胡灿奎初中英语语法讲义

胡灿奎初中英语语法讲义
全文共3篇示例，供读者参考
篇1
Hu Cankui's Junior High School English Grammar Notes
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Proper nouns: Capitalize names of people, places, companies etc. Like John, London, McDonald's
Common nouns: General names for people, places, things Like student, city, book
Countable/uncountable: Some can be plural (books) some can't (water)
Pronouns
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Possessive pronouns: my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, their/theirs
Verbs
Action verbs: Show an action like run, jump, think
Being verbs: Forms of the verb to be like am, is, are, was, were
Helping verbs: Verbs that help make tenses and question like will, can, might, does, did
Adjectives
Describe a noun: Words like big, small, happy, sad
Types: Demonstrative (this, that), possessive (my, your), numbers (one, first)
Adverbs
Modify a verb, adjective or other adverb: Slowly, unfortunately, very
Types: Manner (slowly), time (tomorrow), place (here), degree (very)
Articles
Indefinite (a, an) for general/unspecified things
Definite (the) for specific things
Prepositions
Show relation between words: in, on, at, under, over
Conjunctions
Connect words/clauses: and, but, or, so, because
Sentence Structure
Subjects/Predicates
Subject = noun/pronoun the sentence is about
Predicate = verb part that says something about the subject
Simple sentences
Have one subject and predicate: The student studied English grammar.
Compound sentences
Two independent clauses joined by and, but, or: I went to school, but my friend was sick.
Complex sentences
One independent clause and one dependent clause: Because I was sick, I missed school yesterday.
Phrases
Groups of related words without subject/verb:
Prepositional phrase: With a big smile
Verb phrase: Should have studied
Clauses
Groups of words with subject/verb
Dependent clause: That I studied hard
Independent clause: I did well on the test
Verb Tenses
Simple present:
Use for habits, facts: I walk to school. Grass is green.
Form with subject + base verb (walk, is)
Present progressive:
Use for actions happening now: She is studying grammar right now.
Form with subject + to be + present participle (-ing form of verb)
Simple past:
Use for completed actions in the past: I studied hard last night.
Form with subject + past tense verb (studied, went, saw)
Past progressive:
Use for ongoing action in the past: He was taking notes during class.
Form with subject + was/were + present participle
Simple future:
Use for events that will happen: I will study grammar tomorrow.
Form with subject + will + base verb
Perfect tenses:
Present perfect: Have/has + past participle (I have studied)
Past perfect: Had + past participle (I had studied)
Future perfect: Will have + past participle (I will have studied)
Other Important Concepts
Subject-verb agreement
Singular subjects need singular verbs: The student writes neatly.
Plural subjects need plural verbs: The students write neatly.
Modals
Auxiliary verbs like can, could, should, might, must, may
Show ability, possibility, permission, obligation
Passive voice
Be + past participle: Homework was assigned.
Used when focus is on action, not performer
Gerunds/Infinitives
Gerund = verb + ing used as noun: Swimming is fun.
Infinitive = to + base verb: I want to swim.
Well, those are the key English grammar concepts we've covered so far in junior high! Let me know if you need any examples or have additional questions.
篇2
Mr. Hu Cankui's Junior High English Grammar Notes
Hey everyone! For those who don't know me, I'm Michael, a student in Mr. Hu's 8th grade English class. I've been taking really detailed notes on all the grammar points he's been teaching us,
and I wanted to share them with you all in case they can help you too. Getting a solid grasp on English grammar has been so key for improving my writing, reading comprehension, and even speaking abilities.
Let's start with some basics - parts of speech. We've got nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Nouns are person, place, thing, or idea. Verbs are action words. Adjectives describe nouns. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Pronouns take the place of nouns. Prepositions show the relationship between words in a sentence. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. And interjections are words that express strong emotion.
Now for sentence structure. You've got simple sentences with just one independent clause. Then you've got compound sentences joined by a conjunction like "and" or "but". Complex sentences have an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The dependent clauses can't stand alone as full sentences.
Let's talk about the different types of clauses. An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. It starts with relative pronouns like "that", "which", or "who". Adverb clauses modify
why, under what condition, etc. They start with subordinating conjunctions like "because", "when", "if", "although", etc. Noun clauses act as nouns and can be subjects, direct objects, subject complements, and more.
On to verb tenses! The simple present tense is for habits and general truths. The present progressive is for ongoing actions right now. The simple past is for completed actions in the past. The past progressive describes an action in progress at a certain past time. Future tenses look at actions that haven't happened yet. There's simple future, future progressive, and more complex forms too.
Now let's cover some other verb concepts. The active voice shows the subject performing the verb's action. The passive voice shows the subject being acted upon. Verbs have different forms when combined with modal auxiliary verbs like "can", "should", "might", etc. That changes their meaning. There are also verb tenses for completed actions, like the present perfect ("I have studied") and past perfect ("I had studied").
Switching to modifiers - these are words or phrases that describe other words. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns by telling which one, what kind, how many, etc. Adverbs modify
why, to what degree. Things like "angrily", "yesterday", "extremely", "fortunately", etc.
Watch out for double negatives! In English you can't have two negative words in the same sentence or it becomes a positive. So instead of "I didn't do nothing", it would be "I didn't do anything."
Speaking of negatives, here are some ways to make sentences negative: Use "not" after the helping verb, use negative words like "never", "no one", "hardly", etc. Or use negative prefixes like "un-", "dis-", "im-", "in-", "ir-", "non-".
Now let's cover some of the trickier grammar concepts. Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words when listing two or more ideas. For example: "I like playing soccer, running, and swimming." All the verbs are in the -ing form. Subject-verb agreement is when the subject and verb agree in number. Like "The boy runs" not "The boy run."
Pay attention to pronoun usage too. Don't switch pronouns referring to the same antecedent (the noun a pronoun renames). Same with clear pronoun reference - always make sure it's obvious what noun each pronoun is referring to.
I really hope these notes on all the grammar we've covered are helpful! Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions. Mastering this stuff has been so valuable for improving my overall English skills. Keep grinding and see you in class!
篇3
Mr. Hu's English Grammar Notes
Parts of Speech
There are 8 main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea. There are proper nouns which name specific people/places (e.g. John, London) and common nouns for general things (e.g. boy, city).
Nouns have singular and plural forms. We add -s to make most nouns plural (dog -> dogs). But some irregular nouns have unique plural forms (child -> children).
Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns (he, she, it, they, etc). Subject pronouns do the action (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). Object pronouns receive the action (me, you, him, her, it, us, them).
Possessive pronouns show ownership (my, your, his, her, its, our, their). We also have reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself, etc.
Verbs
Verbs are words that describe an action or state of being. The main verb types:
Action verbs: show physical or mental action (run, think)
Linking verbs: connect the subject to more info (be, seem, appear)
Helping verbs: used with main verbs to show tense (will go, has gone)
Verbs change form to show different tenses (present, past, future) and subject-verb agreement. For example:
I go, You go, He/She/It goes
I went, You went, He/She/It went
Adjectives
Adjectives modify or describe nouns and pronouns. For example: a red ball, those delicious cookies.
Adjectives can show degree through forms like: big, bigger, biggest. Some have irregular forms like good, better, best.
Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They often end in -ly (slowly, carefully, extremely).
Adverbs describe the manner, place, time, frequency, degree or reason of an action. For example:
She spoke softly. (manner)
The book is downstairs. (place)
I seldom watch TV. (frequency)
He performed extremely well. (degree)
Prepositions
Prepositions show the relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words in a sentence. Some common ones:
in, on, at, by, with, from, for, of, to, etc.
For example:
The cat is on the mat.
I'm going to the store for milk.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are linking words that join parts of sentences. Some common types:
Coordinating (and, but, or, so)
Subordinating (because, although, unless)
Correlative (either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also)
Example: I took my umbrella because it was raining, but the sun came out later.
Interjections
Interjections are words that express emotion and are punctuated differently from other sentences.
Examples: Ouch! Hooray! Wow, that's amazing!
Sentence Structure
Every complete sentence needs a subject and a verb. Sentences come in 4 main structures:
Simple sentence: One independent clause
E.g. The boy jumped.
Compound sentence: Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction
E.g. The boy jumped, and the dog barked.
Complex sentence: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
E.g. The boy jumped when the dog barked.
Compound-complex sentence: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
E.g. The boy jumped when the dog barked, but he was not hurt.
Other Key Grammar Rules:
Subject-verb agreement: Singular subjects need singular verbs
E.g. He walks. They walk.
Pronoun-antecedent agreement: Pronouns must agree with their noun antecedents
E.g. The girl lost her ball.
Verb tenses: Verbs change form to indicate when the action happened
E.g. I am studying (present), I studied (past), I will study (future)
Active vs passive voice: Active voice is "subject + verb + object"
Passive voice is "object + was/were + past participle"
E.g. Active: He kicked the ball.
Passive: The ball was kicked by him.
Parallel structure: List items must be in the same grammatical form
E.g. I like swimming, reading, and playing tennis.
I hope these detailed notes on the fundamentals of English grammar from Mr. Hu's class are helpful for reviewing the key concepts! Let me know if any part needs further explanation.。