现在完成时与现在完成进行时讲解

现在完成时
一．基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done) 。

表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。

二．句型：
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定)
No, 主语+
haven't/hasn't.(否定)
三．用法
1.表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成
的影响或结果。

这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。

1）表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。

常和just，now，already，yet，not…yet等不确定的时间状语连用。

Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把
灯关上。

（说明现在灯关上了）
I've finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。

（说明可以交作业或做别的了）
2）表示过去动作的结果，一直延续到现在。

一般不用时间状语。

I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。

（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没找到这支笔）
She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师。

（说明她现在仍是老师）
2. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示），常与for（+段时间）、since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。

①for+时段（for a long time，for a month）
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来，如since 1991 、since yesterday）
③since+时段+ago （since 2 days ago）
④since+从句（过去时）
●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
⑥其它常见：today，this week（month），lately，recently，these days，in the past few days，
during the last two weeks，，so far，up to now，till （until）now等。

He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了。

（现在还住在这儿）
They've known each other since childhood. 他们
从小彼此相识。

（现在还在往来）
How long have you studied English？你学英语
多久了？（现在仍在学）
3. 经验性用法:表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。

常与频度副词如often, always, every week, twice等连用。

I have been to the Summer Palace twice. 我曾经去过颐和园两次。

He has always said so.他总是这么说. 四．现在完成时的时间状语
1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对
现在仍有影响，用以下时间状语表示这种含义。

a. 不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看过这部电影。

Have you been there lately?
近来你去过那里吗?
b. 频度时间状语：often, ever, never, once, rarely，sometimes 等
We have never heard of that.
我们从未听说过这事。

He has sometimes played tennis.
他有时打网球。

Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出差错。

c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我现在刚写完信。

You have just missed the bus. 你刚好错过公共汽车。

Has he done much work today?
他今天做了很多工作吗？
比较：already和yet用法上的区别
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。

yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。

但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。

She has already gone.
她早就走了。

Have you eaten your dinner already?
你已经吃过饭了?
He has not come yet.
他还没有来。

②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语
与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。

与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。

a. since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。

He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他毕业后就没回过家。

b. for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我们在这里工作很久了。

There has been no rain here for nearly two
months.
这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。

c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
到目前为止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前为止我没见过他。

Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前为止一切正常。

d. in/during the past/last five years
在刚刚过去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
过去的几个星期里他没在学校。

In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。

e. all the while, all day 一直，一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。

2. 短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。

如：come, go, arrive, reach, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, get up等。

但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语，必须将动词改为延续性动词，常与for+时段、since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）的时间状语连用。

现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换
a)瞬间动词的变化
buy----have borrow -----keep/h ave become -----be
catch a cold -----have a cold put on
-----wear
b)用“be+形容词”代替短暂性动词
marry-----be married fall(get) ill-----be ill
die-----be dead fall(get) asleep-----be asleep
wake/wake up-----be awake lose-----be missing/gone/lost
open-----be open close-----be close
finish( end )→be over go out----be out
c)用“be+副词”代替短暂性动词
start/begin-----be on
get up→ be up
return/come back/go back→be back leave/move →be away
come/arrive/reach/get here(there)-----be here/there
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in
d)用“be+介词短语”代替短暂性动词
go to/come to-----be in/at +地点join the army-----be in the army
move to-----be in/at +地点
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

The film has been on for 5 minutes.电影已开始五分钟了。

We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

五.几点注意事项
1. have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；可与once ,never,several times等连用。

have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，
如： They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。

He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

2. 不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段
时间的状语连用。

如： I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

（错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
3. 下列句型中常用现在完成时
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time （that）I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。

例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever）seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

典型例题
（1）---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come
B. even, have come
C. ever, come
D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。

即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
4. 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。

如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。

He locked the door.
他锁过门。

（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。

）
He has locked the door.
他把门锁上了。

（现在门是锁着的。

）
Who turned on the light?
谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。

）
Who has turned on the light?
谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。

）
②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而
一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。

（现在仍住那儿）
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。

（现在不住那儿了）
现在完成进行时
1. 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。

I have been learning English since ten years ago. 自从十年前以来我一直在学英语。

（动作还将继续下去）
2. 表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。

We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。

（动作不再继续下去）
3. 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动。

She has been playing tennis since she was eight. He has been helping her with her homework for months.
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：
1. 表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行
时。

I have known him for years. 我认识他已经好几
年了。

2.现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现
在完成时一般是平铺直叙
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。

（可能表示不满）
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。

（说明一个事实）
3.现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时
强调结果。

Who has been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）
Who has eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）
1. Years ago we didn't know this, but recent
science _________ that people who don't sleep well soon get ill. (广东卷)
A. showed
B. has shown
C. will show
D. is
showing
【分析】答案选B。

由表示对照的Years ago
和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“现在已经证明了”，所以用现在完成时。

2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won't support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)
A. were deciding
B. have decided
C. decided
D. will decide
【分析】答案选B。

因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A和C；由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D，而选B 。

另外，同学们还要特别注意以下这些习惯上要与现在完成时连用的短语和句型：so far(到目前为止)，since(自从)，in [for, during] the past [last]...years(在过去…年中)，by now (到现在为止)，up to [until] now (到现在为止)，It's [will be] the first time that...(第一次……)等。

如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in
several film so far. (浙江卷)
A. A. appears
B. appeared
C. has appeared
D. is appearing
【分析】答案选C。

so far(到目前为止)通常与现在完成时连用。

4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山东卷)
A. change
B. has changed
C. changing
D. have changed
【分析】答案选B。

since 1992这类时间状语通常与现在完成时连用。

主句主语是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了关系代词that的定语从句。