrative as in a way of understanding the world.Female Student:Um.I uh.Male Professor:How can I explain this uh,grand narrative...It's...It's like an idea that that helps people make sense of history.Like when you picture the early middle ages in Europe,but what do you think?Female Student:Okay,like,um,there weren't a lot of cultural achievements then, lots of wars,but not a lot of important art or books or anything,like it was the Dark Ages.Male Professor:All right that that's a simple explanation of a time in history,right? Something that tends to be accepted or understood by most people.That makes it a grand narrative.Here's a more recent one.Scientific progress.Female Student:Ah,ha.Male Professor:People look at important inventions throughout history,light bulbs, cars,computers.And we generally believe that there's an underlying universal truth, that modern technology makes the world better.It's been the belief for so long that people accept it as being true.We don't even think of it much.We just accept that modern technology has that effect.Female Student:Well.it does make our lives better.Male Professor:All right.This is where Lyotard comes in.He believed we have to be careful about accepting ideas like that.He said these beliefs really oversimplify things and that we should think more critically.Are there times when technology would not be considered progressive where it doesn't bring improvement?Female Student:Oh.I don't know,uh,pollution,but I…Male Professor:No,no,that's good.It would be hard to say pollution was a form of improving the world.Female Student:But isn't pollution just a side effect of...?Oh!So it kind of goes against the grand narrative about technology.It complicates things.Male Professor:Yeah.And that's a basic idea behind post-modernism,that we should be skeptical of grand narratives,because there's a good chance they are not completely true.Female Student:You mean?Male Professor:Well，not to say there's no truth in grand narratives.Of course.It's just that nothing is as simple and straightforward as it seems.We should look critically at the things we assume.Female Student:Okay.I....I think I get it.Thanks.题目1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?A.A paper the woman is writing about a philosopherB.A disagreement between two philosophers about a termC.The interpretation of a term used in a philosopher’s workD.The professor’s opinion about a philosopher2.Why does the professor ask the woman about the early Middle Ages?A.To elicit an example of a grand narrativeB.To make a point about changes in technologyC.To encourage her to compare two grand narrativesD.To present an example that contradicts Lyotard’s idea3.What points does the professor make about scientific progress?[Click on2 answers.]A.Historically,people have believed that it improves the world.B.According to Lyotard,it has caused more harm than good.C.It is part of a grand narrative that has changed over time.D.According to Lyotard,its benefits should be questioned.4.Why does the woman mention pollution?A.To demonstrate the problem with Lyotard’s claimB.To ask how important it is in Lyotard’s argumentC.To illustrate the negative effects of technologyD.To introduce another grand narrative5.What does the professor mean when he says this:We don't even think of it much.We just accept that modern technology has that effect.Female Student:Well.it does make our lives better.Male Professor:All right.This is where Lyotard comes in.A.He is going to change the topic of the conversation.B.He is going to challenge the woman’s belief.C.He wants to clarify the time period in question.D.He wants to correct a statement he made earlier.答案C A AD C B译文1.听一个学生和哲学教授之间的对话。
托福听力tpo63 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo63lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.Professor:OK.Before we begin,I wanna remind you that our field trip to Bryce canyon national park is this weekend.Remember the bus leaves early,five am,so don't forget to set your alarm clocks.I think you're all gonna enjoy getting out of the classroom and actually seeing some remarkable geologic phenomena.Now,while we're there,I want you to pay particular attention to two things.One obviously will be the sediment layers making up the rocks,since we've spent so much time onsedimentary rocks.Bryce canyon is a great place to see how millions of years have turned layers and layers of tightly packed sediment,mud particles,sand remains of plants and animals into rock.But you're also gonna see some fascinating rock shapes, formations that are the result of the weathering and the erosion processes that occur at Bryce canyon.There are two main processes that are important.The first one is a weathering process called frost wedge.Frost wedge a process that widens cracks in rocks in the wintertime.It begins with warm air or daytime sun melting the snow.As the snow turns into water,it seeps into the cracks that occur naturally in sedimentary rocks.At night,this water freezes in the cracks,but when water freezes,it expands quite a bit, which means that it prize cracks open,gradually,making them wider and breaking off a little bits in the process.Now,this thought freeze cycle can happen as many as two hundred times in a single year.So that makes it the most important weathering process at Bryce canyon.The other key processes is runoff,which is an erosion process.Runoff takes place in the summer.The parks in the desert said the grounds very dry.When it rains in late summer,the ground is too hard to absorb the water,so it runs off.And as it runs off, it carries away the gravel,the broken bits of rock created by cross wedge in the winter.So runoff is the main erosion process that alters the rock landscape in the park.And because these processes have occurred over thousands of years,some of the results can be pretty dramatic,like the giant corridors are passage ways that have developed within the rocks.These passage ways are known as slot canyons.Here's an example of one,not from the part we're going to.This one is actually in Australia,but the scale is typical.So these huge spaces started out as small cracks throughout the sedimentary rock,then thanks to millions of cycles across wedge and runoff.What used to be one big area of rock is now sort of two smaller areas of brought with the corridor in between.We'll have a chance to walk through some like this.These slot canyons are great places to explore,but let me just say,for any of you who aren't from around here,if you ever go on your own,make sure you check aweather forecast first.A sudden heavy rain can cause a flash flood in a slot canyon. So you want to know when it's safe to explore them.Unfortunately,it'll be dry this weekend.Now,these deep,narrow slots are pretty common.You might even have two of them very close to each other with only a thin wall of rock in between.Of course,frost wedge is still at work,so it starts wearing away at the front of the thin wall until you get a whole I mean a hole all the way through the wall,front to back.And this hole gets bigger and bigger.Once it's at least one meter in diameter,it's called a window.And eventually the weight on top of it is just too much,so the roof caves in and only the sides,sometimes it's just one side is left standing.These sides,which look a lot like collins,now are called Hudos.Here's a photo of something we'll be seeing.One of the things that makes Bryce canyon unique is that it has more Hudos than anywhere else in the world.Yes,Margot?Female student:Why is it so lumpy looking?You'd think it would be smoother.Professor:Well,remember,these are sedimentary rocks,so they have layers.Some layers are mostly limestone,and limestone erodes pretty quickly in the presence of any kind of acid.Now Bryce canyon in a very unpolluted area,but even,there the rain water has a little carbolic acid in it,which causes the limestone to erode.But other layers are made up of different types of sediment,which aren't so vulnerable to acid,so they don't erode as quickly.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The length of time required to produce sedimentary rocksB.The role of climate conditions in the creation of sedimentary rocksC.Some processes that produced a specific group of rock formationsD.Some unique geologic features found in canyons in the United States2.According to the professor,what is one characteristic that frost wedging and runoff share?A.Neither occurs in a desert.B.Neither is a frequent event.C.Both are weathering processes.D.Both are seasonal phenomena.3.Why does the professor show a picture of a slot canyon?A.To give students a sense of the size of a typical slot canyonB.To show students one of the places they will visit on their field tripC.To illustrate how many sediment layers are visible in a typical slot canyonD.To show how much slot canyons can vary based on local climate conditions4.What is the professor's attitude toward students exploring Bryce Canyon on their own?A.He worries that students may not know to take appropriate precautions if they go by themselves.B.He suspects that many students will not go on their own if such a trip requires them to get up early.C.He hopes that the class field trip will motivate students to visit Bryce Canyon on their own.D.He believes that students learn more from individual exploration than they dofrom being in a group.5.How is a hoodoo formed?A.Runoff produces large gravel deposits.B.Air pollution leads to a buildup of limestone.C.The roof of a rock window collapses.D.A flash flood washes away the base of a rock wall.6.According to the professor,what two factors explain why a hoodoo does not have a smooth shape?[Click on2answers.]A.The presence of acid in rainwaterB.The temperature swings between the summer and the winter seasonsC.The composition of the hoodoo's sedimentary layersD.The location of the cracks created by frost wedging答案C D A A C AC译文听一段地质学的讲座。
托福听力tpo62 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo62section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture3 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (10)译文 (11)Conversation2原文Listen to a conversation between a student and a university employee.Student:Hi.I had a question.I normally park my car in the lot next to the music building.Employee:Oh,okay.Lot7.Student:Yeah.Yeah,I never had a problem using that lot before…Employee:Is it about us closing the lot this Friday?We had students complaining,but I can give you a pass to Lot10.You know about the orchestra festival in the music building that day,right?Student:Right.I knew about that.My question is actually about…well,you know, while I’m here I guess I will need a pass but the fact is I’m in the orchestra festivalmyself.I play the cello.So maybe…Employee:Sorry.On Friday that lot is non-university guests,so you’ll have to…Student:Go to Lot10.You sure?I’m in the orchestra.Employee:Sorry.Student:Okay.That’s fine.I guess I’ll need a pass,but anyway,I got a parking ticket yesterday.Employee:Okay.Do you want to pay your fine now?You have two weeks to pay it.Student:I don’t.Actually I don’t understand why I got it.I always park in the same lot.I mean,I didn’t do anything different.Employee:Okay.Is there a code number on the ticket?I can look it up.Student:Yeah.I remember it.It says036.Employee:Alright,let me check.This was yesterday?Student:Yeah,early afternoon it would have been.Employee:Okay.Violation0-3-6.It says here parking in more than one space.Do you have a big car or something?I know we repainted the lines closer together so we could fit more cars in the lot.Student:No,it’s a small car.Employee:Well,you must have parked over the line.More than one parking spot.Student:Really?I’m sure I wasn’t.Employee:We have forms to contest the ticket.Do you want one?If you don’t think you did anything wrong,you can fill it out here.Let me get you one.Student:Even though it will probably be a great waste of time…Employee:Okay.And you wanted that pass to Lot10,right?Student:Oh,yeah,right,I forgot about that.题目1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?[Click on2answers.]A.How nonuniversity guests can get parking passes for the festivalB.Where the man should park on FridayC.Why the man received a parking ticketD.How the man can get a special parking pass2.Why does the student mention that he plays in the orchestra?A.To let the woman know that he is already aware of an orchestra festivalB.To give a reason for always parking in the same lotC.To try to convince the woman that he should be allowed to park in his usual lotD.To explain why he already has a parking pass for Friday3.According to the ticket,what was the student's parking violation?A.Parking in two spacesB.Parking in a lot reserved for guestsC.Parking without a proper passD.Parking in a lot reserved for small cars4.What will the woman give the student?[Click on2answers.]A.More information about where he can parkB.A paid receipt for his parking ticketC.A special parking pass for FridayD.The paperwork to contest his ticket5.Why does the student say this:I know we repainted the lines closer together so we could fit more cars in the lot. Student:No,it’s a small car.A.To explain why his car should be allowed in the parking lotB.To complain that the ticket should have been given to a different carC.To reject the woman's explanation for his problemD.To express doubt that more cars can fit in the parking lot答案BC C A CD C译文请听一段学生和学校职员之间的对话。
托福写作tpo62综合写作范文
托福写作tpo62综合写作范文英文回答：In the lecture, the professor discusses the topic of the impact of television on children's development. The professor presents two main points to support his argument. First, he mentions that excessive television watching can lead to a decrease in children's physical activities, which can have negative effects on their health. Second, he explains that watching too much television can also hinder children's cognitive and social development.The professor points out that when children spend too much time watching television, they are less likely to engage in physical activities such as playing outside or participating in sports. This sedentary lifestyle can lead to obesity and other health issues. For example, a study conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics found that children who watched more than two hours of television per day had a higher risk of developing obesity compared tothose who watched less. This shows that excessivetelevision watching can have a detrimental impact on children's physical well-being.Furthermore, the professor explains that excessive television watching can also hinder children's cognitive and social development. He mentions that children who spend too much time in front of the TV may have difficulties focusing and paying attention in school. Additionally, they may have limited social interactions and struggle with developing important social skills. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Pediatrics found that children who watched more than three hours of television per day had lower academic performance compared to those who watched less. This demonstrates that excessive television watching can impede children's overall development.中文回答：在这篇讲座中，教授讨论了电视对儿童发展的影响。
托福听力tpo60 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo60 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.As you know, artists today can choose from an enormous selection of media, including water colors, acrylic paints, not to mention special pains formulated for almost any surface you might wanna paint on. But even so, oil paints are still the medium of choice among most professional artists and hobbyists. So why is that? well, for one thing, oil paints extremely versatile, suitable for many different painting styles, different subjects, and different sizes of work. Another advantage is thatthey're easy to use. Even for beginners, they can be manipulated. You can apply oil paint to a canvas. And then because they don't dry right away, they can be scraped off and paint it over.So you don't have to waste expensive material every time you make a change. Unlike acrylic paint, which really can't be moved once it's applied, acrylic paints dry very quickly. So in general, when using them, it's more difficult to make changes. And with watercolors, you can't really paint over a mistake, because it really diminishes the freshness of the colors. So oil paint is the medium of choice for many painters. Nowadays, anyway, in terms of art history, oil paints actually pretty young in Europe before the invention, rather, the development of oil paint, painters mostly used Tempera. Tempera was made with egg yolk. Believe it or not, the yoke acted as a binder. A binder enables the color pigment to stick to your canvas, and no temporal wasn't always yellow. If that's what you're thinking. Artists made their own paint by mixing egg yolk with a color pigment like powdered iron ore copper. But it dried very fast, which left little room for error or change.You really had to get it right the first time. Then in the early 15th century, a Flemish painter named Jan of Van Eyck started experimenting up after that emperor in one of the Nikes paintings cracked while drawing in the sun. He decided to try to make a paint that would avoid this fate. So he tried. And oil mixture, actually other painters before him had tried using oils as a binder. So while the Nikes credited with inventing oil paint, it's not entirely true. In Greece and Italy, olive oil had been used to prepare pigment mixtures, but the paint took a really long time to dry, just the opposite of tempera. But van Eyck had a secret recipe for his oil paint. He used linseed oil. Not only did this paint dry without cracking, van dyke also discovered that it could be applied in very thin layers. This technique gave the colors of depth that was previously unknown. And just as important, the linseed oil actually increased the brilliance of the color. So as a result, pigment oil mixtures became very popular among artists. Some tried to improve the paint by developing their own recipes, like uh, by using walnut oil, for instance, or by cooking their oil mixtures. But a greatmany began using some sort of oil as their binder.Now with all this experimentation with mixtures, well, it took a long time for artists to get comfortable with using these new oil paints to get a true feeling for how to apply them to the best effect. The early painters in oil like that Ike laid the paint down in thin layers with brush strokes that were so delicate that they're practically invisible. And it really wasn't until the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century that the full potential of oil paint was realized, for example, that's when artists finally began to combine delicately painted areas with thick brush strokes. So you could actually see the marks of the brush combining the rough and the smooth gives oil paintings great textural depth. Of course, the public who are used to smooth surfaces actually complained that these paintings looked unfinished. And some of that attitude carried over until later centuries, like, well, you're probably familiar with the work of the painter Vincent Van Gogh. Van gogh's famous nowadays for his thick, swirling brush strokes. But amazingly enough, his work was not appreciated back in the 19th century, and he sold just one painting during his lifetime. Of course, the French impressionists, who were his contemporaries, attained more popular acclaim, but they used a different technique. They applied oil paint and thick dabbs to depict the effects of light on the landscape.题目1.What does the professor mainly discuss?A. The relationship between painting techniques and types of paint that are usedB. Reasons for the changes in the popularity of oil paint since the seventeenth centuryC. The historical development and use of oil paintD. The main differences between oil paint and tempera2.What reasons does the professor give for the popularity of oil paint among modern artists?[Click on 2 answers.]A. It can be used for a number of painting styles.B. It allows artists to make changes.C. It does not fade easily.D. It can be made easily even by amateur painters.3.What property do tempera and acrylic paint have in common?A. They do not stick well to the canvas.B. They tend to crack as they dry.C. They tend to make colors look dull.D. They dry very quickly.4.What are two points the professor makes about the painter Jan van Eyck?[Click on 2 answers.]A. He did not invent the use of oil as a binder.B. He improved his own oil mixtures by heating them.C. He invented tempera.D. He applied oil paint to a canvas in thin layers.5.Why does the professor talk about combining delicate brushstrokes with thickbrushstrokes?A. To explain the popularity of van Eyck's paintingsB. To describe a difference between linseed oil and olive oil as a binderC. To indicate that artists became more experienced in the use of oil paintD. To point out a similarity between the painters van Eyck and van Gogh6.Why does the professor mention Vincent van Gogh?A. To emphasize that paintings made with thick brushstrokes were unpopular in the pastB. To show that artists did not know how to use oil paints correctly until the nineteenth centuryC. To describe the origin of a painting technique used by the French ImpressionistsD. To support his statement about when painters first began to use thick brushstrokes答案C ABD AD C A译文请听艺术史课上的部分内容。
托福听力tpo60 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo60section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (5)Lecture3 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Conversation2原文Listen to a conversation between a student and her French professor.Student:Hello,Professor Wallace.Professor:Hello,Nancy.Sorry to keep you waiting.What a morning!I put in a film request at the Media Center weeks ago for a copy of the French Revolution.I mean, the actual film reels,you know.I thought I made myself really clear,but they just didn’t get it,what I was saying.So this morning they called me to say that my copy of the videotape is ready for pickup.The video!Unbelievable!Student:You mean the videotape isn’t the same thing?Professor:As the film?The actual film reel run on a projector?Shown on a large screen?It’s like day and night.No,no,no.It’s a totally different experience to watch the original film on a large screen rather than on a television.I mean,the video version is better than nothing I suppose,but,no,it’s like listening to a tape recordingof a symphony compared to hearing a live orchestra.What I finally managed to make the Media Center people understand that I need the actual film because I’d like my students to have the full experience.It wasn’t easy though.They’ll have to borrow it from another school,but thankfully,we will have it by Friday.Anyway,I’m sorry. Where were we?You wanted to see me about…?Student:Actually,about that film,because this Friday afternoon,well,maybe you didn’t realize it,but the film is scheduled to be shown during parents’weekend.Professor:During what?Student:Parents’weekend.You know,when our parents come to see what campus life is like.Professor:Oh,really?This is the weekend parents come?No,I hadn’t heard that. But is that a problem?Student:Well,it’s kind of bad timing.I mean,a lot of us will be spending time with our parents that afternoon,and this film…Professor:Okay,but classes aren’t suspended just because your parents happen to be visiting.Student:No,of course not.But our class doesn’t usually meet on Fridays.Professor:Look,the film is required viewing for French207,and since I couldn’t schedule a one-hour film during our regular50-minute class.I know it’s short notice, but I’ll only have the film for a few days.Student:It’s just that I already told my parents.Professor:You know,parents’weekend isn’t listed on the academic calendar.Student:That’s true,but…Professor:I actually wasn’t even aware of when it was.I understand this may not be convenient for you,but I couldn’t possibly reschedule the film.The whole thing’s give me enough trouble already.I had to reserve the film weeks in advance and theystill got it wrong.Student:But what if some of us can’t make it?Is there some other time we can watch it?Professor:The videotape is available,but,well,that would be a shame.Hey,why not invite your parents to join us?There are plenty of extra seats.Student:But isn’t it in French?Professor:Yes,but with subtitles in English.Student:Well,Emm,that might just work out.题目1.Why does the student have a scheduling conflict on Friday?A.She has another class on Friday afternoons.B.The professor added a course requirement at the last minute.C.She has to go home to her parents on Friday.D.Her parents have unexpectedly changed their schedule.2.What does the professor complain about when the student arrives?A.The quality of a film reel he recently receivedB.The number of students who missed seeing a film he showed in classC.A problem with reserving a classroom for showing a movieD.A miscommunication with staff of the media center3.Why does the professor mention an orchestra?A.To help explain the plot of the film he will be showing in the next classB.To help clarify the difference between watching a videotape and watching a filmC.To compare French films with those from other countriesD.To emphasize the importance of the background music in a film4.Why is the professor not aware that Parents'Weekend is scheduled for the end of this week?A.He thought it had been cancelled this year.B.It is usually scheduled later in the year.C.It was not listed in the official academic schedule.D.He misread the academic calendar.5.What is the professor's attitude toward the student's problem?A.He is happy to accommodate the weekend plans that the student has made.B.He feels that the student's academic responsibilities should have a higher priority.C.He believes that solving the problem is the responsibility of the university.D.He is sorry that the student will not be able to attend class.答案B D BC B译文请听一段学生和她的法语教授之间的对话。
托福听力tpo60全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo60全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section1 (1)Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (18)Section2 (19)Conversation2 (19)原文 (19)题目 (21)答案 (23)译文 (23)Lecture3 (25)原文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (29)译文 (30)Section1Conversation1原文Listen to a conversation between a student and a building manager. Manager:I hope you are not here about your window again.Student:I’m afraid I am.Manager:I thought we fixed that.It wouldn’t open,right?Student:Right.Remember there was a crew painting my room?And they painted it shut,and the fire inspector said that a window that doesn’t open is a violation.Manager:But I had one of my staff take a look at it yesterday and he said he repaired it.Student:Oh,he did.Manager:So what happened?Student:Well,I opened the window.Manager:In this cold?Student:Yeah,I mean,you know how this dormitory doesn’t heat evenly,and I’m on the hot side of the building.During the day,it can get really warm.A lot of people open their windows to let cold air in and balance it out.Manager:Um.Student:Anyway,I opened just a crack,but now it’s completely stuck and I can’t get it closed at all,even had my friend Bob try to close it.And he is on the wrestling team. Even he couldn’t get it closed.Manager:You mean you slept with an open window all night?Why didn’t you call the security staff?Student:Well,I came home kind of late,and frankly,it was like way after hours.I thought about calling security.Then I just let it go.But one night of that cold is enough.Manager:Well,you should always call security.Even if they can’t fix the problem themselves,they’ll make sure the problem gets solved.Student:Okay.I’ll remember that.But actually,it’s not just the window.I think there’s something wrong with the heating thing in my room.The radiator,it must have cracked or something,because I just noticed a puddle of water in my room,and the heat barely seems to be working now.Manager:So you are telling me you have no heat and a window that doesn’t close?Student:Pretty much.Manager:Well,this won’t be a quick fix,I’m afraid.Those radiators,they are old and they are not easy to fix.And even if we repair the window today,you can’t live in a room without any heat.Student:You mean I’m gonna have to move?Manager:At least temporarily,until we can get that radiator fixed or replaced.That’s not a one-day job.You sure it’s not just condensation?Student:I don’t think so.You can kind of see where it’s seeping out and the water looks sort of rusty.Manager:Rusty?Yeah,rusty isn’t good.Tell you what,I’ll go look at it right away.Student:Great.Thanks.Manager:Why don’t you come back after lunch?By then I should know how long the repairs will take.Student:Can you give me some idea now?I’m gonna call a friend.She’s got an apartment off campus.She’ll let me stay there,but I’m sure she would like some idea of how long she’ll have to put up with me.Manager:Well,tomorrow is Friday,and if the radiator needs to be replaced,which probably does,we won’t have parts before Monday.So I’ll tell her at least four days.Student:Four days.Okay.Thanks.题目1.Why does the student go to see the man?A.To check on the status of some repairs she requestedB.To complain about the quality of some repair workC.To find out why her room has been scheduled for repair workD.To report that some additional repair work will be needed2.According to the student,why do some people have their windows open in her building?A.Their windows are broken and they cannot close them.B.They are responding to an order from the fire inspector.C.They are trying to clear the smell of fresh paint from their rooms.D.They are trying to create a comfortable temperature in their rooms.3.Why does the student mention her friend Bob?A.To emphasize that she is not the only student who is experiencing problemsB.To emphasize that the problem she is describing cannot be easily fixedC.To explain why she will not need the building manager's helpD.To explain how she learned there was a problem in her room4.What does the student imply when she talks about moving to an off-campus apartment?A.She will not be able to move for a few days.B.She cannot stay in the apartment indefinitely.C.She has not been happy with the security staff in her dormitory.D.She is not confident that the problems can be fixed in her dormitory room.5.What does the man imply when he says this:You sure it’s not just condensation?Student:I don’t think so.You can kind of see where it’s seeping out and the water looks sort of rusty.Manager:Rusty?Yeah,rusty isn’t good.A.He is not sure what is causing the problem.B.It is the student's fault that she has a problem.C.The student is probably right about the source of the problem.D.He does not understand the students description of her problem.答案D D B B C译文请听一段学生和建筑管理员之间的对话。
托福听力tpo63 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo63section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture2 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (10)译文 (10)Lecture3 (12)原文 (12)题目 (14)答案 (16)译文 (16)Conversation2原文Listen to a conversation between a student and her sociology professor.Professor:So Miranda,I take it you wanted to talk with me about the draft of your paper,Herbert Spencer,that's quite an ambitious subject.Female student:Well,yes,but I just I don't get it.I mean,I worked really hard on it and I thought I understood his ideas pretty well.Professor:You did.I don't think any of my comments were directed towards your understanding of Spencer's theories,were they?Female student:Well,uh,maybe not,I guess,but well,in a couple places you wrote and and I guess I just don't get exactly what you meant.Professor:Yeah,I should have been clearer.The thing is,it's not so much what you've included.It's what you didn't.I mean,basically you haven't presented much morethan what's in the textbook.I mean,like here.OK,ideas on individualism,ideas on competition,popular earlier twentieth century then falls out of favor.See,this is all correct,but it's basically just a list of facts.So when I wrote and I was asking why. Why was he popular in the early twentieth century?Why did he fall out a favor?Female student:Oh,well see...see the thing is when you asked us to choose a sociologist to write about.Well,I didn't really know anything about any of them,so I just picked one,you know,and then I got to reading about his theories and well I I realized I don't agree with a lot of them,but...but I was trying really hard not to let that show in my paper.You know,to be objective and all.Professor:Ah..well,perhaps you were trying a little too hard.Being objective doesn't mean you're not allowed to be critical.Professor:Oh,OK.There's no requirement that you agree with what Spencer says.In fact,I want you to think critically.Female student:Oh,I do.I just,I mean,I didn't want to politicize everything,you know.Professor:But you don't have to to make a point.A better way to go about it is to provide a little historical perspective.Look,what were the two questions I asked you just a minute ago?Female student:Ah,why was he popular and then became unpopular?Professor:Exactly.See in any field,particularly the social sciences,people theories, they come and go and there will always be people who agree with them and people who don't.Female student:OK,so you mean I should like incorporate other people's reactions to dispense Spencer's theories,like what was it about the early twentieth century that made a lot of people go along with them?And what change later on?Professor:That's it.It'll help your audience get a handle on Spencer ideas which are pretty complex.Plus,it provides a kind of framework in which you can present yourown point of view.You can't very well take sides or expect your audience to if you haven't presented both sides.题目1.Why does the student go to see the professor?A.She was confused by his comments about her paper.B.She wants his help in understanding Herbert Spencer’s theories.C.She thinks he misunderstood some claims she made in her paper.D.She wants to change the topic of her paper.2.Why did the student decide to write her paper on Herbert Spencer?A.Because she has strong views about his theoriesB.Because she knew more about him than about other sociologistsC.Because she chose his name at random from a list of sociologistsD.Because she knew it would be easy to gather information on him3.How does the professor feel about the student’s assertion that she tried to be objective?A.He believes she has actually expressed her own biases.B.He believes she has not tried hard enough to be objective.C.He thinks she has not presented Spencer’s ideas accurately.D.He thinks she does not fully understand the concept of objectivity.4.According to the professor,what are the advantages of adding historical perspective?[Click on2answers.]A.It will help the student understand Spencer's theories.B.It will help the student present her own viewpoint.C.It will help the student explain Spencer's ideas.D.It will help the student understand the sources of Spencer's ideas.5.Why does the professor say this:A better way to go about it is to provide a little historical perspective.Look,what were the two questions I asked you just a minute ago?A.He is now ready for the student to answer the questions.B.He does not remember what questions he asked the student.C.He wants the student to consider how the questions are relevant.D.He suspects that the student has forgotten the questions.答案A C D BC C译文请听一段学生和她的社会学教授之间的对话。
托福听力tpo67全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo67全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section 1 (1)Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture1 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (13)Lecture2 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Section 2 (20)Conversation2 (20)原文 (20)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture3 (27)原文 (27)题目 (29)答案 (31)译文 (32)Section 1Conversation1原文Student: Hi. I know it's Friday afternoon and all, but this is kind of an emergency.Supervisor: Oh, what kind of emergency? Exactly?Student: Well, I mean, there's no danger or anything. It's like a personal emergency. It's about my apartment.Supervisor: Well, I really only deal with dormitories. The apartment facilities, supervisors, offices, next door room, 208 ask for Jim.Student: I just came from there. They sent me to you. It's a problem with my stove.Supervisor: And they sent you here. All right. Now, what's the problem?Student: My stove isn't working at all. It won't even turn on.Supervisor: It's electric?Student: Yes.Supervisor: Okay, our electrician is out today, his daughter is getting married tomorrow. So realistically he probably won't get to it until Monday afternoon. Perhaps Tuesday.Student: Really, we have to go without a stove for a whole weekend, possibly more?Supervisor: Yes, as you pointed out, this is not a dire emergency, so it's going to be handled under the normal maintenance schedule, which is Monday through Friday.And I know for a fact that Monday is already pretty tight, the electrician will have a lot to catch up on. So when I say possibly Tuesday, I'm just trying to be realistic.Student: But I really rely on that stove. I don't have any kind of on campus dining arrangement or contract.Supervisor: Well, I understand, but …Student: And it's not even the whole problem. I'm expecting a bunch of people to show up tomorrow night. I'm going to be hosting a meeting of the editorial staff of the school paper. And a dinner was scheduled.Supervisor: Now I see which you meant by a personal emergency, but all I can really do is put in a work request. I'm sorry.Student: I just got finished shopping for all the food for the meeting. Ah. I guess, I'll just have to call it off.Supervisor: Why would you cancel the meeting?Student: Well, I mean, I could do it next week.Supervisor: Couldn't you like use a neighbour or something?Student: I don't think so. I mean, the only neighbors I really know, well enough to ask the guys next door, if you saw the state of that kitchen, you'd understand. I'm not sure I could find the stove under all the mess.Supervisor: I see. Well, we could try to set you up in one of our conference rooms in the Johnson building.Student: Really? I thought that student groups couldn't book the rooms in Johnson.Supervisor: Well, normally they can't. However, given your situation, I can try to putin a word with some people and see if we can make an exception here. There is also a full kitchen in the Johnson building, so you'd be covered there.Student: Okay. Yes. That definitely would work. Um. Do you have any idea when you know if you can make this happen or not? Because I'll need to let people know.Supervisor: Yeah, I understand people need to know what's going on. Um. Let me get back to you in an hour or so on this. Can you leave me your phone number?Student: Sure. Thanks.题目1.Why does the woman go to see the facilities supervisor?A. To find out where there is a stove that she can useB. To complain about her treatment in another facilities officeC. To ask if a meeting can be moved to another locationD. To schedule repairs for a broken appliance2.Why does the woman believe that her problem is a serious one?[Click on 2 answers.]A. She does not have an on-campus option for meals.B. She is concerned that the stove could be dangerous.C. She knows that other students have had similar problems.D. She was relying on using the stove for an upcoming event.3.What will the woman probably do next?A. Request an emergency repair for her stoveB. Prepare a meal that does not need to be cookedC. Move her event to a different locationD. Reschedule her event to the following week4.What does the woman imply about her next-door neighbors?A. Their kitchen is too dirty for her to use.B. Their stove is not functioning properly.C. They do not let other people use their stove.D. They will be using their kitchen this weekend.5.What can be inferred about the supervisor when he says this:Student: I just got finished shopping for all the food for the meeting. Ah. I guess, I'll just have to call it off.Supervisor: Why would you cancel the meeting?Student: Well, I mean, I could do it next week.A. He feels sorry for the woman.B. He believes that the woman's plan of action is not necessary.C. He wants to know the reason for the woman's decision.D. He wants the woman to confirm her plan.答案D AD C A B译文1.学生：嗨。
tpo62三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo62三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (23)原文 (23)译文 (27)题目 (30)答案 (36)背景知识 (37)阅读-3 (39)原文 (39)译文 (43)题目 (46)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Plant Adaptations to Cool Environments①There are many interesting adaptations that allow plants to survive in cool environments.One obvious strategy is dormancy(a suspension of activity)during the cold season.Most of the common trees in the forests of northeastern North America,western Europe,and eastern Asia,such as the maples,oaks,beech,birches,and ashes,are deciduous trees that lose their frost-sensitive leaves during the cold winter season.In most of these trees,the leaves suffer damage at temperatures of freezing or just below.The new leaves arise in the spring from winter buds that can remain viable at colder temperatures.②Most of the needle-leaved conifers of the northern and alpine forests,such as pines,spruces,and firs,do not lose their leaves during the winter.How do such evergreen plants escape intracellular freezing (freezing within cells)and tissue destruction when temperatures may drop to-40℃or colder?In these plants,the onset of cool temperatures causes physiological changes that allow plant tissue to either avoid freezing or restrict freezing to extracellular areas(thoseoutside of cells).For plants to avoid freezing,they must chemically alter their liquids into a form that is analogous to antifreeze in automobiles.The liquids in these plants can be cooled far below0℃and will not freeze.This process is called supercooling and is achieved by the metabolic synthesis of sugars and other molecules which,when in solution in the plant's tissue,lower the temperature for ice formation to far below0℃.Supercooling seems to be the prevalent mechanism of frost resistance in herbs.For woody plants,supercooling is augmented by declines of cellular water content,greater cellular accommodation to deformation,and processes that allow water to accumulate and freeze in extracellular spaces.The loss of water from the cells to extracellular areas increases the solute content(the quantity of dissolved substances)of the remaining cell water,making it more resistant to freezing.The cell walls can accommodate the deformations caused by water freezing on the exterior of the cell.For northern and alpine evergreens such as pines and spruces,both supercooling and extracellular ice formation play a part in allowing the plants to withstand extremely cold temperatures.One interesting facet of these physiological adaptations to freezing is that most of these plants will still be damaged by cold temperatures if they do not have a period of cooling in which to adjust to the onset of winter.This process of physiological preparation for the onset of winter cold is called frosthardening.③Some members of the cactus family appear to resist freezing during cool nights by radiating heat stored during the day in their thick,moist tissue.The greater the mass of the cactus,the more heat it can store and the less prone it will be to freezing damage during the night.How is it then that these cacti can survive cold temperatures when they are young and small?The giant saguaro cactus is perhaps the best-known symbol of the southwestern desert of North America.In the popular lore of North America,the distinctive shape of the multistemmed saguaro is a universally recognized icon that is used to represent deserts in movies,television,and comics.Yet,this distinctive and widely recognized plant is actually found only in the Sonoran Desert of California,Arizona,and adjacent Mexico.The saguaro cactus is damaged or killed if exposed to prolonged freezing temperatures. Desert climates in the northern Sonoran Desert are typified by warm days but sometimes experience nighttime temperatures that are below freezing in the winter.Young saguaros that survive are found sheltered beneath more frost-tolerant desert shrubs.The cover of these shrubs acts as a thermal blanket,capturing heat radiated from the ground and keeping the microclimate of the small saguaro warm at night.As thecactus grows,it eventually rises above the cover of the protective shrub.The radiation of heat from the stalk of the large mature cactus prevents freezing.This strategy works up to a point.The range of the saguaro is restricted to areas that do not experience more than about 12to24continuous hours of air temperatures below0℃.It appears that after24hours of freezing air temperatures,not enough heat reserve is left in the saguaro to keep the tissue from freezing.译文植物适应寒冷环境①有许多有趣的适应性可以让植物在凉爽的环境中生存。
托福阅读tpo62R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO62 阅读-2 The Use of Jade and Bronze in China原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文The Use of Jade and Bronze in China①Jade and bronze were chosen early in China's history as the materials for society's most precious objects. The main reason for this is very straightforward. Both materials are beautiful to the eye and, in the case of jade, also to the touch. Jade is a dense stone that can be ground to smooth, soft surfaces and glows in subtle greens, grays, and browns. Bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, is a light, bright gold color when polished.②Jade was employed (c. 4500 B.C.) for exceptionally elegant versions of utilitarian stone tools, bronze was the choice (c. 1650 B.C.) for the highest-quality cooking pots. Made in jade, the tools were not for daily use but for displays of status and power, and the bronze cooking pots were not for ordinary meals but were reserved for offerings of food and wine to ancestors. Jade and bronze were thus used for special ritual or ceremonial versions of standard everyday items.③The materials themselves were scarcer and required more labor to work than ordinary stone and ceramic. That this was the case must have been as clear in the past as it is today and must have marked the objects as in some way exceptional. Not only the materials but also the ways in which they were worked demonstrated their exalted functions. Jade scepters (ceremonial objects of various shapes that were carried by influential people as symbols of authority) were ground more thinly than the stone tools they copied, such as axes or reaping knives. Had they been used to chop down a tree, they would have broken. Bronze cooking pots were made in intricate forms, with extra knobs and handles and dense decoration, all of which would have been impracticable on everyday ceramics.④There would be no point in using these scarce and labor-intensive materials in place of common ones if they could not be immediately recognized as outstanding. Craftsmanship was therefore directed toward exploiting and displaying the particular qualities of jade and bronze that make them recognizably different from ordinary stone and ceramic. These qualities had to be made visually noticeable. Other qualities, such as weight or texture, can only be appreciated by holding the object, and fewer people will have the opportunity to pick it up and feel its features with their hands than will be able to glance at it quickly.⑤Visual distinctions deployed to separate the ceremonial from the everyday can also be used to refer to smaller differences in the ranking of ritual items, separating those owned by kings from those owned by nobles. Such differences can be in size or mass——one piece being larger or thicker than another——or in skill, with one being better crafted than another. We make such judgments when looking at ancient objects today, and it seems likely that some sort of similar assessment was made at the time.⑥Two hierarchies, both visible to the eye, were thus achieved. First and most fundamental was a hierarchy of function, the ritual object standing above the everyday object. Second was the hierarchy within each category, with the more elaborately worked and often larger object higher up the scale. The rich and powerful owned the jade scepters and bronze vessels. What is more, these scepters and vessels not only expressed or reflected the status of their owners but they also probably reinforced it. In this way, jades and bronzes became bound up with the religious and political structures of the early Chinese state, and they remained so linked up to the twentieth century.⑦It is therefore not surprising that at times when rulers and their courts wished to assert their authority, they commissioned large numbers of conspicuous bronzes. Further, when they wished to distract attention from weaknesses in society, they emphasized their power even more by increasing expenditure on ritual objects. Thus changes in the aesthetic qualities of jades and bronzes can inform us about the society that produced them.⑧Later generations of Chinese scholars of the Song Dynasty (A.D.960-1279) quickly recognized the link between the bronzes and jades and political power. In their search for political legitimacy, they collected and studied ancient artifacts, pursuits that in themselves reinforced the high status of jade and bronze in society. From the idea that political power resided in ancient objects, including calligraphy and painting, grew the first art collections.译文中国玉器和青铜器的使用①玉器和青铜器在中国历史早期就被选为制作社会最珍贵物品的材料。
托福听力tpo61 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo61lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in a sociology class.Sociology is really a cross disciplinary field.We find that elements of biology, psychology,and other sciences often overlap as we study particular phenomena.So let me introduce a concept from cognitive psychology.Okay,let's say someone asks you to look at a list and memorize as many items on it as you can.Most of us are able to remember,on average,seven items.There are several variations of this memory test.And the results consistently show that the human limit for short term memoryis seven bits of Information.This limit is called channel capacity.Channel capacity is the amount of information that can be transmitted or received over a specific connection,like our brain and the channel capacity for our short-term memory.It has some interesting real-life implications,like phone numbers.Local numbers here in the United States all have seven digits,because the phone companies realized early on that longer numbers would lead to a lot more wrong numbers being dialed.But the idea of channel capacity doesn't apply just to our cognitive abilities.It also affects our relationships with people around us.Psychologists talk about sympathy groups.These are the people,close friends,family to whom we devote the most time.We call or see them frequently,we think about them,worry about them.And studies show for each of us,the size of that group is about10to15people.But why so small?sure.Relationships take time and emotional energy.And most of us don't have unlimited amounts of either.But what if there's another reason?what if it's our brain that setting the limit?And in fact,there's evidence that indicates that our social channel capacity may actually be a function of our brain size,or more accurately,the size of our neocortex.The neocortex is the frontal region in the brain of mammals that's associated with complex thought.Primates have the largest neocortex is among mammals,but among different primate species,humans,apes,baboons, neocortex size varies.A lot of theories have been proposed for these variations.Like maybe it's related to the use of tools,but no theories ever seemed like a perfect explanation.Until the late1990s,what an anthropologist named Robin Dunbar published an article about his studies of primates.Dunbar theory is that if you look at any particular species of primate,you'll find that if it has a larger neocortex that it lives in a larger social group.Take human beings,we have the largest neocortices and we have the largest number of social relationships.So we've said that our sympathy group is10to15people.What about our other relationships other than family and close friends,such as those that occur in the workplace will call these social groups as opposed to sympathy groups?How many relationships can we handle there?Those relationships aren't as involved,so we can handle more of them.But is there an upper limit?well,Dunbar says that there is,and he developed an equation to calculate it.His equation depends on knowing the ratio between the size of the neocortex and the size of the whole brain.That is of the whole brain,what percentage of it is taken up by the neocortex?Once you know the average percentage for any particular species,the equation predicts the expected maximum social group size for that species.For humans,that number seems to be about150. So according to Dunbar’s equation,our social groups probably won't number more than150people.Now,Dunbar’s hypothesis isn't the kind of thing that's easy to confirm in a controlled experiment,but there is anecdotal evidence to support it.As part of his research,Dunbar reviewed historical records for21different traditional hunter gatherer societies.And those records showed that the average number of people in each village was just under150,148.4to be exact.Dunbar also worked with biologists to see if his hypothesis applies to other mammals besides primates. When they looked at meat eating mammals,carnivores,they found that the ones with a larger neocortex also have a bigger social group.And the number of individuals in that group is predicted by Dunbar’s equation supporting his hypothesis. But when they looked at insectivores,mammals that eat insects,the results were inconsistent.The data didn't disprove Dunbar’s hypothesis,but wasn't a nice,neat match like the carnivore studies,which isn't totally surprising.Insectivores are hard to observe,since many of them only come out at night or they spend a lot of time underground.So,we know a lot less about their social relationships.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The role that the neocortex plays in human memoryB.The connection between neocortex size and social relationships in mammalsC.Various studies that compare social group sizes in humans and other mammalsD.Ways that humans can expand the size of their social groups2.Why does the professor discuss the length of some telephone numbers?A.To show that real-world applications are informed by cognitive psychologyB.To point out an exception to a well-known principle about memoryC.To explain why telephone numbers are used in tests of memoryD.To explain why people often dial the wrong telephone number3.What does the professor imply about the size of a person's sympathy group?A.It closely matches the size of the person's family.B.It becomes larger when a person learns how to feel compassion for others.C.It may not be something a person makes a conscious decision to control.D.It may not be as predictable as the size of the person's social group.4.What did Dunbar's study of the records of some traditional hunter-gatherer societies indicate?A.Hunter-gatherer societies were the first to form social groups.B.Tool usage by humans is related to social group size.C.There is a maximum social group size for humans.D.Hunter-gatherers tend to have smaller-sized social groups.5.What does the professor say that biologists discovered in their research of animals other than primates?A.Dunbar's hypothesis accurately predicts social group sizes for all animals.B.Social group sizes of carnivores are more difficult to predict than those of insectivores.C.Data on insectivore behavior neither support nor contradict Dunbar's hypothesis.D.The size of an animal's neocortex is affected by its diet.6.Why does the professor say this:But why so small?sure.Relationships take time and emotional energy.And most of us don't have unlimited amounts of either.A.To encourage students to spend more time developing relationshipsB.To emphasize that her point is based on personal experienceC.To indicate that she realizes that the students already know the answer to her questionD.To suggest that there is more than one possible response to her question答案B AC C C D译文请听社会学课上的部分内容。
托福听力tpo63 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo63section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (10)译文 (10)Conversation1原文Listen to a conversation between a student and a building manager.Student:Okay,Mr.Fisher,I've notified my resident adviser,taking down my decorations that were in the hallway,and I had some finds this semester,but that's been squared away.So...Manager:Already?The housing violations cleared.Okay,your paper works done.The only thing left is to make sure your keys are in my office by the end of the day when you're ready to go.Student:And by the end of the day,you mean?Manager:Well,we usually leave around four.Student:So if I'm not done by four..?Manager:You can always put them in the mailbox next to my office door.If it's closed,I just need to find the key is waiting in the apartment empty when I come to work tomorrow morning.Student:Thanks.They'll be there,and that apartment will be spotless.I promise.Manager:Well,don't go too crazy.We'll have a professional crew in there anyway. Just sweep and back him.You know.Student:We'll do!Thanks for being flexible about the time and all.Manager:No problem.Melissa,I don't mind giving tenants a break when I can, especially quiet one so I don't have to remind to turn their music down.Student:Thanks.You know,I wish I were gonna be around next semester so I could stay in my apartment.Manager:Congratulate.Student:I wish.I have an internship with an engineering firm.It's a requirement for my major.But this firm is in my hometown.So I'm gonna live with my parents for the semester.Save some money.You know,I'll be back finishing my classes in the fall.Manager:You know,it's a shame.You've got to go through all this and then turn around and do it all over again in a few months.But what can you do?The university needs any space that becomes available.Just be sure you put in your housing request early if you wanna get an apartment again.Student:Definitely,by the way,I have a couple boxes of books stored in the basement.Can I come back and pick them up in a few days?Maybe Thursday?Manager:Sure.I don't see what.Oh,but you won't have a key to the storage room anymore.Student:Oh,right.Manager:Well,come back whenever during working hours and I'll let you in but don't come with the weather is lousy.I heard we're in for some major snow on Thursday.Student:I won't come if it's bad out.Manager:Okay.I don't know which is tougher the days when it snows and we've got to clear the sidewalks and parking lots or the end of the school year when everybody is moving out on the same day?Student:Well,I'm certainly not gonna be moving stuff in the middle of a snow storm. I'm sure I can live without those boxes for a few more days.After all they've been sitting in that basement for months.Manager:Well,you let me know when.Student:Great,I’ll get back to you.Thanks.题目1.Why does the student meet with the man?A.To resolve a problem with her roomB.To find out more about university storage policiesC.To make arrangements to complete her moveD.To discuss her plans for next semester2.What does the man insist that the student must do?A.Thoroughly clean her apartmentB.Drop off her keys before morningC.Pick up her boxes before ThursdayD.Make next year's housing request early3.Why will the student not need campus housing next semester?A.She will be working temporarily in another town.B.She will graduate before the next semester starts.C.She plans to live in an apartment off campus.D.She plans to transfer to a different university.4.What does the man imply when he says this:Manager:You know,it's a shame.You've got to go through all this and then turn around and do it all over again in a few months.But what can you do?A.He is willing to help the student.B.He needs more information from the student.C.Rules have to be followed.D.Rules are sometimes confusing.答案C B A C译文1.请听一段学生和大楼管理员之间的对话。
托福听力tpo62 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo62 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.Professor: Now we’ve talked about how social concerns inform the designs of some architects in the United States in the 19th century. And it holds true not only for building architects but also for landscape architects. The way we design our landscapes is hugely important to, for how we live, easily as important as the buildings we live in. And these social concerns were especially apparent in the work of a huge figure in the history of landscape architecture: Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted is particularly associated with the building of public parks in the mid-1800s. At that time, with industrialization, the United States was moving from a rural, agricultural way of life to an urban one. Many people were moving from farms to cities, and cities themselves were growing fast. And that was creating concern and anxiety about people losing touch with nature.Now, based on your reading, how did this situation relate to Olmsted? Ken.Male Student: Well, he saw that as cities grew to accommodate the larger populations, a lot of open space would be used up for buildings and infrastructure. I guess he thought that eventually there might not be any open space left, green space.Professor: And others shared this concern as well, people with some power.Male Student: Right. So in New York City, they decided to build this huge park, Central Park. And they hired him to design it.Professor: Right. Olmsted together with Calbert Vaux. And he, what Olmsted wanted to do through this park and others was to preserve people’s connections with the natural world. Central Park is his best-known project and it really launched his career. There were so many details that made this such a model of success that…yeah, Julia. Female Student: It seems like he integrated the park into the city really well, especially by putting streets across the park so that you can still get from one side of the city to the other.Professor: And those streets don’t disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?Female Student: Well, they weren’t any narrower than any regular city streets. Professor: No, not narrower.Female Student: Oh, lower. He put them at a lower level than the rest of the park and used short tunnels.Professor: Yes, exactly. The streets were designed to be as unobtrusive as possible, not interrupting the flow of people walking in the park, not interfering with the natural setting, while still functioning as streets.Making tunnels was the best way to achieve this balance in many locations within the park, and then pass for pedestrians went above the street throughout the park.What’s so special about it to me is Olmsted did such a good job of using the space by emphasizing the natural elements of the park. So with ground areas that were low, he made them even lower and turned them into ponds and meadows, then he emphasized some high, rocky areas. He used…he planted small forests close to grassy meadows. By doing this, he emphasized contrast in contour and texture, but he made it all work as a whole. He also made the northern half of the park more of the nature preserve while the southern part was more for people and recreation.So Central Park was a huge success and it led to more work for him. He designed dozens of urban parks throughout the country. So that’s probably his greatest legacy to architecture as a profession, but not his only legacy.He also designed landscapes for public buildings, campuses, even entire towns. In that area, urban planning, he showed the same concern for preserving open spaces that he had shown with Central Park. For example, his design of a town of Riverside, Illinois. He planned it so it would have the conveniences of city living, but it also had open space for recreation for nature. He lowered the streets slightly so they wouldn’t block natural views, like views of the Des Plaines River, which flows through Riverside. He really wanted to preserve the shores of the river so he didn’t put houses there. Instead, he turned the river front area into a park. And about a quarter of Riverside is parks.What’s also remarkable is that Riverside, well, even today, the streets and other parts of Olmsted’s plans are almost completely intact. It’s really an oasis in the city that’s grown around it, the city of Chicago, since that time. Goes to show you how valuable good design really is.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. The reasons why Olmsted was selected to design Central ParkB. The impact that Olmsted's designs had on the growth of citiesC. Ways that Olmsted's design for Central Park influenced the design of Riverside, IllinoisD. Olmsted's design goals as revealed in two of his projects2.What does the professor imply about the increase in the population of urban areas in the middle of the nineteenth century?A. It caused difficulty in the design and creation of city parks.B. It was one of the reasons that Central Park was created.C. It forced Olmsted to build more roads in Central Park than he had originally planned.D. Olmsted viewed the increase in population as a positive trend.3.What is one of the features of Olmsted's design of Central Park that the professor particularly admires?A. The use of trees as boundaries between recreational and non-recreational areasB. The emphasis of naturally occurring contrastsC. The quality of the materials used for streets and buildingsD. The wide variety of styles used for its tunnels4.What design feature did Olmsted incorporate into both Central Park and the town of Riverside, Illinois?A. Forest areas that were left undisturbedB. Streets at lower levels than other ground areasC. The removal of large rocks that obstructed viewsD. The expansion of naturally occurring ponds5.What does the professor say about the town of Riverside, Illinois today?A. It has stayed true to Olmsted's original design.B. It is regarded as Olmsted's most successful project.C. It has even more parkland than Olmsted had created.D. It has nicer parks than the city of Chicago does.6.What can be inferred about the woman when she says this:Professor: And those streets don’t disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?Female Student: Well, they weren’t any narrower than any regular city streets. Professor: No, not narrower.A. She believes there is more than one correct answer to the professor's question.B. She realizes she is repeating a point the professor made earlier.C. She recognizes that she is not giving a correct answer.D. She thinks the answer to the professor's question is obvious.答案D B B B A C译文请听建筑史课上的部分内容。
托福听力tpo68全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo68全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section 1 (2)Conversation1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (8)Lecture1 (10)原文 (10)题目 (13)答案 (16)译文 (17)Lecture2 (19)原文 (19)题目 (24)答案 (27)译文 (27)Section 2 (30)Conversation2 (30)原文 (30)题目 (33)答案 (36)译文 (36)Lecture3 (39)原文 (39)题目 (43)答案 (46)译文 (46)Section 1Conversation1原文Student: Hi i'm i'm, i'm, Randy Beecham. I really need to speak with professor Clark right away. Could you get me into see her?Assistant: Well, she is conducting oral exams right now, I can't interrupt her. The exams began at 8:00 this morning and are scheduled to go on all day.Student: But I was supposed to take my oral at 9 this morning, and well I don't know what happened, my alarm clock didn't go off for some reason and I overslept.Assistant: Oh dear!Student: I know it's like, really embarrassing, when I open my eyes and saw with already 9:30 I just got here as fast as I could.Assistant: Well，since you didn’t show up your schedule time. The professor would probably consider it an unauthorized absence. I’m afraid that it will translate into an automatic failing grade for that portion of the exam.Student: Oh no, and I was so prepared, I stayed up all night studying. Is there any way I can maybe reschedule it？Assistant: I don't know what to tell you Randy. As I said professor Clark will be examining students to four o'clock today and all day tomorrow, then it’s the weekend.Student: What about like, first thing Monday morning？Assistant: No, Monday is not possible, exam week ends tomorrow when the dean, it's the dean who says the university’s rules on these matters, you know, not the professors. The dean is very strict about granting extensions except under extraordinary circumstances.Student: Um, so, I guess the defect of alarm clock wouldn’t account as extraordinary, huh.Assistant: I'm afraid we’re talking something more on the order of illness or if you had an unavoidable conflict, like an exam in another class schedule for the same time. But you know, since exam week isn't over yet, it probably would be worthwhile trying to speak with professor Clark, she might be able to find a solution.Student: You now, the oral part of the exams only an half hour long, do you think she’d be willing to stay later this afternoon or coming a little early tomorrow ?Assistant: I'm sure should do her best. But I can't speak for her of course.Student: But I can't just stick around all day waiting for her. Do you think she will be breaking for a lunch.Assistant: Well, I hope so for her sake, let me check her schedule again. Well, she's got student’s schedules to noon, then she has one hour break before the afternoon exams schedule begins. So yes, she apparently does plan to break for lunch.Student: Noon, ha.Assistant: That's what it says.Student: Okay, why don't I come back at noon then, but if you happen to see her in the meantime, would you please say I was here and that I'm really sorry I was late for my exam.Assistant: Of course, good luck!题目1.What problem does the student have?A. He is unsure about the material he needs to study for an exam.B. He missed the deadline for submitting a paper.C. He does not know when the exam period starts.D. He needs to reschedule an exam.2.What reason does the student give for missing an appointment with his professor?A. His alarm clock did not work properly.B. He was confused about the time of the appointment.C. He felt ill when he woke up that day.D. He had an exam in another class.3.Why does the woman mention the dean?A. To indicate that the dean will probably accept the student’s excuseB. To point out that the professor is not able to extend the exam periodC. To explain that extensions are not granted under any circumstancesD. To indicate that the student needs to report to the dean4.Why do the speakers think that the professor might be able to help the student?[Click on 2 answers.]A. The exam period has not ended.B. The professor may excuse the student from taking the exam.C. The professor may grant an extension of the exam.D. The oral exam takes only half an hour.5.What does the woman imply when she says this:Student: But I can't just stick around all day waiting for her. Do you think she will be breaking for a lunch.Assistant: Well, I hope so for her sake.A. The professor usually breaks for lunch during exams.B. The students enjoy eating lunch with the professor.C. The professor will get tired unless she takes a break.D. The exams will end early in the afternoon.答案D A B AD C译文1.学生：嗨！我是Randy Beecham，我真的需要和Clark教授马上谈一下。
托福阅读tpo62R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO62阅读-3 Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?①Most developmental scientists now agree that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) are essential for the normal development of perception. However, there is still much dispute about the extent to which either nature or nurture is the more important factor. Points of view on this issue are more than just philosophical musings, they affect the kinds of experiments that are undertaken. I argue here that classifying particular aspects of perceptual development as either innate or learned presents us with an overly passive view in which either genes or environment imposes structure on the developing brain. In contrast, I suggest that perceptual development is better characterized as an activity-dependent process involving complex and subtle interactions at many levels.②To begin to illustrate my point, let's consider some recent neurobiological work on the prenatal (before-birth) development of the brain in rodents. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses or messages to other neurons, glands, and muscles. The neurons studied in these experiments are those involved in binocular vision. Experiments show that the prenatal tuning (training) of these neurons arises through their response to internally generated waves of electrical activity. In other words, the response properties of these visual neurons are shaped by a "virtual environment" generated by cells elsewhere in the brain and eye. Although the term "innate" can be stretched to cover this example of development, we could equally well describe this process as the cells "learning" from the input provided. Further, after birth the same neurons continue to be tuned in the same way, except that now their input also reflects the structure of the world outside. When we examine development in detail, it becomes harder to argue, as some theorists do, that "innate knowledge" is fundamentally different from learning.③Another example of the role of activity-dependent processes in perceptual development comes from the ability to detect and recognize faces. Because regions of the human brain are specialized for processing faces, some researchers have argued that this ability is innate. However, experiments with infants reveal a more complex story. The tendency for newborns to look more toward faces turns out to be based on a very primitive, reflexlike system that is triggered by a stimulus as simple as three high-contrast blobs in the approximate locations of the eyes and mouth. This simple bias is sufficient to ensure that newborns look much more at faces than at other objects and patterns over the first weeks of life. One consequence of this is that developing circuits on the visual recognition pathway of the brain get more input related to faces and thus are shaped by experience with this special type of visual stimulus. We can now study this process by using new brain-imaging methods. Such studies have shown that the brains of young infants show less-localized and less-specialized processing of faces than do the brains of adults. It is not until they are one year old that infants show the same patterns of brain specialization for processing faces as do adults, by which time they have had as much as a thousand hours of exposure to human faces.④Another example comes from the study of infants' eye movements to visual targets. Although newborns are capable of some primitive reflexive eye movements, only much later in the first year can they make most of the kinds of complex and accurate eye movements seen in adults. One view is that the very limited ability present in newborns is just sufficient to allow them to practice and develop new brain circuits for the more complex integration of visual and motor information necessary for adult eye movements. Once again, it appears that infants actively contribute to their own subsequent development.⑤These considerations should make us skeptical about the many claims that are made for innate perceptual abilities based on experiments with babies of four months and older. In fact, when the same experiments were done with younger infants, quite different results have often been obtained, suggesting dramatic changes in perceptual abilities over the first few weeks and months after birth.⑥Infants are not passively shaped by either their genes or their environment. Rather, perceptual development is an activity-dependent process in which, during postnatal life, the infant plays an active role in generating the experience it needsfor subsequent development.译文知觉发展是先天的还是社会获得的?①大多数发展科学家现在都同意，先天（遗传）和后天（环境）对于感知的正常发展都是必不可少的。
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托福听力tpo62全套对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Section 1 (1)Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Section 2 (20)Conversation2 (20)原文 (20)题目 (21)答案 (23)译文 (23)Lecture3 (25)原文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (29)译文 (29)Section 1Conversation1原文Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.Student: So the reason I came in, Professor Williams, well, it’s about what you wereexplaining in your philosophy class today.Professor: Yes?Student: En, Yeah, the whole thing about simulations, would you …would you mind going over that with me again?Professor: No problem. The main point of the book I was referring to is that, well, in a post-modern world, we live in a world of unreal images of simulations. For example, the things we see on TV become a reality for us even though they are not in fact real. They’re representations, simulations of reality.Student: Post-modern world?Professor: Right. It came after the modern one.Student: Gee...thanks a lot.Professor: No, sorry. You are right. Post-modern, well, that’s a sticky term that covers a lot of things. Let’s save that for later. But back to my point about simulation, it leads to hyper-realism, a feeling that something is more real than real.Student: Wow…Wow, I’m sorry. But all this is…I just don’t get it.Professor: Video games, virtual reality, theme parks, all of these remove us from reality. Worse yet, we can begin to think these simulations, these fake experiences are real, or we don’t know the difference anymore.Student: Well, actually I’m starting to think this class is not for me. In fact, I wonder if I might not do better just to drop the course.Professor: Oh, you are still having trouble following this?Student: Yeah, I just don’t think I’m cut out for philosophy. I signed up because my academic advisor…well, I feel like my advisor sort of pushed me into it. Professor: I see. If I may ask, what are you interested in?Student: I want to be a lawyer.Professor: Well, then you need a firm base in logic and argumentation, so this philosophy course is basically a necessity for you.Student: I hope not. I could only get maybe half the lecture.Professor: That’s pretty good then. I covered a lot, probably too much. And these were only some opening remarks for the first day of class. I was just skimming through some contemporary ideas and, well, more cultural theory than actual philosophy, so you needn’t worry. Starting next week, we are going to read some real philosophy, primary sources like Plato, Rousseau, Emerson. And you’ll be able to talk about them in small discussion groups led by graduate assistants.Student: Well, I don’t know.Professor: I understand you are uneasy about this course, but, well, give it another chance, attend a few more sessions, get into your assigned discussion group, then see how you feel. Look, these ideas, like what post-modernism really is. They are ideas that people developed over years, careers, lifetimes. I didn’t mean to scare you.Student: I guess I should have just taken it in the spirit it’s intended, as an intro. You are right that instead of trying to wrap my mind around every little detail all at once, I need to work on seeing the bigger picture and not getting so stressed out. Professor: Well, don’t think you are going to learn all the law right away either. Have you looked at the law library lately?Student: Yeah. Talk about scary!题目1.What is the conversation mainly about?A. Reasons that philosophical concepts are difficult to defineB. The intended purpose of the discussion groupsC. The student's difficulties in trying to understand some informationD. The relevance of philosophy to the student's long-term goals2.How does the student feel about the professor's explanation of simulations?A. He finds it amusing and interesting.B. He feels even more confused than before.C. He is grateful for the clarification.D. He realizes that he already understands the general concept.3.Who influenced the student to sign up for the philosophy course?A. The philosophy professorB. A law librarianC. A graduate assistantD. An academic adviser4.What does the professor imply that she should have done differently in the first class?A. She should have stressed the practical importance of philosophy.B. She should have discussed the readings for the course in greater detail.C. She should not have included so much material in the lecture.D. She should not have frightened the students by mentioning a challenging assignment.5.What does the professor imply will make the student feel more comfortable with the course in the future?[Click on 2 answers.]A. She will explain postmodernism in much more detail.B. The class will read works by writers whose ideas she expects will interest the student.C. The student will have opportunities to talk about the course material in a small group.D. The student will be able to make use of the law library.答案C BD C BC译文请听一段学生和教授之间的对话。