Unit 8 独立结构
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独立结构在句中多作状语偶尔也作定语和或主语表示时间条件原因方式伴随或补充说明
Unit 8
独立结构 独立结构的形式
独立结构的句法功能
Exercises
独立结构的形式
独立结构（Absolute Constructions）是带有自己逻辑主语的结 构，又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位，其行文 简单明了，功能多样。
独立结构的句法功能
（独立结构在句中多作状语，偶尔也作定语和或主语，表示时 间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明。例如： 1. 作状语 1) 表示时间 The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. 2) 表示原因 The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. 3) 表示条件 Weather permitting ， the football match will be played next Sunday. 4) 表示伴随状况 Japan is to the east of China, with the Yellow Sea in between.
注意：以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的 省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如：
Here are the first two volumes, the third one（being）to come out next week. He entered the room, his nose（being）red with cold. I stood at his left, my finger（being）on the button, waiting for the order.
D 1）The report ________ , a lively discussion began. A. to read B. being read C. to be read D. having been read A
2）With a great weight ________ his mind, he went to bed. A. taken off B. to be taken off C. taking off D. being taken off C 3）With the teacher ________ me, I feel quite at ease. A. help B. helped C. helping D. being help C 4）Gun ________ , the soldier fell down and died. A. is in hand B. to be in hand C. in hand D. having been in hand
She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her. Never sleep with the window open in winter. With John away, we’re got more room. With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.
Exercises
1. Directions: In this exercise, there are twenty sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
1. 名词（或主格结构）＋动词的非谓语动词形式 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next week.
The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.
独立结构的句法功能
2. 作定语 A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room.
3. 作主语 Linda in trouble was the only reason for my going there. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。
There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.
独立结构的句法功能
独立结构的句法功能 独立结构在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、方式、 伴随或补充说明。它偶尔也作定语和主语。如： The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. Weather permitting，the football match will be played next Sunday. The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. The brave man fought the man-eating tiger, a stick his only weapon. How can I work with you making all that noise? The war was over, without a shot being fired. A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room. Jenny in trouble was the reason for my rushing there.
4. 名词（或主格代词）＋副词 Class over, all the students went out of the classroom. He put on his socks, wrong side out.
独立结构的形式
5. 名词（或主格代词）＋名词
His first shot failure, he fired again. She sat alone in the room, her only company a dying fire.
C
C
A
Exercises
B 14）Darkness ________ in, the young people lingered（逗留）
on merrymaking（嬉戏）. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set D 15）The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________one major point in contrast with the other. A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making A 16）Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ________ , we declined the offer. A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished D 17）The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
பைடு நூலகம்
Exercises
D 9）You can’t move in this town without everybody ________ . D
A. known B. to know C. having known D. knowing 10）All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled 11）There ________ nothing else to do, we left. A. having been B. is C. being D. is to be 12）The lecture ________ ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker． A. began B. beginning C. having begun D. being beginning 13）Such ________ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints. A. being B. is C. was D. to be
Exercises
C 5）________ , we have much to learn and unlearn.
A. All things to consider B. Things all consider C. All things considered D. All of the things to consider B 6）So many members ________ , the meeting had to be put off till next week. A. are absent B. being absent C. having been absent D. to be absent C 7）We talked about a number of things, one of them ________ the result of our experiment. A. to be B. is C. being D. having been C 8）With the problem ________ , the meeting came to its end. A. having been solved B. to be solved C. solved D. being solved
His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms.
独立结构的形式
7. “There being +名词”结构
There being no money left, we have to change our plan.
独立结构的形式
6. 介词with或without引导的独立结构
这种独立结构的一般构成为：with/without+名/代词＋（分词、形容 词、副词、不定式、介词短语）。如：
With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains.
The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.
独立结构的形式
3. 名词（或主格代词）＋介词短语
I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order. The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, （a） textbook in the other.
Unit 8
独立结构 独立结构的形式
独立结构的句法功能
Exercises
独立结构的形式
独立结构（Absolute Constructions）是带有自己逻辑主语的结 构，又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位，其行文 简单明了，功能多样。
独立结构的句法功能
（独立结构在句中多作状语，偶尔也作定语和或主语，表示时 间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明。例如： 1. 作状语 1) 表示时间 The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. 2) 表示原因 The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. 3) 表示条件 Weather permitting ， the football match will be played next Sunday. 4) 表示伴随状况 Japan is to the east of China, with the Yellow Sea in between.
注意：以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的 省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如：
Here are the first two volumes, the third one（being）to come out next week. He entered the room, his nose（being）red with cold. I stood at his left, my finger（being）on the button, waiting for the order.
D 1）The report ________ , a lively discussion began. A. to read B. being read C. to be read D. having been read A
2）With a great weight ________ his mind, he went to bed. A. taken off B. to be taken off C. taking off D. being taken off C 3）With the teacher ________ me, I feel quite at ease. A. help B. helped C. helping D. being help C 4）Gun ________ , the soldier fell down and died. A. is in hand B. to be in hand C. in hand D. having been in hand
She felt nervous, with all eyes fixed on her. Never sleep with the window open in winter. With John away, we’re got more room. With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.
Exercises
1. Directions: In this exercise, there are twenty sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
1. 名词（或主格结构）＋动词的非谓语动词形式 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next week.
The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.
独立结构的句法功能
2. 作定语 A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room.
3. 作主语 Linda in trouble was the only reason for my going there. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。
There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once.
独立结构的句法功能
独立结构的句法功能 独立结构在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、方式、 伴随或补充说明。它偶尔也作定语和主语。如： The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. Weather permitting，the football match will be played next Sunday. The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. The brave man fought the man-eating tiger, a stick his only weapon. How can I work with you making all that noise? The war was over, without a shot being fired. A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the room. Jenny in trouble was the reason for my rushing there.
4. 名词（或主格代词）＋副词 Class over, all the students went out of the classroom. He put on his socks, wrong side out.
独立结构的形式
5. 名词（或主格代词）＋名词
His first shot failure, he fired again. She sat alone in the room, her only company a dying fire.
C
C
A
Exercises
B 14）Darkness ________ in, the young people lingered（逗留）
on merrymaking（嬉戏）. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set D 15）The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________one major point in contrast with the other. A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making A 16）Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ________ , we declined the offer. A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished D 17）The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
பைடு நூலகம்
Exercises
D 9）You can’t move in this town without everybody ________ . D
A. known B. to know C. having known D. knowing 10）All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled 11）There ________ nothing else to do, we left. A. having been B. is C. being D. is to be 12）The lecture ________ ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker． A. began B. beginning C. having begun D. being beginning 13）Such ________ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints. A. being B. is C. was D. to be
Exercises
C 5）________ , we have much to learn and unlearn.
A. All things to consider B. Things all consider C. All things considered D. All of the things to consider B 6）So many members ________ , the meeting had to be put off till next week. A. are absent B. being absent C. having been absent D. to be absent C 7）We talked about a number of things, one of them ________ the result of our experiment. A. to be B. is C. being D. having been C 8）With the problem ________ , the meeting came to its end. A. having been solved B. to be solved C. solved D. being solved
His wife came down the stairs, with her two-year-old son in her arms.
独立结构的形式
7. “There being +名词”结构
There being no money left, we have to change our plan.
独立结构的形式
6. 介词with或without引导的独立结构
这种独立结构的一般构成为：with/without+名/代词＋（分词、形容 词、副词、不定式、介词短语）。如：
With the old man leading, the two started towards the mountains.
The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.
独立结构的形式
3. 名词（或主格代词）＋介词短语
I stood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order. The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, （a） textbook in the other.