语言学教程语用学

utterance, and it should be considered in the situation
in which it is actually uttered or used. ③So it is
possible to tell if The dog is barking is a sentence or an

each other. ④Context determines the speaker’s use of
language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is
said to him. ⑤Without such knowledge, linguistic
utterance. ④It can be either. ⑤It all depends on how
we look at it and how we are going to analyze it.

⑥If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as
第 8 章 语用学1
Language in Use / Pragmatics
8.0 语用学入门 自设
8.1 Speech Act Theory 言语行为理论
8.0
语用学入门
Definitions of Pragmatics


①Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. ②
s, pragmatics is concerned with the ways language is
used to communicate rather than the way language is
internally structured.
本教材的P18
微观语言学microlinguistics与语言
sentences, traditional semantics studied meaning. ③The
meaning of language was considered as something
intrinsic and inherent, i.e. , a property attached to
said before, knowledge about the world in general,
knowledge about the specific situation in which
linguistic communication is taking place, and
knowledge about


①某年某月某日某时,张三说天在下雨；这是
语句 utterance.②某年某月某日某时,四也说天在下
雨；这也是语句 utterance .③张三、四各自的语句
所表现出的共有的、得到普遍承认的东西是句子
sentence.
①语句是句子在具体语境中的体现或运用.
素
位
言
音素
语
词形
音位
语
是 素
词
语句
句子
语素
communication would not be possible, and without
considering such knowledge, linguistic communication
cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic
a self–contained unit in isolation from context, then we
are treating it as a sentence. ⑦If we take it as
something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a
impossible to give an adequate description of meaning
if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
②But once the notion of context was taken into
It deals with particular utterances in particular
situations and is especially concerned with the
various ways the social contexts of language
performance can influence interpretation. ③In other
study. ③Pragmatics is a comparatively a new branch
of study in the area of linguistics; its development and
establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the
the speaker and the hearer. ③Various components of
shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge
of the language they use, knowledge of what has been
language should be studied as a self-contained, intrinsic
system; any serious study of language cannot afford to
investigate the use of language and extra-linguistic
General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked
the beginning of modern linguistics and at the same
time laid down the key note for modern linguistics, i.e.
consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics.
③What essentially distinguishes semantics and
pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the
context of language use is considered. ④If it is not
language itself. ④Therefore, meaning of s, meaning of
sentences were all studied in isolation from language
use.

①But gradually linguists found that it would be
sense.
Sentence meaning and utterance meansentence is a grammatical concept, and the
meaning of a sentence is often the abstract, intrinsic
certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.
⑧Therefore, while the meaning of a sentence is
abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is
property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.
②But if we think of a sentence as what people actually
say in the course of communication, it becomes an
real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
8.1 Speech Act Theory
言语行为理论
言语行为理论的提出者
约翰・奥斯汀
John Austin
1911– 1960



约翰・奥斯汀：英国哲学家,日常语言学派领袖,
对英美哲学界和语言学界有巨大影响.
successful communication. ②As the process of
communication is essentially a process of conveying
and understanding meaning in a certain context,
pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning
他提出的施事语句的概念和言语行为理论是对哲
学和语言学具有永久价值的原创性贡献.
有国外的研究者评论在二战以后的英国哲学界,他
是唯一能和维特根斯坦的影响力相抗衡的英国哲
学家；剑桥和牛津是当时世界哲学的中心 .
How to Do Things with s
expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of
semantics.
新编简明英语语言学教程P84
Pragmatics vs Semantics


①The publication of Saussure’s work Course in
tradition of linguistic study. ②This is the spirit in
which traditional phonology studied the sounds of
language, traditional syntax studied the structure of
considered, the study is confined to the area of
traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is
being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
句子与语句
concrete, and context-dependent. ⑨The meaning of an
utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the
realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a
音位学
微
观
语
言
学
子系统 - 1：
语音
形态学
子系统 - 2：
句法学
词汇语法
语义学
子系统 - 3：
语义
语
言
Langue

①Pragmatics is generally defined as the study of
how speakers of a language use sentences to effect
变体
语言运用
语
言
语言能力
在
具体语境
中
的
体现
和
运用
Context 语境

①The notion of context is essential to the
pragmatic study of language. ②It is generally
considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by
factors were not to be considered.
普通语言学教程的尾句：The only true object of study
in linguistics is the language, considered in itself and
for its own sake.

①From then on, this has been the dominant