2020_2021学年高中英语Unit1GettingalongwithothersSectionⅢGrammar学案牛津译林版必修

Section Ⅲ Grammar动词不定式和动名词
语境自主领悟
先观察原句后自主感悟
1.Sometimes，other children say we are no fun because
we are both very academic and like to study，but we
like it that way.
2.I must have sounded very proud of myself after the
quiz，saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get
a good grade.
3.I begged her not to tell anyone else，and she said
she would keep my secret.
4.My best friend Matthew has stopped talking to me.
5.I feel really guilty because I made some cruel
remarks too，but I dislike seeing our team lose.
1.例句1中动词不定式在句中
作宾语。

2.例句2中动词不定式在句中
作状语。

3.例句3中动词不定式在句中
作宾语补足语。

4.例句4、5中动名词在句中作
宾语。

Ⅰ.动词不定式
一、动词不定式的形式、意义和语态
带to的动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式四种形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态。

下表以do为例，说明了不定式的形式、语态及具体用法。

形式意义
语态
主动语态被动语态一般式
表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生
或在其后发生
to do to be done 进行式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生to be doing
完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前to have done
to have been
done
完成进行式
表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
且一直进行着
to have been
doing
他答应帮助我。

We hoped to have finished the work earlier.(finish这一动作发生在hoped之前) 我们本希望早点儿完成这项工作。

He pretended to be sleeping when I went in.(sleep在pretended发生的时候，正
在进行)
我进去时，他假装正在睡觉。

The book to be published soon is very interesting.(The book是publish的承受者)
即将出版的这本书很有趣。

She is known to have been dealing with the problem for many years.(deal这一动作发生在is known之前且一直进行着)
大家知道她很多年都在处理这个难题。

[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
①Don't wait for him.He is said to have gone(go) to Shanghai.
②You are supposed to be sleeping(sleep)now.Why are you still in the office?
③In order to be chosen(choose)in the first round，the girl made careful preparations for the singing competition.
二、动词不定式的句法功能
1．不定式作主语
直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。

动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首。

To be here with all of you is a pleasure for me.
与你们所有人在这儿，我很高兴。

It is important to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语很重要。

How to make requests politely is important.
如何有礼貌地提出请求很重要。

[即时训练2] 句型转换/完成句子
①To give up smoking is right.
→It is right to give up smoking.
②做早操有利于我们的健康。

To do morning exercises is useful for our health.
③对我们来说，很难在一刻钟内写完这篇作文。

It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
2．不定式作宾语
不定式可以放在及物动词或及物动词短语的后面作宾语。

下面的口诀可以帮助你记忆常见的这类动词：
三个希望(hope，wish，want)两答应(agree，promise)；两个要求(demand，ask)莫拒绝(refuse)；设法(manage)学会(learn)做决定(decide)；不要假装(pretend)在选择(choose)。

I hope to have my own bike.
我希望有辆我自己的自行车。

My father came down and demanded to know what was going on.
我父亲从楼上下来要求知道正在发生什么事情。

[名师点津]
如果不定式作宾语且有自己的补语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面。

常用it作形式宾语的动词有：believe，consider，feel，find，know，make等。

I know it impossible to finish so much homework in one day.我知道在一天内完成这么多的作业是不可能的。

[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
①I decided to go(go)to the countryside on vacation.
②I think it unnecessary to argue with him about it.
③Would you like to go(go)with me or would you rather stay (stay) at home?
3．不定式作宾语补足语
常接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，beg，cause，help，force，allow，permit，advise，order，get，want，wish，tell等。

有时，作宾语补足语的不定式用于被动语态中时也可称为主语补足语。

He asked me to do the work with him.(宾补)
他要我与他一起工作。

The doctor warned you not to eat too much meat.(宾补)
医生告诫你不要吃太多的肉。

Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.(主补)
乘客只被允许携带一件行李登机。

[名师点津]
在think，consider，suppose，believe，imagine，prove，find等动词后常用“to be ＋表语”结构作宾语补足语。

此时to be常省略。

Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.
设想你处于他的位置。

[即时训练4] 完成句子
①他父母允许他在假期看电视。

His parents allow him to watch TV during holidays.
②法律要求父母送子女上学。

The law ordered parents to send their children to school.
③他们认为他是诚实的。

They believe him(to be) honest．
4．不定式作表语
动词不定式放在be，seem，remain等动词的后面作表语，表示将来的情况或说明主语的内容。

His job is to teach English.
他的工作是教英语。

The problems remain to be unsettled.
问题还没有解决。

[即时训练5] 完成句子
①现在我们有聊天室，能发短信、电子邮件等等，但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的艺术。

Today we have chat rooms，text messaging，e­mailing and so on，but we seem to be losing the art of communicating face to face.
②下一步要确保你确切知道需要的是什么。

The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what it requires.
5．不定式作定语
不定式作定语要注意以下几点：
(1)放在被修饰词的后面；
(2)在时间上表示将来；
(3)不定式所修饰的名词是不定式所表示动作的承受者；
(4)当名词被序数词及next，last，only等词修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语；
(5)被修饰词是抽象名词如ability，desire，chance等时，也常用不定式作后置定语。

The car to be bought is for his sister.
要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。

We have made a plan to learn from Lei Feng.
我们制定了一个向雷锋学习的计划。

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一位在奥运会上赢得金牌的女性。

I have a chance to go sightseeing to America.
我有一个去美国观光的机会。

[名师点津]
如果不定式由不及物动词构成，那么不定式后面要加上相应的介词。

Pass me a piece of paper to write on，please.
请递给我一张可以写字的纸。

[即时训练6] 单句语法填空
①The decision to be made(make)at the afternoon meeting will influence the future of our company.
②She was the best woman to do(do)the job.
③He is always the first student to enter(enter) the classroom.
6．不定式作状语
不定式作状语常表示目的、原因或结果。

一群年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。

I was very sad to hear the news.(原因状语)
听到这个消息我感到很伤心。

Many reporters hurried to the airport，only to be told that the superstar had already left.(结果状语)
很多记者匆忙赶到机场，结果却被告知那个超级明星已经离开了。

[即时训练7] 完成句子/句型转换
①看见这恐怖的场面这个人吓得要死。

The man was frightened to death to see the terrifying scene．
②He went to the dormitory to visit her but he found that she had left school yesterday.
→He went to the dormitory to visit her (only) to find that she had left school yesterday.
三、不带to的动词不定式
1．let/make/have sb.do
在let，make，have等使役动词之后的“宾语＋作宾语补足语的动词不定式”结构中，不定式不带to，即不定式符号to须省略。

但当make，let，have用于被动语态的时候，后面的to要加上。

She avoids making you feel stupid.
她避免让你感觉自己很愚蠢。

The teacher has us write a composition every week.
老师让我们每周写一篇作文。

He was made to work more than twelve hours a day.(不能省略to)
他被迫一天工作十二个多小时。

2．hear/see/feel/watch...sb.do
在hear，see，feel，observe，listen to等感官动词(词组)后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但是当这些词(词组)用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式不能省略to。

I never saw him dress out of place.
我从未看到过他着装不得体。

I didn't notice him go out.
我没注意他出去了。

The person was seen to enter the shop by us.
我们看见那个人进了那家商店。

(不能省略to)
[名师点津]
notice/watch sb. do sth.没有相应的被动结构。

3．would rather/had better/why not do
在would rather/had better/why not等结构中通常省略to。

He would rather live a peaceful life.
他宁愿过着平静的生活。

You had better go there at once.
你最好立即去那里。

Now that you are moving into a new apartment，why not buy some new furniture?
既然你要搬新居了，为什么不买些新家具呢？
4．由and/or/except/but/rather than连接的第二个动词不定式常省略to
由and/or/except/but/rather than连接两个及两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的动词不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。

但是如果两个动词不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to。

I'd like to stay with you，help you and learn from you.
我想留下和你在一起，帮助你并且向你学习。

She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.她告诉我们待在家里一直等到她回来。

To try and fail is better than not to try at all.
尝试后失败也比不尝试好。

To be，or not to be，that is a question.
生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。

5．动词不定式在介词but，except后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，这些介词后的不定式常不带to，否则要带to。

I have nothing to do but wait.
我别无选择只好等待。

6．在cannot but，can't help but (不得不，只好)，cannot choose but等之后常跟不带to的不定式。

I can't help but wait for him.
我只好等他。

7．当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略to。

All you need to do is press the button.
你需要做的就是按一下按钮。

8．动词不定式符号to的保留问题
有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后：expect，prefer，care，mean，forget，want，wish，hope，try以及be glad/happy等。

如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，这些词要保留。

—Are you on holiday?
—No，but I like to be.
——你在度假吗？
——不是，但我希望是(在度假)。

[即时训练8] 单句语法填空
①They couldn't choose but stay(stay) there.
②They had no choice but to wait(wait) there.
③He hasn't decided whether to go(go) or to stay(stay)．
Ⅱ.动名词
一、动名词的形式、意义和语态
动名词有一般式和完成式；语态有主动语态和被动语态；动名词的否定式是直接在前面加上not。

粗心不是一个好习惯。

I don't like being laughed at in public.
我不喜欢当众被别人嘲笑。

[即时训练9] 单句语法填空
①She dreamed of becoming(become) a lawyer.
②He was praised for having done(do) a good deed.
③It was a wonderful experience！I still remember being taken(take) to the Great Wall several years ago.
二、动名词的句法功能
1．作主语
动名词(短语)作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。

Laying eggs is the ant queen's full­time job.
产卵是蚁后的专职工作。

Collecting stamps is very interesting.
集邮很有趣。

[名师点津]
当use，good，fun，useless等名词或形容词作表语时，作主语的动名词常后置，而用it作形式主语。

It is useless arguing with him.
和他争论是没用的。

[即时训练10] 单句语法填空
①Learning(learn)from others is important.
②It's no good making(make)friends with such people.
③Ignoring(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
2．作动词宾语
Do you mind my opening the windows?
你介意我打开窗户吗？
Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the old during the vacation.
比尔建议开个会，讨论假期期间为老人们做些什么。

3．作介词宾语
My parents objected to my marrying him.
我父母反对我嫁给他。

[即时训练11] 单句语法填空
①I had great difficulty finding (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
②I'm looking forward to seeing(see) the film again.
③I often practise listening(listen) and speaking (speak)．
4．作表语
动名词作表语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验，或说明主语的内容。

My duty is teaching you how to study.
我的职责是教你如何学习。

Their task is exploring oil mines in the west.
他们的任务是在西部勘探油矿。

[即时训练12] 完成句子/翻译句子
①我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。

What I hate most is being laughed at．
②我的任务就是当他们的领导。

My task is being their leader．
③眼见为实。

Seeing is believing.
5．作定语
动名词(短语)作定语修饰名词，表示该名词的性质、功能、用途等。

He can't walk without a walking stick.
他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school?
你们学校有游泳池吗？
[即时训练13] 完成句子/句型转换
①阅览室既明亮又宽敞。

The reading room is bright and large.
②他们搭起一个手术台。

They set up an operating table．
③There is a room for smoking in our school.
→There is a smoking room in our school.
6．只能接动名词不接动词不定式作宾语的动词
英语中有些动词只能接动名词不能接动词不定式作宾语。

常见的有：admit，dislike，
imagine，delay，consider(考虑)，mind，avoid，enjoy，practise，miss，finish，keep，suggest，recommend等。

He admitted stealing into my office and stealing my laptop.
他承认偷偷溜进我的办公室并偷走了我的笔记本电脑。

7．只能接动名词不接动词不定式作宾语的动词短语
英语中有些动词短语只能接动名词或名词作宾语，不能接动词不定式。

常见的有：cannot help，look forward to，feel like，cannot stand，put off，insist on等。

I cannot stand being with her any longer.
我再也不能容忍和她在一起。

[即时训练14] 完成句子
①这位教授坚持要自己批改学生的论文。

This professor insists on correcting his students' essays himself.
②他们还没有建好大坝。

They haven't finished building the dam.
③你介意把那本词典递给我吗？
Do you mind passing me that dictionary?
8．接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别不大的动词
英语中有些动词接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别不大，用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而用动词不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。

常见的有：continue，prefer，begin，hate，like，start，love等。

When I can't fall asleep，I don't take pills.I prefer to read a book.It helps me.
我睡不着时不会吃药，而是喜欢读书，这对我有帮助。

I prefer living in the east coast rather than the west coast of the country.
我更喜欢住在这个国家的东海岸而不是西海岸。

9．接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别较大的动词
英语中有些动词接动词不定式和动名词作宾语区别较大，常见的有：
(1)forget to do sth.表示“忘记做某事(未做)”；forget doing sth.表示“忘记做过某事(已做过或已发生)”。

Don't forget to remind your brother of his homework before you leave home.
你离开家之前别忘了提醒你弟弟做家庭作业。

He forgot telling me what had happened.
他忘记已经告诉我发生的事情了。

(2)remember to do sth.表示“记得做某事(未做)”；remember doing sth.表示“记得
做过某事(已做)”。

You must remember to leave tomorrow.
你一定要记着明天动身。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那名男子吗？
(3)regret to do sth.表示“对要做的事表示遗憾”；regret doing sth.表示“对做过的事后悔”。

I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样做，但我没有选择。

(未做但要做)
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不后悔告诉她我的想法。

(已告诉)
(4)try to do sth.表示“努力/企图做某事”；try doing sth.表示“试着做某事”。

You must try to be more careful.
你必须要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way.
咱们试着用另外一种方法来做这项工作吧。

(5)mean to do sth.表示“打算/有意要做某事”；mean doing sth.表示“意味着做某事”。

I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.
我不是有意要伤害你的感情。

Making such a mistake will mean (your) apologizing to your friend.犯了这种错误你就要向朋友道歉。

[即时训练15]
用动名词或不定式完成下面的每组句子
①He forgot to pay(pay)me money when he got out of the taxi.
How can you forget falling(fall)for this kind of old jokes?
②He remembered to say(say)goodnight to me before he went to sleep.
I remembered seeing(see)her before，but I don't remember the exact date.
10．动名词的前面可以带上自己的逻辑主语构成动名词的复合结构：
Mary's being ill made her mother upset.(Mary's不可用Mary)
玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。

I insisted on my husband/husband's paying the bill.
我坚持要我丈夫付账。

[名师点津]
动名词的复合结构在句中作主语时，需用名词所有格或物主代词形式；作宾语时，可用物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格。

当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，需用普通格形式。

[即时训练16] 完成句子
①我坚持要玛丽到那儿去。

I insist on Mary/Mary's going there.
②事实上，如果你不介意我这样说的话，我想没有他会更好。

In fact，I think it's much nicer without him，if you don't mind my/me saying so.
③简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。

Jane's being careless caused so much trouble.
11．动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
(1)be worth后接动名词时。

Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
任何值得做的事就值得做好。

(2)need，want，require，deserve等动词后面可用动词­ing形式的主动形式表被动意义，但用不定式时则只能用被动形式。

The old man needs looking after/to be looked after.
老人需要得到照料。

[即时训练17] 单句语法填空
①The matter is worth thinking(think) deeply about.
②The plants want watering/to be watered(water) daily.
③Those who seek to grab power through violence deserve punishment/to be punished/punishing(punish)．
单句语法填空
1．Rather than argue (argue) without any result，I prefer to get (get) down to doing something practical.
2．We wanted nothing but to appeal (appeal) to people to care more for the drop­out students.
3．Though made to give (give) in to him，I insisted on making(make) my deskmate promise not to disturb (disturb) me like that.
4．Who had you clean (clean) the windows once again?
5．We watched our friends disappear (disappear) into the darkness.
6．We had nothing else to do except wait (wait) for the result.
7．He didn't experience such a thing，so he looked forward to getting (get)help from me.
8．Much attention should be paid to securing(secure) our campus because the recent accidents have led to some students getting (get) seriously injured，or even dying(die)．
9．Why not get(get)your children to work(work) out regularly?
10．I can hardly stand hearing(hear)the piano being played(play) so badly.。