特殊句型翻译

用英语的动词的习惯用法表达 当汉语兼语句的第一个动词有“使动”含义时，可利
用英语中含有“致使”“促成”意义的动词来翻译， 如： （1）她的做法让他气愤不已。 Her behavior enraged him.
（2）这一暴行使全世界公众舆论感到震惊。 This outrage shocked the world opinion.
译成英语的存在句 (1)到处都找不到一个躲雨的地方。 There was no shelter anywhere from the rain.
(2)有几种方法可以把阳光直接转换成电。
There are several ways of turning sunshine into electricity.
增补主语 （1）上次见到你现在已经快两年了。
It’s two years since I saw you last.
（2）只要做那种坏事，都一定会受到嘲笑。
Anybody who should do that bad matter would be laughed at.
（3）到我们大学开车去只需要二十分钟。
It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything. （2）不接受他们的帮助是愚蠢的。 It would be foolish not to accept their offer.
（3）要去参观那个展览会会很有意思。 It would have been amusing to have gone to the exhibition.
前后谓语表示同时关系或先后关系。可将其中一个动词 用分词短语译出来或译成两个谓语动词，用“and”连接， 如：
（1）她从口袋里掏出钥匙把门打开。 Taking a key out of his pocket , he opened the door.
（2）他转身看见一辆救护车开了过来。 Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up.
It’s only twenty minutes’ drive to our college.
综合考虑，灵活处理 （1）认识落后，才能去改变落后；学习先进，
才可能赶超先进。
Backwardness must be perceived before it can be changed. A person must learn from the advanced before he can catch up and surpass them.
三、汉语兼语句
汉语兼语句就是由前一个动词的宾语兼作后一 个动词的主语所组成的句子结构，如“我请他 们吃饭”。汉语的兼语句在结构上类似英语的 复合宾语，英译时可以适当地借鉴英语中复合 宾语的表现方式，即SVOC的模式。V和OC之 间形成动宾关系，而O和C之间形成主谓关系， 如何使用O要依据V的性质来决定，如带to和 不带to的不定式，短语等。
（1）她老是指责她丈夫邋遢。 She is always criticizing her husband because he is sloppy.
（2）所有的评论家都赞许这出戏颇有创造性。 All the critics praised the new play because it has a great deal of originality.
English is not the usual medium of instruction in our school.
表示“特征”的“是”字句 （1）我买的这些糖是散装的。
These sweets I bought were loose. （2）他是一个别具一格的逗人的家伙。
He is an amusing fellow in his own way. （3）他迁居美洲是件冒险的事。
●表示“判断”的“是”字句 （1）电视是一种强有力的宣传工具。
Television is a powerful medium. （2）这家银行的目标是扩大它的市场份额。
The bank is aiming to expand its share of the market. （3）英语不是我校通常使用的教学语言。
（3）总统的话令在场的人们十分惊讶。 The president’s words astonished those present.
（4）地震使所有的房子成了废墟。 The earthquake reduced all the houses to ruins.
四、“是”字句
“是”字句在汉语中出现频率非常高。“是” 在汉语语法中称为“判断句”，它的意义通常 相当于英语的系动词“be”，但它没有语态、 时态、人称和数的变化。尽管我们通常将“是” 称为“判断句”，由“是”字组成的句子却并 非总是判断句。事实上，“是”字句含义极其 丰富、表达力极强，是汉语中的特殊句型。常 见的有下面几种情况。
采用英语中“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型， 其中宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓 语动词充当，如：
（1）我希望你早日康复。 I hope to see you well soon.
（2）我们发现这故事很有教育意义。 We found the story very instructive.
（3）我醒了下了床。 I woke up and got out of bed.
（4）他冲进会议室大喊大叫。 He dashed into the meeting room and shouted at the top
of his voice.
谓语动词有主次之分，主要动词与次要动词之间的关系 体现为条件、方式、对象、目的、因果等。英译时可将 主要动词译为英语句子的谓语成分，而次要动词以非谓 语动词或介词短语的形式表现。如：
汉英翻译讲稿
一、特殊句型翻译
一、汉语无主句
汉语中只有谓语没有或缺少主语的句子称为无主句。 无主句并不是通常所说的省略了主语的句子，而是在
汉语中就习惯这样，是汉语的一种特有句型。如“花 瓶里没有水了”，“别把衣服弄湿了”，等等。 英语注重主语而汉语注重主题。英语句子中主语的句 法功能很强，主语是整个句子中的关键部分；汉语句 子往往有谓语无主语，或主语模糊，即主语的句法功 能相对较弱。 汉语的无主句在英译过程中，通常需要增补主语或改 变句型。
句子中重复使用同一个谓语动词，前面一个带宾语， 后面一个带补语。英译时要根据需要灵活处理，如：
（1）他做作业做得很专心。 He did his homework with much attention.
（2）这个小孩打游戏输了，总爱发脾气。 The kid is likely to lose his temper when he is defeated in playing PC games.
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
（3）大门两边站着一对威严的石狮。 On either side of the gate stands a stone lion in its might.
采用英语的形式主语 （1）要成功就要付出劳动。
(3)有迹象表明，不少工厂正面临这十分困难的局 面。 There are indications that numerous factories are faced with a very difficult situation.
译成英语的倒装句 （1）村口的大树下坐着一群孩子。
Under the great tree near the village sat many children. （2）随着一声吼叫，呼地从树林里窜出一只老虎。
(2)应该帮助学生对人生采取积极的态度。
Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive attitude to life.
(3)在山坡上可以清晰地看到失事飞机的残肢。
The wreck of the plane could be clearly seen on the hillside.
（1）她去西班牙学西班牙语。 She went to Spain to learn Spanish. （2）士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 The soldiers dashed in , rifle in hand.
（3）她由母亲陪伴着走了进来。 She entered, accompanied by her mother.
译成英语祈使句 （1）不要干预我国的内部事务。
Don’t interfere with the internal affairs of our country.
（2）忘掉这一切，朝前看；你不可能使时光倒流。
Forget all about it and look forward; you cannot turn the clock back.
The president nominated her his representative at the conference.
采用英语中“主语+谓语+宾语从句”或“主语+谓语+ 宾语+定语从句/状语从句”句型，如：
（1）她一定要我们把礼物收下。
She insisted that we accept these gifts. （2）他说他不会去很久，并建议我们等他。
He said that he would not be long and suggested that we wait for him. （3）她有个老师是法国人。
She has a teacher who comes from France.
当兼语式的第一个动词式是“批评”、“表扬”、“埋 怨”、“责备”等时，通常可将第二个动词用英语中表 示原因的状语从句来表达。
（2）不远处传来提琴的声音，调子哀伤。
The melancholy strains of a violin sounded not far away.
二、汉语连谓句
汉语连谓句就是由两个或两个以上的动词共用 一个主语所组成的句子结构。其中的谓语动词 可以带宾语、补语。但它们之间没有关联词连 接，如“昨天他来看过你了”。翻译这类汉语 句子时，根据谓语动词之间不同的关系可分为 下面集中情况。
（3）她是通过了一门考试，但这只是她一时的成功 She did pass one exam but it was just a flash in the pan.
表示“存在”意义的“是”字句
（1）这块地方满是纸屑、烟头、空瓶和生 锈的罐头。
（3）请一定不要忘记离家前父母对你说过的话。
Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you before your leaving home.
动宾结构的无主句译成英语的被动句。 (1)希望全班同学参加这些讨论。
Everyone in the ce discussions.
（3）他们以为她在图书馆学习。 They thought her to be working in the library.
（4）他们决心让别人听到他们的呼声。 They are determined to make their voices heard.
（5）我将于星期六晚上邀请她出来。
I’ll ask her out this Saturday evening. （6）总统任命她为代表出席这次会议。
His move to America was a leap in the dark.
表示“强调”意义的“是”字句 （1）这件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.
（2）我劝是劝过了，但没有用。 I did persuade him, without avail.