初中英语时态归类整理(含例子、练习及答案)

一，一般现在时
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every （week day, year, mont h）, once on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词+原形（如果主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）
4.否定形式：主语/三单+do/does not+V原+其他
5.一般疑问句：用助动词do提问，如果主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

6.例句：
It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words. 不要做思想的巨人,行动的侏儒
Do you like it? 你喜欢这个吗？
No,I don't like it at all/Yes,I like very much 不，我不喜欢/是的，我很喜欢。

7 用法:
1）,表示习惯性的动作
2.）客观真理，客观存在，科学道理。

3）格言警句
4）现在的状态，能力，性格，个性。

8．变化规律
当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：
一）一般在词后加s。

如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。

如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。

如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, tr y-tries
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。

如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四）以o结尾加es。

如：does, goes
五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has
练习：
1. My English teacher ______about thirty years old, but he_____younger than he really is.
A. is, look
B .is, looks
C. am, look
2. Jim ___very hard, but he____still a little weak in Chinese.
A. studies, is
B. study, is
C. doesn’t study, is
3. We all know that the sun_____round the earth.
A. goes
B. don’t go
C. doesn’t go
4. There ____twelve months in a year and January____first.
A. is, comes
B. are, come
C. are, comes
5. Who _____the kite best of all, Jim. Lucy or Lily?
A .flies
B. fly
C .are flying
6. _____the Great Wall one of the places of great interests in China?
A.Was
B. Do
C. Is
7. ____you usually _____to school with classmates?
A. Do, comes
B. does, come
C. Do, come
8. ____she___home at six o’clock every morning?
A. Do, comes
B. Does. Come
C. Do, come
9. My mother ____like watching TV, so she____to bed very early every evening.
A, doesn’t , go
B. don’t, go
C. doesn’t, goes
10.Mr Green usually______newspapers after supper every day.
A. read
B. reading
C. reads
BACCA CCBCC
二，一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, ni ght, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+动词或be的过去时+名词
4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
7 变化规律
(1)规则动词
a 规则动词在其原形后面加-ed:
work-worked
b 以字母e结尾的规则动词，只加-d:
love---loved
c 动词为单音节，以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾辅音字母双写，再加-e
d stop-stopped admit—admitted
d 以y结尾的动词，在y 前为辅音字母时y 变为i ,加– ed
carry –carried hurry –hurried
以y 结尾的动词，在y 前为元音字母时加—ed
obey—obeyed enjoy---enjoyed
（2）不规则动词
a 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形，如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意，有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两种形式，如：
bet / betted bet / betted打赌
wed / wedded wed / wedded娶;嫁;与...结婚
wet / wetted wet / wetted把...淋湿,打湿,弄湿
b 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形，如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hidden
get got gotten
lead led led
c 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同，如：
原形过去式过去分词
Begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同，如：
Come came come
Become became become
run ran run
8.用法：表示在过去一段时间里经常性或习惯性的动作
表示过去某时或某时段内发生的状态情况常与过去的时间状语连用
表示过去经常发生的动作，常与过去的频度状语连用
练习：
1.I _____ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.
2. Her father ______(read) a newspaper last night.
3. We ______ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go)
4. _____ you _____ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
5. ______ he ______(fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______.
6. Gao Shan _______(put) up the picture last night.
7. I _______ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother ______.
8. What ______ she ______(find) in the garden last morning?
She _______(find) a beautiful butterfly.
9. How _______(be) Jim's weekend? It _______(be not) bad.
10. ________ (be) your mother a sales assistant last year? No. she __________.
11. I _______(have) an exciting party last weekend.
12. _________ she ______(practice) her guitar yesterday? No, she _________.
13. What ________ Tom _____ (do) on Saturday evening?
He ________(watch) TV and ______(read) an interesting book.
14. They all ______(go) to the mountains yesterday morning.
15. She ______(not visit) her aunt last weekend.
She ________ (stay) at home and ______(do) some cleaning.
16. When ______ you ______(write) this song?
I _______(write) it last year.
17. My friend, Carol, ________(study) for the math test and ____(practice) English last night.
18. ________ Mr. Li _____(do) the project on Monday morning? Yes, he ___
1.watched
2.read 3went;went 4.Did;visit 5.Did;fly;flew 6.put 7.swept;didn't 8.did;find;found 9.was;wasnot 10.Was;wasn't 11.had 12.Did;practise;didn't 1
3.did;do;watched;read 1
4.went
15.didn't visit;stayed;did 16.did;write 17.studied;practiced 18.Did;do;did
三，一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

2.时间状语tomorrow, next day(week, month, year), soon,in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其他；主语+will/shall + do+其他
4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。

6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
7. 一般现在时表将来：come ，go ，arrive ，leave ，start ，begin ，return 8,注意：
(1) be about to正准备去做，强调就在节骨眼上
I was about to go to bed when someone knocked at the door.正准备上床睡觉，有人敲门
(2)be going to有打算去做，强调个人计划
I am going to learn driving.我打算去学驾驶
(3) be to do （根据计划、安排）应该、必须去做
You are to gather on the playground after school.放学后去操场集合
(4) will只是临时的意愿，不一定必然发生
"Your hair is too long. Go to have it cut." "OK, I will."
“你头发长了，去理一下”“好的，我会的。

”
练习：
1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
A. will be going to
B. will going to be
C. is going to be
D. will go to be
2. Charlie ________ here next month.
A. isn’t working
B. doesn’t working
C. isn’t going to working
D. won’t work
3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.
A. will be; is
B. is; is
C. will be; will be
D. is; will be
4. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.
A. was
B. is going to have
C. will have
D. is going to be
5. _______ you ________ free tomorrow? – No. I ________ free the day after tomorrow.
A. Are; going to; will
B. Are; going to be; will
C. Are; going to; will be
D. Are; going to be; will be
( ) 6. Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday.
A. will gives
B. will give
C. gives
D. give
7. – Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? –________. （不，不要。

）
A. No, you wo n’t.
B. No, you aren’t.
C. No, please don’t.
D. No, please.
8. – Where is the morning paper? – I ________ if for you at once.
A. get
B. am getting
C. to get
D. will get
9. ________ a concert next Saturday?
A. There will be
B. Will there be
C. There can be
D. There are
10. If they come, we ________ a meeting.
A. have
B. will have
C. had
D. would have
11. He ________ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday.
A. gives
B. gave
C. will giving
D. is going to give
12. He ________ to us as soon as he gets there.
A. writes
B. has written
C. will write
D. wrote
13. He ________ in three days.
A. coming back
B. came back
C. will come back
D. is going to coming back
14. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go roller-skating.
A. isn’t rain
B. won’t rain
C. doesn’t rain
D. doesn’t fine
15. – Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? – No, ________ （不去）.
A. they willn’t.
B. they won’t.
C. they aren’t.
D. they don’t.
16. Who ________ we ________ swimming with tomorrow afternoon?
A. will; go
B. do; go
C. will; going
D. shall; go
17. We ________ the work this way next time.
A. do
B. will do
C. going to do
D. will doing
1. C
2. D
3. D
4.D
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. B 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. C 14.
C 15. B 16.
D 17.B 18. A
四，现在进行时
1.概念：现在进行时表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的动作。

可以表示有计划的未来，也就是用现在进行时表示将来。

2.时间状语：now, at the moment , at the time , today , tonight, this morning, this afternoon ,this evening ,this week ,this month , this year , while , ect.
3.基本结构：主语+be+v.-ing〔现在分词〕形式
4.形式：肯定句:主语+ be（is/am/are）+ 现在分词
否定句:主语+ be（is/am/are）+ not + 现在分词
5.一般疑问句：Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它？
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它？
6.例句：The leaves are turning red.
You are always changing your mind.
7．现在分词：
（1）一般情况下，直接在动词原形后面加-ing.
going asking finding working being seeing printing raining
standing studying speaking spelling
（2）以不发音的-e 结尾的动词，去-e ，再加-ing。

coming taking firing encircling环绕;包围writing becoming breathing leaving （3）闭音节的单音节词，或以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，这些词的末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing.
sitting running getting cutting stopping beginning planning permitting
注意：以y结尾的直接加ing
练习：翻译以下句子
1,我正在读英语
2.你在唱歌吗？不，我不是.
3.看！杰克在游泳.
4.Linda经常在晚上做作业，但是今晚她在看电视.
5.我不能和你出去了，外面正在下雨呢。

五，过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构主语+was/were +doing +其他
4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。

(第一个字母大写）
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
练习：
1. While we __________ (wait) for the bus, a girl __________ (run) up to us.
2. I __________ (telephone) a friend when Bob __________ (come) in.
3. Jim __________ (jump) on the bus as it __________ (move) away.
4. We __________ (test) the new machine when the electricity __________ (g o) off.
5. She __________ (not want) to stay in bed while the others _____________ ___ (all, work) in the fields.
6. While mother ________ (put) Cathy to bed, the door bell ________ (ring).
7. As I __________ (walk) in the park, it __________ (begin) to rain.
8. Even when she ___________ (be) a child she ________________ (already, t hink) of becoming a ballerina (芭蕾舞演员).
9. It was quite late at night. George __________ (read) and Amy __________ (ply) her needle when they __________ (hear) a knock at the door.
10. There __________ (be) a group round the fire when they __________ (rea ch) it. An old woman __________ (sit) on the ground near the kettle; two sm all children __________ (lie) near her; a donkey __________ (bend) his head over a tall girl.
1 were waiting, ran.2,was telephoning, came.3.was jumping, was moving 4.were testing, went.5,did n’t want, all were working 6,was putting, rang7,was walking, began 8,was was already thinking 9,was reading, was plying, heard 10,was, reached, was sitting,.were lying,.was bending
注意：when与连续性的或短暂性的动词连用，从句的动作与主句的动作有可能是同时发生，也可能是从句的动作发生在前，在表示两个动作同时发生时，可与while互换。

例如: when we were leaving，it began to rain.
when引导的从句动词是leave，发生在rain之前。

While译为―在……同时‖，―在…期间‖，谓语动词要加延续性动词。

例句：please be quiet while i ’m talking to you,。

(从句中是进行时时态时,一般都用while) when 和while都可做并列连词,此时when表示”就在此时”,while可以译为然而,但是,表转折,强调.
例句He is good at basketball,while his brother is dood at football.
六，现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：yet, already, just ,never ever, so far, by now ,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：
主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语.
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）注意：（1）强调动作是过去发生的
（2）强调对现在的影响或结果
（3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。

过去分词一定要选择准确。

4，过去分词变化规律
（1）规则动词
规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。

四点变化规则：
a、一般动词，在词尾直接加― ed ‖。

work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
b、以― e‖结尾的动词，只在词尾加― d ‖。

live---lived---lived ,
c、以―辅音字母+ y ‖结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加― ed ‖。

study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
d、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加― ed ‖。

stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped—dropped
(2)不规则动词（参考课本后面）
5，用法
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段为。

时间
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。

要改变动词come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in
go out----be out
finish----be over
open----be open
die----be dead
.用have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
用wear代替put on
用―be＋形容词‖代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry
2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up
6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
用―be＋副词‖代终止性动词
1―be＋on‖代start,begin
2―be＋up‖代get up
3―be＋back(to)‖代return to,come back to,go back to
4―be here (there)‖代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等
d)用―be＋介词短语‖代终止性动词
1.―be in/at +地点‖代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.―be in/at +地点‖代替move to
6，注意：
1.）现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.
2.）现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3）. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4）. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/y ear, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. ）现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.
6）.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。

例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。

)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／month ／year...，to day等)连用。

例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.）现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。

(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。

)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。

(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。

)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。

例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。

如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，di e等。

8.）一段时间+has passed+since从句
9.）现在完成时常和短语"up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。

I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。

has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回
been to :去过
been in：呆了很久
10.）不能与when连用
7，练习：
1）用括号内单词的正确形式填空。

1 In English class,Li Ming____(study)English words every day.
Yesterday we____(study)the word "exam".
They______(study) the word "exam"alredy,and now they can use it!
2 My mother_____(tell)me the story before.
3 Mrs.Brown_____(teach)us a lot about social studies since September.
4 The young man______(write)three bopks in the past two years.All of them are very popular.He_______(write)the first one in 2001.
5 She______(paint)pictures for ten years.
答案：1 studies studied have studied
2 told
3.has taught
4.wrote
5.has painted
2）翻译
.你是什么时候搬到南京的？（中翻英）
When ___ you ____ ____ Nanjing.
.在过去很少有人认识我。

（中翻英）
.我和我父母住在一起直到1990年。

（中翻英）
这个地方已经变成了飞机场。

（中翻英）
答案：.did,move to（从这个中文翻译来看应该是用过去时，move to 是固定搭配）
.In the past, few people knew me.(―过去‖一般可用in the past来表示，当然，把before放在句末也可做同意，―很少‖在这里不用译为not many，这样会显得很Chinglish，直接用few 就行了)
.I lived together with my parents till 1990.(如果用until的话需换成过去完成时：I had lived with my parents until 1990.)
This place has been changed into an airport.(注意要用完成时时不要用短暂性动词，例如die，一个人总不能一直在死吧？）
七，过去完成时
1 定义：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。

它表示句子中描述的动作发生在―过去的过去‖。

2 基本结构
主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)
①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.
否定回答：No,主语+had not .
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？
3 基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。

即―过去的过去‖。

可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spacesh ip.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。

（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。

例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。

他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。

（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

例如：He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的
例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和a fter的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
我们本来希望能来看看你。

（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。

例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。

4 时间状语
before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than，yet，already等。

5 过去完成时-语法判定
1，一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。

与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ）by + 过去的时间点。

如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。

如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ）before + 过去的时间点。

如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由―过去的过去‖来判定。

过去完成时表示―过去的过去‖，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。

这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。

在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。

如：
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。

如：
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since h e went to Beijing.
练习：
. 单项选择
1．He asked me __ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been
B. where I had gone
C. where had I been
D. where had I gone
2. What _ __ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do
B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I __ ___ 900 English words by the time I was ten。

A. learned
B. was learning
C. had learned
D. learnt
4. She ___lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few
B. has, several
C. had, a lot of
D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I __ __ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she _______ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family __ ___ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from
B. had hidden, from
C. has hidden, with
D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he ___ _____.
A. has completed university
B. has completed the university
B. had completed an university D. had completed university
9. She had written a number of books ___ the end of last year.
A. for
B. in
C. by
D. at
10. He ___ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.
A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano
C. has learned, the piano
D. learns ,piano.
11. What __ ___ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?
A. did, do
B. did, did
C. has, done
D. had done
12 .He in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.
A. has worked
B. works
C. had worked
D. will work
13. By the end of last week, they ___ the bridge.
A. has completed
B. completed
C. will complete
D. had completed
14. Ben hates playing _ ___ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.
A. a…the
B. the… the
C. / …the
D. the…/
15. By the time he was 4, he _ ___ a lot of German words.
A. had learned
B. has learned
C. learned
D. learns
16 .Jim turned off the lights and then __ __ the classroom.
A. was left
B. had left
C. has left
D. left
17.They ____ ____ in Guangzhou since 2000.
A. lived
B. had lived
C. have lived
D. were living
18. The train from Beijing__ ___ ten minutes ago.
A. has arrived
B. was arriving
C. arrived
D. had arrived
19. The students ___ _____ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned
20. Fergie__ _____ the project in one hour.
A. have finished
B. will finish
C. finishes
D. has finished
答案：ADCAA DBDCB DCDDA DCCBB
注意：
1过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为―助动词have (has) + 过去分词‖；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调―过去的过去‖，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。

I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。

—I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。

—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。

（―等‖的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调―过去的过去‖；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。

比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before ，after ，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。

He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.。