欧洲文化入门(The 17th Century)
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Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 《自然哲学的数学原理 》
蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓 志铭：
Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.
德国数学家、自然科学家、哲学家 New Essays Concerning Human
Understanding(1704) 《人类理智新论》 Discourse on Metaphysics 《形而上学论》
5.Invention of New Instruments
Great progresses of 17th: A. astronomy B. dynamics动力学 C. invention of scientific instruments
Contract 社会契约论
Thomas Hobbes
And Therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies.
如果有两人都想要一件东西，他们就会 成为敌人。
B. Johannes Kepler 约翰尼斯·开普勒
The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 〈天体运 行论〉
德国天文学家、物理学家、 数学家
Kepler’s Laws开普勒定律: three laws of planetary motion
三大行星定律
III. Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
1. Francis Bacon弗兰西
斯·培根
创立 2. Thomas Hobbes托马
斯·霍布斯
3. John Locke约翰·洛克 4. John Milton
约翰·弥尔顿
1. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根
欧洲文化入门（五）
The 17th Century
I. General Introduction
1. Advance in science, in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics.
2. The outlook of educated men was transformed.
Second, they all had immense patience in observation. They put their hypotheses to tests and drew conclusions on the basis of patient observation and careful collection of facts.
王佐良译文：读史使 人明智，读诗使人 灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻； 伦理学使人庄重；逻辑修辞之学使人 善 辩。
水天同译文：史鉴使 人明智；诗歌使人 巧慧；数学使人京戏；博物使人深沉； 伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善 辩论。
Famous quotations from Bacon
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested ( Of Studies)
II. Science
a breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century Chemistry in 18th century Biology in 19th century Psychology in 20th century Genetics in 21th century
王佐良译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食 者，少数则应咀嚼消化（《论读书》）
水天同译文:有些书可供一尝，有些书可 以吞下，有不多的几部书则应咀嚼消化 （《论读书》）。
Reading maketh a full man; confereg an exact man
The New Atlantics《新大西岛》 The Novum Organum(New Method)
《新工具 》 Essays《培根论说文集》
Famous quotations from Bacon
Knowledge is power 知识就是力量
Histories make men wise; poets witty;the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
英国散文作家 essayist 哲学家philosopher 政治家statesman 古典经验论的始祖 创立归纳法(induction) 马克思称他是“英国唯物主义和 整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。
Bacon’s main works
The Advancement of Learning《广学 论》
three laws of planetary motion三大定律
１ 行星沿椭圆轨道运行，太 阳占这椭圆的一个焦点。 ２一个行星和太阳之间的连 接线，在相等的时间内扫出 相等的面积，乃行星在离太 阳近的地方运行得比在远的 地方快。 ３一个行星的公转周期平方 与这行星和太阳之间的平均 距离成正比。
落体定律
Major Works:
Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry
Messenger)
《星空使者》
3.牛顿（Isaac Newton )
英国的数学家及物理学家 微积分(Calculus )缔造者 万有引力理论的发明者
Law of universal gravitation
The first to apply the telescope to the study of the sky他是利用 望远镜观测天体取得大量成果的第一位 科学
His discoveries:
acceleration in dynamics 动力加速度
The law if inertia 惯性定律 The law of falling bodies
The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 《天体运行论》
“地心说” Geocentric Theory
“日心说” heliocentric theory
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼 (1473-1543)
哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类 对宇宙的认识，而且根本动摇了欧洲中 世纪宗教神学的理论基础。
Kepler’s Second Law
Galileo Galilei伽利略·伽利莱
(1564-1642)
The greatest name in the physics of the period.
意大利天文学家 数学家 物理学家 哲学家
Galileo Galilei伽利略·伽利莱
王佐良译文： 读书使人充实；讨论使 人机智；笔记使人精确。
水天同译文: 阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏 捷，协作与笔记使人精确。
2.Thomas Hobbes托马斯·霍布斯
Leviathan《利维坦》
“Every man is enemy to every man” The Theory of Social
3. The newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie.
Bertrand Russell Said:
The modern world, as far as mental outlooks is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.
First , Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.
比较
Hobbles believed that :
Man is selfish by nature
有生之初,人各自私 也,人各自利也.
黄宗羲
《原君》
4. John Locke约翰·洛克
English empiricist 经验主义者 Political philosopher
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼 (1473-1543)
恩格斯的评价： “从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来”
(The emancipation of natural science from theology dates from this act) “科学的发展从此便大踏步前进” (Thence forward, the development of the sciences proceeded with giant strides.)
Virtue is harder to be got than knowledge of the world; and, if lost in a young man, is seldom recovered.
品德比世上的知识更难得，一个青 年一旦失去了它，就很难复得。
Major Differences between Locke and Hobbes’s Social contract
Main Works
Essay Concerning Human Understanding《人类理解论》
Treatises of Civil Government 《政治论》 Theory of Blank Slate “白板说”
洛克名言
Wherever law ends, tyranny begins. 法律的终点便是暴政的起点。
microscope显微镜1590 × telescope望远镜1608
thermometer温度计 barometer气压计 pendulum clock摆锤钟1656
Two merits shared by the great scientists of the 17th century:
First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses. They had the courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs and assume that what had been accepted as true since ancient times might be false.
Science
1. From Copernicus to Kepler
A. Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼 (1473-1543)
伟大的波兰天文学家
Polish astronomer 推翻托勒密（Ptolemy)的
“地心说”(Geocentric Theory) 创立“日心说” (heliocentric theory) 近代天文学的奠基人
自然界和自然规律隐藏在黑暗中 上帝说，让牛顿出生吧！于是一切都是 光明。
牛顿名言
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants
如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人 的肩膀上。
。
4。莱布尼茨（Leibniz )
蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓 志铭：
Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night, God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light.
德国数学家、自然科学家、哲学家 New Essays Concerning Human
Understanding(1704) 《人类理智新论》 Discourse on Metaphysics 《形而上学论》
5.Invention of New Instruments
Great progresses of 17th: A. astronomy B. dynamics动力学 C. invention of scientific instruments
Contract 社会契约论
Thomas Hobbes
And Therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies.
如果有两人都想要一件东西，他们就会 成为敌人。
B. Johannes Kepler 约翰尼斯·开普勒
The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 〈天体运 行论〉
德国天文学家、物理学家、 数学家
Kepler’s Laws开普勒定律: three laws of planetary motion
三大行星定律
III. Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
1. Francis Bacon弗兰西
斯·培根
创立 2. Thomas Hobbes托马
斯·霍布斯
3. John Locke约翰·洛克 4. John Milton
约翰·弥尔顿
1. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根
欧洲文化入门（五）
The 17th Century
I. General Introduction
1. Advance in science, in astronomy,physics and pure mathematics.
2. The outlook of educated men was transformed.
Second, they all had immense patience in observation. They put their hypotheses to tests and drew conclusions on the basis of patient observation and careful collection of facts.
王佐良译文：读史使 人明智，读诗使人 灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻； 伦理学使人庄重；逻辑修辞之学使人 善 辩。
水天同译文：史鉴使 人明智；诗歌使人 巧慧；数学使人京戏；博物使人深沉； 伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善 辩论。
Famous quotations from Bacon
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested ( Of Studies)
II. Science
a breakthrough in physics and mathematics in the 17th century Chemistry in 18th century Biology in 19th century Psychology in 20th century Genetics in 21th century
王佐良译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食 者，少数则应咀嚼消化（《论读书》）
水天同译文:有些书可供一尝，有些书可 以吞下，有不多的几部书则应咀嚼消化 （《论读书》）。
Reading maketh a full man; confereg an exact man
The New Atlantics《新大西岛》 The Novum Organum(New Method)
《新工具 》 Essays《培根论说文集》
Famous quotations from Bacon
Knowledge is power 知识就是力量
Histories make men wise; poets witty;the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
英国散文作家 essayist 哲学家philosopher 政治家statesman 古典经验论的始祖 创立归纳法(induction) 马克思称他是“英国唯物主义和 整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。
Bacon’s main works
The Advancement of Learning《广学 论》
three laws of planetary motion三大定律
１ 行星沿椭圆轨道运行，太 阳占这椭圆的一个焦点。 ２一个行星和太阳之间的连 接线，在相等的时间内扫出 相等的面积，乃行星在离太 阳近的地方运行得比在远的 地方快。 ３一个行星的公转周期平方 与这行星和太阳之间的平均 距离成正比。
落体定律
Major Works:
Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry
Messenger)
《星空使者》
3.牛顿（Isaac Newton )
英国的数学家及物理学家 微积分(Calculus )缔造者 万有引力理论的发明者
Law of universal gravitation
The first to apply the telescope to the study of the sky他是利用 望远镜观测天体取得大量成果的第一位 科学
His discoveries:
acceleration in dynamics 动力加速度
The law if inertia 惯性定律 The law of falling bodies
The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs 《天体运行论》
“地心说” Geocentric Theory
“日心说” heliocentric theory
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼 (1473-1543)
哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类 对宇宙的认识，而且根本动摇了欧洲中 世纪宗教神学的理论基础。
Kepler’s Second Law
Galileo Galilei伽利略·伽利莱
(1564-1642)
The greatest name in the physics of the period.
意大利天文学家 数学家 物理学家 哲学家
Galileo Galilei伽利略·伽利莱
王佐良译文： 读书使人充实；讨论使 人机智；笔记使人精确。
水天同译文: 阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏 捷，协作与笔记使人精确。
2.Thomas Hobbes托马斯·霍布斯
Leviathan《利维坦》
“Every man is enemy to every man” The Theory of Social
3. The newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie.
Bertrand Russell Said:
The modern world, as far as mental outlooks is concerned, begins in the seventeenth century.
First , Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.
比较
Hobbles believed that :
Man is selfish by nature
有生之初,人各自私 也,人各自利也.
黄宗羲
《原君》
4. John Locke约翰·洛克
English empiricist 经验主义者 Political philosopher
Nicolaus Copernicus哥白尼 (1473-1543)
恩格斯的评价： “从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来”
(The emancipation of natural science from theology dates from this act) “科学的发展从此便大踏步前进” (Thence forward, the development of the sciences proceeded with giant strides.)
Virtue is harder to be got than knowledge of the world; and, if lost in a young man, is seldom recovered.
品德比世上的知识更难得，一个青 年一旦失去了它，就很难复得。
Major Differences between Locke and Hobbes’s Social contract
Main Works
Essay Concerning Human Understanding《人类理解论》
Treatises of Civil Government 《政治论》 Theory of Blank Slate “白板说”
洛克名言
Wherever law ends, tyranny begins. 法律的终点便是暴政的起点。
microscope显微镜1590 × telescope望远镜1608
thermometer温度计 barometer气压计 pendulum clock摆锤钟1656
Two merits shared by the great scientists of the 17th century:
First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses. They had the courage to challenge the deep-rooted beliefs and assume that what had been accepted as true since ancient times might be false.
Science
1. From Copernicus to Kepler
A. Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼 (1473-1543)
伟大的波兰天文学家
Polish astronomer 推翻托勒密（Ptolemy)的
“地心说”(Geocentric Theory) 创立“日心说” (heliocentric theory) 近代天文学的奠基人
自然界和自然规律隐藏在黑暗中 上帝说，让牛顿出生吧！于是一切都是 光明。
牛顿名言
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants
如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人 的肩膀上。
。
4。莱布尼茨（Leibniz )