语言学第四章

eg: The _________ smiles. man boy girl The _________ smiles. strong man tallest boy pretty girl
Other names PARADIGMATIC relation 聚合关系 paradigmatic [,pærədiɡ'mæ tik] VERTICAL relations 纵向关系 CHOICE relations 选择关系 ASSOCIATIVE relation 联想关系
sings cries
Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents
grammatical
construction; immediate constituents（直接成分）; endocentric and exocentric construction
Immediate Constituent
Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction. Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units.
?外部句法特征是指整个结构所具有的特征也就是说说话者所知道的在个别更大的句法上下文中与此结构相关的方方面面如
Chapter Four
From Word to Text

word phrase clause sentence

text

The origin of the word “syntax”: syntax syn together tax to arrange

Words in a paradigmatic relation: 1) be comparable only in terms of syntax 2) have the same syntactic features 3) not replaceable with each other semantically 4) semantic factors are not take into consideration
ADD:

syntagmatic & paradigmatic
Syntagmatic relation 1) between one item and others in a sequence 2) between elements which are all present If the weather is nice, we’ll go out. There are syntactic and semantic conditions the words in a syntagmatic relation must meet.
(向心结构和离心结构) ;

coordination and subordination（并列与从属）
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Relation of Co-occurrence


CO-OCCURRENCE words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set of or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence, e.g.: A nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase. Thus relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.

同现关系是指：不同集合的词语允许或要求 另一集合或类别的词语一起组成句子或句子 的某一特定成分。如：名词短语可以前置限 定词和形容词，后跟动词短语。

(preceded by) A pretty
The tallest The African
NP girl
boy man
(followed by) smiles

The boy kicked the ball. * Boy the ball kicked the. *The ball kicked the boy. The teacher saw the students. The students saw the teacher.
Other (related) names Syntagmatic relations横组合关系 syntagmatic [,sintæ g'mæ tik] Horizontal relations水平关系 Chain relations. 链状关系
arrangement

The definition of SYNTAX: ● the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ● the formation of sentences（句子的组成或句子 的构造）


an
apple ate an apple Mary ate an apple
On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and internal properties. The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.

Relation of Substitutability


Firstly, the RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. Secondly, it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
How to arrange words into phrase, clause or sentence? ---- the condition of arrangment (syntactic relations) ---- the units of the arrangment (grammatical Construction and Constituents / Phrase, Clause and Sentence/ Syntactic Function ) How to form text? ---- Recursiveness ---- sentence connection / cohension
and, relation of co-occurrence （同现关系）
Positional Relation
POSITIONAL RELATION, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language ungrammatical / nonsensical sequences or, grammatically well-formed but opposite meanings’ sentences

If the weather is nice, we’ll go out. ＊ If we is nice, the weather will go out. ＊ If the weather is cry, we’ll go out.

The paradigmatic (associative) relation 1) between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure 2) between one element present and the others absent. The _____ is smiling.

Word order is one of the ways to classify languages in the world. In the way of classification of Word Order , there are totally six possible types of language, they are: SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS.

Syntactic Relations
Syntactic
relations can be analyzed into three kinds, namely, positional relation（位置关系）; relation of substitutability（可替代关系）;
[,səbstə,tjutə'biləti]
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents 2.1 Grammatical Construction

Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.


For instance, the different terms such as clausal type, phrasal type are assigned to the properties of the constructions respectively.

The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction’s “makeup”, with the terms such as subject, predicate, noun, etc.
Syntactic Relations （句法关系） Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents

（语法结构与成分） Syntactic Function （句法功能）
Category （范畴） Phrase, Clause and Sentence Recursiveness（递归性） Beyond the Sentence